Books on the topic 'Risque de transition'
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1
Archambault, Guy. Le suivi personnalisé des élèves à risque dans leur transition du secondaire au collégial: Rapport de recherche. Ville de Saint-Georges, Québec: Cégep Beauce-Appalaches, 1996.
2
Fontenoy, Maud. Les raisons d'y croire: Stop au principe de précaution, oui à l'innovation! Paris: Plon, 2015.
3
San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Board of Supervisors: Reviews of department head transitions at seven City departments. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2006.
4
Moran, Arik. Kingship and Polity on the Himalayan Borderland. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462985605.
Abstract:
Kingship and Polity on the Himalayan Borderland explores the modern transformation of state and society in the Indian Himalaya. Centred on three Rajput led-kingdoms during the transition to British rule (c. 1790-1840) and their interconnected histories, it demonstrates how border making practices engendered a modern reading of ‘tradition’ that informs communal identities to this day. Countering the common depiction of these states as all-male, caste-exclusive entities, it reveals the strong familial base of Rajput polity, wherein women — and regent queens in particular — played a key role alongside numerous non-Rajput groups. Drawing on rich archival records, rarely examined local histories, and nearly two decades of ethnographic research, it offers an alternative to the popular and scholarly discourses that developed with the rise of colonial knowledge. The analysis exposes the cardinal contribution of borderland spaces to the fabrication of group identities. This book will interest historians and anthropologists of South Asia and of the Himalaya, as well as scholars working on postcolonialism, gender, and historiography.
5
Chan, Catherine. The Macanese Diaspora in British Hong Kong. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729253.
Abstract:
Diaspora transformed the urban terrain of colonial societies, creating polyglot worlds out of neighborhoods, workplaces, recreational clubs and public spheres. It was within these spaces that communities reimagined and reshaped their public identities vis-à-vis emerging government policies and perceptions from other communities. Through a century of Macanese activities in British Hong Kong, this book explores how mixed-race diasporic communities survived within unequal, racialized and biased systems beyond the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. Originating from Portuguese Macau yet living outside the control of the empire, the Macanese freely associated with more than one identity and pledged allegiance to multiple communal, political and civic affiliations. They drew on colorful imaginations of the Portuguese and British empires in responding to a spectrum of changes encompassing Macau’s woes, Hong Kong’s injustice, Portugal’s political transitions, global developments in print culture and the rise of new nationalisms during the inter-war period.
6
Sovacool, Benjamin K. The History and Politics of Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0002.
Abstract:
According to some definitions, an energy transition refers to the time that elapses between the introduction of a new primary energy source, or prime mover, and its rise to claiming a substantial share of the overall energy market. According to one academic view, energy transitions take an incredibly long time to occur. Another view argues the opposite. It suggests that there have been many transitions at varying scales that have occurred quite quickly—that is, between a few years and a decade or so, or within a single generation. This chapter holds that both sides are partly right, and partly wrong. After presenting evidence in support of either thesis, it elucidates four lessons for energy analysts and policymakers.
7
Murray, Michelle. The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878900.001.0001.
Abstract:
How can established powers manage the peaceful rise of new great powers? With The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, the author offers a new answer to this perennial question in international relations, arguing that power transitions are principally social phenomena whereby rising powers struggle to obtain recognition of their identity as a great power. At the center of great power identity formation is the acquisition of particular symbolic capabilities—such as battlesheips, aircraft carriers, or nuclear weapons—that are representative of great power status and that allow rising powers to experience their uncertain social status as a brute fact. When a rising power is recognized, this power acquisition is considered legitimate and its status in the international order secured, leading to a peaceful power transition. If a rising power is misrecognized, its assertive foreign policy is perceived to be for revisionist purposes, which must be contained by the established powers. Revisionism—rather than the product of a material power structure that encourages aggression or domestic political struggles—is a social construct that emerges through a rising power’s social interactions with the established powers as it attempts to gain recognition of its identity. The question of peaceful power transition has taken on increased salience in recent years with the emergence of China as an economic and military rival of the United States. Highlighting the social dynamics of power transitions, this book offers a powerful new framework through which to understand the rise of China and how the United States can facilitate its peaceful rise.
8
Newmeyer, Frederick J. American Linguistics in Transition. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843760.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract American Linguistics in Transition is devoted to a major chapter in the history of linguistics in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1960s a form of structural linguistics was dominant in that country. By the end of the 1960s Chomsky’s generative grammar had to a significant extent eclipsed its structuralist antecedents. The book discusses the rise of structuralism in the 1930s, explaining its successes and its limitations. One chapter is devoted to the interplay between American structuralism and European structuralism. Another deals with the early debate between structuralism and generative grammar, pinpointing what the two approaches shared and how they differed. Other chapters focus on the what generativists did to make their new ideas known, on how their theory was accepted (or not) in Europe, and on the resistance to the new theory by leading structuralists, which continued into the 1980s. The final chapter demonstrates that generative grammarians were not organizationally dominant in the field in the US in the 1970s and 1980s, despite what has often been claimed.
