Relevant bibliographies by topics / River bank stability

Academic literature on the topic 'River bank stability'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "River bank stability"

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Zhang, Panpan, Yuanyi Su, and Yufei Xiong. "Estimation of Bank Stability in Yangling Section of Weihe River Basin." Scientific Journal of Technology 4, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v4i7.1280.

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The stability of the river bank directly affects the integrity of the physical structure of the river, which in turn affects the ecological security of the river, and it also affects the safety of the people on both sides of the river. Construction near the banks of the Yangling section of the Weihe River Basin may cause disturbances to the stability near the riverbanks, and the stability of the riverbanks is also an important indicator of river water ecological security. Therefore, in view of the riverbank stability in the Yangling section of the Weihe River Basin, the bank stability of the Yangling Section of the Weihe River Basin is evaluated, and then effective suggestions are put forward for the later construction. The results show that: (1) The riparian stability of the river reaches is considered unhealthy.(2) For construction in the river course, the river channel should be stabilized by smooth excavation along the bank slope, cutting and straightening, etc., to improve the effect of water flow conditions and reduce the scouring of the river bank. (3) Standardize the behavior of sand mining and soil borrowing in the river channel, and minimize the disturbance to the river bank.
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Mentes, Gyula. "Relationship between river bank stability and hydrological processes using in situ measurement data." Central European Geology 62, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/24.62.2019.01.

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Many river banks throughout the world are prone to landslides; therefore, serious efforts are made to develop landslide early warning systems. This study presents a method by which the stability changes of the river banks can be continuously monitored; necessary measures can be taken in time to reduce the damage. The method was tested in Dunaszekcső (Hungary), where the high loess bank of the River Danube has been intensively moving since 2007. The tilts of the high bank were measured by two borehole tiltmeters. The connection between tilt values and the river- and groundwater-level variations was investigated by multivariable and moving window regression analyses on the basis of a 6-year-long observation from 2011 to 2016. The results show that increasing regression coefficients mean decreasing stability of the high river bank, so the developed method can be used for continuous supervision of the high bank stability. The method is also suitable for studying the causes of motion processes. Investigations showed clearly that the effect of groundwater table variations is two orders of magnitude higher than the water-level variations of the River Danube. In addition to the erosion of the river, various small tilts of the stable and unstable parts also contribute to the arising of new cracks in the stable part, decreasing its width.
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Xu, Linjuan, Yuanjian Wang, Wanjie Zhao, and Enhui Jiang. "Review on Riverbank Soil Collapse." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601021.

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Bank slope collapse is a kind of natural phenomenon which commonly existed on both sides of alluvial plain rivers. The mechanism of bank collapse is complex, and it is an interdisciplinary frontier research subject. The collapse of the bank slope will lead to the instability of river regime and frequent changes of erosion and siltation, which will cause great harm to river regulation and people's livelihood. Through review of river bank soil collapse at home and abroad, it is concluded that the main influencing factors of river bank soil collapse are the action of water flow and the soil structure of river bank. In addition, the stability of river bank and the numerical simulation of river bank collapse are also studied by scholars. In view of the above research results, the deficiencies of the current research are pointed out and the research directions that should be followed in the future are put forward.
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Dey, Sourav, and Sujit Mandal. "Fluvial Processes and Channel Stability of the Torsa River, West Bengal (India)." Journal of Geographical Studies 2, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.18020202.

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Fluvial processes such as bank erosion plays an important role to change the channel stability of the Torsa River in the downstream region. The present study was focused on stream stability assessment of the Torsa River. The study area is situated between the downstream of the Jaldapara Reserve Forest and confluence of Kaljani River. Data of different parameters about 64 bank segments of the Torsa River were prepared using the field work techniques for assessing the stream bank conditions using lateral, vertical and overall reach stability models. The individual results of BEHI and NBS ratings show that out of 64 bank segments only 35 and 19 bank segments classified in higher categories. Overall lateral stability analysis shows that most of the sample bank segments are in an unstable condition. All bank segments are vertically unstable and degrading. Overall reach stability analysis shows widespread instability. BEHI and NBS results are almost similar for most of the bank segments and therefore, BEHI and NBS can be suitable bank erosion hazard predictive models in the study for channel stability analysis.
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Hamdhan, Indra Noer, and Desti Santi Pratiwi. "Analisis Stabilitas pada Lereng Sungai yang Dipengaruhi Pasang Surut." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 24, no. 1 (August 24, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v24i1.17169.

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The slopes on river banks close to the estuary can be affected by tides, so it can experience stability in the river bank. Therefore, this research is conducted to determine the stability of river bank due to tides with numerical analysis. The numerical analysis method was done by 2D Plaxis Software that using the Finite Element Method. The analysis was conducted on a homogeneous slope with 2 (two) different soil permeability coefficient values, there are low permeability and high permeability. The analysis is modeled by fully coupled analysis between deformation and ground water flow analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that a tidal are influence the stability of the slope based on the safety factor value. The highest of safety factor value are shown in high tide condition, and the lowest occur at low tide condition. This happens because the high tide condition occur the addition of hydraulic pressure from the water that will resist the sliding, while the low tide condition will reduce the hydraulic pressure. This can be a concern to the stability of river bank with tidal condition in order to avoid the erosion during the low tide conditions. The comparison of safety factors between two different types of soil permeability are not significant, the difference are only 3%.
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Cholewa, Mariusz, Karol Plesiński, Katarzyna Kamińska, and Izabela Wójcik. "Stability evaluation of modernized bank protections in a culvert construction." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001020.

