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Papa, AnnMarie. "Risky Business: Change and Opportunity Shape our Future." Journal of Emergency Nursing 37, no. 1 (January 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2010.12.001.
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Zakamulin, Valeriy. "Sharpe (Ratio) Thinking about the Investment Opportunity Set and CAPM Relationship." Economics Research International 2011 (July 12, 2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/781760.
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In the presence of a risk-free asset the investment opportunity set obtained via the Markowitz portfolio optimization procedure is usually characterized in terms of the vector of excess returns on individual risky assets and the variance-covariance matrix. We show that the investment opportunity set can alternatively be characterized in terms of the vector of Sharpe ratios of individual risky assets and the correlation matrix. This implies that the changes in the characteristics of individual risky assets that preserve the Sharpe ratios and the correlation matrix do not change the investment opportunity set. The alternative characterization makes it simple to perform a comparative static analysis that provides an answer to the question of what happens with the investment opportunity set when we change the risk-return characteristics of individual risky assets. We demonstrate the advantages of using the alternative characterization of the investment opportunity set in the investment practice. The Sharpe ratio thinking also motivates reconsidering the CAPM relationship and adjusting Jensen's alpha in order to properly measure abnormal portfolio performance.
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Keh, Hean Tat, Maw Der Foo, and Boon Chong Lim. "Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27, no. 2 (April 2002): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00003.
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Even though the entrepreneurship literature places much emphasis on opportunity recognition, little is known about how entrepreneurs actually evaluate opportunities. This study uses a cognitive approach to examine opportunity evaluation, as the perception of opportunity is essentially a cognitive phenomenon. We present a model that consists of four independent variables (overconfidence, belief in the law of small numbers, planning fallacy, and illusion of control), a mediating variable (risk perception), two control variables (demographics and risk propensity), and the dependent variable (opportunity evaluation). We find that illusion of control and belief in the law of small numbers are related to how entrepreneurs evaluate opportunities. Our results also indicate that risk perception mediates opportunity evaluation.
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Lee, Y., P. Hung, M. Wong, and E. Lau. "The effect of daytime sleep opportunity on risky decision-making." Sleep Medicine 16 (December 2015): S236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.1504.
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Weekes, Brendan S. "Criterion-Related Validity of the Responsibility Scale of the California Psychological Inventory." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.315.
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A study was performed to assess the predictive validity of the Responsibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory by examining the relationship between standard scores and decision-making behaviour under varying conditions of risk. Subjects were required to make risky decisions on three different tasks, one where there was an opportunity to seek additional information to reduce risk for self, one where there was no opportunity to seek information for self, and one where a risky decision was made on behalf of another person. Responsibility scores correlated significantly with decision-making behaviour but only on tasks measuring risk-taking for the self.
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Mark Lawrence, Wong, Lau Esther Yuet Ying, Lam Yeuk Ching, Rusak Benjamin, Tseng Chia-huei, Lee Tatia Mei Chun, and Wing Yun Kwok. "The protective effect of daytime sleep on planning and risk-related decision-making in emerging adults." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 11 (October 16, 2020): 1228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa140.
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Abstract We assessed the effect of a daytime sleep opportunity on planning and risk-related decision-making in emerging adults using multiple neurobehavioral assessments. A total of 136 healthy emerging adults (20.0 ± 1.5 years), 65% female, performed the Risky-Gains Task and the Tower of London test twice. Between these assessments, they were randomized to either have a sleep opportunity monitored by polysomnography (Sleep group, n = 101) or to stay awake (Wake group, n = 35). During Test 2, in comparison to the Sleep group, the Wake group showed increased sleepiness, worse planning ability and more decrease in reaction times when selecting risky choices. Changes in Tower of London test steps used and Risky-Gains Task response time correlated with the number of central and frontal fast sleep spindles, respectively. These results indicate that among emerging adults who commonly have poor sleep patterns, a daytime sleep opportunity was related to better planning ability, better psychomotor vigilance and stable response speeds in risk-related decision-making. Changes in planning and risk-related decision-making correlated with the number of sleep spindles during the nap, supporting a specific role for sleep in modulating planning and potentially other higher-order cognitive functions.
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Ahn, Dong-Hyun, and Sun-Joong Yoon. "Endogenous Labor/Leisure/Investment Choice under Time Constraints." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 1157–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109011000196.
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AbstractWe posit the opportunity cost of time required to manage risky investments, including conducting research and performance monitoring, as a potential explanation for the equity premium puzzle. An economic agent, who should allocate a limited amount of time to labor, leisure, and risky investment, is subject to the opportunity time cost of investment activity, which is foregone labor or leisure. Our model envisages its impact on equity premium and volatility in the presence of such a time constraint, in particular, with closed-form solutions to the risky asset returns, volatility, and risk-free rate in a simple equilibrium framework wherein agents have log utility. The model is shown to yield excess return and volatility consistent with historical values observed in the U.S. stock market, even with a small amount of time cost. In addition, the model enables us to sort out the impact of endogenous labor/leisure choice on return dynamics by comparing it with the exogenous labor income case.
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Goddard, Charlotte. "Taking teachable moments to cut risk of violence." Children and Young People Now 2021, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2021.7.44.
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Ardebili, Ali Aghazadeh, Elio Padoano, Antonella Longo, and Antonio Ficarella. "The Risky-Opportunity Analysis Method (ROAM) to Support Risk-Based Decisions in a Case-Study of Critical Infrastructure Digitization." Risks 10, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10030048.
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Socio-ecologic, socio-economic, and socio-technical transitions are opportunities that require fundamental changes in the system. These will encounter matters associated with security, service adoption by end-users, infrastructure and availability. The purpose of this study is to examine and overcome the risks to take advantage of opportunities through the novel Risky-Opportunity Analysis Method (ROAM). A novel quantitative method is designed to determine when, after making some changes, the risks become acceptable so that the opportunity does not deviate from the objectives. The approach provided a quantitative evaluation of the possible changes in parallel with digitization, towards providing a green Service Supply Chain (SSC). The result of ROAM shows that the most cost-effective change to increase the resilience of the system is a solution (SMS) which is different from that identified by a TOPSIS multi-criteria method. Real-word decisions in change management should tackle the complexity of systems and uncertainty of events during and after transition through a careful analysis of the alternatives. A case-study was carried out to evaluate the alternatives of an ancillary service in the Payment Service Providers (PSP). The comparison of the ROAM results with the traditional TOPSIS of the case-study unveils the priority of the ROAM in practice when the alternatives are Risky-Opportunities. The existing risk assessment tools do not take advantage of risky opportunities. To this aim, the current article introduces the term Risky-Opportunity, and two indexes—Stress and Strain—of the alternatives that are designed to be employed in the new quantitative ROAM approach.