9
Larson, Peter L. Rethinking the Great Transition. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849878.001.0001.
Abstract:
This case study of two rural parishes in County Durham, England uses a wide range of medieval and early modern sources to offer an alternate view on the economic development involved in the transition from medieval to modern, partly explaining England’s rise to global economic dominance in the seventeenth century. These are an example of agrarian expansion, as coal mining did not come to these parishes until the nineteenth century. Low population, favourable seigneurial administration, and a commercialized society saw the emergence of large farms on the bishopric of Durham soon after the Black Death; these secure copyhold and leasehold tenures were among the earliest known in England. Individualism developed within a strong parish and village community that encouraged growth while enforcing conformity. Along with low rents, this allowed for a swift expansion of agricultural production in the sixteenth century as population rose and then as the coal trade expanded rapidly. The prosperity of these families is reflected in their lands, livestock, and consumer goods. Yet not all shared in this prosperity, as the poor and landless increased in number simply by population growth. Through reformation and rebellion, these and other parishes prospered without experiencing severe disruption or destruction. In north-eastern England, agrarian development was an evolution and not a revolution. England’s economic development was a single narrative, but a collection of regional experiences at different times and at different speeds.
10
Iliopoulos, John. A Brief History of Cosmology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805175.003.0002.
Abstract:
We present the evolution of our ideas concerning the history of the Cosmos. They are based on Einstein’s theory of General Relativity in which E.P. Hubble and G. Lemaître brought two fundamental new concepts: the expansion of the Universe and the model of the Big Bang. They form the basic elements of the modern theory of Cosmology. We present very briefly the observational evidence which corroborates this picture based on a vast amount of data, among which the most recent ones come from the Planck mission with a detailed measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. We show that during its evolution the Universe went through several phase transitions giving rise to the formation of particles, atoms, nuclei, etc. A particular phase transition, which occurred very early in the cosmic history, around 10–12 seconds after the Big Bang, is the Brout–Englert–Higgs (BEH) transition during which a fraction of the energy was transformed into mass, thus making it possible for most elementary particles to become massive.
11
Health risks and developmental transitions during adolescence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
12
Croft, Pauline. Robert Cecil and the Transition from Elizabeth to James I. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.4.
Abstract:
This chapter traces the rise to power of Robert Cecil first earl of Salisbury (1563–1612) from his early years under the supervision of his powerful father, William Cecil Lord Burghley, to his central role in the politics of the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean years. It discusses the rivalry between Cecil and the earl of Essex, Elizabeth’s last favourite, and Cecil’s key role in master-minding the smooth accession of James VI of Scotland as King of England in 1603. Created earl of Salisbury, he was the most powerful of James’ ministers, but he struggled to curb the king’s hopeless extravagance and his undue reliance on male favourites. Nevertheless, Salisbury’s premature death in 1612 ended the most constructive period of James’s rule.
13
Green, Jeremy. The Political Economy of the Special Relationship. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197326.001.0001.
Abstract:
This book studies how America's global financial power was created and shaped through its special relationship with Britain. The rise of global finance in the latter half of the twentieth century has long been understood as one chapter in a larger story about the postwar growth of the United States. This book challenges this popular narrative. Revealing the Anglo-American origins of financial globalization, the book sheds new light on Britain's hugely significant, but often overlooked, role in remaking international capitalism alongside America. Drawing from new archival research, the book questions the conventional view of international economic history as a series of cyclical transitions among hegemonic powers. Instead, it explores the longstanding interactive role of private and public financial institutions in Britain and the United States—most notably the close links between their financial markets, central banks, and monetary and fiscal policies. The book shows that America's unparalleled post-WWII financial power was facilitated, and in important ways constrained, by British capitalism, as the United States often had to work with and through British politicians, officials, and bankers to achieve its vision of a liberal economic order. Transatlantic integration and competition spurred the rise of the financial sector, an increased reliance on debt, a global easing of regulation, the ascendance of monetarism, and the transition to neoliberalism. From the gold standard to the recent global financial crisis and beyond, this book recasts the history of global finance through the prism of Anglo-American development.
14
Young people in risk society: The restructuring of youth identities and transitions in late modernity. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2002.
15
Schatz, Sara, and Javier Jesús Gutiérrez-Rexach. Conceptual Structure and Social Change. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400630040.