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The paper presents stability evaluation of the banks of the Wilga River on a chosen stretch in Koźmice Wielkie, Małopolska Province. The examined stretch included the river bed upstream from the culvert on a district road. The culvert construction, built over four decades ago, was disassembled in 2014. The former construction, two pipes that were 1.4 m in diameter, was entirely removed. The investor decided to build a new construction in the form of insitu poured reinforced concrete with a 4 x 2 m cross section. Change of geometry and different location in relation to the river current caused increase in the flow velocity and, as a consequence, erosion of both protected and natural banks. Groundwater conditions were determined based on the geotechnical tests that were carried out on soil samples taken from the banks and the river bed. Stability calculations of natural slopes of the Wilga River and the ones protected with riprap indicate mistakes in the design project concerning construction of the river banks. The purpose of the study was to determine the stability of the Wilga River banks on a selected section adjacent to the rebuilt culvert. Stability of a chosen cross section was analysed in the paper. Presented conclusions are based on the results of geotechnical tests and numerical calculations.
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Li, Chao, Zhen Yang, Hung Tao Shen, and Xianyou Mou. "Freeze-Thaw Effect on Riverbank Stability." Water 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162479.

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The stability of riverbanks in cold regions is affected by the freeze-thaw action. The freeze-thaw process causes changes in the moisture content, friction angle, and cohesiveness of the bank material. Together with the freeze-thaw effect, seepage pressure influenced by the changing water levels, and the bank slope are the key factors affecting bank stability. A limit equilibrium bank stability model considering the infiltration water pressure effect is developed and applied to the Shisifenzi section of Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Laboratory tests of field samples with moisture contents of 15%, 18%, 21%, and saturated showed that the freeze-thaw action reduced the degree of saturation by 34.37 %, 30.71%, 32.48%, and 46.23%, respectively, accompanied by reductions in the internal friction angles by 1.78%, 2.74%, 6.33%, and 5.32%. These changes resulted in a 24.35% to 29.13% reduction in the safety factor of bank stability. Together with seasonal variations in the water levels the field data showed that the bank stability safety factor in the study site increases gradually through the melting period, dry period, wet period, flooding period, and low flow period. The slope stability safety factor increases with the stage of the river but decreases with the groundwater level.
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Thapa, Ishwor, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Bank stability and toe erosion model of the Kodku Khola bank, southeast Kathmandu valley, central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 50, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v50i1.22870.

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The Kodku Khola is a potential river from the southeast part of Kathmandu valley as it has been used for irrigation and household purposes from prehistoric time. The river is suffering from streambank instability causing great threat to the infrastructure, land and settlement areas. In this context, assessment of Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) of the Kodku Khola was undertaken for eight different sites using the BSTEM version 5.4 that calculates a Factor of Safety (Fs) for multilayer streambank, based on limit equilibrium-method. Streambank of the uppermost reach around the transects BK1 (Lower Badikhel) and BK2 (Upper Taukhel) area is stable, where Fs exceeds 1.3 and maximum lateral retreat of channel is 21.86-30.59 cm with 0.025-0.290 m2 of the total eroded area of the bank-toe resulting in less bank toe erosion. Canopy and understorey cover with consolidated bank materials are the causes of stable banks. Streambank of transects BK3 (Arubot) and BK4 (Thaiba) are unstable as Fs ranges from 0.75 to 0.92, and the maximum lateral retreat of channel ranges 70.83-208.81 cm with total eroded bank toe area of 0.117–1.695 m2 resulting in excessive bank toe erosion problems. Major causes of instability are the presence of unconsolidated bank material, high scouring, and sparse riparian vegetation. Within the transects BK6 and BK7 around Harisiddhi, streambanks are stable with less bank toe erosion hazard because of channelization. Where the Fs are low and banks are disturbed by encroachment, suitable bioengineering measures can be implemented to mitigate excessive bank toe erosion and failure.
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Rini, Daru Setyo, Endang Arisoesilaningsih, Donny Harisuseno, and S. Soemarno. "Application of ecohydraulic bank protection model to improve river bank stability and biotic community in Surabaya River." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 05, no. 01 (October 1, 2017): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2017.051.975.

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YU, Minghui, Hongyan WEI, Yanjie LIANG, and Chunyan HU. "Study on the stability of non-cohesive river bank." International Journal of Sediment Research 25, no. 4 (December 2010): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(11)60006-1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "River bank stability"

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Masterman, Richard. "Vegetation effects on river bank stability." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358028.

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Albadran, A. A. "Factors influencing river bank stability in the Tigris and Shatt al Arab waterways, Iraq." Thesis, University of Dundee, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514193.

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Nam, Soonkie. "Effects of Reservoir Releases on Slope Stability and Bank Erosion." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77114.