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Keleş, Sadiye, and Özlem Yurt. "“We Enjoyed Our Childhood to The Fullest”: Early Childhood Teachers’ Risky Play Memories and Risky Play Managements." Yaşadıkça Eğitim 34, no. 2 (September 4, 2020): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33308/26674874.2020342197.
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The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between early childhood teachers’ risky play experiences, their injury histories in their childhood and risky play management strategies they used as a teacher. 190 early childhood teachers participated in this study. Data were collected through a semi- structured interview form. Only play with great heights (climbing up a tree) and play with high speed (swinging on playground swings) were included in the semi-structured interview form. Scenario-based, black and white drawings were used as a data collection tool. Results showed that teachers’ risky play histories, injury histories and their management strategies at play with great heights are independent of each other. However, a different pattern was identified for play with high speed (swinging on playground swings). This result provides an opportunity to discuss whether teachers’ injury histories at specific risky play categories, may affect their risky play management strategies.
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VARDAS, GIANNIS, and ANASTASIOS XEPAPADEAS. "UNCERTAINTY AVERSION, ROBUST CONTROL AND ASSET HOLDINGS WITH A STOCHASTIC INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY SET." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 10, no. 06 (September 2007): 985–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024907004524.
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We formulate the portfolio choice problem as a robust control problem under uncertainty or ambiguity aversion. By considering a stochastic investment opportunity set, we derive optimal robust portfolio rules in the cases of one and two risky assets. With two risky assets and ambiguity structure determined by economy-wide factors, we show that the robust portfolio rule could lead to an increase in the total holdings of risky assets as compared to the holdings under the Merton rule, which is the standard risk aversion case. This result goes against the general belief that uncertainty aversion and robust control methods lead to conservative behavior. We also show that the investor is more likely to increase the holdings of the asset for which there is no ambiguity, and reduce the holdings of the asset for which there is ambiguity, a result that might provide an explanation for the home bias puzzle.
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Febriani, Irene, and Destinady Kadiser Miden. "Adollescent Characteristics Relation with Premarital Sex Attitudes." Science Midwifery 10, no. 5 (December 3, 2022): 3999–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.35335/midwifery.v10i5.966.
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Adolescence is an important part of individual development and begins with the maturity of the physical organs. Adolescents have the opportunity to obtain optimal health status, but adolescent behavior does not always support it. This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, education, gender and welfare with adolescent attitudes about premarital sex and risky behavior. Using secondary data from the 2019 Program Performance and Accountability Survey (SKAP) totaling 316 adolescents by systematic random sampling research design cross-sectional, carried out in 2020 with frequency distribution and chi square test. The results showed that 64.4% did not agree with premarital sex and did not engage in risky behavior. 91.2% of age related to premarital sex (P Value 0.005) and risky behavior (P Value 0.020). Gender is associated with premarital sex attitudes and risky behavior (P value 0.005). Family welfare variables are not related to premarital sex attitudes and risky behavior (P Value > 0.05). The content of information sources still needs to be considered, facilitators who disseminate information sources again need to be given training and the goals for providing information are adjusted and targeted.
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Park, M. Jane, and David Breland. "Starting on a Healthy Path: Promotion of Young Men's Sexual Health." American Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 2 (May 14, 2007): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988307300784.
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Sexuality is an integral part of human life. Men's needs in sexual and reproductive health and health care are receiving increased attention. Adolescence offers the opportunity to improve men's sexual health, as males begin exploring their sexual identity and developing romantic relationships. Despite encouraging trends in risky behavior and health status, rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain high and disparities persist. Young African American men have higher incidence of risky behavior, STIs, and HIV/AIDS. Promoting sexual health and well-being for young men requires multifaceted strategies, including clinical care, education, and improved access to services. Strategies should address the needs of all youth, including homosexual youth. Although reducing specific risky behaviors and health problems remains a priority, more holistic efforts to understand the context and meaning of sexual activity for young males are needed.
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Khan, Mumraiz. "EXHIBITION OF MASCULINITY AMONG MIGRANT MEN: PREDISPOSING FACTOR OF SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIOR." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 04 (December 31, 2022): 860–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i04.898.
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Masculinity has been recognized as a significant influence on risky sexual behavior. The migrant men present various sexual risk behaviors. The present study aims to explore migrant men's perspectives on the construction of masculinity and to understand their experiences and engagement in risky sexual behavior in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. This anthropological study included 14 focus group discussions with migrant men aged 18-45 years in the Commercial Market of Rawalpindi. The data were collected from the informal focus group discussions. The data were analyzed by using thematic inductive analysis presented by Clarke. The research results represent that masculine behavior among migrant men leads to risky sexual behavior. It was found that an autonomous living structure with peer groups and increased avenues of expression of sexual desire due to being away from families enhance the risky sexual behavior of migrant men. Such behaviors lead them to indulge in risky sexual practices with low-paid commercial sex workers or non-commercial partners, mostly without availing any protective measures. Furthermore, the normative behavior of migrant men, including peer pressure, economic independence, opportunity structure, and homogeneous population, were the significant factors that led to risky sexual behavior. The study suggests that such behavior remains an essential practice to conform to social expectations and norms aligned with masculinity in the Pakistani urban male population. Therefore, there is a need to address the gender norms that lead to masculine behavior among the migrant population. Keywords: masculinity, risky sexual behavior, migrant men, peer pressure, real man, hegemonic masculinity.
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Song, Yang, Weixing Wu, and Guangsu Zhou. "Inequality of opportunity and household risky asset investment: Evidence from panel data in China." China Economic Review 63 (October 2020): 101513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101513.
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Reyns, Bradford W., Youngki Woo, Heeuk D. Lee, and Ok-Kyung Yoon. "Vulnerability Versus Opportunity: Dissecting the Role of Low Self-Control and Risky Lifestyles in Violent Victimization Risk Among Korean Inmates." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 4 (November 28, 2016): 423–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716679375.