Abstract:
Sociopolitical changes are often associated with ideological shifts at the individual and mass level. The study of how sociopolitical and ideological change interrelate has been the subject of debate for decades. Here, however, the authors develop and defend a new theory that treats ideologies as complex cognitive systems that are internally articulated around prioritized principles and values. Focusing on the transition to democracy in Latin America, the book examines the changes in mass beliefs that accompany democratization in an effort to offer a more sophisticated theory of the relationship between belief, ideology, and action in social change. Ultimately, the authors argue for a cognitive-based model that can account for how social actors come to define democracy in current contexts. Taking democratization as a case study, Conceptual Structure and Social Change focuses on third-wave transitions to democracy of the 1990s because they are evidence of very complex ideological changes and alignments. Using comparative survey data as a tool to track ideological shifts, several ideological uniformities are identified, such as the rise of a unified opposition, the paradoxical support of the masses to the authoritarian party in power, and the ideological shifts and strategies used by ruling and opposition elites to gain mass support. Viewing these changes as the mechanics of ideological systems in flux paves the way for a general theory of ideological change.
16
Calvo-Gonzalez, Oscar. Unexpected Prosperity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853978.001.0001.
Abstract:
Only a handful of economies have successfully transitioned from middle to high income in recent decades. One such case is Spain. How did it achieve this feat? Despite its relevance to countries that have yet to complete that transition, this question has attracted only limited attention. As a result, Spain’s development into a prosperous society is a success story largely underreported and often misunderstood. This book turns on their head the questions that usually frame the debate about Spain’s economic development. Instead of asking why Spain’s catching up was delayed, this book asks how it happened in the first place. Instead of focusing on how bad institutions undermined economic prospects, as the literature has done, this book explains how growth took place even in the presence of poor institutions. This wider lens opens up new perspectives on Spain’s development path. For example, comparisons are drawn not only with the richest countries but also with those that were in a similar stage of development as Spain. Drawing on a wide range of material, from archival sources to text analytics, the book provides a new account of why reforms were adopted, the role of external and internal factors, as well as that of unintended consequences. The result is an original interpretation of the economic rise of Spain that speaks also to the wider literature on the political economy of reform, the role of industrial and public policy more broadly, and the enduring legacy of political violence and conflict.
17
Cieslik, Mark, and Gary Pollock. Young People in Risk Society: The Restructuring of Youth Identities and Transitions in Late Modernity. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
18
(Editor), Mark Cieslik, and Gary Pollock (Editor), eds. Young People in Risk Society: The Restructuring of Youth Identities and Transitions in Late Modernity. Ashgate Publishing, 2002.
19
Stanley, Ben. Populism in Central and Eastern Europe. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.6.
Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview of the ideological character and electoral strengths of populist parties in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that the circumstances of democratic transition gave rise both to radical and to centrist populist parties, and that both subtypes have remained distinct and enduring features of the party systems of these countries. However, while populists have played important roles in defining ideological choices, their electoral strengths and role in government should not be overstated. No general rise in populism has occurred over the period of democratic consolidation; instead, we can observe significant country-level variation in the nature and strength of these parties.
20
Macnab, Andrew J., Abdallah Daar, and Christoff Pauw, eds. Health in Transition: Translating developmental origins of health and disease science to improve future health in Africa. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928357759.
Abstract:
At STIAS, the ‘Health in Transition’ theme includes a programme to address the epidemic rise in the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease and stroke in Africa. The aim is to advance awareness, research capacity and knowledge translation of science related to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) as a means of preventing NCDs in future generations. Application of DOHaD science is a promising avenue for prevention, as this field is identifying how health and nutrition from conception through the first 1 000 days of life can dramatically impact a developing individual’s future life course, and specifically predicate whether or not they are programmed in infancy to develop NCDs in later life. Prevention of NCDs is an essential strategy as, if unchecked, the burden of caring for a growing and ageing population with these diseases threatens to consume entire health budgets, as well as negatively impact the quality of life of millions. Africa in particular needs specific, focussed endeavors to realize the maximal preventive potential of DOHaD science, and a means of generating governmental and public awareness about the links between health in infancy and disease in adult life. This volume summarizes the expertise and experience of a leading group of international scientists led by Abdallah Daar brought together at STIAS as part of the ‘Health in Transition’ programme.
21
Kahn, Andrew, Mark Lipovetsky, Irina Reyfman, and Stephanie Sandler. The literary field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663941.003.0023.
Abstract:
With the transition from amateur societies to professional literary institutions nearing its end, the chapter turns to the so-called thick journals and their role in promoting professionalization of literature, supporting the development of literary movements such as the Natural School, and fostering the rise of mass readership in metropolitan Russia and in the provinces. The chapter also examines how institutions such as censorship, economic factors such as the growing book market, and literary factors such as mature literary criticism informed authorial choices and shaped their identity. A case study of the career and reputation of Nikolai Gogol illustrates many of these points.
22
Rosh, Joel R., Leo A. Heitlinger, and Walter D. Rosenfeld, eds. AM:STARs: Clinical GI Challenges in the Adolescent, Vol. 27, No. 1. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581109382.