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Reservoir release patterns are determined by a number of purposes, the most fundamental of which is to manage water resources for human use. Managing our water resources means not only controlling the water in reservoirs but also determining the optimum release rate taking into account factors such as reservoir stability, power generation, water supply for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses, and the river ecosystem. However, riverbank stability has generally not been considered as a factor, even though release rates may have a significant effect on downstream riverbank stability. Riverbank retreat not only impacts land properties but also damages structures along the river such as roads, bridges and even buildings. Thus, reservoir releases need to also take into account the downstream riverbank stability and erosion issues. The study presented here investigates the riverbank stability and erosion at five study sites representing straight as well as inside and outside channel meander bends located on the lower Roanoke River near Scotland Neck, North Carolina. Extensive laboratory and field experiments were performed to define the hydraulic and geotechnical properties of the riverbank soils at each site. Specifically, soil water characteristic curves were determined using six different techniques and the results compared to existing mathematical models. Hydraulic conductivity was estimated using both laboratory and in situ tests. Due to the wide range of experimentally obtained values, the values determined by each of the methods was used for transient seepage modeling and the modeling results compared to the actual ground water table measured in the field. The results indicate that although the hydraulic conductivities determined by in situ tests were much larger than those typically reported for the soils by lab tests, numerical predictions of the ground water table using the in situ values provided a good fit for the measured ground water table elevation. Shear strengths of unsaturated soils were determined using multistage suction controlled direct shear tests. The test method was validated, and saturated and unsaturated shear strength parameters determined. These parameters, which were determined on the basis of results from both laboratory and field measurements, and the associated boundary conditions, which took into account representative flow rates and patterns including peaking, drawdown and step-down scenarios, were then utilized for transient seepage analyses and slope stability analyses performed using SLIDE, a software package developed by Rocscience. The analyses confirmed that the riverbanks are stable for all flow conditions, although the presence of lower permeability soils in some areas may create excess pore water pressures, especially during drawdown and step-down events, that result in the slope becoming unstable in those locations. These findings indicate that overall, the current reservoir release patterns do not cause adverse impacts on the downstream riverbanks, although a gradual drawdown after a prolonged high flow event during the wet season would reduce unfavorable conditions that threaten riverbank stability.
Ph. D.
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Fritzson, Hanna. "Effect of Environmental Factors on Pore Water Pressure in River Bank Sediments, Sollefteå, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333788.

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Pore water pressure in a silt slope in Sollefteå, Sweden, was measured from 2009-2016. The results from2009-2012 were presented and evaluated in a publication by Westerberg et al. (2014) and this report is an extension of that project.In a silt slope the pore water pressures are generally negative, contributing to the stability of theslope. In this report the pore water pressure variations are analyzed using basic statistics and a connection between the pore water pressure variations, the geology and parameters such as temperature, precipitation and soil moisture are discussed.The soils in the slope at Nipuddsvägen consists of sandy silt, silt, clayey silt and silty clay. The main findings were that at 2, 4 and 6 m depth there are significant increases and decreases in the pore water pressure that can be linked with the changing of the seasons, for example there is a significant increase in the spring when the ground frost melts. As the seasons change, so do the temperature and amount and type of precipitation. Other factors that vary with the season are the amount of net radiation, wind speed and relative humidity, all of which affect the amount of evapotranspiration. At greater depths the pore water pressue is most likely affected by a factor/factors that varies from year to year, possibly the total amount of rainfall. Therefore, the anticipated increase in precipitation in Scandinavia due to climate change could be an important factor influencing slope stability.What precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration have in common is that they affect the amount of water infiltrating the soil, and thereby the soil moisture content. How the soil moisture is distributed and flows through the soil (sub-surface flow) is governed by the different soil types and their mutual order in the slope, as well as by factors affecting the structure of the soil, e.g. animal burrows and aggregation. The formation of ground frost also affects the way in which the water present in the soil is redistributed.At c. 14 m depth in the slope, there is a saturated layer with positive pore water pressures, which could be one of several such layers. The overall groundwater situation in a silt slope is complex; several different bodies of water can develop, and to get a complete picture of the ground water situation (andthereby also the pore water pressure variations) thorough hydrological surveys are needed.
Under  2009-2016  mättes  porvattentrycket  i  en  siltslänt  i  Sollefteå.  Resultaten  från  2009-2012presenterades och utvärderades i en publikation av Westerberg et al. (2014) och detta examensarbete är en förlängning av det projektet.I en siltslänt är porvattentrycket vanligtvis negativt vilket bidrar till stabiliteten i slänten. I den härrapporten är variationerna av porvattentrycket analyserade med hjälp av enkel statistik och en koppling mellan variationerna och geologin samt parametrar så som temperatur, nederbörd och fukthalt i marken diskuteras.Jordarterna i slänten vid Nipuddsvägen består av sandig silt, silt, lerig silt och siltig lera. Slutsatsen var att på 2, 4 och 6 m djup ökade och minskade porvattentrycket med årstiderna, till exempel ökade porvattentrycket signifikant vid tjällossningen. När årstiderna skiftar ändras även temperaturen och mängden, och typen, av nederbörd. Andra faktorer som varierar över året är netto-instrålningen, vindhastigheten och den relativa fuktigheten och dessa faktorer påverkar i sin tur evapotranspirationen. På större djup beror antagligen portrycksvariationerna på någon eller några faktorer som skiljer sig åt från år till år, möjligtvis den totala mängden nederbörd. Därmed skulle den ökade nederbörd som förväntas i Skandinavien på grund av klimatförändringarna kunna påverka släntstabiliteten.Vad nederbörd, temeperatur och evapotranspiration har gemensamt är att de påverkar mängden vatten som infiltrerar marken, det vill säga de påverkar markens fukthalt. Hur vattnet är födelat i marken beror på de olika jordarterna och deras inbördes ordning i slänten, men också av faktorer som påverkar markens struktur så som aggregation och uppluckring av jorden på grund av marklevande djurs aktivitet. Även formationen av tjäle på vintern har troligtvis en viss inverkan på hur vattnet i marken omfördelas.På 14 m djup finns ett vattenmättat lager med positiva porvattentryck vilket skulle kunna vara ett av flera sådana lager. I en siltslänt är grundvattensituationen mycket komplex, flera magasin av vatten kan bildas. För att få en bra bild av grundvattensituationen (och där med också porvattentrycksvariationerna)behöver noggranna hydrologiska undersökningar genomföras.
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Docker, Benjamin Brougham. "Biotechnical engineering on alluvial riverbanks of southeastern Australia: A quantified model of the earth-reinforcing properties of some native riparian trees." University of Sydney, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1688.

