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Academic literature on the topic 'Risques naturels – Prévision – Modèles mathématiques'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Risques naturels – Prévision – Modèles mathématiques"
Aubert, Maëlle. "Caractérisation de l’état de surface des sols nus agricoles par imagerie radar TerraSAR-X." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0047.
Full textIn the context of sustainable development, soil and water resources management is a key issue from not only the environmental point of view, but also from a socioeconomic perspective. Soil moisture, roughness, composition, and slaking crusts are some key variables used to understand and model natural hazards, such as erosion, drought and floods. For agricultural bare soils (most subject to runoff), numerous studies have already shown the potential of C-band RADAR data for the mapping of soil moisture and roughness. However, the application of these methods in operational settings remained limited.In this context, the first objective of this thesis was to analyse the sensitivity of X-band TerraSAR-X sensors to soil surface characteristics (SSC) at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Different TerraSAR-X configurations were evaluated and results were used to define the optimal instrumental configuration for the characterization of each SSC parameter. The comparison of TerraSAR-X sensor sensitivity with equivalent levels recorded with the C-band sensor showed that the TerraSAR-X sensor is undoubtedly the most suitable of the two when estimating and mapping soil moisture at a fine scale (50 m²).The second objective of this work was to develop a method to estimate and map soil moisture levels of agricultural bare soil. To achieve this goal, methods that are commonly used to retrieve soil moisture from C-band, have been tested on X-band data. The accuracy of soil moisture estimations using an empirical algorithm was determined, and validated successfully over numerous study sites. A mapping process based uniquely on TerraSAR-X data, both for bare soil detection and for the estimation of soil moisture content, was developed. This innovative chain of « automatic and autonomous» mapping processing steps should enable the utilization of TerraSAR-X data for the mapping of soil moisture levels in operational conditions
Meunier, François. "Prédiction de phénomènes géologiques pour l'aide à la décision lors de la prise de permis d'exploitation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS351.
Full textMachine learning, which is considered as an integral part of artificial intelligence, and should ultimately make computers "smart", continues to grow with time, and opens unsuspicious horizons. More and more complex structures tend to be studied by this way, raising the available information to the level of exploitable knowledge. This doctoral work proposes to valorize a particular type of data that are the 3D objects (structures) constructed from mesh, by empirically justifying the undeniable contributions of an extraction of sub-parts coming from these last one. This objective is achieved by solving a forecast problem by a new supervised classification approach for information recommendation. Beyond the expected result, a justification is also provided in the form of the visualization of sub-parts extracted discriminant, thus allowing interpretation by the specialist. In the Total Exploration service, this classification need is initially applied to large 3D structures such as geo-models of geological basins, whose relevant elements belong to sub-parts. During the study of a subsoil, geologists try to understand the subsoil by using 3D data reconstructed through acoustic waves. This understanding can be helped by providing a way to detect some types of shapes within these structures. We propose, in order to answer this problem, a classification system of these 3D structures. Thanks to an adaptation of Time series Shapelets and features selection methods, it is possible to only select the most relevant parts for the targeted classification. To summarize, the main idea is to randomly extract a certain number of sub-surfaces from each 3D object of the learning set, then to study its relevance depending on the expected classification, before using the most relevant one for a more traditional learning based on the degree of belonging of the extract in each object. In industrial companies, the lack of justification of results tends to assimilate machine learning techniques to a black box. The proposed method, however, corrects this problem, and allows the understanding of the result of the decision support provided by the classification built. Indeed, in addition to presenting slightly better forecast results than those provided by the state of the art, it offers a visualization of the sub-parts of the most discriminating 3D objects within the framework of the implemented classification model, and therefore the areas that will have mostly allowed to classify the data. Subsequently, we propose an improvement of this method by two main paths: the first one is the contribution of an adaptation of the transfer of knowledge (or transfer learning applied to the previously proposed algorithm; the second one is an innovative method of attribute selection, based on tools derived from fuzzy subset theory, which proves to be potentially applicable to any type of attribute selection challenge in supervised classification. These multiple results confirm the general potential of random selection of candidate attributes, especially in the context of large amounts of data
Chiroiu, Lucian. "Modélisation de dommages consécutifs aux séismes. Extension à d'autres risques naturels." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA070075.
Full textThe work deals with the earthquake loss modelling, before and after an event. First is presented the state of the art of the existing models, such as HAZUS or RISK-UE. Next, capacity curves for different model building types are developed and applied in order to obtain loss scenarios for 2 European sites: Barcelona and Nice. The use of the high resolution satellite imagery for the fast detection, mapping and loss estimation after an earthquake is analysed in the frame of a multidisciplinary approach, combining techniques of remote sensing and earthquake engineering. A multi-hazard intensity scale is presented in the end
Bengoubou-Valérius, Mendy. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'aléa sismique des Antilles Françaises : analyses des données sismologiques et accélérométriques régionales." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021.
