Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risky Framing'
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Rubinchik, Nataliya. "A demonstration of the meta-studies methodology using the risky-choice framing effect." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574201911927335.
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Dahl, Mindy J. "Adolescent decisions in situations of uncertainty the impact of risky choice framing an decision making competency /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1044399551&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Voss, Raymond P. "A Methodological Investigation of Double Filter by Frequency Theory as Applied to Lateralized Decision Making: Risky Choice, Attribute, and Goal Framing." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1430392554.
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Weston, Lauren. "Exploring the factors which underpin young drivers' over-representation in road traffic collisions." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/5153.
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Worldwide, young drivers are involved in more road traffic collisions than any other age group (Taubman & Katz, 2012). Comprehensive driver training and various forms of pre- and- post-test road safety interventions (RSIs) are in place, but young drivers continue to be involved in more at-fault, fatal collisions than older, newly qualified drivers (e.g. Emmerson, 2008; Braitman et al, 2008; Clarke et al, 2010). The evidence base to date is mixed regarding why young drivers are at a heightened risk of collision and so this thesis aims to provide further understanding about the factors underpinning young drivers’ engagement in risky driving. An evaluation of a young driver RSI, found that young males were less likely than young females to report safer attitudes and intentions after attending the RSI. We considered that this may be due to young males’ behaviour being motivated by a desire to seek rewards (e.g. the thrill of risky driving) rather than a fear of punishment which forms the basis of traditional RSIs. Two subsequent studies were conducted to ascertain whether a heightened sensitivity to reward might underpin the risk-taking behaviour of those most at risk. We found that young males and females scoring high on reward sensitivity reported engaging in more road traffic violations and displayed slower reaction times on a driving game; suggesting that young people may have a heightened sensitivity to reward, in general, and concurrently tend to accept a higher degree of risk than other drivers. We also found that reward sensitive young drivers rated road safety messages framed in terms of financial gains as most effective, suggesting that financial incentives may be a potential route to engage young drivers in the future. The findings from another study provided insight into the precise mechanisms at play in the relationship between young drivers and their peer passengers, and the evaluation of the pilot peer-to-peer RSI showed how it might be possible to improve young drivers’ intentions to drive safely by modifying the norm that risky driving is an appropriate way to attain social prestige within a peer group. The thesis offers a significant contribution to the literature by establishing empirically the effect of reward sensitivity on young drivers’ engagement in risky driving and suggesting multiple ways to better improve young drivers’ safety in the future.
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Ehringer, Wolfgang, and Henrik Söderström. "Framing Global Catastrophic Risk - Recent and Future Research." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33354.
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This article is a literature review about global catastrophic risks. Its contribution is to give an overview of the research field in general and highlight the main potential catastrophic areas linked with recent studies. In many movies and TV shows, we can see our civilization collapse in various ways: Gigantic asteroids hit the earth and obliterate all life, nuclear wars emerge, artificial intelligence evolves and starts wars with humans, pandemics spread, and other kinds of catastrophic events with mass death or extinction of all life happen. Thus, even if these are extreme events and fiction, we should raise the question how likely it is that one or more of these events can occur in the near and far future. Although calculated probabilities of impact are low for the future such as tomorrow, in 10, 100 or a million years from now, this could actually be reality. Nevertheless, why should we care about the risks of these global catastrophic events today and what could be done to prevent or reduce the risk of a global catastrophe? In this paper we will discuss core content, such as different risks and ways to reduce them internationally, as well as the scientific context of the field. In fact, there are events that can be catastrophic on a global scale and happen in the near future, even if we do not know exactly when. Hence, specific risk assessment and proper mitigation strategies are necessary in order to maintain the human population. This article states that serious research is a basis for decision makers in particular, who invest funds in countermeasures.
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Taylor, Temis Gardner. "Energy and Risk: Discourse, Framing, and Content." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7370.
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This research examined how people communicate and create knowledge about energy-related risks. Analysis of the discourse, frames, and content surrounding unconventional energy policy and development in the Western United States was conducted using three case studies. The results contribute to an understanding of energy-related risk perceptions in social and historical contexts.
