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1
SEBBEN, Vania. "Vittorino e Susane, i figli di nessuno." Mnemosyne, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/mnemosyne.v0i1.11483.
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Cocuccio, Maria Francesca. "Il terzo prestatore di servizi: limiti di responsabilità e azione di rivalsa." RIVISTA ITALIANA DI DIRITTO DEL TURISMO, no. 11 (January 2015): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dt2014-011006.
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Jackson, Joshua L., and Douglas B. Atkinson. "The Refugee of My Enemy Is My Friend: Rivalry Type and Refugee Admission." Political Research Quarterly 72, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912918776136.
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Why do states accept refugees? While there are a number of factors that influence a state’s decision to accept refugees, interstate relations play an important yet understudied role in refugee flows. In this paper, we build on previous work that has suggested that states with an adversarial relationship will be more likely to accept refugees. We incorporate existing conceptualization and theory from the rivalry literature and extend this logic to state strategy of refugee acceptance to provide one of the first empirical evaluations of refugee acceptance by states. Specifically, we argue that the issues rivals are contending over will change the incentives and disincentives for admitting a rival’s refugees. We anticipate that rivals disputing over ideology will be more likely to accept their rival’s refugees than rivals contending over other rivalry types. We test and find evidence for our arguments using a data set of all directed dyads from 1960 to 2006.
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Harker, Jennifer L., and Jonathan A. Jensen. "Adding insult to rivalry: Exploring the discord communicated between rivals." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 633–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-12-2019-0141.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to extend current knowledge regarding rivalry communication among sport consumers to better understand how rivals behave with one another when they communicate.Design/methodology/approachThis national survey of US sport consumers used a novel approach to explore whether and with whom rivals discuss National Football League (NFL) game outcomes. The survey captured both uniplex and multiplex data by asking respondents to name rival discussants with whom they had recently interacted, and the fan behaviors they exchanged with those named rival discussants.FindingsThrough use of this novel data collection approach, new findings were uncovered related to blasting, glory out of reflective failure, schadenfreude and the influence of team identification on the exchange of rivalry fan behaviors. The results of the uniplex and multiplex data analyses uniquely showcase the ways in which social identity theory combines with team identification to enact rivalry behavior.Originality/valueThis research is the first to precisely dichotomize the psychological antecedents from the communicated behavior between rival fans. Results reveal the precise ways in which team identification influences discordant communication between rival fans, which differs from past research in an interesting new way.
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Barbetta, Pietro. "Odio: cinque speculazioni e una provocazione." PSICOBIETTIVO, no. 1 (March 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psob2021-001005.
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In questo saggio produrrò 5 variazioni sul tema dell'odio, in ognuna si sostiene che l'odio - a differenza dei sentimenti di rancore, rabbia, invidia, gelosia, rivalsa - non è un sentimento. L'odio è un gesto del tutto consapevole, è una scelta che può dipendere dalla reazione ai sentimenti elencati sopra, o ad altri, ma i sentimenti, che sono disposizioni all'azione, non determinano ancora la decisione, la deliberazione. L'odio invece è deliberazione. Questa distinzione si è sempre più offuscata, in ambito psicologico, da quando si confonde il "benessere", qualsiasi cosa sia, con la consapevolezza, riducendo la "guarigione" psichica alla consapevolezza. Ma la Shoah, i processi stalinisti e ogni forma di totalitarismo è, in primo luogo, progetto materiale, finalità cosciente e consapevolezza. In questo senso, se Freud disse «la consapevolezza non basta», Bateson aggiunse «la consapevolezza è dannosa».
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Pike, Brian E., Gavin J. Kilduff, and Adam D. Galinsky. "The Long Shadow of Rivalry: Rivalry Motivates Performance Today and Tomorrow." Psychological Science 29, no. 5 (February 28, 2018): 804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617744796.
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Research has established that competing head to head against a rival boosts motivation and performance. The present research investigated whether rivalry can affect performance over time and in contests without rivals. We examined the long-term effects of rivalry through archival analyses of postseason performance in multiple high-stakes sports contexts: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Men’s Basketball and the major U.S. professional sports leagues: National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), and National Hockey League (NHL). Econometric analyses revealed that postseason performance of a focal team’s rival in year N predicted that focal team’s postseason performance in year N + 1. Follow-up analyses suggested that the performance boost was especially pronounced when one’s rival won the previous tournament. These results establish that rivalry has a long shadow: A rival team’s success exerts such a powerful motivational force that it drives performance outside of direct competition with one’s rival and even after a significant delay.
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Uhlenbruck, Klaus, Margaret Hughes-Morgan, Michael A. Hitt, Walter J. Ferrier, and Rhett Brymer. "Rivals’ reactions to mergers and acquisitions." Strategic Organization 15, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 40–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127016630526.
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Mergers and acquisitions research has principally focused on attributes of the acquiring firm and post-acquisition outcomes. To extend our knowledge, we focus on external factors, in particular rival responses, and explore when and how rivals respond to their competitor’s acquisitions. Leveraging the awareness–motivation–capability framework, we predict and find evidence that a rival’s dependence on markets in common with the acquirer, resource similarity between rival and acquirer, and a rival’s organizational slack increase the volume and, in some cases, also the complexity of a rival’s competitive actions following an acquisition. Furthermore, the type of acquisition positively moderates some of these relationships. The results extend our understanding of the influence of mergers and acquisitions on competitive dynamics in the marketplace.
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Guntuka, Laharish. "Inter-Firm ESG Rivalry: A Competitive Dynamics View." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013665.
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Sustainability literature has largely focused on business practices that result in environmental benefits that might not always be profitable to the firm, and thus, tend to be less appealing to the corporate board rooms. In this study, I examine if the rival firm’s sustainability behavior is driven by the focal firm’s behavior. Although a growing number of firms globally have voluntarily adopted and carried out a wide range of sustainability practices, there are firms that are driven by the position taken by industry competitors. Here, I examine such phenomena, to determine if a focal firm’s sustainability behavior is influenced by the rival’s sustainability behavior. In addition, I also examine how the competitive landscape of the focal firm, in the form of the focal firm’s size, the rival’s sustainability reputation, and industry concentration moderates the behavioral influence. I find a positive association between the rival firm’s sustainability performance and the focal firm’s sustainability performance. I also find that the focal firm’s size and industry concentration positively moderate the rivalry. Rival firms’ sustainability reputation does not have an impact on the rivalry.