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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)
It is generally accepted that tree roots can reinforce soil and improve the stability of vegetated slopes. Tree root reinforcement is also recognised in riverbanks although the contribution that the roots make to bank stability has rarely been assessed due to the reluctance of geomorphologists to examine riverbank stability by geomechanical methods that allow for the inclusion of quantified biotechnical parameters. This study investigates the interaction between alluvial soil and the roots of four southeastern Australian riparian trees. It quantifies the amount and distribution of root reinforcement present beneath typically vegetated riverbanks of the upper Nepean River, New South Wales, and examines the effect of the reinforcement on the stability of these banks. The ability of a tree to reinforce the soil is limited by the spatial distribution of its root system and the strength that the roots impart to the soil during shear. These two parameters were determined for the following four species of native riparian tree: Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata, and Acacia floribunda. The four species all exhibit a progressive reduction in the quantity of root material both with increasing depth and with increasing lateral distance from the tree stem. In the vertical direction there are two distinct zones that can be described. The first occurs from between 0 and approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists of approximately 80 % of the total root material quantity. In this zone the root system consists of both vertical and lateral roots, the size and density of which varies between species. The second zone occurs below approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists primarily of vertical roots. The quantity of root material in this zone decreases exponentially with depth due to the taper of individual roots. The earth reinforcement potential in terms of both geometric extent and the quantity of root material expressed as the Root Area Ratio (RAR) varies significantly from species to species. E. elata exhibited the highest values of RAR in soil zones beneath it while E. amplifolia reinforced a greater volume of soil than any of the other species examined. The increased shear resistance (Sr) of alluvial soil containing roots was measured by direct in-situ shear tests on soil blocks beneath a plantation. For three of the species (C. glauca, E. amplifolia, E. elata) Sr increased with increasing RAR measured at the shear plane, in a similar linear relationship. The shear resistance provided by A. floribunda roots also increased with increasing RAR at the shear plane but at a much greater rate than for the other three species. This is attributable to A. floribunda’s greater root tensile strength and therefore pull-out resistance, as well as its smaller root diameters at comparative RARs which resulted in a greater proportion of roots reaching full tensile strength within the confines of the test. Tree roots fail progressively in this system. Therefore determining the increased shear strength from the sum of the pull-out or tensile strengths of all individual roots and Waldron’s (1977) and Wu et al’s (1979) simple root model, would result in substantial over estimates of the overall strength of the soil-root system. The average difference between Sr calculated in this manner and that measured from direct in-situ shear tests is 10.9 kPa for C. glauca, 19.0 kPa for E. amplifolia, 19.3 kPa for E. elata, and 8.8 kPa for A. floribunda. A riverbank stability analysis incorporating the root reinforcement effect was conducted using a predictive model of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement beneath riparian trees within the study area. The model is based on measurements of juveniles and observations of the rooting habits of mature trees. It indicates that while the presence of vegetation on riverbank profiles has the potential to increase stability by up to 105 %, the relative increase depends heavily on the actual vegetation type, density, and location on the bank profile. Of the species examined in this study the greatest potential for improved riverbank stability is provided by E. amplifolia, followed by E. elata, A. floribunda, and C. glauca. The presence of trees on banks of the Nepean River has the potential to raise the critical factor of safety (FoS) from a value that is very unstable (0.85) to significantly above 1.00 even when the banks are completely saturated and subject to rapid draw-down. It is likely then that the period of intense bank instability observed within this environment between 1947 and 1992 would not have taken place had the riparian vegetation not been cleared prior to the onset of wetter climatic conditions. Typical ‘present-day’ profiles are critically to marginally stable. The introduction of vegetation could improve stability by raising the FoS up to 1.68 however the selection of revegetation species is crucial. With the placement of a large growing Eucalypt at a suitable spacing (around 3-5 m) the choice of smaller understorey trees and shrubs is less important. The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability has important implications for channel morphological change. This study quantifies the mechanical earth reinforcing effect of some native riparian trees, thus allowing for improved deterministic assessment of historical channel change and an improved basis for future riverine management.
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Docker, Benjamin Brougham. "Biotechnical engineering on alluvial riverbanks of southeastern Australia: A quantified model of the earth-reinforcing properties of some native riparian trees." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1688.