Discourses contained in newspapers and public comments to the Bureau of Land Management presented arguments on the basis of risks to the environment; climate; human health and safety; jobs and economic prosperity; property rights; and local governments. Governments were seen as risks when they were perceived to allow misuse of public resources or threatened to override democratic processes. The quantity of water, energy, and land resources that would be consumed in the production of unconventional fuels were perceived to be social and environmental risks.
Findings indicate that national identity and expectations of democracy were commonly-held values. Other entities, such as energy, the oil and gas industry, and property rights, were constructed in ways that created polarization and conflict among discourses. Different underlying assumptions about the role of government and what should be protected created social tensions and competing accounts of risks. Overall findings lend support to theories of risk and indicate possible communication and trust-building strategies for scientists and policy-makers.
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Mason, Ra. "Japan's recalibration of risk : the framing of North Korea." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2151/.
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Clark, Brodie. "Side Effects May Depend on the Framing of a Warning: But Does this Framing Effect Depend on Absolute Risk?" Thesis, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28535.
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Side effect warnings contribute directly to the burden of side effects. This occurs via the nocebo effect whereby negative outcomes are shaped by features of the treatment context, beyond the direct actions of the active treatment. Some studies have found that positive framing of warnings – stating the proportion of people who will not experience the side effect – reduces side effects compared to the more common-place negative framing – stating the proportion who will experience the side effect. However, findings have been mixed. It appears that the absolute risk ascribed to the side effect may determine the effect of framing, however this has not been tested. The current study employed a 2x2+1 between-subjects design to test the impact of both absolute risk and framing of a warning – as well as the inclusion of any statistical warning at all - on side effects. This was done in a model of virtual reality (VR)-induced nausea, with 130 healthy volunteers. Expectancy, anxiety and attentional bias were also measured as they have been proposed as mechanisms of framing and nocebo effects, but scantly - or in the case of attentional bias, never – previously empirically investigated. In this study, VR-induced nausea was not affected by framing or absolute risk of the warning. However, nausea was greater for participants who received no statistical warning. Relative to other groups, these participants also showed elevated anxiety – although not expectancy or attentional bias. These findings indicate that future studies and clinical practices must consider the effects of general, non-statistical warnings on nocebo side effects as they are potentially even more deleterious than more extensive, statistical warnings. These findings are also the first outside of pain studies to support a role for anxiety in nocebo effects, thereby shaping current understanding and future investigations of the poorly understood mechanisms of nocebo effects.
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Niewöhner, Jörg. "Using mental model theory to understand risk discourse : about the importance of consensus to risk communication." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365117.
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Link-Malcolm, Jessica. "Health message framing : motivating cardiovascular risk factor screening in young adults." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9066/.
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As the leading cause of death in the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) is a growing public health problem, despite the fact that many risk factors for the disease are preventable, especially if addressed early in life. The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of loss-framed versus gain-framed versus information-only health messages on both intention to attend and actual attendance at an appointment to get screened for CHD risk factors (i.e., hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia). It was hypothesized that a population of young adults would be more likely to view screening for CHD risk factors as a low-risk, health-affirming behavior as opposed to a risky, illness-detecting behavior and would thus be more strongly influenced by gain-framed messages than loss-framed messages. Additional goals included the exploration of the extensively researched individual health beliefs of perceived threat (as defined by the health belief model) and health locus of control as they relate to message frames. One hundred forty-three undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either the loss-framed, gain-framed, or information-only control conditions. Framing manipulation checks revealed that participants failed to discern differences in the tone and emphasis of the experimental pamphlets. As a result, no tests of framing effects could be conducted. Sixteen (11.2%) of the 143 participants who participated in Part 1 of the experiment participated in Part 2 (i.e., attended a risk factor screening appointment). Multiple regression analysis revealed risk index, age, and powerful others health locus of control as significant predictors of screening intention. Gender was the only demographic or health related variable that was significantly related to screening outcome, such that women were more likely to get screened than men. Limitations and recommendations are discussed.
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Hansell, Bryce W. "The Relationship Between Risk Propensity and Situational Framing in the Workplace." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1421854300.