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The present study explores self-control, risky lifestyles, and domain-specific opportunities as explanations of violent victimization among adult male inmates from South Korea. Data were collected from the Inmate’s Conduct and Prison Security Survey in South Korea ( N = 951). Structural equation modeling was used by applying a four-step process to examine the indirect effects of low self-control on prison victimization via risky lifestyles. We find that low self-control indirectly affects violent victimization via opportunities through risky lifestyles, and that risky lifestyles fully mediate the effect of low self-control on violent victimization in prison settings. Findings from the current study reinforce the contention that the relationship between low self-control and victimization includes a connection to opportunities for victimization. The results further suggest that the vulnerability that comes with possessing low self-control operates through the opportunities generated in living a risky lifestyle.
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Darouei, Maral, and Helen Pluut. "The paradox of being on the glass cliff: why do women accept risky leadership positions?" Career Development International 23, no. 4 (August 13, 2018): 397–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-01-2018-0024.
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PurposeRecent evidence from glass cliff research suggests that women are more willing than men to accept risky leadership positions. The purpose of this paper (based on three studies) is to reveal and resolve the apparent paradox that women are more risk averse than men yet end up in risky leadership positions.Design/methodology/approachIn Study I, risk attitudes of 125 participants were surveyed to understand gender differences in risk taking. In two experimental vignette studies, 119 university students (Study II) and 109 working adults (Study III) were offered a leadership position in either a risky or successful company and asked to rate their willingness to accept the job.FindingsTogether, the results showed that although women are generally more risk averse than men, women who scored low on career self-efficacy were more likely to perceive a risky job as a promotional opportunity and were therefore more willing to accept such a job. These findings shed light on the role of women’s career decision making in the glass cliff phenomenon.Originality/valueGlass cliff research has focused almost exclusively on organizational decision makers. The authors aim to better understand the glass cliff phenomenon by incorporating the perspective of job seekers.
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Scott, Julie-Ann. "Narrative Performance Research." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 4, no. 3 (2015): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2015.4.3.70.
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Through this autoethnographic essay I explore how a critical qualitative researcher's disclosure of her personal reactions to participants’ narratives can offer an opportunity to resist cultural marginalization. This opportunity requires a level of vulnerability and disclosure that can feel risky but is often necessary in the pursuit of identification and transformative understanding. Mapping my experience as it became tangible to me of my almost-(but not really)-passing physically disabled feminine body through conducting open-ended narrative research with similarly embodied participants creates a means of revealing and resisting compulsory able-bodiedness (its comforts and trappings) in daily performance.
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Luken, James O. "Abandoning Risky Agriculture and Leveraging Natural Capital: A County-Level Method for Identifying Conservation Opportunity." Natural Areas Journal 40, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.040.0106.
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Rogulj, Edita. "Risky play from the student’s perspective." Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze 577, no. 2 (February 28, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2044.
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The interactive process involving play as a main component of children’s activities enables children to identify existing knowledge, skills and abilities, and to enhance and enrich them with new cognitive elements. Outdoor play is certainly an inspiration for a child’s holistic development. Children have the opportunity for motor, psychological and cognitive development in an environment that provides countless situations that are changing due to constant natural variations that occur under the infl uence of meteorological changes, changes in plant and animal life. Along with the above elements, it is necessary to add an element of risky play that is equally important in the process of childhood education and learning. Today’s overprotection of children by parents has taken away the segment of risky play, which is an important element of childhood. Parents’ attitude towards risky play also defi nes the attitude of kindergarten teachers who, under the pressure of parents, create an artifi cial environment in which a child is unable to explore this important segment of play, or take risks in their activities, decisions and procedures. That exact segment is the subject of this research, which aims to explore the opinions of the future kindergarten teachers about risky play and their attitude towards it. The research was conducted through a questionnaire in which students of their 3rd year of undergraduate studies and 1st year of graduate studies of early and pre-school education took part. According to the results of this research, we have observed the need for changes in the education of future kindergarten teachers. This can be done by expanding the content related to the Outdoor Curriculum and risky play.
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Baron, Stephen W., David R. Forde, and Fiona M. Kay. "Self-control, risky lifestyles, and situation: The role of opportunity and context in the general theory." Journal of Criminal Justice 35, no. 2 (March 2007): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.01.001.
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Milroy, Jeffrey, Lindsey Sanders, Brandon Mendenhall, William B. Dudley, and David Wyrick. "A Latent Profile Analysis to Categorize and Describe Athletes Based on Factors Related to Concussion Disclosure." Journal of Athletic Training 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0308.19.
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Context Collegiate student-athletes continue competing after experiencing symptoms of a concussion. Self-report of concussion symptoms is a critical element of the recovery process. Identifying factors related to concussion disclosure can aid in encouraging self-reporting. Objective To use latent profile analysis to categorize and describe athletes based on factors related to concussion disclosure. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 2 881 (52.4% female; 65.3% in-season; 40% collision sport) student-athletes from 16 National Collegiate Athletic Association member institutions. Main Outcome Measure(s) Student-athlete concussion expectations, attitudes, and norms were the profile variables and reporting intentions served as the distal outcome variable. We conducted latent profile analysis using select profile variables to determine the optimal number of classes. Differences in concussion-reporting intentions by profile assignment were then examined. Lastly, the extent to which a student-athlete's sex, season status, and level of contact predicted his or her intentions to report a concussion within each profile was investigated. Results Five unique student-athlete profiles emerged, including 1 profile that was most risky and another that was least risky. Females had significantly higher odds of being in the least risky profile. Those participating in collision sports had significantly higher odds of being in the top 2 most risky profiles. Contact-sport and in-season athletes were less likely to be in the least risky profile. Conclusions With a better understanding of student-athlete profiles, athletic trainers have an opportunity to encourage concussion disclosure. Prompt disclosure would allow student-athletes to begin the return-to-play protocol in a more timely manner.
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Baida, Anton, Mariya Pylypenko, and Viktoriya Makitrenko. "Features of the qualification of the act related to the risk as a circumstance that excludes the criminal illegality of the act in the medical field." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-221-228.