Abstract:
It is now recognized that the prevalence of atopic disorders including (EoE) and immune based conditions such as celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are on the rise. This changing epidemiology coupled with advancements in the diagnosis of these conditions have led to greater numbers of adolescents needing treatment. Topics include: Swallowing disorders and eosinophilic esophagitis Celiac and gluten-related disorders Functional GI disorders Advances in inflammatory bowel disease Advances in hepatology Obesity Fad diets, FODMAPS Vitamin D and bone health Gut microbiome and probiotics GI issues in adolescents with eating disorders Health maintenance in adolescents with chronic GI disorders Transition of care
23
Bates, Robert H. Political Development. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.2.
Abstract:
This article traces the trajectory of scholarship in the field of political development, beginning with the rise of what became known as “modernization theory” in the 1960s, which saw political development gain recognition as a subfield of political science. The article cites the works of prominent scholars within the modernization school and associates the birth of the subfield with historical developments spanning World War II and the war in Vietnam. It also discusses the transition from modernization theory to neoclassical political economy, made possible by the emergence of the newly industrialized countries and the fall of the Soviet Union. Finally, it considers the rise of democracy following the demise of communism, along with the study of political geography and the study of the historical determinants of contemporary politics.
24
Gallent, Nick. Whose Housing Crisis? Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345312.001.0001.
Abstract:
England, and especially London, remain in the grip of a housing cost crisis marked by extraordinary ratios between median house prices and workplace earnings. House prices have continued to rise over the last decade despite a stagnation in earnings. At the root of the crisis is the problematic relationship that individuals and economies share with residential property. Housing’s social purpose, as home, is frequently relegated behind its economic function, as asset, able to offer a hedge against weakening pensions or source of investment and equity release for individuals, or guarantee rising public revenues, sustain consumer confidence and provide evidence of ‘growth’ for economies. England’s economy – along with that of the rest of the UK – has been on a long transition away from manufacturing for several decades. It is now reliant on services and particularly the financial services associated with real estate consumption and debt production. This book explores the 'UK's economic transition and examines associated housing outcomes. The re-functioning of housing in the twentieth century is a cause of great social inequality, as housing becomes a place to park and extract wealth. What can be done to address this inequality and what role might planning play in delivering fairer outcomes and in re-prioritising housing’s social function?
25
Germano, Roy. How Remittances Prevent Social Unrest. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.003.0003.
Abstract:
This chapter argues that the flood of remittances to the Mexican countryside has contributed to political and social stability during a string of economic crises over the years. Analyses of survey data collected in Michoacán, Mexico during the 2007–2008 food crisis show that remittances promoted income stability, reduced economic grievances, and reduced citizens’ demand for government-provided welfare. I argue that similar processes may have prevented civil unrest during Mexico’s market transition in the 1990s. Interviews with farmers, townspeople, and government officials suggest that remittances have lifted spirits in the countryside and helped to reduce the kind of suffering and anger that gave rise to the Zapatista uprising.
26
McCusker, John J., and Russell R. Menard. The Origins of Slavery in the Americas. Edited by Mark M. Smith and Robert L. Paquette. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0013.
Abstract:
This article offers an overview of the rise of African slavery in English America. Several propositions are useful in ordering the historical record. The most important is that transitions to African slavery in the several colonies of England's emerging empire can be better understood if Britain's Atlantic world is approached as a single if imperfect and fragile labour market, and if variations in the composition of the workforce among colonies and within particular colonial regions over time are approached through a focus on the supply and demand for labour.
27
Kotzebue, Julia R. Towards Sustainable Transport and Mobility. Perspectives on Travelling and Commuting in Small Island States. Hamburg University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/hup.261.1999.
Abstract:
Small island states are one of the most affected areas by sea-level rise, and sustainable transport development is crucial to their transition towards resiliency. However, their special spatial situations, insularity, geographic remoteness, small populations, and small economies resulted in high transport costs and car dependencies. The book moves away from the conventional focus on urban areas in the Global North and tourism. It gives a different perspective on sustainable transport, travelling, and commuting in the Caribbean and Europe. The authors provide research-based insights and show the state-of-the-art and future approaches for policy-makers, academics, and practitioners. Even beyond small island state research, the book offers an innovative outlook.
28
Reyes-Housholder, Catherine, and Gwynn Thoma. Latin America’s Presidentas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0002.
Abstract:
Catherine Reyes-Housholder and Gwynn Thomas highlight the unexpected emergence of female presidents and presidential candidates in Latin American politics. They point out that theories explaining the election of female executives globally fail to account for the rise of female presidents in Latin America and argue that the transition to democracy, women’s increasing political experience, the rise of the left, and recent political party crises have provided new opportunities for women in the presidency. However, female presidents must continually manage gendered expectations created from men’s past dominance of presidential power. While they appear similarly as successful governing as male presidents, only Michelle Bachelet has made gender equality a central component of her agenda. Female presidents have not used their constitutional powers to enact many gender equality policies, but in certain circumstances, they have been more likely than men to appoint women to their cabinets. Female presidents also have had some positive consequences for women’s participation in politics.