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Link-Malcolm, Jessica Kelly Kimberly. "Health message framing motivating cardiovascular risk factor screening in young adults /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9066.
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Li, Sen-Yin. "Framing the debate : narratives of risk in press coverage of GM food." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430876.
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This thesis explores how the debate on genetic modification (GM) and the controversial character of GM food are represented in British newspapers. The dominant narrative, which is repeatedly reproduced in news stories of various events concerning GM food, focuses on risk as the crucial issue: GM food is 'riskified' and its risk is represented as an objectified and factual one which can be verified or falsified by scientific practices. The narrative also highlights the significance of the 'scientific fact' which can be used to rationalise the political decision on GM food. This thesis discusses the narrative through its analysis of news stories about five events: the first GM food product in the UK in 1996, the EU approval of importing American GM maize in 1996, the 'controversy' of Dr Pusztai's findings about the risk ofGM potato in 1999, the regulation oflabelling GM food products in 1999, and the results from the field trials about the risk of growing GM crops in 2003. This narrative represents the reality of GM food in such a way that its readers are led into being more concerned with the effect than the history of GM food. It also leads its readers to expect that science can settle the controversy of GM food. The thesis attempts to search for alternative narratives in which the problem of GM food can be defined and solved in more democratic and productive ways.
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Schreiber, Rebecca A. "(Re)Framing the Storyteller’s Story in John Adams’s "Scheherazade.2"." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin155361836303747.
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Piccolo, Ronald F. "Transformational leadership and follower risk behavior an examination of framing and issue interpretation /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011465.
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Kuipers, Benjamin Johannes. "Public Policy, discourse and risk: Framing the xenotransplantation debate in New Zealand (1998-2013)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Political Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10518.
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This thesis focuses on the evolution and framing of xenotransplantation (XTP) policy debate in New Zealand from 1998 to 2011. Its aim is providing a better understanding of both the science-society interface and the importance of issue framing policy debate in understanding of the scientific debate in New Zealand and its relationship with the public. A qualitative study, this thesis draws upon a variety of public science commentary and debate and poses the research question: How did xenotransplantation’s introduction and explanation to the New Zealand public inform its current status as a Restricted Procedure under New Zealand law; and what ethical implications arise from this public policy debate for public participation in bio-medical research in New Zealand?
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Ore, Rosa. "Framing Colombian Women's Beliefs, Values and Attitude Towards Sex and Sexual High-Risk Behaviors." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4556.
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Hispanic immigrants constitute the largest and fastest growing groups of minorities in the United States. According to the 2010 Census, there are 50.5 million Hispanics in the United States, making up 16.3% of the total population (Passel, Cohn & Lopez, 2011). Furthermore, the state of Florida is home to 4,223,806 Hispanics (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Because the Hispanic population continues to grow, it is important to study their sexual health behaviors because diseases linked to risky sexual behaviors account for approximately 20,000 U.S. deaths each year, and are linked to a number of adverse reproductive outcomes (Abraido-Lanza, Chao, & Florez, 2005; Hussey, Hallfors, Waller, Iritani, Halpern & Bauer, 2006; Mokdad, Marks, Stroup & Geberding, 2004). Much of the research on risky sexual behaviors has included women of Mexican, Cuban and Puerto Rican descent (Weiss & Tillman, 2009). Therefore, to fill a gap in the current research further investigations should be conducted among other Latin subgroups such as Colombians. Conducting studies of Colombian women will contribute to the relatively unknown attitudes, beliefs and values towards sex and sexual high-risk behaviors of South American women.
This study systematically examines literature in order to build a conceptual model, which will explain the sexual behaviors of Colombian women. The study will provide a survey instrument to be used in future research.
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Etling, Bruce. "Network structure, brokerage, and framing : how the internet and social media facilitate high-risk collective action." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2c08ba3d-2eb0-41ee-ace5-cb1f893c951e.