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The authors explored the concept of "risk", the peculiarities of its interpretation. It has been determined that risk-taking is not new to the science of criminal law, but there is still no single approach to interpreting the above term. A special article of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which regulates this issue, contains only the general characteristics of such an act, and the features and criteria for its application are left to the discretion of law enforcement agencies. Given the particular circumstances of each case, they must conclude as to whether the actions of the person contained an urgent need to act risky, whether it was possible to achieve the same goal in a less risky or non-risky way was impossible. The authors also emphasize that in order for an act to be qualified as being committed in conditions of justified risk, it is necessary that a specific life situation testifies to it, and the person acts only to achieve a socially useful goal. It should be noted that in such a situation, the goal set by the subject could not be achieved in any other way, avoiding the risk, and the actions of the person must be commensurate with the danger in which the interests protected by law. In addition, the authors consider the relationship between the concepts of "extreme necessity" and "action associated with risk", highlight their common features and analyze the differences. Thus, in case of extreme necessity, a person does not have the opportunity to choose another behavior other than one that harms law enforcement interests. Failure to perform a risk act will not necessarily cause harm at all. In addition, the risk can be considered justified if there is an opportunity rather than an obligation to achieve a socially useful goal.
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Bunn, Matthew. "‘I’m gonna do this over and over and over forever!’: Overlapping fields and climbing practice." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215609785.
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In this article I explore some of the aspects of shared doxic principles between outdoor fields and how these contribute to agents becoming interested in ‘high-consequence’ climbing styles. I argue that people who come to be high-risk climbers do not become involved for the purpose of participating in risky activities, but instead move into climbing through ‘overlapping fields’ that share practices and dispositions of climbing. Becoming a climber is a process that occurs gradually and imperceptibly, with much of the groundwork for an appreciation of climbing laid prior to actually taking part in climbing practice. In this paper, based on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 35 interviews with climbers, I demonstrate that participants typically have been members of easier to access and less risky outdoor sports prior to their involvement. These activities share some of the skills required to become a climber, or at least are complementary. Once this initial engagement with the practice has occurred, individuals become involved in less risky forms of climbing practice. These allow climbers-to-be an opportunity to form an appreciation of the basic safety systems of climbing. With this understanding, it then becomes possible to navigate through the trajectories of climbing practice, often bringing with them greater acceptances of risk and danger.
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Gullone, Eleonora, Jacqueline Paul, and Susan M. Moore. "A Validation Study of the Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire." Behaviour Change 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.17.3.143.
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AbstractThe Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire (ARQ) was developed to comprehensively assess adolescent risk-taking beliefs and behaviours. Research has shown that it is a reliable instrument with strong construct validity. The current study investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of the ARQ by comparing responses of a sample of 52 male adolescents from a juvenile justice centre and 211 school-attending male adolescents. Consistent with past research, the juvenile justice centre youth reported significantly higher levels of depression and less optimal levels of parent attachment compared to school-attending youth. Convergent validity of the ARQ was demonstrated through significant relationships between attachment and risk-taking. Specifically, those adolescents with less optimal parent attachment were more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour and were less likely to perceive the behaviours included in the ARQ as risky compared to those with more optimal levels of parent attachment. Discriminant validity of the ARQ was demonstrated through significant differences between the two groups on risk beliefs and behaviours. Responses on the ARQ indicated that youth from the juvenile justice centre were significantly more likely to engage in risky behaviours, if given the opportunity, than school-based youth. They also perceived the behaviours to be less risky. It was concluded that the ARQ has good convergent and discriminant validity.
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WANG, QIUQI, and YUE KUEN KWOK. "REAL OPTION SIGNALING GAMES OF DEBT FINANCING USING EQUITY GUARANTEE SWAPS UNDER ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 23, no. 05 (August 2020): 2050036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024920500363.
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We analyze the real option signaling game models of debt financing of a risky project under information asymmetry, where the firm quality is only known to the firm management but not outsiders. The firm decides on the optimal investment timing of the risky project that requires upfront fixed funding cost and subsequent operating costs. The fixed funding cost is financed via either direct bank loan or entering into a three-party equity guarantee swap (EGS) that involves a bank granting the loan and third party guarantor. Under the EGS agreement, the guarantor is obligated to pay all the future coupon stream to the bank upon default of the firm. In return for the provision of the guarantee, the guarantor obtains certain proportional share of equity of the firm at the time when the swap agreement is signed. The share of equity demanded by the guarantor depends on the outside investors’ belief on the firm quality. The low-type firm has the incentive to mimic the investment strategy of being high-type in terms of investment timing and share of equity. The high-type firm may adopt the appropriate separating strategy by speeding up investment or choosing an alternative financing choice. The resulting loss of the real option value of the investment opportunity represents the information cost under separating strategies. We examine the incentive compatibility constraints faced by the firm under different quality types and discuss characterization of the separating and pooling equilibriums. Unlike the usual assumption of perpetuity of investment opportunity, our real option model assumes the time window of the investment opportunity to be finite. We explore how the information cost and nature of separating and pooling equilibriums evolves over the finite time span of the investment opportunity. The information costs and investment thresholds exhibit interesting time-dependent behaviors. We examine the firm’s investment and financing choice between EGS and the direct bank loan against time and other parameters via comparison of the corresponding information costs and investment thresholds.
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Zanella, Gianluca, Dante B. Castro Solano, Cory R. A. Hallam, and Teja Guda. "The role of the organization in the entrepreneur–opportunity nexus." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 7 (November 11, 2019): 1537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2018-0169.
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Purpose Entrepreneurial and strategic actions are crucial for wealth creation, and the business opportunity is a critical factor in this process. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of the firm’s strategic posture in the relationship between individual alertness and opportunity identification within an existing firm. This approach contributes to entrepreneurship theory building through a multilevel study. Design/methodology/approach The quantitative research focuses on understanding the mediating role of an organization’s strategic posture in the opportunity identification process. Using a sample of 276 firms, this study tests a two-level model to explain opportunity identification. Findings The findings provide empirical evidence that a firm’s strategic posture mediates the relationship between individual alertness and opportunity identification. Furthermore, this study finds differences in the mediating role of a firm’s strategic posture through which entrepreneurs and managers affect opportunity identification. Years after the creation of startup, the entrepreneurs still exhibit entrepreneurial characteristics that affect opportunity identification. The findings provide evidence that entrepreneurs foster an internal culture and set of values that are more favorable to radical innovation, compared to managers who favor incremental and less risky projects. Practical implications The findings suggest the possibility for new theory building that can improve the fields of entrepreneurship and management research. Moreover, the proposed model constitutes a new approach to analyze the mediating role of an organization’s strategic posture in the opportunity identification process. Originality/value This paper provides an original approach to literature in exploring the relationship between entrepreneurial alertness and firm’s strategic posture in explaining the opportunity identification process. This work will help expand the theory building that explores differences between managers and entrepreneurs in organizations.