29
Abebe, Adem, Sumit Bisarya, Elliot Bulmer, Erin Houlihan, and Thibaut Noel. Annual Review of Constitution-Building: 2019. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.67.
Abstract:
International IDEA’s Annual Review of Constitution-Building provides a retrospective account of constitutional transitions around the world, the issues that drive them, and their implications for national and international politics. This seventh edition covers events in 2019. Because this year marks the end of a decade, the first chapter summarizes a series of discussions International IDEA held with international experts and scholars throughout the year on the evolution of constitution-building over the past 10 years. The edition also includes chapters on challenges with sustaining constitutional pacts in Guinea and Zimbabwe; public participation in constitutional reform processes in The Gambia and Mongolia; constitutional change and subnational governance arrangements in Tobago and the Autonomous Region of Bangsamoro; the complexities of federal systems and negotiations on federal state structures in Myanmar and South Sudan; and the drawing (and redrawing) of the federal map in South Sudan and India. Writing at the mid-way point between the instant reactions of the blogosphere and academic analyses that follow several years later, the authors provide accounts of ongoing political transitions, the major constitutional issues they give rise to, and the implications of these processes for democracy, the rule of law and peace.
30
Nishizawa, Tamotsu, and Yukihiro Ikeda. From New Liberalism to Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190676681.003.0005.
Abstract:
The chapter explores the intellectual background of the shift toward neoliberal policymaking in Japan. There existed a variety of New Liberal and neoliberal traditions in the Japanese economic thought, which meant the transition from one welfare regime to the next did not necessarily rest on imported ideas. The chapter describes New Liberalism and social liberalism between the wars and the intellectual basis of the postwar welfare regime (focusing on Fukuda, Ishibashi, and Ueda). It then describes the New Liberalism and neoliberalism in the postwar business world (focusing on Keizai-doyukai, the Japan Economic Research Institute, and the Institute of World Economy). The chapter describes the rise of neoliberalism, first under the radar, then explicitly after the mid-1970s (when Hayek won the Nobel Prize), focusing on Nishiyama.
31
Goodman, Nan. { Epilogue }. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190642822.003.0007.
Abstract:
In drawing on the law of nations, an early modern compilation of writings about war, peace, and the world, the Puritans used literature in the form of generically multifaceted and eclectic discourse to bring the cosmopolis into material being. These imaginative iterations of the Puritans’ experiments with cosmopolitanism constitute the law’s literary past—a past confined not to literary artifacts per se—although the sermons, essays, and correspondence analyzed here provide ample evidence of those—but encompassed by the imaginative enterprise that gives rise to literature in general. The epilogue addresses the transition—from the law of nations to international law—in terms of its impact on cosmopolitanism and the lessons the Puritan engagement with the law of nations may hold for us going forward.
32
Ferdinand, Peter. 13. Democracies, Democratization, and Authoritarian Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0014.
Abstract:
This chapter focuses on democracies, democratization, and authoritarian regimes. It first considers the two main approaches to analysing the global rise of democracy over the last thirty years: first, long-term trends of modernization, and more specifically economic development, that create preconditions for democracy and opportunities for democratic entrepreneurs; and second, the sequences of more short-term events and actions of key actors at moments of national crisis that have precipitated a democratic transition — also known as ‘transitology’. The chapter proceeds by discussing the different types of democracy and the strategies used to measure democracy. It also reviews the more recent literature on authoritarian systems and why they persist. Finally, it examines the challenges that confront democracy in the face of authoritarian revival.
33
Giesecke, Annette, ed. A Cultural History of Plants in Antiquity. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206983.
Abstract:
A Cultural History of Plants in Antiquity covers the period from 10,000 BCE to 500 CE. The period witnessed the transition from hunter-gatherer subsistence to the practice of agriculture in Mesopotamia and elsewhere, and culminated in the fall of the Roman Empire, the end of the Han Dynasty in China, the rise of Byzantium, and the first flowering of Mayan civilization. Human uses for and understanding of plants drove cultural evolution and were inextricably bound to all aspects of cultural practice. The growth of botanical knowledge was fundamental to the development of agriculture, technology, medicine, and science, as well as to the birth of cities, the rise of religions and mythologies, and the creation of works of literature and art. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Plants presents the first comprehensive history of the uses and meanings of plants from prehistory to today. The themes covered in each volume are plants as staple foods; plants as luxury foods; trade and exploration; plant technology and science; plants and medicine; plants in culture; plants as natural ornaments; the representation of plants.
34
Higham, Charles F. W., and Nam C. Kim, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Early Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355358.001.0001.