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This thesis investigates the role of network structure, brokerage, and framing in high-risk collective action. I use the protest movement that emerged in Russia following falsified national elections in 2011 and 2012 as an empirical case study. I draw on a unique dataset of nearly 30,000 online documents and the linking structure of over 3,500 Russian Web sites. I employ a range of computational social science methods, including Exponential Random Graph Modeling, an advanced statistical model for social networks, social network analysis, machine learning, and latent semantic analysis. I address three research questions in this thesis. The first asks if a protest network challenging a hybrid regime will have a polycentric or hierarchical structure, and if that structure changes over time. Polycentric networks are conducive to high-risk collective action and are robust to the targeted removal of key nodes, while hierarchical networks can more easily mobilize protesters and spread information. I find that the Russian protest network has a polycentric structure only at the beginning of the protests, and moves towards a less effective hierarchical structure as the movement loses popular support. The second research question seeks to understand if brokered text is actually novel, and if that text is more novel in polycentric networks than in hierarchical ones. Brokers are the individuals or nodes in a network that connect disparate groups through weak ties and close structural holes. Brokers are advantageous because they have access to and spread novel information. I find that the text among nodes in brokered relationships is indeed novel, but that information novelty decreases when networks have a hierarchical structure. The last research question asks if a protest movement in a high-risk political setting can be more successful than the government at spreading its preferred frames, and within such a movement, whether moderate or extremist framing is more prevalent. I find that the opposition is far more effective than the government in spreading its frames, even when the government organizes massive counter protests. Within the movement, moderates are more likely to have their framing adopted online than extremists, unless violence occurs at protests. The findings suggest that movements should build flatter, more diffuse networks by ensuring that brokers tie together diverse protest constituencies. The findings also provide evidence against those who claim that authoritarian governments are more effective in shaping online discourse than oppositional movements, and also suggest that movements should advance moderate framing in order to attract a wider base of support among the general population.
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Roche, Kathleen. "The Great Recession and Nonprofit Endurance: Framing the Mission-Defensive Paradox." Case Western Reserve University Doctor of Management / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=casedm1568627407775438.
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Mueller, Jennifer M. "The Effects of Goal Framing on Auditors' Use of a Decision Aid in Environments of Varied Risk." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37642.
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An auditor performing analytical review must typically diagnose material variances of observed client data from his/her own expectations. The auditor may utilize a decision aid to help in generating potential explanations for a variance; it has, however, the capacity to provide many more explanations than are possible using other means. Under the circumstances of budgetary constraints and limited cognitive load for beginning an information search with these explanations, the auditor may consider the lengthy list and arrive at a more manageable sub-list of the most probable explanations. In doing so, the auditor either eliminates those explanations that are less likely or includes those that are more likely into a reduced list for further consideration. While the goal under either approach is the same-to reduce the list-studies in psychology have shown that those including will reduce the list to a much greater extent than those eliminating. If the auditor begins an information search with this reduced list of explanations, then whether the auditor uses inclusion or elimination may have effectiveness and efficiency implications for the remainder of the analytical review process.
The auditor must also contend with risk in the audit environment, which also may influence the manner in which the auditor reduces the lengthy list of explanations. A risky audit environment is generally related to heightened auditor skepticism and increased audit effort, as predicted by the audit risk model (SAS 47, AICPA 1983). Each of these translates into the desire to pursue a greater number of plausible explanations in a high risk environment than in a low risk environment. Therefore, an auditor would be expected to reduce a decision-aid-provided list of explanations to a lesser degree in a high risk environment than a low risk environment.
The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the occurrence of a goal framing effect at varied levels of client risk. Using a two-way between subjects design, auditors in this study either eliminated or included explanations from a decision-aid-provided list in a low risk or high risk analytical review setting. As suggested by the goal framing theory, auditors who eliminated concluded with significantly more explanations than those who included. Furthermore, as suggested by the audit risk model, auditors in a high risk environment concluded with significantly more explanations than auditors in a low risk environment.
Because previous auditing literature provides that auditor conservatism, which is heightened in periods of high risk, often mitigates biases and heuristics found in the general decision making or psychology literature, it was also predicted that in the high risk scenario, the influence of high risk in enlarging the set of explanations would overcome the influence of the inclusion goal framing in reducing the set of explanations. No support was found for this interaction.