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Madero-Hernandez, Arelys, and Bonnie S. Fisher. "Race, Ethnicity, Risky Lifestyles, and Violent Victimization." Race and Justice 7, no. 4 (June 2, 2016): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2153368716651476.
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Empirical studies have established that Blacks and Hispanics are two of the most violently victimized racial/ethnic groups in the United States, but the mechanisms that underlie these disparities in victimization risk are not well understood. This study tests a mediation model developed from criminal opportunity theories that may explain the disparities. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the results show that Black and Hispanic adolescents were twice as likely as their White counterparts to be violently victimized, and these disparities remained after controlling for demographic characteristics and prior victimization. As to the hypothesized sources of these disparities, there was mixed evidence regarding the mediation model. Although risky lifestyles were significantly related to violent victimization and eliminated all disparities between Black and White youth, they failed to eliminate victimization disparities between Hispanics and White youth. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of theory and victimization prevention.
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Bahney, Benjamin W., Radha K. Iyengar, Patrick B. Johnston, Danielle F. Jung, Jacob N. Shapiro, and Howard J. Shatz. "Insurgent Compensation: Evidence from Iraq." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.518.
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Participating in insurgency is physically risky. Why do people do so? Using new data on 3,799 payments to insurgent fighters by Al Qa'ida Iraq, we find that: (i) wages were extremely low relative to outside options, even compared to unskilled labor; (ii) the estimated risk premium is negative; and (iii) the wage schedule favors equalization and provides additional compensation for larger families. These results challenge the notion that fighters are paid their marginal product, or the opportunity cost of their time. They may be consistent with a “lemons” model in which fighters signal commitment by accepting low wages.
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Knoke, Thomas, Patrick Hildebrandt, Daniel Klein, Rodrigo Mujica, Martin Moog, and Reinhard Mosandl. "Financial compensation and uncertainty: using mean-variance rule and stochastic dominance to derive conservation payments for secondary forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 12 (December 2008): 3033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-137.
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The expected opportunity costs of conserving a specific land use are usually considered adequate as financial compensation. However, a “conservation premium” is sometimes proposed as an added incentive, i.e., compensation greater than the expected opportunity costs. This paper discusses various methodological opportunities for deriving effective compensation under uncertainty. Based on cumulative distribution functions of possible opportunity costs (a Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantation was considered the alternative to conserving a Chilean secondary forest), generated through Monte Carlo simulations, we derived an inclusive range of possible compensations from 77 up to 375 US$·ha–1·year–1. If we assumed that the two land-use alternatives were mutually exclusive and independent from other risky investments, a compensation of 375 US$·ha–1·year–1 was necessary to convince every decision maker to maintain the secondary forest. However, only 77 US$·ha–1·year–1 was enough for a risk-averse decision maker (given average opportunity costs of 113 US$·ha–1·year–1). Yet, it turned out that the greatest possible opportunity costs would already be compensated for with 199 US$·ha–1·year–1, given an error probability of 0.05. Compensating for the last 5% of possible opportunity costs would thus require an additional 176 US$·ha–1·year–1. Our approach had two main limitations, namely we did not consider portfolio effects, which would allow diversifying away unsystematic risks, and we did not take into account the different systematic risks of the compared alternatives. These limitations may have led to an overestimation of effective compensation.
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Bessey, Donata. "Testing a One-Item Risk Measure to Predict Alameda Seven Health Behaviors in the Republic of Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010300.
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The college years provide an important window of opportunity for the implementation of preventive efforts, especially with respect to smoking, problematic drinking, and obesity. Targeting of individuals at high risk of adopting those health behaviors might increase the effectiveness of those efforts, yet little is known about possible criteria for targeting and their ability to predict the adoption of risky health behaviors. Human capital theory predicts that more risk-averse individuals are more likely to invest in their health capital and should therefore be less likely to engage in risky health behaviors. Building on this theoretical prediction, this study uses a simple one-item measure of risk attitude and examines its ability to predict the Alameda Seven health behaviors in a sample of college students in the Republic of Korea. Unlike previous research, it also controls for personality traits and cognitive ability. Experimental data were gathered and analyzed using regression analysis. The risk measure predicted the probability of smoking and reporting higher stress levels, with no correlations found for the other health behaviors, suggesting that replication studies using larger samples should be carried out to analyze if these findings persist.
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Yoo, Jin, and Geun Beom Kim. "Theory and Evidence of Arbitrage Trading of Equity Futures." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 18, no. 4 (November 30, 2010): 69–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-04-2010-b0004.
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The equity futures market was opened in May 6th, 2008 for the first time in Korea but nonetheless it has rarely been researched since. In this paper, we examine whether the market, combined with the stock market, its underlying market, has been offering any arbitrage opportunities to market participants for the period of May 6th, 2008 to March 11, 2010, focusing on the two futures contracts of Samsung Electronics and Hyundai Motors, the two most actively traded ones. Our findings are as follows. First, there have been arbitrage opportunities for the two futures in either direction. Second, the average time period for an arbitrage opportunity was two seconds so arbitrage transactions were feasible indeed. Third, nevertheless, some arbitrage transactions ended up with a loss because the estimated spot price at maturity to carry out an arbitrage trading turned out to be significantly different from the realized one. The discrepancy in these two prices causes a seemingly very safe arbitrage trading a risky one. This risky feature of an arbitrage trading has never been addressed in depth in a paper or a book before, and is a major contribution of this paper.
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Pfundmair, Michaela, Eva Lermer, and Dieter Frey. "Glucose Increases Risky Behavior and Attitudes in People Low in Self-Control." Social Psychology 48, no. 1 (January 2017): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000290.
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Abstract. People low in self-control have a strong proclivity toward risk-taking. Risk-taking behavior provides an opportunity to obtain some form of reward. Glucose, on the other hand, seems to facilitate reward and goal-directed behavior. In a pilot study executed in the laboratory, we investigated whether consuming a glucose drink would increase risky behavior and attitudes in people low in self-control. Our findings revealed that a dose of glucose compared to placebo increased risk-taking on a behavioral and cognitive level in participants low in self-control but not in participants high in self-control. The findings may shed some light on the psychological underpinnings of glucose: By showing glucose’s association with high-risk behavior, they support the assumption of glucose driving a goal-directed motivation.