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Hagiu, Andrei, Bruno Jullien, and Julian Wright. "Creating Platforms by Hosting Rivals." Management Science 66, no. 7 (July 2020): 3234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3356.
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We explore conditions under which a multiproduct firm can profitably turn itself into a platform by “hosting rivals,” that is, by inviting rivals to sell products or services on top of its core product. Hosting eliminates the additional shopping costs to consumers of buying a specialist rival’s competing version of the multiproduct firm’s noncore product. On the one hand, this makes it easier for the rival to compete on the noncore product. On the other hand, hosting turns the rival from a pure competitor into a complementor: the value added by its product now helps raise consumer demand for the multiproduct firm’s core product. As a result, hosting can be both unilaterally profitable for the multiproduct firm and jointly profitable for both firms. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy.
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Massar, Karlijn, and Abraham (Bram) P. Buunk. "Individual Differences in Preventive Jealousy Determine Men's Jealousy after Subliminal Exposure to Rivals Wearing High- or Low-Status Clothes." Psychological Reports 118, no. 1 (February 2016): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294115625572.
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This study investigated sex differences in jealousy after subliminal exposure to rivals wearing high-status or low-status clothes. It was expected that individual differences in preventive jealousy would moderate the relationship between a rival's characteristics and jealousy. Participants (Men: n = 54, M age = 21.6 yr., SD = 3.5; women: n = 71, M age = 20.7 yr., SD = 1.9) completed a parafoveal subliminal priming paradigm as well as questionnaires about jealousy and preventive jealousy. As predicted, women were not affected by their rival's status, but women high in preventive jealousy reported more jealousy than women low in preventive jealousy. However, whereas men low in preventive jealousy reported equal amounts of jealousy after exposure to a high-status and a low-status rival, surprisingly, and contrary to the expectations, men high in preventive jealousy reported most jealousy after exposure to a low-status rival. To explain these unexpected results, threats to self-esteem were discussed.
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van der Maat, Eelco. "Genocidal Consolidation: Final Solutions to Elite Rivalry." International Organization 74, no. 4 (2020): 773–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818320000259.
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AbstractUnder conditions of guerrilla conflict, mass indiscriminate violence has been shown to effectively starve a guerrilla of its support. Consequently, counter-guerrilla mass violence is concentrated within territories where a guerrilla is dominant. However, in roughly 40 percent of mass violence episodes (e.g., Rwanda and Cambodia), the violence was aimed at populations within areas of secure territorial control. These episodes have therefore been explained by attributing ideological preferences to leaders or as unique cases only. I argue that leaders adopt mass indiscriminate violence against outgroups to consolidate power under conditions of elite rivalry. The violence serves two main goals. First, it helps build coalitions with constituencies that gain from violence; and second, it targets rival factions indirectly by forcing local security officials to facilitate or oppose the violence. The violence thereby provides rival supporters with an exit option, provides the regime with information on rival supporters’ private loyalties, and undermines rivals’ abilities to mount an effective resistance. These rivals can ultimately be purged from the regime. Based on newly collected original data on elite purges and on the type of mass indiscriminate violence for the years 1950 to 2004, I show that this type of mass violence, which I call “genocidal consolidation,” is intimately connected to authoritarian consolidation.
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Betti, Matilde. "Maternitŕ e infanticidio: lo sguardo del diritto penale." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 3 (December 2012): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2012-003006.
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Il neonaticidio č presente sin dall'antichitŕ, quando veniva praticato al fine del controllo demografico o per evitare l'infamia conseguente ad una maternitŕ in nubilato o illegittima. Tale fenomeno purtroppo non č andato scomparendo con la civilizzazione e, anzi, si pensa che la sua frequenza sia attualmente sottostimata per la maggior facilitŕ di occultare il cadavere o di far passare tale delitto per una morte infantile improvvisa. La criminologia clinica distingue in base a criteri cronologici, psicologici, sociali e statistici il neonaticidio dal figlicidio: mentre in quest'ultimo la vittima ha piů di un anno, il neonaticidio č commesso in epoca piů vicina al parto che avviene solitamente senza assistenza, generalmente da madri giovani, immature, disoccupate o studentesse, con sentimenti di ostilitŕ ed estraneitŕ verso il neonato. Entrambi i crimini sono spiegati solo in una minoranza dei casi dalla malattia mentale, poiché possono essere dovuti anche ad eccesso di mezzi disciplinari, a motivi di convenienza o pressione sociale, ideologici, a trascuratezza, a rivalsa nei confronti del partner. Fra le motivazioni patologiche si hanno le forme di psicopatologia puerperale. Vi sono poi dinamiche particolari, e appare chiaro come il primo passo in una prospettiva tesa a prevenire questi reati consista nella conoscenza di tali dinamiche e, in particolare, di tutte quelle situazioni considerate "a rischio".
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PRINS, BRANDON C., and URSULA E. DAXECKER. "Committed To Peace: Liberal Institutions and the Termination of Rivalry." British Journal of Political Science 38, no. 1 (December 7, 2007): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123408000021.
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Rivalry is characterized by mutual mistrust, anger and fear, and becomes increasingly intractable as confrontations between rivals militarize. The empirical record confirms that rivalries account for the vast number of militarized interstate disputes and wars in the international system. Although considerable attention has been spent on the initiation, duration or termination of rivalries, to date no comprehensive theoretical framework for their persistence or failure exists. Following Fearon, a rationalist explanation of rivalry termination is developed. It is argued here that the adoption of liberal institutions helps alleviate the commitment problems arising in rivalry. Free-market reform, democratic institutions and membership in international organizations all build trust and increase defection costs among rival states, and therefore help to shorten the duration of rivalry. Using a Cox proportional hazard model and Thompson's data on rivalries, it is shown that change towards democracy, as well as the joint effect of democracy and economic development increase the likelihood of rivalry termination. Also, joint membership in international organizations with mechanisms for dispute settlement reduces the duration of rivalry.Arobustness check using Diehl and Goertz's list of rivalries produces similar results.
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Tyler, B. David, and Joe Cobbs. "All Rivals Are Not Equal: Clarifying Misrepresentations and Discerning Three Core Properties of Rivalry." Journal of Sport Management 31, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0371.