Full textThe Lesser Antilles is an area of high volcanic and earthquake activity, characterized by a 1000 km convergence zone resulting from the Atlantic plate subduction under the Caribbean plate with a slow convergent motion (2 cm/year). With five years of available data, the CDSA data base presents a more homogeneous vision of lesser Antilles arc seismicity and allows detecting low seismic activity zones, in the north near the Virgin Islands, and in the south between St-Lucia and Grenada. The accuracy improvements of location is used to better study the relationship between tectonic structures and seismicity, to better define the subduction slab geometry, and to analyse the spatial variations of the Gutenberg-Richter law b-value. Concerning the 21 november 2004 les Saintes earthquake, EMS98 intensities in les Saintes islands were evaluated from an individual request in les Saintes islands and hypocenter relocalisations of the les Saintes earthquake and the biggest aftershock of 14 february 2005 were made using a method of master/slave in order to contrain the seismic source of the mainchock. As seismic hazard assessment depends trom strong ground motion generated by earthquakes, the last part of this work concerns modeling accelerometric records of the les Saintes earthquakes, combining a composite source model with an empirical Green Function technique. In our study, we used les Saintes aftershocks as empirical green function
Rochet, Bouzid Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude des écoulements granulaires appliqués aux éboulements rocheux en grande masse." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10336.
Full textBustamante, Adriana Maria. "Étude de la stabilité sismique de trois talus naturels au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21696.
Full textChemitte, Jérôme. "Adoption des technologies de l’information géographique et gestion des connaissances dans les organisations : application à l’industrie de l’assurance pour la gestion des risques naturels." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.paristech.org/4998/01/Thèse_JC_CRC_MRN.pdf.
Full textKnowledge management is a major issue for organizations in order to develop innovative capabilities considered as sources of advantage in markets increasingly competitive. Although it is clear that information systems are appropriate tools to achieve it, it is often difficult for organizations to justify the benefits of investing in GIS technologies. This observation is confirmed in the French insurance industry. We show that the initialization of a process of creation of new knowledge about natural risks based on the development of a professional infrastructure for spatial information contribute to the adoption of GIS technologies in the insurance companies, and stimulate innovation in the French industry
Ben, Salem-Hajili Amira. "Les produits dérivés climatiques : Modelisation et valorisation." Paris 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA020088.
Full textDa, Silva Garcia Bruna. "Analyse des mécanismes d'interaction entre un bloc rocheux et un versant de propagation : application à l'ingénierie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI062/document.
Full textNumerous uncertainties related to the machanical interaction between rock boulders and the natural slope during block falls persist; and the forecast of such events is therefore still uncertain. Nevertheless, digital tools and computing power are constantly evolving. Previously, trajectory calculations were restricted to simplified geometries and two-dimensional ballistic movements, but it is now possible to incorporate refinements such as the complex shape of the blocks, three-dimensional numerical models of terrain of large sizes, as well as a better accounting of the dissipative mechanisms at the point of impact between the block and the run-out slope.The main objective of this work is to analyze, with a discrete elements code in three dimensions, the influence of the shape and interaction parameters on the nature of the rebound in an engineering context. We first present a methodology for identifying and studying the sensitivity of contact parameters, developed and validated from laboratory experiments. This methodology was subsequently applied to two block fall experiments conducted on medium and large real-scale scenarios.The study conducted on a medium scale allowed the numerical model to be compared with data obtained during an experimental rockfall tests campaign commissioned by the SNCF and conducted in collaboration with IRSTEA in a railway. The analyzes that were carried out mainly focused on the impact velocities of the blocks with ballast and propagation distances.The large-scale study is based on a series of block releases performed at the experimental site (Authume quarry, France) as part of a Benchmark proposed inside the National Project C2ROP. The mainly goal of this Benchmark is to access and compare trajectory softwares, numerical computation codes and engineering practices to define their relevance and validity domains. As part of the thesis, this work was conducted in several phases (blind phase and then conducted taking in account partial data measured during the experimental tests) and we present the evolution of these analyzes at the end of each one of these phases. The study focused on the velocities, heights and energies of the blocks at certain points of the propagation profile, as well as on the stopping positions of the blocks. The influence of block shapes on run-out distances is also presented.Lastly, an internal Benchmark performed within the IMSRN company shows the importance, on the analyzes, of the expertise of the operator, and the consequences derived from the application of different trajectography tools (in 2D and in 3D). This work highlights the current issues that are often faced by engineering offices and engineers in charge of risk quantification
Djerboua, Abdelatif. "Prédétermination des pluies et crues extrêmes dans les Alpes franco-italiennes : prévision quantitative des pluies journalières par la méthode des analogues." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0030.
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