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Hurwitz, Joshua B. "Assessing a Perceptual Model of Risky Real-Time Decision Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 4 (October 1996): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604000417.
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A new model of real-time risky decision making is introduced that predicts tradeoffs between processing and risk taking during driving. This model, called Decision-Making under Risk in a Vehicle, or DRIVE, was fitted to data from a task in which subjects decided when to cross an intersection as a car approached from the cross street. Results showed that subjects attempted to cross less often before the oncoming car when it started closer to the intersection, even though objective risk was the same regardless of starting distance. Also, when the car started closer, subjects who reported having more real-life automobile accidents were less likely to take advantage of a longer opportunity to cross first. These results, along with results from fitting DRIVE to the data, suggest that risk-taking effects can be accounted for by a model of risk perception, and not by a model of risk acceptance.
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Singh, Tavleen, Kirk Roberts, Trevor Cohen, Nathan Cobb, Jing Wang, Kayo Fujimoto, and Sahiti Myneni. "Social Media as a Research Tool (SMaaRT) for Risky Behavior Analytics: Methodological Review." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): e21660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21660.
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Background Modifiable risky health behaviors, such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, being overweight, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits, are some of the major factors for developing chronic health conditions. Social media platforms have become indispensable means of communication in the digital era. They provide an opportunity for individuals to express themselves, as well as share their health-related concerns with peers and health care providers, with respect to risky behaviors. Such peer interactions can be utilized as valuable data sources to better understand inter-and intrapersonal psychosocial mediators and the mechanisms of social influence that drive behavior change. Objective The objective of this review is to summarize computational and quantitative techniques facilitating the analysis of data generated through peer interactions pertaining to risky health behaviors on social media platforms. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature in September 2020 by searching three databases—PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus—using relevant keywords, such as “social media,” “online health communities,” “machine learning,” “data mining,” etc. The reporting of the studies was directed by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. We extracted the required information from the selected studies. Results The initial search returned a total of 1554 studies, and after careful analysis of titles, abstracts, and full texts, a total of 64 studies were included in this review. We extracted the following key characteristics from all of the studies: social media platform used for conducting the study, risky health behavior studied, the number of posts analyzed, study focus, key methodological functions and tools used for data analysis, evaluation metrics used, and summary of the key findings. The most commonly used social media platform was Twitter, followed by Facebook, QuitNet, and Reddit. The most commonly studied risky health behavior was nicotine use, followed by drug or substance abuse and alcohol use. Various supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches were used for analyzing textual data generated from online peer interactions. Few studies utilized deep learning methods for analyzing textual data as well as image or video data. Social network analysis was also performed, as reported in some studies. Conclusions Our review consolidates the methodological underpinnings for analyzing risky health behaviors and has enhanced our understanding of how social media can be leveraged for nuanced behavioral modeling and representation. The knowledge gained from our review can serve as a foundational component for the development of persuasive health communication and effective behavior modification technologies aimed at the individual and population levels.
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Borowy, Michał, Tomasz Pajewski, and Joanna Rudawska. "INNOVATIVENESS OF ENTERPRISES IN POLISH TECHNOLOGY PARKS AND INCUBATORS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.3.28.
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Most of Polish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) treat the implementation of a new product or service as too expensive, time-consuming and risky. The share of innovative industrial and service enterprises in the years 2015–2017 in the total number of these enterprises amounted to 18.5% and 10.4%, respectively. Most of these companies do not have their own R&D department. Therefore, for many of them the cooperation with innovation centres, such as technology parks or incubators would be a great opportunity to build a long-term competitive advantage. This study aims to assess the innovativeness of companies – tenants of the mentioned institutions.
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Harrison, Judy. "An Australian exchange." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 7 (July 1989): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.7.361.
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The opportunity to travel and practise one's skills in a variety of settings is an attractive aspect of the medical profession. However, in the current atmosphere of competition for jobs and structured career paths, deviation from which may mean losing one's place on the ladder, the prospects of working abroad are limited and the decision to do so often risky. One way round this is to arrange jobs on an exchange basis for a limited period. This is most convenient where the countries involved have similar teaching programmes and reciprocal arrangements for college recognition: in the case of psychiatry this includes Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada and Hong Kong.
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Wang, Qiuqi, and Yue Kuen Kwok. "Signaling game models of equity financing under information asymmetry and finite project life." International Journal of Financial Engineering 06, no. 01 (March 2019): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424786319500026.
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We develop the real option signaling game models of equity financing of a risky project under asymmetric information, where the firm quality is known to the firm management but not outside investors. Unlike the usual assumption of perpetuity of investment, we assume that the time window of the investment opportunity has a finite time horizon. The firm chooses the optimal time to issue equity to raise capital for the investment project. The number of shares of equity issued to fund the project depends on the outside investors’ belief on the firm quality. The low-type firm has the incentive to sell overpriced securities through mimicking the investment strategy of the high-type firm in terms of investment timing and number of equity shares. On the other hand, the high-type firm may adopt the separating strategy by imposing mimicking costs on the low-type firm. We examine the incentive compatibility constraints faced by the firm under different quality types and discuss characterization of the separating and pooling equilibriums. We also explore how the separating and pooling equilibriums evolve over the time span of the investment opportunity. The information costs and abnormal returns exhibit interesting time dependent behaviors, in particular, at time close to expiry of the investment opportunity.
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Cohen, Shuki J. "Healers on the fault lines: trauma as a risky opportunity for growth, mental flexibility and the penchant for healing others." International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies 6, no. 3 (August 14, 2009): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aps.206.
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Krattiger, Anatole F., and William H. Lesser. "The ‘Facilitator’: Proposing a New Mechanism to Strengthen the Equitable and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity." Environmental Conservation 22, no. 3 (1995): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900010602.
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The focus of the Convention on Biological Diversity on conservation, the sustainable use of the greatest possible diversity of biota, and the equitable sharing of the benefits derived therefrom, has broadened the opportunities and responsibilities of a range of entities that are involved with conservation. Countries seeking to market their genetic resources, as well as firms seeking access to these materials, are uncertain as to how to proceed under the new expectations brought about by the Convention, and the excitement stemming from prospecting revenues is having an unfortunate side-effect in emphasizing the perceived newness of this opportunity. The continued emphasis on newness discourages participation until a less risky standard practice emerges.