The results of this study have implications for the implementation of decision aids in practice. This study advises that in various client risk settings, auditors evaluating a lengthy decision-aid-provided list of explanations by inclusion may arrive at a significantly smaller number of explanations than by elimination. Given that the subsequent step of analytical review-information search-is planned according to what the auditor believes are the plausible hypotheses, goal framing may have an impact on the overall efficiency and effectiveness of analytical review, in both high and low risk client scenarios.Ph. D.
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Carless, Travis Seargeoh Emile. "Framing a New Nuclear Renaissance Through Environmental Competitiveness, Community Characteristics, and Cost Mitigation Through Passive Safety." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1151.
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The nuclear power sector has a history of challenges with its relative competitiveness against other forms of electricity generation. The availability of low cost low natural gas, the Fukushima accident, and the cancellation of the AP1000 V.C. Summer project has caused a considerable role in ending the short lived “Nuclear Renaissance.” Historically, the nuclear industry has focused on direct cost reduction through construction, increasing installed capacity, and improving efficiencies to capacity factors in the 1990s and 2000s as ways to maintain competitiveness against other forms of energy generation. With renewables serving as an emerging low-carbon competitor, an added focus needs to be placed on indirect methods to increase the competitiveness of nuclear power. This thesis focuses on establishing pathways where nuclear power can be competitive with other forms of electricity generation given its advantages environmentally with Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), socioeconomically with legacy nuclear power plants, and through passive safety with SMRs. In Chapter 2, I estimate the life cycle GHG emissions and examine the cost of carbon abatement when nuclear is used to replace fossil fuels for the Westinghouse SMR (W-SMR) and AP1000. I created LCA models using past literature and Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the mean (and 90% confidence interval) life cycle GHG emissions of the W-SMR to be 7.4 g of CO2-eq/kwh (4.5 to 11.3 g of CO2-eq/kwh) and the AP1000 to be 7.6 g of CO2-eq/kwh (5.0 to 11.3 g of CO2-eq/kwh). Within the analysis I find that the estimated cost of carbon abatement with an AP1000 against coal and natural gas is $2/tonne of CO2-eq (-$13 to $26/tonne of CO2-eq) and $35/tonne of CO2-eq ($3 to $86/tonne of CO2-eq), respectively. In comparison, a W-SMR the cost of carbon abatement against coal and natural gas is $3/tonne of CO2- eq (-$15 to $28/tonne of CO2-eq) and $37/tonne of CO2-eq (-$1 to $90/tonne of CO2-eq), respectively. I conclude, with the exception of hydropower, the Westinghouse SMR design and the AP1000 have a smaller footprint than all other generation technologies including renewables. Assigning a cost to carbon for natural gas plant or implementing zero-emission incentives can improve the economic competitiveness of nuclear power through environmental competitiveness. The retirement of small and medium-scale coal power plants due the availability of natural gas can provide an opportunity for SMRs to replace that missing capacity. This trade-off between higher costs but lower GHG emissions demonstrates that depending on the value placed on carbon, SMR technology could be economically competitive with fossil fuel technologies Following my environmental competitiveness analysis, I shift towards investigating socioeconomic competitiveness of legacy large scale nuclear power plants compared to baseload coal and natural gas plants. In Chapter 3, I utilize ANOVA models, Tukey’s, and t-tests to explore the socioeconomic characteristics and disparities that exist within counties and communities that contain baseload power plants. My results indicate, relative to the home counties of nuclear plants, communities closer to nuclear plants have higher home values and incomes than those further away. Conversely, communities near coal and natural gas have incomes and home values that increase with distance from the plant. Communities near coal plants are typically either in less wealthy parts of the county or have a similar socioeconomic makeup as county. It can be suggested that equity issues regarding the community characteristics could be included in the discussion of converting existing power plants to use other fuel sources. Communities near power plants are not created equally and have different needs. While communities near nuclear power plants may benefit from the added tax base and absence of emissions, this is not the case for communities near coal and natural gas. With the impending retirement of large scale coal plants, the conversion of these plants to natural gas or small modular reactors presents an opportunity where negative environmental externalities can be reduced while also retaining some of the economic benefits. In Chapter 4, I present a model for estimating environmental dose exposure in a post-accident scenario to support scalable emergency planning zones (EPZs). The model includes calculating radionuclide inventory; estimating the impact decontamination factors from