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Rivalry is ubiquitous across sports, yet the representation and specification of rivalry varies widely. Such discrepancy poses problems when distinguishing between multiple out-groups and when employing rivalry to explain related questions such as demand for sport consumption. In this paper, we critically examine the many differing conceptions of rivalry and to discern properties of rivalry across different sports. We survey college football fans (N = 5,304) to empirically test the exclusivity, scale, and symmetry of rivalry; then, we replicate the study twice in the context of professional sports (1,649 National Football League fans; 1,435 National Hockey League fans). Results consistently indicate that fans perceive multiple rivals (nonexclusive), rivalry intensity varies among rivals (continuous in scale), and opposing fans rarely share equivalent perceptions of the rivalry (bidirectional). Accordingly, we develop and test a parsimonious 100-point rivalry allocation measure that specifies these three properties of rivalry.
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Mendoza, Guillermo, Manuel Jiménez, Jerónimo García-Romero, Jorge García-Bastida, Iván Rivilla, Margarita Carrillo de Albornoz-Gil, Francisco Javier Baron-Lopez, Javier Benítez-Porres, and José Ramón Alvero-Cruz. "Challenging the Top Player: A Preliminary Study on Testosterone Response to An Official Chess Tournament." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041204.
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According to the Challenge Hypothesis, high levels of testosterone (T) are associated with status-seeking behaviors, especially in competitive situations. However, there have not been many studies about rivals’ social status and pre-competition neuroendocrine responses. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the participants in a chess tournament showed different pre-match testosterone and cortisol levels depending on differences in ELO (i.e., the International Chess Federation rating to rank the competitive potential and social status between players). The sample was six male participants (mean ± SD) aged 25.5 ± 8.4 years with experience in official tournaments of 16.33 ± 5.72 years and an average ELO rating of 2217.67 ± 112.67. Saliva samples were collected before each round for hormonal determination when participants competed against a rival with a different ELO rating. After five competition rounds per participant, higher rival pre-competition T concentrations were shown when playing against the best-rated participant, but there were no differences in cortisol (C). The multilevel model confirmed rises in rivals’ precompetitive T levels modulated by the difference in the opponent’s ELO rating. No significant changes were observed in C. The results suggest that the rival’s status can determine the opponent’s anticipatory neuroendocrine responses to an official chess tournament.
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Biondi, Teresa. "Donne in rivalsa e nuove “simboliche dei corpi femminili” tra antropomorfismo filmico, moda e idealismo di genere nel primo periodo del cinema viscontiano." dObra[s] – revista da Associação Brasileira de Estudos de Pesquisas em Moda, no. 35 (July 29, 2022): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26563/dobras.i35.1414.
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Il verismo filmico viscontiano riguarda il racconto delle trasformazioni identitarie degli italiani dal dopoguerra al boom economico, e si basa sulla rappresentazione del contesto psico-socio-antropologico in cui “modelli di donne della contemporaneità” appaiono per tratti erotizzati, e sempre emblematici di tentativi di una rivalsa femminile ancora in germe. Nei primi film di Visconti questo particolare aspetto prende dunque forma in toni solo idealmente progressisti e non concreti, rappresentati in personaggi interpretati da dive del tempo quali Giovanna-Calamai in Ossessione (1943), Maddalena-Magnani in Bellissima (1951) e Pupe-Schneider ne Il lavoro (1962). Alla base dei potenziali espressivi di queste opere vi è il valore antropomorfico del cinema, descritto in un suo saggio famoso che sembra più una “dichiarazione di intenti”, un preambolo ai suoi film atto a evidenziare la capacità, tutta da costruire, di riprodurre il valore dell’autenticità umana nella recitazione attoriale e nella scena, o a partire dagli aspetti materiali di cui è composta. Proprio la teoria filmica alla base dei suoi film e la correlata rappresentazione scenica, sia nelle forme simboliche costruite dalla regia, sia in quelle materialistiche dell’insieme di scenografie, costumi e fabbisogno scena, inizialmente assumono i tratti del neorealismo, o come egli precisava del “verismo umano” del quale manterrà sempre il carattere, anche nei film del secondo periodo definito dalla critica barocco e decadentista. Questo cambiamento sarà determinato dalla comprensione che il boom economico e il correlato avvento di una nuova società capitalista hanno cambiato radicalmente la vita e la cultura degli italiani, e non sempre verso il meglio. Per narrare tale cambiamento Visconti definirà nuove forme del racconto “realisticamente pre-strutturate” che mostrano, nella ricchezza della materialità degli ambienti e dei costumi, gli aspetti simbolici di un nuovo verismo umano degenerato dal denaro e spesso celato dietro la maschera dell’apparente crescita sociale. A partire da questo discorso si analizzano i tre personaggi femminili citati sopra, con particolare attenzione a Pupe-Schneider, caso di studio scelto per le particolari connotazioni drammaturgiche costruite tramite elementi barocchi della scena e costumi/abiti del marchio Chanel.
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Tibbetts, Elizabeth A., Alex Mettler, and Stephanie Levy. "Mutual assessment via visual status signals in Polistes dominulus wasps." Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (July 29, 2009): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0420.
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Many animals use signals to assess the fighting ability of rivals and reduce the cost of aggressive competition. However, little is known about how an individual's own quality influences their signal assessment decisions. Polistes dominulus wasps have visual signals of fighting ability that provide a good model for testing the dynamics of rival choice. We found that rival assessment behaviour was influenced by the advertised quality of the individual, their rivals, and the interaction between individual and rival quality. Individuals of high advertised quality were more likely to challenge rivals and individuals of low advertised quality were more likely to be challenged. However, when choosing among two rivals with different advertised quality, individuals did not simply choose the lower quality rival. Instead, they only preferred the lower quality rival when there was a small difference between their own advertised quality and that of their rivals. Individuals were not choosy when both rivals advertised relatively high or relatively low quality. Therefore, although P. dominulus facial patterns function as conventional signals of fighting ability that provide valuable information about their bearer's behavioural strategy, there is substantial variation in signal responses based on the relative intensity of the senders' and receivers' signals.
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Holland, Bradley E., and Viridiana Rios. "Informally Governing Information: How Criminal Rivalry Leads to Violence against the Press in Mexico." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 5 (September 2, 2015): 1095–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715600756.
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A well-functioning press is crucial for sustaining a healthy democracy. While attacks on journalists occur regularly in many developing countries, previous work has largely ignored where and why journalists are attacked. Focusing on violence by criminal organizations (COs) in Mexico, we offer the first systematic, micro-level analysis of the conditions under which journalists are more likely to be violently targeted. Contrary to popular belief, our evidence reveals that the presence of large, profitable COs does not necessarily lead to fatal attacks against the press. Rather, the likelihood of journalists being killed only increases when rival criminal groups inhabit territories. Rivalry inhibits COs’ ability to control information leaks to the press, instead creating incentives for such leaks to be used as weapons to intensify official enforcement operations against rivals. Without the capacity to informally govern press content, rival criminals affected by such press coverage are more likely to target journalists.