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It is generally accepted that tree roots can reinforce soil and improve the stability of vegetated slopes. Tree root reinforcement is also recognised in riverbanks although the contribution that the roots make to bank stability has rarely been assessed due to the reluctance of geomorphologists to examine riverbank stability by geomechanical methods that allow for the inclusion of quantified biotechnical parameters. This study investigates the interaction between alluvial soil and the roots of four southeastern Australian riparian trees. It quantifies the amount and distribution of root reinforcement present beneath typically vegetated riverbanks of the upper Nepean River, New South Wales, and examines the effect of the reinforcement on the stability of these banks. The ability of a tree to reinforce the soil is limited by the spatial distribution of its root system and the strength that the roots impart to the soil during shear. These two parameters were determined for the following four species of native riparian tree: Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus amplifolia, Eucalyptus elata, and Acacia floribunda. The four species all exhibit a progressive reduction in the quantity of root material both with increasing depth and with increasing lateral distance from the tree stem. In the vertical direction there are two distinct zones that can be described. The first occurs from between 0 and approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists of approximately 80 % of the total root material quantity. In this zone the root system consists of both vertical and lateral roots, the size and density of which varies between species. The second zone occurs below approximately 15 % of the maximum vertical depth and consists primarily of vertical roots. The quantity of root material in this zone decreases exponentially with depth due to the taper of individual roots. The earth reinforcement potential in terms of both geometric extent and the quantity of root material expressed as the Root Area Ratio (RAR) varies significantly from species to species. E. elata exhibited the highest values of RAR in soil zones beneath it while E. amplifolia reinforced a greater volume of soil than any of the other species examined. The increased shear resistance (Sr) of alluvial soil containing roots was measured by direct in-situ shear tests on soil blocks beneath a plantation. For three of the species (C. glauca, E. amplifolia, E. elata) Sr increased with increasing RAR measured at the shear plane, in a similar linear relationship. The shear resistance provided by A. floribunda roots also increased with increasing RAR at the shear plane but at a much greater rate than for the other three species. This is attributable to A. floribunda’s greater root tensile strength and therefore pull-out resistance, as well as its smaller root diameters at comparative RARs which resulted in a greater proportion of roots reaching full tensile strength within the confines of the test. Tree roots fail progressively in this system. Therefore determining the increased shear strength from the sum of the pull-out or tensile strengths of all individual roots and Waldron’s (1977) and Wu et al’s (1979) simple root model, would result in substantial over estimates of the overall strength of the soil-root system. The average difference between Sr calculated in this manner and that measured from direct in-situ shear tests is 10.9 kPa for C. glauca, 19.0 kPa for E. amplifolia, 19.3 kPa for E. elata, and 8.8 kPa for A. floribunda. A riverbank stability analysis incorporating the root reinforcement effect was conducted using a predictive model of the spatial distribution of root reinforcement beneath riparian trees within the study area. The model is based on measurements of juveniles and observations of the rooting habits of mature trees. It indicates that while the presence of vegetation on riverbank profiles has the potential to increase stability by up to 105 %, the relative increase depends heavily on the actual vegetation type, density, and location on the bank profile. Of the species examined in this study the greatest potential for improved riverbank stability is provided by E. amplifolia, followed by E. elata, A. floribunda, and C. glauca. The presence of trees on banks of the Nepean River has the potential to raise the critical factor of safety (FoS) from a value that is very unstable (0.85) to significantly above 1.00 even when the banks are completely saturated and subject to rapid draw-down. It is likely then that the period of intense bank instability observed within this environment between 1947 and 1992 would not have taken place had the riparian vegetation not been cleared prior to the onset of wetter climatic conditions. Typical ‘present-day’ profiles are critically to marginally stable. The introduction of vegetation could improve stability by raising the FoS up to 1.68 however the selection of revegetation species is crucial. With the placement of a large growing Eucalypt at a suitable spacing (around 3-5 m) the choice of smaller understorey trees and shrubs is less important. The effect of riparian vegetation on bank stability has important implications for channel morphological change. This study quantifies the mechanical earth reinforcing effect of some native riparian trees, thus allowing for improved deterministic assessment of historical channel change and an improved basis for future riverine management.
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Jianfar, Arjan. "Evaluation of erosion rates and their impact on riverbank stability." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23929.

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A research program was undertaken to quantify the effect of flow induced erosion on the stability of natural river banks along the Red River in Manitoba. The Erosion Measurement Device (EMD) was designed and built in the Geotechnical Laboratory of University of Manitoba to approximate the erosion rate profiles of soil samples from nine sites along the RedRiver. Two simulations of a natural flood event and one of the same flood with the operation of the Floodway were then used to determine the difference in the lower toe erosion and the slopes reduction of the global factor of safety. These results indicate that the operation of the Floodway does not have negative impact on the stability of river banks upstream of the Floodway inlet.
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黃聖城. "Influence of Fracture zones on the Slope Stability of the Chishan River Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81339214077265742143.

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碩士
逢甲大學
土木工程學系
101
This dissertation is about identification of existing shear zone structures and displaced landforms in Cishan Creek Basin, and investigation of the cause of large-scale landslides in Xiaolin Village in Cishan Creek Basin and the impacts of landslide dam outburst on riverbank in Cishan Creek Basin. Based on the result of this study, the presences of ruptures with different strikes and the displaced landforms have been found in the river sections with severe disasters in Cishan Creek Basin. Affected by the localizations of deformations with brittle fractures, the large landslides often took place even when the rainfall was not that heavy. Therefore, the rainfall is not the critical factor of the instability of riverside slopes in Cishan Creek Basin. The large landslide at riverside slope usually leads to landslide dam. The outburst of landslide dam will result in huge amount of debris flow, and such shock and vibration will lead to the erosion and scouring of riverside slope with localized shear zone rocks with brittle fractures. Keywords: fractured zone, landslide, landslide dam, brittle fracture
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蕭淳友. "Influence of Fracture zones on the Slope Stability of the Laonong River Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33929915471940673541.

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黃雅靖. "Influence of Energy Dissipation Effectiveness of Weir for the Stability of the Riverbed and River Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67360986091523061762.

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Books on the topic "River bank stability"

1

Bankhead, Natasha. Analysis of bank stability and potential load reduction along reaches of the Big Sioux River, South Dakota. Oxford, Mississippi: United States Department of Agriculture, National Sedimentation Laboratory, 2009.

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Turnipseed, D. Phil. Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near four highway crossings in southwestern Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1994.

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Turnipseed, D. Phil. Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near two highway crossings in the Pascagoula River Basin in Mississippi. Jackson, Miss. (Suite 710 Federal Builiding 100 W. Capitol St. Jackson 39269: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Stream bank stability in Eastern Nebraska. Lincoln, Neb: U.S. Dept. of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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1963-, Wilson K. Van, Mississippi. State Highway Dept., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Channel and bank stability of Standing Pine Creek at State Highway 488 near Freeny, Leake County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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1963-, Wilson K. Van, Geological Survey (U.S.), and Mississippi. State Highway Dept., eds. Channel and bank stability of Sand Branch tributary at State Highway 342 near Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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1963-, Wilson K. Van, Geological Survey (U.S.), and Mississippi. State Highway Dept, eds. Channel and bank stability of Sand Branch tributary at State Highway 342 near Pontotoc, Pontotoc County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Geological Survey, 1989.