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Trifunovic, Dejan. "Investment choice under uncertainty: A review essay." Ekonomski anali 50, no. 167 (2005): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0567141t.
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An investment opportunity whose return is perfectly predictable, hardly exists at all. Instead, investor makes his decisions under conditions of uncertainty. Theory of expected utility is the main analytical tool for description of choice under uncertainty. Critics of the theory contend that individuals have bounded rationality and that the theory of expected utility is not correct. When agents are faced with risky decisions they behave differently, conditional on their attitude towards risk. They can be risk loving, risk averse or risk neutral. In order to make an investment decision it is necessary to compare probability distribution functions of returns. Investment decision making is much simpler if one uses expected values and variances instead of probability distribution functions.
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Lin, Yongling, Ruolei Gu, Shenghua Luan, Li Hu, Shaozheng Qin, and Yue-jia Luo. "The hierarchical sensitivity to social misalignment during decision-making under uncertainty." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (February 22, 2021): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab022.
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Abstract Social misalignment occurs when a person’s attitudes and opinions deviate from those of others. We investigated how individuals react to social misalignment in risky (outcome probabilities are known) or ambiguous (outcome probabilities are unknown) decision contexts. During each trial, participants played a forced-choice gamble, and they observed the decisions of four other players after they made a tentative decision, followed by an opportunity to keep or change their initial decision. Behavioral and event-related potential data were collected. Behaviorally, the stronger the participants’ initial preference, the less likely they were to switch their decisions, whereas the more their decisions were misaligned with the majority, the more likely they were to switch. Electrophysiological results showed a hierarchical processing pattern of social misalignment. Misalignment was first detected binarily (i.e. match/mismatch) at an early stage, as indexed by the N1 component. During the second stage, participants became sensitive to low levels of misalignment, which were indexed by the feedback-related negativity. The degree of social misalignment was processed in greater detail, as indexed by the P3 component. Moreover, such hierarchical neural sensitivity is generalizable across different decision contexts (i.e. risky and ambiguous). These findings demonstrate a fine-grained neural sensitivity to social misalignment during decision-making under uncertainty.
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Lim, Madeleine S. Y., Jane S. Hocking, Lena Sanci, and Meredith Temple-Smith. "A systematic review of international students’ sexual health knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes." Sexual Health 19, no. 1 (February 18, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh21073.
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The demand for higher education has increased student mobility across the world. Studying abroad provides an opportunity for young adults to engage in sexual behaviours, some of which may be risky. Yet, little is known about international students’ current sexual health knowledge or practices. The aim of this review was to identify their sexual health knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes. A search of five databases yielded 21 studies that met inclusion criteria. These studies used quantitative (n = 13), qualitative (n = 7) and mixed methods (n = 1) and included a total of 4666 international and exchange students from diverse cultural backgrounds. Findings were grouped into three themes: sexual health knowledge, sexual behaviours, and sexual health attitudes. Asian international students had poorer levels of knowledge, suggesting a need for culturally appropriate sex education. They were less sexually experienced and were older than domestic students at first age of sex. Fewer engaged in risky sexual behaviours when compared to domestic students. They also reported fewer sexual partners and higher condom usage. However, culture influenced the sexual behaviours and attitudes of international students; in particular, Asian female international students, who tested risk-taking behaviours, such as casual sex, in more liberal Western countries. Appropriate intervention and further education are needed to decrease international students’ sexual health risks.
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Chang, Chuen-Ping, and Jyh-Horng Lin. "Optimal Bank Interest Margin with Synergy Banking under Capital Regulation and Deposit Insurance: A Swaption Approach." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 14, no. 02 (June 2011): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091511002287.
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The main purpose of this paper is to model bank spread behavior under capital regulation and deposit insurance. Comparative static results show that an increase in the capital-to-deposits ratio or the deposit insurance decreases the bank's interest margin or spread. It is also shown that an increase in the equity that implies its opportunity cost of the coupon rate on the fixed leg decreases the margin. Previous research on market-based evaluations of bank equity has modeled the bank as a narrowing banking firm with risky assets and insured liabilities. The equity of the bank is viewed as a call option on its risky assets. No attempt was made to explicitly analyze a synergy between lending and deposit-taking, and, in our view, the equity of the bank is viewed as a swap option on coupon bonds. Synergy banking, particularly in the return to retail banking, is important in distinguishing banks from other lenders such as finance companies and mutual fund institutions. These other lenders call for the breaking up of banks into separate lending and deposit-taking operations, respectively. Our findings provide an insight for synergy banking operations concerning regulated bank spread behavior in the return to retail banking.
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Sitorus, Rico Januar, and Merry Natalia. "Perilaku Seksual Berisiko Pengguna Narkotika." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 9, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.748.
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AbstrakPenyalahgunaan narkotika yang melakukan hubungan seksual sebelummenikah, dan berganti-ganti mitra seksual merupakan perilaku berisiko.Masalah yang diakibatkan penyalahgunaan narkotika sangat kompleks,seperti masalah sosial dan kesehatan. Kecenderungan pengguna narkotika melakukan perilaku seksual dini dan tidak aman semakin memperparah kondisi kualitas hidup pecandu dan tentunya berdampak besar pada kelangsungan hidup di masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui determinan perilaku seksual berisiko di kalangan pengguna narkotika. Metode penelitian adalah potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder kajian rekam medis di instalasi Medical Psikiatric Evaluation di rumah sakit ketergantungan obat (RSKO) Jakarta tahun 2013. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien ketergantungan narkotika yang dirawat inap di RSKO Cibubur selama tahun 2013. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien yang dirawat inap berjumlah 74 responden. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa mayoritas responden telah melakukan perilaku seksual berisiko, yaitu sebesar 82,4% dengan usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun sebesar 78,4%. Usia pertama kali berhubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun merupakan variabel yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perilaku seksual berisiko di kalangan pecandu narkotika. Model akhir analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa pengguna narkotika yang telah melakukan hubungan seksual ≤ 17 tahun berpeluang 6,74 kali (CI = 1,84 – 24,73) untuk melakukan perilaku seksual berisiko dibandingkan dengan pengguna narkotika > 17 tahun.AbstractNarcotic abuse having premarital sexual intercourse and multiple sexualpartners is risky behavior. Problems caused by narcotic abuse are verycomplex, such as social and health problems. Tendency of narcotic userscommitting early and unsafe sexual intercourse worsen condition of the addict’s quality of life and definitely has a big impact on life survival in the future. This study aimed to determine determinants of risky sexual behavior among narcotic users. The method was cross sectional study using secondary data of medical record assessment at Medical PsikiatricEvaluation installation in Jakarta hospital for drug addicts in 2013. The study population was narcotic-addicted patients hospitalized at Cibubur Hospital for Drug Addicts within 2013. Sample of this study was all hospitalized patients amounted to 74 respondents. Data analysis used was univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results proved that most respondents had committed risky sexual behaviors worth 82.4% in which the age of first intercourse ≤ 17 years old worth 78.4%. The age of first intercourse ≤ 17 years old was the most influential variable to risky sexual behavior among narcotic addicts. The final model of multivariate analysis showed that narcotic users who committed sexual intercourse ≤ 17 years had 6.74 times opportunity (CI = 1.84 – 24.73) to commit risky sexual behavior than > 17 yearold narcotic users.