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Pant, Saurabh. "Power-sharing ‘discontinuities’: Legitimacy, rivalry, and credibility." Journal of Theoretical Politics 30, no. 1 (October 5, 2017): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629817729225.
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Power-sharing arrangements between a leader and a popular outsider can be mutually beneficial and threatening. The literature has focused primarily on the former’s trade-off where a leader gains legitimacy when sharing power with a respected outsider but also subsequently creates a rival who could challenge their rule. Yet this outsider also faces a simultaneous trade-off between power and credibility in acquiescing to the leadership. I incorporate both coinciding trade-offs in developing a formal model to examine such power-sharing arrangements which have been prevalent historically and currently. I illustrate a ‘discontinuity’ in optimal power sharing where a leader either shares nothing or shares a specific amount to compensate the rival for the rival’s lost credibility. Counterintuitively, I further show that the leader should share more power with less trustworthy rivals to reduce their strong incentives to challenge. I then revisit the Investiture Controversy in medieval Europe using these insights from the model.
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Bagnoli, Mark, and Susan G. Watts. "Knowing versus Telling Private Information about a Rival." Journal of Management Accounting Research 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-50487.
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ABSTRACT Competitors have information about their rival's business that, if known to the rival, would be useful in its decision-making. We identify a proprietary benefit to disclosing such information: firms that have information about their rivals that may be private, tell. This result is very robust and does not depend on whether the firms are Cournot or Bertrand competitors, the amount of information the disclosing firm has, or the degree of product heterogeneity. Our results contrast with the results in the literature in which the firm has information about its own customers or costs. In that case, the chosen disclosure policy depends on the type of private information and whether the competing firms' strategies are substitutes or complements. JEL Classifications: G1; G14; M41.
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Kumar, Anupam, David E. Cantor, Curtis M. Grimm, and Christian Hofer. "Environmental management rivalry and firm performance." Journal of Strategy and Management 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsma-11-2015-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to build and test theory regarding how rivalry in environmental management (EM) affects a focal firm’s environmental image and financial performance. Design/methodology/approach The theory is tested with an original panel data set of 2,776 focal-rival dyad pairs. Measures of environmental signals are developed from content analysis of corporate sustainability reports. Environmental performance data are drawn from the Newsweek US 500 Green Rankings database. Financial performance data are drawn from COMPUSTAT. Findings The main findings are that focal firm signals have a positive and significant impact on both focal firm environmental image and financial performance. Rival firm signals have a negative effect on focal firm environmental image. Surprisingly, rival firm signals have a positive impact on focal firm financial performance. Practical implications This paper can serve as a testament to the value of monitoring rival firm strategies and signaling to counter the impact of rival signals in the environmental domain. Environmental practices can be a source of competitive advantage for firms, and failure to compete in this space can place the firm at a competitive disadvantage. Originality/value This study makes several contributions to the EM literature. Leveraging competitive dynamics and the institutional viewpoints, this study builds theory with regard to how signals of competitive EM activity among a focal firm and its rivals affect environmental image and financial performance.
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Tsordia, Charitomeni, Dimitra Papadimitriou, and Artemisia Apostolopoulou. "Building a sponsor’s equity through brand personality: perceptions of fans and rivals." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 5 (November 12, 2018): 454–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-09-2017-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of perceived fit and brand personality as means of building the brand equity of the sponsor in a basketball sponsorship setting both for team fans (fans) and fans of a rival team (rivals). Design/methodology/approach The sponsorship deal between Microsoft (X-BOX), a global software company, and Panathinaikos BC, a popular basketball team located in Athens, Greece, was selected for this examination. Empirical data were collected through self-administered questionnaires from 222 fans and 271 rivals. Structural equation modeling was run to test the research hypotheses. Findings Results provided evidence that brand personality mediates the effect of fans’ perceived fit evaluations on brand equity variables. No mediation of brand personality was found for rivals, as perceived fit did not significantly affect either positively or negatively any of the brand equity variables for those study participants. Research limitations/implications The timing of data collection, which took place a short period after the sponsorship deal was announced, the low degree of rivalry reported as well as the fact that sponsorship activation initiatives were not taken into consideration are seen as limitations of this study. Suggestions for future research that would address each of these limitations are offered. Practical implications The study contributed theoretically to sport sponsorship literature by introducing the concept of brand personality as a means to enhance sponsors’ brand equity in a basketball sponsorship setting for both team fans and rivals. Interesting managerial implications have emerged for marketing managers of both sponsors and sponsees. Originality/value This is one of the very few studies that propose a process by which sponsors can deal with rivals’ negative associations, uncovering opportunities that may exist for companies in sponsoring competing teams.
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McLaughlin Mitchell, Sara, and Cameron G. Thies. "Issue Rivalries." Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 3 (July 2011): 230–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894211404794.
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This article expands upon the traditional interstate rivalry concept by focusing on two conceptual dimensions of interstate rivalry: issues and militarization. The first dimension captures the number of distinct issues that characterize a dyadic interstate relationship, such as repeated clashes between states over border disputes, maritime zones, or cross-border rivers. The second dimension is very similar to the dispute density approach to rivalry, and captures the number of militarized incidents over specific contentious issues. The first dimension of issue rivalry is coded by identifying pairs of states with two or more (simultaneous) contentious issues. The second dimension of militarized rivalry is coded for single issues (such as a border dispute), capturing the presence of two or more militarized incidents over that issue in the past. Empirical analyses of these two new rivalry measures in the Western Hemisphere and Western Europe show some important variation in these rivalry dimensions. Issue rivals and militarized rivals are significantly more likely to employ militarized force and peaceful negotiation techniques to resolve geopolitical issues in comparison with dyads that experience contentious issues in non-rivalry settings. On the other hand, dyads characterized by issue rivalry do not experience disputes that escalate to high levels of violence, such as fatalities or wars. It is only prior militarization of a specific contentious issue that leads states down the path to war.
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Clancey-Shang, Danjue. "Information Spillovers Prior to M&A Announcements." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (October 11, 2022): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100455.