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1963-, Wilson K. Van, Mississippi. State Highway Dept, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Channel and bank stability of Standing Pine Creek at State Highway 488 near Freeny, Leake County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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1963-, Wilson K. Van, Mississippi. State Highway Dept., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Channel and bank stability of Standing Pine Creek at State Highway 488 near Freeny, Leake County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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Phil, Turnipseed D., Mississippi. State Highway Dept., and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Channel and bank stability of Wolf Creek and a tributary at U.S. Highway 45 near Wheeler, Prentiss County, Mississippi. Jackson, Miss: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "River bank stability"

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Buragohain, Khagana, and P. K. Khaund. "Study on Stability Analysis of South Bank of River Brahmaputra and Its Tributaries in the Reaches of Upper Assam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 667–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6346-5_58.

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Ali, Md Firoz, Supia Khatun, and Yasser Arafat. "An Experimental Study on the Influence of Water-Level Fluctuation on Stability of Slope of Model River Bank Composed of Cohesionless Material." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 191–207. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5601-9_17.

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Merli, Cinzia, Andrea Colombo, Claudio Riani, Alessandro Rosso, Luca Martelli, Silvia Rosselli, Paolo Severi, et al. "Seismic Stability Analyses of the Po River Banks." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 2, 877–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_150.

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Nicole, Borchardt. "Analysis of Slope Stability by Back-Calculation Along the Paute River Valley: Application to Construction of the Mazar Hydroelectric Project—Ecuador." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 2, 301–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09057-3_45.

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"river bank stability." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 1123. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_182413.

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"Influence of river level fluctuation on the stability of high floodplains bank slope." In Advanced Materials, Structures and Mechanical Engineering, 117–22. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19693-24.

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"The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers." In The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers, edited by DAVID R. MONTGOMERY, BRIAN D. COLLINS, JOHN M. BUFFINGTON, and TIMOTHY B. ABBE. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569568.ch2.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Wood has been falling into rivers for millions of years, resulting in both local effects on channel processes and integrated influences on channel form and dynamics over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Effects of stable pieces of wood on local channel hydraulics and sediment transport can influence rates of bank erosion, create pools, or initiate sediment deposition and bar formation. At larger spatial scales, changes in the supply of large wood can trigger changes in both river-reach morphology and the interaction between a river and its floodplain. Over long time scales, wood-rich rivers may retain more sediment and have lower sediment transport rates and steeper slopes than comparable wood-poor channels. Most geomorphic effects of wood in rivers arise from large, stable logs that catalyze changes in the routing and storage of both smaller wood and sediment. The size of a log relative to the channel provides a reasonable gauge of the potential stability of in-channel wood. Channels with a high supply of large, potentially stable wood may experience substantial vertical variability in bed elevation independent from external forcing (e.g., climate variability, temporal variations in sediment supply, or tectonic activity). In some river systems, changes in the wood regime, as described by the size and amount of wood supplied to a river, can result in effects as great as those arising from changes in the sediment supply or the discharge regimes. Consequently, an understanding of the geomorphic effects of wood is crucial for assessing the condition and potential response of forest channels.
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"Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems." In Balancing Fisheries Management and Water Uses for Impounded River Systems, edited by Leandro E. Miranda. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874066.ch7.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—Reservoir fishery managers have traditionally viewed reservoirs as stand-alone systems and emphasized in-lake management practices such as controlling selected fish populations, restraining and promoting harvest, and enhancing fish habitat. However, reservoirs do not always respond to in-lake approaches that ignore important factors operating outside the reservoir. I propose an expanded concept where reservoirs are viewed as parts of the landscape and influenced by tributaries, riparian zones, watersheds, and position in the river basin. The influence of tributaries over reservoir fish assemblages ranges from almost none in reservoirs positioned high in a basin where lacustrine fish assemblages prevail to a large effect in downstream reservoirs where riverine fish assemblages prevail. Many species inhabiting reservoirs typically require tributaries to complete their life cycle, or at least their abundance in the reservoir is enhanced by access to flowing water and upriver floodplain lakes. Riparian and buffer zones surrounding tributaries and the reservoir trap sediments and nutrients, reduce wind and associated wave action, provide bank stability and woody debris, and improve esthetics. Direct links between riparian zones and reservoir fish assemblages have received limited research attention, but evidence indicates that riparian plant debris enhances fish species richness, predator–prey interactions, and recruitment of selected species in the littoral zone. Imports from watersheds, including sediments, nutrients, and carbon from dissolved or particulate organic matter, interact to influence turbidity, water quality, primary production, and habitat quality. Fish assemblages are shaped by eutrophication, and organic detritus imported from highly disturbed watersheds may play a major role in promoting key detritivores. At the basin scale, abiotic characteristics, species richness, species and trophic composition, biomass, and population characteristics show longitudinal gradients along reservoir series. Basin-scale variables constrain the expression of processes at smaller scales but are seldom controllable, although an appreciation of basin patterns helps set limits for smaller-scale determinants and thereby management expectations. Extending the scale of reservoir management can enhance the manager’s ability to impact reservoir fish populations and assemblages and increase the effectiveness of traditional in-lake management measures. Nevertheless, reaching outside the reservoir through potentially segregated efforts of isolated managers may not be sustainable, especially if reservoir managers lack jurisdiction and training to reach beyond the reservoir shores. Thus, managers must participate in landscape-level partnerships to advocate landscape changes likely to benefit reservoir environments. Extending the scale of reservoir management does not mean that reservoir managers must become watershed managers, but simply that they should think about reservoirs as part of bigger systems and thereby network with those working upstream and in the watershed to advance reservoir issues.
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Jafarnejad, M., M. Franca, M. Pfister, and A. Schleiss. "Effect of compressed riprap thickness on the stability of river banks." In River Flow 2014, 2069–74. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17133-276.