the AP1000, NUREG-6189, and EPRI’s Experimental Verification of Post-Accident iPWR Aerosol Behavior test will have on radioactivity within containment; and estimate dose exposure using atmospheric dispersion models. This work aims to compare historical decontamination factors with updated decontamination factors to outline the impact on containment radioactivity and dose exposure relative to the Environmental Protection Agency’s Protective Action Guide (PAG) limits. On average, I have found the AP1000, Surry, and iPWR produces 139, 153, and 104 curies/ft3 75 minutes after a LOCA. The iPWR produces less radioactivity per volume in containment than the AP1000 and Surry 84% and 96% of the time, respectively. The AP1000 produces less radioactivity per volume than Surry 68% of the time. On average, the AP1000, Surry, and iPWR produces 84,000, 106,000, and 7,000 curies/MWth 75 minutes after a LOCA. The lower bound 5 rem PAG limit is never exceeded for and does not exceeds the 1 rem lower PAG limit for whole body exposure at the 5-mile EPZ using the mean value. Considering this analysis uses a simple worst case Gaussian Plume model for atmospheric dispersion, the findings can be used to in conjunction with the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses (SOARCA) to provide accurate and realistic estimates for exposure. I believe this analysis can help to develop a regulatory basis for technology-neutral, risk-based approach to EPZs for iPWRs. Finally, in Chapter 5 I discuss historical challenges facing the nuclear industry, policy implications, and recommendations. These policy implications and recommendations serve as pathways to frame an new nuclear renaissance. I also recommend future work where I details opportunities for improvements to nuclear competitiveness. Ultimately, this thesis can help policy and decision makers that can improve competitiveness and minimize risk as it relates to the expansion of nuclear power sector.
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Zwickle, Adam K. "Communicating Environmental Risks." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397500693.
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Child, Alexander Fairfax. "The announcement effect : the impact of early warnings of future thresholds under different framing and risk contexts." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13668.
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The effect of announcing future institutional change is investigated in three different contexts: a gains frame, a loss frame, and a loss frame with risk. The institutional change is the transition from a normal public goods game into a threshold public goods game. Announcements may change subject behaviour, through influencing their expectations, before the implementation of the new institution (adjustment effect) and/or after the implementation (adaptation effect).We find that announcements in the gains frame cause zero adjustment effects and negative adaptation effects; while announcements in the loss frame cause positive adjustment and adaptation effects. However, including risk into the threshold phase of the loss frame causes the announcements to have zero effects. These results have important implications for the climate change debate.
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Herranz, Zarzoso Noemí. "Three essays based on Experimental Economics: incentives and risk." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667657.
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This thesis sheds light on two of the basic pillars of experimental economics: incentives and framing effects in decision making under risk. Experimental economists are strongly convinced of the importance of monetary incentives as a vital tool in order to motivate effort and improve performance. Based on this, the effectiveness of different monetary incentive structures is analysed in order to increase students' academic performance and to study their overconfidence (both about their abilities and their performance). On the other hand, risk attitude is known to be a key determinant of various economic and financial choices, but it is usually measured with tasks that the literature suggests that may suffer from framing effects. Therefore, this investigation revisits framing effects, but taking into account other confounding factors that may have partly contaminated previous results obtained in the literature.Esta tesis arroja luz sobre dos pilares básicos de la economía experimental: los incentivos y el efecto “marco” en decisiones bajo riesgo. Los economistas experimentales estamos convencidos de la importancia de los incentivos monetarios como herramienta fundamental para motivar a los sujetos en su esfuerzo y mejorar sus resultados. En base a ello, se analiza la efectividad de diferentes estructuras de incentivos monetarios para incrementar el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes y estudiar su exceso de confianza (tanto sobre sus capacidades como el desempeño de las mismas). Por otro lado, la actitud frente al riesgo es un determinante clave en numerosas decisiones económicas y financieras, pero ésta se mide con tareas que la literatura sugiere que pueden sufrir efectos “marco”. Por ello, esta investigación reconsidera los efectos “marco” teniendo en cuenta factores que podrían confundir y haber contaminado parcialmente los resultados anteriores obtenidos en la literatura.