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In this paper, I study trading activities prior to M&A announcements pertaining to the rivals of the merging firms. I find that not only acquirers and targets experience increases in abnormal trading activities in stock and option markets, but also their rivals. The rise in option trading is especially strong for options that informed traders are most likely to trade. I find that the implied volatility spread (IV spread) constructed from a rival’s option prices the day before the announcement can predict this rival’s cumulative abnormal return (CAR) over the M&A announcement window. As the IV spread is widely adopted as a proxy for informed trading activities in the option market, my findings provide evidence for information spillovers from merging firms to their rivals prior to the announcements of the M&A deals.
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Bierbach, David, Antje Girndt, Sybille Hamfler, Moritz Klein, Frauke Mücksch, Marina Penshorn, Michael Schwinn, et al. "Male fish use prior knowledge about rivals to adjust their mate choice." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (January 5, 2011): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0982.
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Mate choice as one element of sexual selection can be sensitive to public information from neighbouring individuals. Here, we demonstrate that males of the livebearing fish Poecilia mexicana gather complex social information when given a chance to familiarize themselves with rivals prior to mate choice. Focal males ceased to show mating preferences when being observed by a rival (which prevents rivals from copying mating decisions), but this effect was only seen when focal males have perceived rivals as sexually active. In addition, focal males that were observed by a familiar, sexually active rival showed a stronger behavioural response when rivals were larger and thus, more attractive to females. Our study illustrates an unparalleled adjustment in the expression of mating preferences based on social cues, and suggests that male fish are able to remember and strategically exploit information about rivals when performing mate choice.
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Uzonyi, Gary. "Interstate rivalry, genocide, and politicide." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 4 (January 31, 2018): 476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317741186.
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Interstate rivalry not only influences a country’s international behavior, but also its domestic conduct. Here, I focus on the connection between interstate rivalry and domestic government mass killing, specifically genocide and politicide. I argue that interstate rivalry has both direct and indirect influences on a government’s decision to use mass violence against its civilian population. Directly, countries engaged in rivalry experience a heightened state of military tension, which increases the likelihood that the country will resort to political mass killing when handling domestic dissent. Indirectly, rivalry increases the likelihood of both inter- and intrastate conflict, which also increases the likelihood of genocide and politicide. Statistical analysis of all country-years from 1955 to 2011 reveals that interstate rivals are more likely to engage in genocide and politicide than are other states. This research illustrates the way in which interstate rivalry influences a state’s domestic politics and shapes the interactions between government and population. It also highlights the importance of how the international threat environment affects a state’s willingness to engage in domestic political mass murder. These findings indicate that rivals do not only engage in the most violent interstate behavior, but also some of the deadliest domestic politics, as well.
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Hsu, Yau-Heiu. "Special Issue “State-of-the-Art Plant–Virus Interactions in Asia”." Viruses 14, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14050864.
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Massar, Karlijn, and Abraham P. Buunk. "Expecting and Competing? Jealous Responses Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women." Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 147470491983334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919833344.
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In the current study, we reasoned that when pregnant, women should be especially motivated to protect their reproductive investments as well as their pair bond and be vigilant about intrasexual competitors. To investigate this, pregnant women ( n = 66) and nonpregnant women ( n = 59; age M = 27.41, SD = 3.36) in committed relationships read a jealousy-evoking scenario that was accompanied by a picture of either an attractive or an unattractive woman, after which they indicated their jealousy about such a situation. Moreover, we asked whether a mate’s emotional infidelity would evoke more jealousy than his sexual infidelity. The results showed that for pregnant women, both rivals evoked similar amounts of jealousy, whereas nonpregnant women’s jealousy was mainly evoked by the attractive rival. Moreover, pregnant women indicated they would be most upset by their partner’s emotional infidelity, and especially if they were previously exposed to the attractive rival. Nonpregnant women considered both types of infidelity equally upsetting. These results emphasize the adaptive function of jealousy and extend the literature on the influence of a rival’s attractiveness on women’s jealousy by focusing on the experiences of pregnant women.
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Iskandarov, Khayal, and Piotr Gawliczek. "The “new great game” in the south caucasus: competition for power and influence." Journal of Scientific Papers "Social development and Security" 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33445/sds.2020.10.1.4.
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The South Caucasus has always been a playground of different rivals throughout centuries. Each rival endeavors to impose its rules and tries to capitalize on the geostrategic benefits of the region. The paper studies the rivalry of geostrategies in the South Caucasus region. The attitude of every external actor engaged in the region has been delineated. Their vested interests have been brought into focus and their influence has been relatively juxtposed with each other. The issue of energy transportation through the South Caucasus region is considered as a central element of clashing interests of the external actors. The authors attempted to compare the ongoing processes taking place in the South Caucasus with an “Old Great Game” and justify the presence of “New Great Game”. The recommendations have been made for the countries in the region to avoid the issues which are politically detrimental to their national security.
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Hu, Xiaoting, Ximing Yin, Zhanming Jin, and Jizhen Li. "How Do International M&As Affect Rival Firm’s Sustainable Performance? —Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Market." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041318.
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International mergers and acquisitions (M&As) have been increasingly used by emerging market enterprises (EMEs) as a springboard for strategic assets to overcome latecomer disadvantages and build sustainable competitive advantages. While current literature only focuses on the M&As’ impacts on acquirers, little is known about the impacts of EMEs’ international M&As on their external stakeholders, such as rival firms. Based on the longitudinal data covering 325 large international M&As completed by Chinese public manufacturing firms during 2009–2015, empirical results show that international M&As at the industry level have significant negative influence on the sustainable performance of acquirers’ rivals, and these negative relationship will be accentuated when the international M&As are horizontal M&As, when rivals are carrying out cost leadership strategy, and when those M&As are completed in the high-tech industry. This study enriches the literature of international M&As and the economic pillar of sustainability by pushing current research toward rival’s perspective and denotes that firms need to consider the potential negative impact on the sustainability of their outside stakeholders (e.g., other firms and whole industry). It also generates practical implications for firms to actively deal with potential negative effects of competitors’ international M&As on their sustainable performance, especially those players in the high-tech industry.
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Lee, Sang-Hun, and Randolph Blake. "Rival ideas about binocular rivalry." Vision Research 39, no. 8 (April 1999): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00269-7.
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Lyasko, Alexander K. "Trust , Knowledge Similarity and Cooperation in Coopetitive Strategic Alliances." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-4(87)-39-52.