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Ky, Sambath, Juan Martinez, and Soksan Chhun. "Mechanical Stability of River Banks Submitted to Fluctuations of the Water Level." In Advances in Multi-Physics and Multi-Scale Couplings in Geo-Environmental Mechanics, 335–60. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-78548-278-6.50010-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "River bank stability"

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Chiew, Yee-Meng, Nandakumar Narasimhan, and Jian Chu. "Effect of Seepage on River Bank Stability." In International Conference on Scour and Erosion (ICSE-5) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41147(392)34.

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Dong, Yun, and Baotian Wang. "Study on the Stability of Road Embankment Banding with River Bank." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47628(407)16.

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Su, Xiaocheng. "Analysis on stability of dike in water diversion of river bank." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Materials Science, Machinery and Energy Engineering (MSMEE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/msmee-17.2017.173.

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Simon, Andrew, Andrew J. C. Collison, and Anthony Layzell. "Incorporating Bank-Toe Erosion by Hydraulic Shear into the ARS Bank-Stability Model: Missouri River, Eastern Montana." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)359.

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Huang, Jiazhu, and Guochun Ma. "Application of remote sensing and GIS to the assessment of bank stability in the Lower Yangtze River." In Asia-Pacific Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Environment, and Space, edited by Upendra N. Singh, Huanling Hu, and Gengchen Wang. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.319538.

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Carnicero, Martin. "River Crossings: Evaluation of Meander Migration As an Integrity Hazard." In ASME 2017 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2017-2546.

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TGN operates a system of 9,000 kilometers, with a long stretch traveling next to the foothills. Although it is clear now that this path may not be the best choice, it was defined for access convenience parallel to a national highway back in 1960, when erosion was not an important issue. Whenever a pipeline crossing is located at a place where a river experiences a break in its slope, development of meanders poses a significant threat to its integrity. The interaction between a rigid structure and a changing environment sets the scenario of a problem that needs constant attention. Thus, meanders become the main cause that leads to the implementation of expensive remediation works. In the following paragraphs, a method of evaluating meanders is presented based on concepts of channel stability regarding river curvature, width, slope and flows. This is complemented with real cases in which theoretical aspects are matched with actual crossings, its construction characteristics and the evolution of meanders with time. Long term performance of typical solutions such as soil movement channeling, bank protections, jetties and pipeline lowering are compared. Finally the inverse problem is addressed in which guidelines for the design of a new crossing are listed.
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Bustinza, Juan A., Ricardo J. Rocca, Marcelo E. Zeballos, and Roberto E. Terzariol. "Rerouting of a Pipeline due to Landslide Reactivation in an Andean Valley." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1960.

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The bi-national pipeline Loma de la Lata (Argentina)-Talcahuano (Chile) belonging to Gas del Pacifico, crosses the Andes at Latitude 37.1° South (Buta Mallin pass), following the Lileo river valley. In the region, there are large ancient landslides within an area of about 50 km2, which have been attributed to Holocene glaciations and seismic activity. In the winter of 2005, when snow limited the access to the area, it was found a pressure loss, that later was attributed to a landslide in a sector of the south bank of the valley. The adiabatic expansion generated a considerable volume of frozen soil around the pipe. The following summer it was studied the characteristics of the sliding and analyzed different solutions of the affected section. The geotechnical study showed details of the slipped area and its relationships with ancient landslides. It was found by comparative analysis of aerial photographs that an old slide about 1 km3 was not fully reactivated. The general morphology has remained unchanged at least in the last 50 years, when the oldest aerial photography was taken. As additional verification, it was found that a small set of cascading ponds located in the slipped mass, has remained stable at that time, bearing the influence of the great 1960 Mw = 9.6 Valdivia earthquake. It was identified tension cracks delimiting the slipped area that was a modest portion of the historical landslide. Geotechnical parameters were estimated by back analysis of the land involved and it could establish a model for sliding mass process. A general analysis of long-term stability took into account the influence of distant earthquakes such as the subduction zone, which has a recurrence of about 100 years and other local seismic sources. Prior to define the most appropriate solution, a 250 meters long trench was dug preventively releasing the pipeline from the terrain to avoid new deformations. Among the solutions considered were the construction of an absorption system with movement monitoring, or the relocation of the trace on the opposite bank of the river. It was decided to adopt the latter solution due to the difficulty of ensuring the stability of the terrain and the inaccessibility during the winter. It implied an additional river crossing and consequently, the need to monitor the stability of the channel to the river erosion.
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ADAMONYTĖ, Inga, Algis KVARACIEJUS, and Gitana VYČIENĖ. "ECONOMICAL EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF HYDROKINETIC ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.065.