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Jumreornvong, Seksak, Sirimon Treepongkaruna, Panu Prommin, and Pornsit Jiraporn. "The effects of ownership concentration and corporate governance on corporate risk-taking." Accounting Research Journal 33, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-09-2018-0144.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of ownership concentration and corporate governance on the extent of risk-taking in an important emerging economy – Thailand. Design/methodology/approach The results are corroborated by additional analysis, including an instrumental-variable analysis and propensity score matching. Findings Large owners are under-diversified and are thus more vulnerable to the firm’s idiosyncratic risk. Therefore, they tend to advocate less risky corporate policies and strategies. Consistent with this notion, the authors find that more concentrated ownership induces firms to take significantly less risk. Originality/value Ownership in Thai firms is substantially more concentrated than that in developed economies, providing a unique opportunity to study the effect of highly concentrated ownership on risk-taking.
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Avrahami, Judith, Yaakov Kareev, and Einav Hart. "Taking the sting out of choice: Diversification of investments." Judgment and Decision Making 9, no. 5 (September 2014): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006768.
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AbstractIt is often the case that one can choose a mix of alternative options rather than have to select one option only. Such an opportunity to diversify may blunt the risk involved in all-or-none choice. Here we investigate repeated investment decisions in two-valued options that differ in their riskiness, looking for the effects of recent decisions and their outcomes on upcoming decisions. We compare these effects to those evident in all-or-none choice between the same risky options. The “state of the world”, namely, the likelihood of the high versus the low outcomes of the options, is manipulated. We find that aggregate allocation diverges from uniformity (i.e., from 1/n), and is sensitive to outcome probabilities, with the pattern of results indicating reactivity to the outcome of the previous decision. Round-to-round dynamics reveal that the outcome of the previous decision has an effect on the subsequent decision, on top of inertia; the aspects of the outcome that influence the next decision indicate an effect of a missed opportunity, if there was one, in the previous decision. Importantly, recent outcomes have a similar effect in diversification decisions and in all-or-none choice.
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Deliema, Marguerite, Doug Shadel, and Karla Pak. "Profiling Victims of Investment Fraud: Mindsets and Risky Behaviors." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): 904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz020.
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Abstract Millions of Americans are targeted by investment scams, resulting in billions of dollars lost each year. Previous research indicates that investment fraud victims are more likely to be male, white, and married, and to have higher socioeconomic status compared to the general US population, but little research examines what behaviors and mindsets differentiate them from other investors. A telephone survey was administered to 214 investment fraud victims and 813 general investors recruited using random digit dialing. Based on the opportunity model of predatory victimization, the aim was to identify differences in investment behaviors and psychological mindsets that may affect exposure to investment scams and make individuals more attractive and susceptible targets. In addition to being older and male, victims were more materialistic than general investors and were more frequent stock traders, and purchased more investments sold through unsolicited calls, emails, television advertisements, or “free lunch” seminars, but were less likely to invest based on a social network member’s recommendation. As more retirees begin to take on managing their retirement assets, many may be tempted by unreasonable investment returns promised by unscrupulous brokers. Findings point to specific areas where investor education is needed to counteract poor investment decision-making and risky mindsets.
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Draus, Paul, Juliette Roddy, and Kanzoni Asabigi. "Parallel Paradoxes and Useful Uselessness." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016679684.
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This article explores potentially productive parallels between ethnographic interviewing, mindfulness-based practices, and recovery processes. First, we consider ethnographic interviews as dialogic and affective encounters that reflect and complement the recovery process, paradoxically enhancing agency by illuminating one’s lack of control. For individuals in recovery from substance abuse and associated trauma, the ethnographic interview may provide an opportunity to examine past events and gain insight into factors that contributed to risky situations and behaviors. We propose that the dialogic space created by the ethnographic interview resembles the moment-to-moment awareness cultivated by mindfulness practices and may have individual-level benefits for similar reasons. We briefly explore the relevance of recent research on epigenetic and neural plasticity. Finally, the potential for greater awareness of these mindfulness mechanisms to enhance ethnographic interviews is discussed.
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Antonsen, Connie M. "Restorying the image of the child’s body in early childhood education." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 21, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949118805435.
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This article emerged through the author’s involvement with the University of Victoria’s Investigating Quality in Early Learning Environments project in British Columbia. During an eight-month internship, the author had the opportunity to collaborate with community facilitators in the province; participate in monthly learning-circle discussions with educators and researchers; share pedagogical narrations; connect theory to practice explicitly; and think with children’s bodily encounters. This article contributes to broader and deeper discussions about children’s bodies by placing value on reflective thought, decision-making, and action. While unpacking her own tensions of letting go of common assumptions about children’s bodies, the author considers the ethical and political implications of bodily encounters. To do this, she teases out the growing discourse of risky play and describes the value of thinking in moments of not knowing. Then, the author considers how early childhood education might restory the image of children’s bodies through conversations with other educators in a particular setting, while complexifying young bodies during a risky-play scenario of pulling loose boards onto a staircase. Through post-foundational theory, the educators and the author advocate for bodies by contesting the powers of dominant discourse and considering how bodies might search for meaning in the world. By opening space to think differently, by noticing, and by paying deep attention to the corporeal as it explores and generates truths that bring forth creative evolution, the author was taken by surprise to see what lies beyond that which she thought was possible.