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Cooperative relationships between rival firms, which engage in interfirm strategic alliances, assume active transfer, reception and recombination of competencies and co-production of novel knowledge. These processes facilitate joint technological development and improve the participating firms’ competitiveness. Nevertheless, competitive interactions between the partners can impede the achievement of the alliance’s cooperative objectives. This paper investigates the impact of trusting attitudes developed between the partners on the effectiveness of interfirm collaboration under conditions of competitive rivalry in the broader industrial environment and similarity of initial knowledge at the partners’ disposal. It offers a number of hypotheses, which determine the interrelationships between the levels of interfirm trust, transaction costs associated with transferring knowledge and the successful attainment of alliance goals. The paper pays specific attention to the effects arising from the commonality of knowledge possessed by cooperating rivals. It also analyzes the influence of particular types of coopetitive strategic alliances on the success of collaborative arrangements under the conditions of knowledge commonality among the partners.
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Zecca, Erika, Manuela Rizzi, Stelvio Tonello, Erica Matino, Martina Costanzo, Eleonora Rizzi, Giuseppe Francesco Casciaro, et al. "Ongoing Mycophenolate Treatment Impairs Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Response in Patients Affected by Chronic Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases or Liver Transplantation Recipients: Results of the RIVALSA Prospective Cohort." Viruses 14, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081766.
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Vaccines are the most effective means to prevent the potentially deadly effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not all vaccinated individuals gain the same degree of protection. Patients undergoing chronic immunosuppressive therapy due to autoimmune diseases or liver transplants, for example, may show impaired anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response after vaccination. We performed a prospective observational study with parallel arms, aiming to (a) evaluate seroconversion after anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine administration in different subgroups of patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment for rheumatological or autoimmune diseases or to prevent organ rejection after liver transplantation and (b) identify negative predictors of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 development. Out of 437 eligible patients, 183 individuals were enrolled at the Rheumatology and Hepatology Tertiary Units of “Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital in Novara: of those, 52 were healthy subjects, while among the remaining 131 patients, 30 had a diagnosis of spondyloarthritis, 25 had autoimmune hepatitis, 10 were liver transplantation recipients, 23 suffered from connective tissue diseases (including 10 cases that overlapped with other diseases), 40 were treated for rheumatoid arthritis, and 5 had vasculitis. Moreover, all patients were receiving chronic immunosuppressive therapy. The immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was evaluated by measuring IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers before vaccination and after 10, 30, and 90 days since the first dose administration. Of the selected cohort of patients, 24.0% did not develop any detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG after a complete mRNA-based two doses primary vaccination cycle. At univariate analysis, independent predictors of an absent antibody response to vaccine were a history of liver transplantation (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.5–53.7, p = 0.0018), the presence of a comorbid active neoplasia (OR 26.4, 95% CI 2.8–252.4, p = 0.0045), and an ongoing immunosuppressive treatment with mycophenolate (MMF) (OR 14.0, 95% CI 3.6–54.9, p = 0.0002) or with calcineurin inhibitors (OR 17.5, 95% CI 3.1–99.0, p = 0.0012). At multivariate analysis, only treatment with MMF (OR 24.8, 95% CI 5.9–103.2, p < 0.0001) and active neoplasia (OR 33.2, 95% CI 5.4–204.1, p = 0.0002) were independent predictors of seroconversion failure. These findings suggest that MMF dose reduction or suspension may be required to optimize vaccine response in these patients.
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Yoshino, Kenji, Miho Ozawa, and Seiji Goshima. "Effects of shell size fit on the efficacy of mate guarding behaviour in male hermit crabs." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 6 (November 23, 2004): 1203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404010653h.
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Males of the hermit crab Pagurus filholi show pre-copulatory mate guarding behaviour to keep a receptive female from other rival males during the breeding season. Guarding males are often replaced by other males via contest competition. Shell size fit and shell species of males effects were investigated to see if their ability to defend females against rivals depends on their shell. Shell size fit and shell species of guarding males were experimentally manipulated and then, the males were allowed to guard a female and interact with rival males of various sizes. Contest outcomes depended on neither the shell size fit nor shell species of the guarding males, and depended on body size ratio between guarding and rival males. When the body size of guarding and rival males was similar, however, guarding males in large fitting shells defended their female mate significantly more often than those in small fitting shells. For Chlorostoma lischkei shells, small males preferred larger shells during the breeding season than after the breeding season. The plasticity in the shell size preference of small males suggests that they compensate for body size disadvantage in mating versus larger rivals and for higher defence ability of female mates versus similar sized rivals.
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De Souza, Sergio Aquino, Ana Maria Morais, and Lucia Helena Salgado. "Análise da fusão Bradesco-HSBC pela metodologia de estudo de eventos." Economic Analysis of Law Review 13, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31501/ealr.v13i1.11562.
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This paper analyzes the merger between Bradesco and HSBC through the event studies. Eckbo (1983) argues that anti-competitive mergers benefit not only merging firms, but also their rivals, since a less competitive environment also favors them. Therefore, a merger will be anti-competitive if there is an increase in the rival firms’ stock prices. On the other hand, if the market expects that a given merger will produce significant efficiency gains, a decrease in the rival firms’ stock prices would be observed. The analysis by event study was based on daily quotations and market value from the rivals firms. The results indicate a positive impact of the merger on the value of the rivals, so the merger can be considered as anticompetitive. Therefore, the CADE’s decision to approve the merger was inconsistent with the results obtained by the methodology.Key words: Merger evaluation, Event Studies, Competitive effects.
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Toukan, Mark. "International politics by other means: External sources of civil war." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 812–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319841661.
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The literature on civil wars has recently turned towards their international context but lacks an account for how conflict beyond a state’s borders contributes to civil war onset. I argue that interstate rivalries can increase the risk of civil war in other states when rivals come to associate the foreign-policy orientation of other states with their own security. I present three pathways through which rivals increase the risk of civil war in other states. First, competition between rivals creates a ratchet effect by which the prospect of one’s involvement in a conflict makes it more likely that the other becomes involved. This dynamic makes support easier to secure and lowers the expected costs of war for governments and opposition groups. Second, rivals encourage domestic polarization as parties attempt to capture their influence, making domestic conflicts more intractable. Third, uncertainty over the potential for intervention by rivals increases the risk of miscalculation. I test the implications of the theory with novel spatial measures of interstate conflict and rivalry. Using logistic regressions and random forests, I find that being in the neighborhood of interstate rivals can increase a state’s risk of civil war.