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An analysis of the impact of hydrokinetic energy technology schemes has been carried out on the following river parameters: water quality, the riverbed and bank stability, sediment dynamics, coastal and aquatic vegetation, fish communities, noise, aesthetics, fishing and riverbed practicability (kayaks and barges). Hydrokinetic energy generation technologies are compared to conventional tidal technologies. Each parameter assessed was evaluated for minor, notable, high, and very high likelihood of constant and temporary exposure. Subordinate elements, such as aesthetics, fishing, and river practicability were determined to be the greatest possible use of hydrokinetic energy schemes in the world rather than river ecosystem elements. The researchers carried out an approximate assessment of the economic indicators because Lithuania does not operate hydrokinetic power plants. An assessment of reduced investment and electricity market energy purchase price indicates that the approximate payback period is six years and the net present value in the seventh year of operation is EUR 7,450.
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Janković, Marina, and Marija Bakrač. "STABILISATION OF CUT 3, LOT 1, SECTION GORJE POLJE – CARIČINA DOLINA, E-75 HIGHWAY, BELGRADE – NIŠ, PHASE II, REINFORCED SOIL CONSTRUCTION." In GEO-EXPO 2022. DRUŠTVO ZA GEOTEHNIKU U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35123/geo-expo_2022_4.

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During the execution of works on the E-75 highway, Belgrade-Niš - the border with FYR Macedonia, on section Gornje Polje - Caričina Dolina, LOT 1, on the Cut 3 from km 876+ 325 to km 876 + 825 there was a violation of the stability of a conditionally stable slope that jeopardizes the highway route. According results of extensive geotechnical investigations it is a huge landslide with a complex slip mechanism. Within the Phase II works on the stabilization of the landslide toe in the zone of the left bank of the South Morava River, in the length of 300,50 m, from km 3 + 592 to km 3 + 900.35 (along the axis of the river), or from km 876 + 739,23 to km 876 + 485 (along the axis of the highway) are foreseen. These works consist of constructing the reinforced soil embankment, up to 12.5 m height in the zone of toe of the landslide. The embankment shall contribute to the stabilization of the slope as a ballast, as well as redistribution of the mass after the excavation necessary for the road deviation.
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Vandenhove, Hildegarde, Jean Jacques Clerc, Holger Quarch, Abdilamit Aitkulov, Maxim Savosin, Isakbek Torgoev, and Muradil Mirzachev. "Mailuu-Suu Tailings Problems and Options for Remediation." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4535.

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The area of the town of Mailuu Suu, Kyrgyzstan, is polluted by radionuclides and heavy metals in tailing dumps and heaps resulting from the historic exploitation of U-mines in the Mailuu Suu area in Kyrgyzstan. Radioactive substances are stored in 23 tailings and 13 mining debris heaps situated along the Mailuu Suu River. The objective of the EC-TACIS funded project is to evaluate and prepare measures to be taken by the authorities to reduce the radiological exposure of the population and to prevent environmental pollution by radionuclides and heavy metals in case of loss of tightness of dams and damage to dumps and heaps from mining and milling by land and mudslides and to propose sustainable remedial options, accepted by the public. The actual radiological situation is of no immediate concern for most of the population of Mailuu Suu. From the gamma radiation monitoring campaign (monitoring network in Mailuu Suu, Kara Agach and vicinity), it showed that the background radiation is 100–120 nSv/h. On the tailings radiation is on average twice background. The average outside and in-house radon concentration is 175 Bq/m3. In 3 of the houses monitored at Kara Agach the radon level is between the exemption limit for new (200 Bq/m3) and old (400 Bq/m3) houses. The concentration of uranium in the Mailuu Suu river water is far below the exemption limit for drinking water set in Kyrgyzstan. Additional dose from irrigation with Mailuu Suu river water is small in actual conditions (< 0.1 mSv/year). However, there is an important possibility that triggered by an eathquake or a landslide, (part of the) tailing(s) content may be directed to the river Mailuu Suu. Doses to the affected population may increase to multiple ten mSv per annum. Given the actual limited stability of Tailing N°3, the potental of such a disaster to occur isnon-neglegible. To impede the consequences of a potential disaster, under the TACIS project different remedial options are evaluated for Tailing 3 including in situ stabilisation and tailing translocation. Also more global remedial options for the Mailuu Suu River valley are studied (translocation of other tailings, tunnel to deviate river, partial protection of river from landslide blockage). It was proposed to acquire a phased approach in time performing urgent limited stabilisation options for Tailing 3, improve the stability of the Tailing 3 by COLMIX-columns in the medium term, while investigating and evaluating further two long-term remedial options: the translocation of the tailings and the long-right-bank river diversion tunnel.
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Reports on the topic "River bank stability"

1

Corum, Zachary, Ethan Cheng, Stanford Gibson, and Travis Dahl. Optimization of reach-scale gravel nourishment on the Green River below Howard Hanson Dam, King County, Washington. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43887.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, nourishes gravel downstream of Howard Hanson Dam (HHD) on the Green River in Washington State. The study team developed numerical models to support the ongoing salmonid habitat improvement mission downstream of HHD. Recent advancements in computing and numerical modeling software make long-term simulations in steep, gravel, cobble, and boulder river environments cost effective. The team calibrated mobile-bed, sediment-transport models for the pre-dam and post-dam periods. The modeling explored geomorphic responses to flow and sediment regime changes associated with HHD construction and operation. The team found that pre-dam conditions were significantly more dynamic than post-dam conditions and may have had lower spawning habitat quality in the project vicinity. The team applied the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model to the site and then calibrated to the post-dam gravel augmentation period. The team implemented a new hiding routine in HEC-RAS that improved the simulated grain size trends but underestimated coarse sediment transport. Models without the hiding function overestimated grain size but matched bed elevations and mass flux very well. Decade-long simulations of four future gravel nourishment conditions showed continued sediment storage in the reach. The storage rate was sensitive to nourishment mass and grain size.
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Lateral movement and stability of channel banks near two highway crossings in the Pascagoula River basin in Mississippi. US Geological Survey, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri934131.

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