Abstract:
Southeast Asia is one of the most significant regions in the world for tracing human prehistory over a period of 2 million years. Migrations from the African homeland saw settlement by Homo erectus and Homo floresiensis. Anatomically Modern Humans reached Southeast Asia at least 60,000 years ago to establish a hunter-gatherer tradition, adapting as climatic change saw sea levels fluctuate by over 100 meters. From about 2000 BC, settlement was affected by successive innovations that took place to the north and west. The first rice and millet farmers came by riverine and coastal routes to integrate with indigenous hunters. A millennium later, knowledge of bronze casting penetrated along similar pathways. Copper mines were identified, and metals were exchanged over hundreds of kilometers as elites commanded access to this new material. This Bronze Age ended with the rise of a maritime exchange network that circulated new ideas, religions and artifacts with adjacent areas of present-day India and China. Port cities were founded as knowledge of iron forging rapidly spread, as did exotic ornaments fashioned from glass, carnelian, gold, and silver. In the Mekong Delta, these developments led to an early transition into the state known as Funan. However, the transition to early states in inland regions arose as a sharp decline in monsoon rains stimulated an agricultural revolution involving permanent plowed rice fields. These twin developments illuminate how the great early kingdoms of Angkor, Champa, and Central Thailand came to be, a vital stage in understanding the roots of modern states.
35
Smith, Tony. From “Fortunate Vagueness” to “Democratic Globalism,” 1989–2008. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691154923.003.0012.
Abstract:
This chapter examines the United States' liberal democratic internationalism during the period 1989–2008, with particular emphasis on the evolution of American democracy promotion from what Reinhold Niebuhr called its “fortunate vagueness” to a hard ideology. It begins with a discussion of the neo-Wilsonian ideology that appeared in the “long decade” of the 1990s—a way of thinking characterized by both voluntarism and a pseudoscientific certitude that was absent in liberalism of the earlier periods. In particular, it considers the emergence of a “hard liberal internationalist ideology” that was comparable to Marxism–Leninism. It also explores the rise of democratic globalism as progressive imperialism, focusing on democratic peace theory and democratic transition theory. The chapter argues that American democracy promotion had become a pretext for “just war,” as evidenced by the invasion of Iraq in March 2003.
36
Chakraborty, Gorky, and Asok Kumar Ray. Land and Dispossession. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792444.003.0014.
Abstract:
In this postscript the author revisits the place of land in the capitalist development process generally and in late developers such as India. Primitive accumulation has been the modus operandi for reducing surplus labor, by separating the peasants from their land, and a source of agrarian dynamism, leading to the rise of a wage-dependent proletariat. However, in India this process has been shown to be incomplete. In the absence of a classical capitalist transition India’s transformation remains muted with the formation of a persistent petty commodity producer sector. This concluding set of remarks reflects broadly on the nature of impending politics such as the ability of the state to politically manage those that are outside the formal orbits of capital or when jobs disappear and self-employment become routine in an expanding economy but without dissolving the PCP. Instead, when land and livelihoods are contested and dispossession becomes inevitable.
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Maggi, Mauro, and Paola Orsatti. From Old to New Persian. Edited by Anousha Sedighi and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198736745.013.2.
Abstract:
This chapter looks at the evolution of Persian, the only language to be substantially documented in all three periods of Old, Middle, and New Iranian on account of its close association with political centres over the centuries: Old and Middle Persian with the Achaemenids and the Sasanians, New Persian with Islamic powers. The chapter includes two parts, preceded by a survey of research on the three stages of Persian. The first part presents the documentation of Old and Middle Persian, discusses the innovations of Old Persian, and considers the transition from Old to Middle Persian. The second part deals with the rise of New Persian by taking into account Early Judaeo-Persian, Persian in Syriac script, Manichaean New Persian, and the early texts in Arabic script. It then discusses the main changes of the language in its literary and non-literary varieties until Contemporary New Persian.
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Sluga, Glenda. The Aftermath of War. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0005.
Abstract:
Fascism was conceived amid the disorder associated with the transition from war to peace. The war shaped a predilection for the resort to violence, and disrespect for the practices of civil society and for the rule of law. The diplomatic process that began Paris in 1919, raising hopes among progressives for an international solution to the problems of order and the prospect of permanent peace, ultimately exacerbated post-war disillusion. Some historians have argued that the core elements of fascism as a political ideology were a consequence of the war and arose out of the climate of intensified militarism and nationalism which predominated after the war's end. This article examines the themes of militarism and nationalism, considering the variety of ways in which they may have influenced the emergence of fascist movements in order to problematize the place of the aftermath of the war in the story of fascism's rise.
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Kolsdorf, Juliane, and Ulrich Müller, eds. Transforming International Cooperation. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748908388.
Abstract:
The world of international cooperation is in transition. Global power shifts and the rise of populism have made the world multipolar, but not necessarily more multilateral. The traditional North–South aid system is being called into question, while transnational challenges are affecting all countries and require stronger global partnerships. In this context, the graduation of countries from Official Development Assistance (ODA) stands out as a focal topic in connecting current debates. Facilitated by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), this publication sees experts from various sectors and regions share and exchange their views in open dialogues and spotlight texts. They embed ODA graduation in its broader global context, discuss its implications and call for a new partnership based on global goals and knowledge sharing. This collection of thoughts and perspectives will thus hopefully serve as a milestone in the debate on transforming international cooperation.