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Hsieh, Kai-Yu, and Eunjung Hyun. "Concentration of rivals’ actions and competitive reaction." Management Decision 54, no. 9 (October 17, 2016): 2188–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2016-0124.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how managers’ evaluation of and reaction to multiple rivals’ actions will be affected by the distributional characteristics of these actions, including the extent to which rivals’ actions are centered on certain firms (actor concentration), concentrated in certain time periods (temporal concentration), and clustered in certain geographic locations (spatial concentration). Design/methodology/approach The analyses are based on panel data on Taiwanese producers of personal computers and peripherals and the investments they made in mainland China after the Asian financial crisis. The authors employ fixed-effect logit regression to test the hypotheses. Findings Rivals’ recent actions in China increase a focal firm’s inclination to act especially when these rivals’ actions are characterized by a high level of actor, temporal, and/or spatial concentration. Originality/value The analytical approach goes beyond a dyad-level conceptualization of interfirm rivalry. Incorporating insights from behavioral decision making, the paper shows how a firm with limited attentive capacity reacts to the aggregate impact of multiple rivals’ actions.
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Lymbery, Samuel J., Joseph L. Tomkins, and Leigh W. Simmons. "Male responses to sperm competition when rivals vary in number and familiarity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1895 (January 30, 2019): 20182589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2589.
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Males of many species adjust their reproductive investment to the number of rivals present simultaneously. However, few studies have investigated whether males sum previous encounters with rivals, and the total level of competition has never been explicitly separated from social familiarity. Social familiarity can be an important component of kin recognition and has been suggested as a cue that males use to avoid harming females when competing with relatives. Previous work has succeeded in independently manipulating social familiarity and relatedness among rivals, but experimental manipulations of familiarity are confounded with manipulations of the total number of rivals that males encounter. Using the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus , we manipulated three factors: familiarity among rival males, the maximum number of rivals encountered simultaneously and the total number of rivals encountered over a 48 h period. Males produced smaller ejaculates when exposed to more rivals in total, regardless of the maximum number of rivals they encountered simultaneously. Males did not respond to familiarity. Our results demonstrate that males of this species can sum the number of rivals encountered over separate days, and therefore the confounding of familiarity with the total level of competition in previous studies should not be ignored.
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Nesset, Tore, and Anastasia Makarova. "The decade construction rivalry in Russian." Diachronica 35, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 71–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.16043.nes.
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Abstract This article addresses the diachronic development of so-called rival forms, i.e., words or grammatical constructions that appear to be synonyms, based on a detailed empirical analysis of two seemingly synonymous constructions in Russian. Corresponding to the English ‘decade construction’ in the twenties, Russian has two rival constructions, viz. v dvadcatye gody [lit. “in the twentieth years”] (with the numeral and noun in the accusative) and v dvadcatyx godax (with the numeral and noun in the locative case). Three hypotheses about rival forms are considered: leveling (whereby one form ousts its rival), sociolinguistic differentiation (whereby the two rivals survive in different varieties of a language) and semantic differentiation (whereby the two rivals develop different meanings over time). Contrary to what has been suggested in the literature, we find little evidence for semantic and sociolinguistic differentiation. Instead, we demonstrate that leveling is taking place, since the accusative construction is in the process of ousting its rival. While our study shows that corpus data facilitate detailed analysis of the interaction between leveling, sociolinguistic differentiation and semantic differentiation, our analysis also points to limitations, especially when it comes to corpus-based analysis of sociolinguistic and semantic factors.
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Lehr, Steven A., Meghan L. Ferreira, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. "When outgroup negativity trumps ingroup positivity: Fans of the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees place greater value on rival losses than own-team gains." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 22, no. 1 (July 19, 2017): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217712834.
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Much research suggests that ingroup positivity is more central than outgroup negativity. We argue that this conclusion is incomplete as a description of the totality of intergroup emotions. In 4 studies, we use a novel measure of willingness to pay for intergroup gains and losses to examine the intergroup emotions of fans of the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees. Results indicate that pleasure from a powerful rival’s losses can outstrip that from gains of one’s own group (Studies 1–2), and these patterns extend into domains not immediately relevant to the competition (Studies 3–4). A reversal in the competitive position of the two teams in the 2012–2013 season allowed us to examine whether fluctuations in competitive status moderated this pattern (Studies 3–4). Indeed, fans of the rival teams frequently valued outgroup losses more than ingroup gains, and this effect was particularly strong when one’s own team was behind in the rivalry.
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You, Chaekwang. "Democratic development and increased militarism in East and Southeast Asian rivalries." Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057891117715919.
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This article asks the simple question of why East and Southeast Asian rivals have experienced a sharp increase in military activity despite their decisive shift to democracy. To explain this puzzle, I develop a “theory of perverse political accountability” in East and Southeast Asian rivalries. Central to my theory is that perverse political accountability, in which a hawkish leadership adopting a more conflictual policy toward foreign rivals is rewarded by a hard-line constituency or selectorate, makes democratic leaders in rival states highly conflict-prone. In addition, the theory claims that democratic rivals will likely initiate military conflicts against autocratic rivals due to their leaders’ hawkish preferences and to perverse political accountability, and that autocratic rivals will likely initiate conflicts against democratic rivals and against each other due to their leaders’ hawkish preferences and to the absence of perverse political accountability. The article finds strong empirical evidence for these theoretical arguments. The findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of the causes of increased militarism in East and Southeast Asian rivalries.
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Caton, Gary L., Jeffrey Donaldson, and Jeremy Goh. "The intra-industry effects of chapter 11 filings: Evidence from analysts’ earnings forecast revisions." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 4-2 (2012): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i4c2art7.
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Shareholders suffer huge losses when firms they own file Chapter 11. Interestingly, even shareholders of rival companies experience statistically significant losses. We examine how the bad news associated with a bankruptcy filing is transferred to the filing firm’s rivals. Using revisions in analysts’ earnings forecasts as a proxy for changes in expected future cash flows, we find that after a bankruptcy filing the market revises downward its cash flow expectations for rivals. Regression analysis confirms a positive relation between changes in expected cash flow and stock market reactions. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that bad news associated with bankruptcy filings are transferred to rivals through reductions in expected future cash flows
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Pollet, Thomas V., and Tamsin K. Saxton. "Jealousy as a Function of Rival Characteristics: Two Large Replication Studies and Meta-Analyses Support Gender Differences in Reactions to Rival Attractiveness But Not Dominance." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 10 (March 10, 2020): 1428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220904512.
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Jealousy is a key emotion studied in the context of romantic relationships. One seminal study (Dijkstra, P., & Buunk, B. (1998). Jealousy as a function of rival characteristics: An evolutionary perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24 (11), 1158–1166. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411003) investigated the interactions between a participant’s gender and their reactions to the attractiveness or dominance of a romantic rival. In a vignette-based study, it was found that women’s jealousy was more responsive than men’s to a rival’s attractiveness, whereas in contrast, the rival’s dominance evoked more jealousy from men than from women. Here, we attempt to replicate these interactions in two samples ( N = 339 and N = 456) and present subsequent meta-analyses (combined Ns = 5,899 and 4,038, respectively). These meta-analyses showed a small, significant effect of gender on jealousy provoked by rival attractiveness, but no such response to rival dominance. We discuss the potential reasons for these findings and future directions for research on jealousy and rival characteristics.
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Sobel, Kenith V., and Randolph Blake. "How Context Influences Predominance during Binocular Rivalry." Perception 31, no. 7 (July 2002): 813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3279.
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Variations in the predominance of an object engaged in binocular rivalry may arise from variations in the durations of dominance phases, suppression phases, or both. Earlier work has shown that the predominance of a binocular rival target is enhanced if that target fits well—via common color, orientation, or motion—with its surrounding objects. In the present experiments, the global context outside of the region of rivalry was changed during rivalry, to learn whether contextual information alters the ability to detect changes in a suppressed target itself. Results indicate that context will maintain the dominance of a rival target, but will not encourage a suppressed target to escape from suppression. Evidently, the fate of the suppressed stimulus is determined by neural events distinct from those responsible for global organization during dominance. To reconcile diverse findings concerning rivalry, it may be important to distinguish between processes responsible for selection of one eye's input for dominance from processes responsible for the implementation and maintenance of suppression.
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Caton, Gary, Jeffrey Donaldson, and Jeremy Goh. "The effect on rivals when firms emerge from bankruptcy." Corporate Ownership and Control 6, no. 2 (2008): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv6i2c2p5.
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Studies on the announcement effects of bankruptcy filings have found that when a firm files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection its shareholders suffer significant losses. A recent paper extends these findings by investigating the announcement effect on rival companies, while another examines the equity performance of firms emerging from bankruptcy. We combine these two lines of inquiry by examining the effect on rivals when a firm emerges from the protection of Chapter 11. We find both significant negative stock market returns and significant negative revisions in analysts’ earnings forecasts for rivals of successfully reorganized companies.
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Sakuwa, Kentaro, and William R. Thompson. "On the origins, persistence and termination of spatial and positional rivalries in world politics: Elaborating a two-issue theory of conflict escalation." International Area Studies Review 22, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865919846729.
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What drives the dynamics of rivalry? We propose a general explanation of why international rivalries originate, persist, and terminate. We argue that rivalries persist as long as contested issues are present. Rivalries tend to form between actors with spatial or positional disputes. As rivals cease disputing spatial or positional issues, they are less likely to maintain hostility or manifest overt conflict toward each other. Particularly focusing on the role of territorial issues, we test an issue-based explanation of rivalry processes utilizing an extended boundary dispute dataset. The empirical analysis reveals that the effect of territorial disputes is contingent on the type of rivalry. Spatial rivalries, as opposed to positional rivalries, tend to develop when there are boundary disputes. When these spatial disputes are resolved, spatial rivalries tend to end, while positional rivalries and “mixed” (both spatial and positional) rivalries are less affected by the absence of boundary disputes. Rivalries tend to be conflictual, but only as long as the relevant issues persist. Such results show the importance of contested issues driving the rivalry processes.
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Arístegui, Inés, Alejandro Castro Solano, and Abraham P. Buunk. "Do Transgender People Respond According to Their Biological Sex or Their Gender Identity When Confronted With Romantic Rivals?" Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 147470491985113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919851139.
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This study examined the hypothesis that gender identity and biological sex represent independent modules and that transgender individuals respond to romantic rivals in line with their gender identity and not with their biological sex. Additionally, associations of jealousy with intrasexual competitiveness (ISC) and social comparison orientation (SCO) were explored. A total of 134 male-to-female and 94 female-to-male transgender individuals from Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina, responded to a questionnaire. In line with the predictions, female-to-male transgender individuals experienced more jealousy than male-to-female transgender individuals in response to a physically dominant rival, whereas male-to-female individuals experienced more jealousy than female-to-male individuals in response to a physically attractive rival. Regardless of their gender identity, in both groups social-communal attributes were the most jealousy-evoking characteristic. Overall, the results indicate that transgender individuals mainly respond in line with their gender identity and not in line with their biological sex when facing romantic rivals. In addition, transgender individuals high in ISC experienced relatively more jealousy in response to all rival characteristics, whereas SCO was only among male-to-female individuals associated with jealousy.
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Dreyer, David R. "Perceptions of Rivalry." PS: Political Science & Politics 47, no. 01 (December 29, 2013): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096513001583.
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AbstractRivalry is pervasive in politics and beyond. Drawing on unique survey data, this article examines how instructors can draw on students' perceptions of rivalry to explore different aspects of the rivalry concept. The data show that different ways in which students tend to think about rivalry tend to reflect differences in scholarly conceptualizations of interstate rivalry. The data also suggest that referencing sports rivalries may be useful to introduce the concept of rivalry, drawing on parallels between sports rivalries and interstate rivalries and students' greater interest in and familiarity with sports than international affairs. This article provides an understanding of how students tend to think about rival relations to help instructors effectively lead classroom discussions on interstate rivalry.
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Felson, Richard B. "Anger, Aggression, and Violence in Love Triangles." Violence and Victims 12, no. 4 (January 1997): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.4.345.
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Motives for anger and aggression in love triangles are discussed and then examined using homicide data and survey data from college students. We find that love triangles are a more important motive when females commit homicide than when males commit homicide. Females usually kill their lover while males usually kill their rival. Male attacks on male rivals reflect identity concerns, according to the college student data. Anger at both the partner and rival also depends on the assignment of blame. The aggrieved party may attack the partner or rival in order to gain retribution or deter future episodes.
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Levy, Katja, and Caroline Rose. "Are China and Japan rivals in Latin America? A rivalry perception analysis." Pacific Review 32, no. 5 (January 29, 2019): 898–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1570316.
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