40
Su, Fubing, Ran Tao, and Dali L. Yang. Rethinking the Institutional Foundations of China’s Hypergrowth. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.8.
Abstract:
This article examines the institutional foundations of the remarkable growth of the Chinese economy, paying particular attention to official incentives, institutional constraints, and local developmentalism. It begins by outlining two approaches that explain the role of local officials as agents of economic growth: the fiscal incentives approach, which views local officials as revenue maximizers; and the fiscal federalism approach, which views officials as promotion maximizers. It then discusses the tournament thesis based on Chinese policy and empirical data before proposing a three-pronged framework that analyzes China’s political economy and explains why the country’s revenue-maximizing local officials have pursued a particular form of developmentalism since the early 1990s. This framework takes into account a number of phenomena in China’s economic development and transition, including massive industrialization and urbanization, local protectionism, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the rise of TVEs (township and village enterprises).
41
Thiele, Jan. Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr. Edited by Sabine Schmidtke. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses the history of Ashʿarism in the fourth to fifth/tenth to eleventh centuries. Ashʿarism was, besides Māturīdism, the most important school of Sunnikalām. After the decline of Muʿtazilism, it became the predominant theological school, primarily among the adherents of the Shāfiʿite and the Mālikite school of law. There is a wide scholarly consensus that Ashʿarism entered a new phase in the sixth/twelfth century, marked by an increasing influence of Avicennan philosophy, a transition generally associated with the prominent thinker Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī. This chapter focuses on theologians that preceded this methodological shift. It first charts the rise of Ashʿarism, highlighting the contributions of three key figures to the elaboration and broader dissemination of the school’s teachings: Abū Bakr Ibn Fūrak, Abū Isḥāq al-Isfarāʾīnī, and Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī. It concludes with an assessment of Ashʿarism under the patronage of Niẓām al-Mulk.
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Helgen, Erika. Religious Conflict in Brazil. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300243352.001.0001.
Abstract:
This innovative study explores the transition in Brazil from a hegemonically Catholic society to a religiously pluralistic society. The book shows that the rise of religious pluralism was fraught with conflict and violence, as Catholic bishops, priests, and friars organized intense campaigns against Protestantism. These episodes of religious violence were not isolated outbursts of reactionary rage, but rather formed part of a longer process through which religious groups articulated their vision for Brazil's national future. The book begins with a background on Catholic–Protestant relations in the Brazilian Northeast. It suggests a new religious history of modern Latin America that puts religious pluralism at the center rather than at the margins of historical analysis. In doing so it seeks to understand the ways in which religious competition and conflict redefined traditional relationships between church and state, lay and clergy, popular and official religion, and local and national interests.
43
Sizemore, Michelle. “Changing by Enchantment”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627539.003.0005.
Abstract:
This chapter transitions to a discussion of “the people” as a nation, contextualizing its analysis within the rise of U.S. nationalism during and after the War of 1812. A work of American travel writing, Washington Irving’s Sketch Book showcases the rites of the Grand Tour, particularly literary pilgrimage, both to demonstrate U.S. competence for political sovereignty and to explore mystical communion between the Old and New World. Through an investigation of the sketch “Rip Van Winkle,” the chapter identifies an innovative mode of historical analysis that opens up an alternate understanding of the American people. The people are not a group of individuals in the here and now but a constellation of changing relations reaching backward and forward in time.
44
MacGrogan, Donal, José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Bill Chaudhry, José Luis de la Pompa, and Deborah J. Henderson. From cushions to leaflets: morphogenesis of cardiac atrioventricular valves. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0017.
Abstract:
At the looping stage of heart development, tissue patterning of myocardium and endocardium at the atrioventricular (AV) junction defines a morphogenic field competent to form valves that initially appear as protrusions of proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) called endocardial cushions (ECs) which are cellularized by an endocardial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cellular proliferation results in fusion of the major AV mesenchymal cushions and AV septation, whereas smaller cushions receive a supply from epicardially derived cells. These various sources of mesenchyme precursors give rise to most of the valve structures, leaflets, annuli, and supporting tension apparatus. During valve leaflet maturation, the ECM matrix accumulates collagen and elastin and assembles into a thin flexible fibrous structure, which is remarkably tough. Valve development is regulated by the cross-talk between developmental signalling pathways. Pathogenic mutations in a subset of developmentally important genes have been linked to valve disease, suggesting that developmental defects may underlie valve disease in adulthood.
45
Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. The Present Is a Foreign Country (Global Trends). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.003.0009.
Abstract:
This chapter offers an overview of the global trends in education systems driven by the five inter-connected forces: democratization of the society, rise of private education, globalization, advent of new information technologies, and knowledge economy. This overview is offered so that there could be a more nuanced understanding of the gales of creative destruction which spectacularly altered the Indian education landscape. It outlines the consequences of the transition of a higher education system transits from an elite system with low levels of enrolment to a mass system with very high levels of enrolment: extraordinary diversification of the purpose of higher education, financing, student body, and content and process of higher education. It outlines the salient features of internationalization and globalization of education, of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the private revolution in higher education and the quality assurance mechanisms. The overview focuses on the developments in some countries like the United States, United Kingdom, France, and China.
46
Marovich, Robert M. One of These Mornings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039102.003.0017.
Abstract:
This chapter discusses the transition in Chicago gospel music that began before the 1959 Detroit Invasion and continued until the late twentieth century. It first recounts the deaths of Roberta Martin and Mahalia Jackson, considered to be emblematic of the fading of the traditional sound in gospel music. It then looks at gospel groups that extended and broadened their reputation well into the 1980s, including the Christian Tabernacle Concert Choir, the Thompson Community Singers, and the Cosmopolitan Church of Prayer Choir. It also examines the rise of new community choirs in Chicago during the 1980s and 1990s, along with other significant developments like the first Stellar Gospel Music Awards, accolades for gospel pioneers, gospel festivals, and the deaths of some gospel greats including Sallie Martin, James Cleveland, and Thomas A. Dorsey. The chapter concludes by highlighting signs that Chicago is beginning to recapture the sacred music supremacy it lost to California in the 1970s.
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Wohlforth, William C. Not Quite the Same as It Ever Was. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0004.
Abstract:
The chapter addresses the claim that rising powers will seek to undermine the legitimacy of the current order and establish new rules using the classical Gilpinian framework as well as more recent rise-and-decline scholarship. It argues against this view and points to a more nuanced position: a harder-to-manage world has arrived, but the essential structural imperatives that have operated for twenty years are likely to remain. The chapter grounds this argument in the near certainty that all-out systemic war is off the table as a mechanism for hegemonic transition; the fact that the rising challenger to the system’s dominant state is approaching peer status on only one dimension of state capability, gross economic output; and the historically unprecedented degree of institutionalization in world politics coupled with the central role institutions play in the dominant power’s grand strategy. Each change favors the status quo states and makes revisionism harder.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Leadership Long Cycle Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0002.
Abstract:
In this chapter, we lay out the leadership long cycle theory as our framework for assessing systemic leadership and then modify it. This revised framework is then applied to the political–economic evolution of the past one thousand years to identify the factors underlying the rise and fall of a sequence of system leaders and to examine the fairly strong evidence for the linkage of energy transitions and technological leadership. We find that it is difficult to imagine the ascent of the last three system leaders (the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States) in a situation with significantly different energy foundations. In other words, had there been no peat, coal, or petroleum/electricity, respectively, these episodes of systemic leadership would have been far less likely to have occurred.
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Miller, Elizabeth Carolyn. Extraction Ecologies and the Literature of the Long Exhaustion. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691205533.001.0001.
Abstract:
The 1830s to the 1930s saw the rise of large-scale industrial mining in the British imperial world. This book examines how literature of this era reckoned with a new vision of civilization where humans are dependent on finite, nonrenewable stores of earthly resources, and traces how the threatening horizon of resource exhaustion worked its way into narrative form. Britain was the first nation to transition to industry based on fossil fuels, which put its novelists and other writers in the remarkable position of mediating the emergence of extraction-based life. The book looks at works like Hard Times, The Mill on the Floss, and Sons and Lovers, showing how the provincial realist novel's longstanding reliance on marriage and inheritance plots transforms against the backdrop of exhaustion to withhold the promise of reproductive futurity. It explores how adventure stories like Treasure Island and Heart of Darkness reorient fictional space toward the resource frontier. And it shows how utopian and fantasy works like “Sultana's Dream,” The Time Machine, and The Hobbit offer imaginative ways of envisioning energy beyond extractivism. The book reveals how an era marked by violent mineral resource rushes gave rise to literary forms and genres that extend extractivism as a mode of environmental understanding.
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Balan, Canan. Imagining Women at the Movies. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039683.003.0005.
Abstract:
This chapter examines early film culture in Istanbul by focusing on how Turkish male writers constructed cinema-going Turkish women in early twentieth-century and postwar Istanbul. The goal is to analyze gendered concerns about spectatorship emerging in the patriarchal imagination of that time. In order to understand the reception of early cinema in Turkey as well as the cultural status of Turkish cinema among the Ottoman/Turkish intelligentsia and the gender politics surrounding it, the chapter looks at novels, poems, and newspaper reviews. The discussion begins with an overview of film market in post-World-War I Istanbul and cinema-going as a public experience in the Ottoman capital. An analysis of female spectators depicted by male authors reveals a changing culture of spectatorship. This occurred concomitantly with the sociopolitical transition from the declining Ottoman Empire to the rise of the Turkish nation-state. The chapter argues that the change in gender politics during this period triggered the new anxieties that creative writers project onto the activity of filmgoing, and particularly that by cinema-going women.