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Schmidt, Barbara [Verfasser], Johannes [Gutachter] Hewig, and Matthias [Gutachter] Wieser. "Taking your chances: risk behavior and its relation to arousal, framing and motivation / Barbara Schmidt. Gutachter: Johannes Hewig ; Matthias Wieser." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1111636664/34.
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Jelschen, Hauke [Verfasser], Ulrich [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt, and James Douglas [Gutachter] Konow. "Essays on Behavioral Economics : Empirical Studies on Risk, Morality and Framing / Hauke Jelschen ; Gutachter: James Douglas Konow ; Betreuer: Ulrich Schmidt." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227301634/34.
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Prinsloo, Christoffel Frederick. "Investigating the influence of individual value systems and risk propensities on decision-making quality in value clashing circumstances." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61270.
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This study investigated the influences of personal value systems and risk propensities on managerial decision-making quality during value clashes. The post-globalisation business landscape is impacted by role players of vastly differing personal attributes, hypothesised to have varying influences on decision-making behaviour. A deeper understanding of how these attributes impact decision-making quality will therefore enrich the literature and arm practitioners with improved decision-making skills.
A review of behavioural decision-making literature revealed three core approaches: the normative (prescriptive) perspective, focussed on decision analysis, the cognitive limitations perspective highlighting the boundaries of human cognition and the psychological (values/emotions/motivations) perspective allowing for ethical- or value-boundedness. The extant literature contributes little on the quality of decision-making exhibited by managers, or how to improve it. It also doesn’t consider variance in decision-making between groups defined by personal value and risk traits. This study therefore aimed to establish whether decision-making quality varied with variances in personal attributes, and whether an intervention would improve decision-making behaviour.
The research, conducted on a sample of 460 South African managers, established the demographics and value- and risk orientations of the participating group. Three value clashing scenarios, incorporating social-relational framing interventions, where introduced to gauge the decision-making behaviour of the test subjects. Decision-making quality was assessed through the integrative complexity measure and qualitative assessments were conducted on the decision motivation texts.
Decision-tree analyses, multiple regression analyses as well as T-tests comparing the decision-quality produced by individuals of opposing orientations, revealed a clear relationship between the value segments of self-enhancement and openness to change and higher quality decision-making. Social risk-taking was related to better decision-making and reframing the scenarios produced better decision-making quality responses, if the reframing was done harshly enough. The qualitative analysis supported these findings, but hinted at additional, context specific decision motivators.
This study contributed an integrated view of decision-making literature, tested the application of integrative complexity as a measure of decision quality and introduced new perspectives on how value orientations, risk proclivities and scenario framing relate to decision-making quality. Practitioners can apply this to assess individuals in terms of their decision-making abilities, and can improve decision-making quality in managers through scenario re-framing.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
PhD
Unrestricted
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Morris, Rhiain Georgina. "The impact of gain and loss focused message framing on young people's perception of risk in relation to sexual health behaviour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437396.
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Afshar, Faranak. "Investigating the Determinants of Disaster Recovery Technology Investment Choice in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/7.
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Due to the importance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as drivers of economic growth, it is essential to explore the security issues impacting SMEs' success and failure. One of the main security risks that could significantly impair the operability of the organizations is the permanent loss of data due to man-made and/or natural disasters and interruptions. Research has shown that SMEs are not taking disaster preparedness for their computer and networking systems as seriously as they should. This dissertation is an attempt to explain the process of a risky choice, specifically the decision maker's choice of not investing in disaster recovery technologies (DRT) to protect the firm. This study applied a revised model of determinants of risky decision-making behavior suggested by Sitkin and Weingart (1995) to a context of DRT investment in the real world. The model was empirically tested using survey data collected from a list of technology investment decision makers of SMEs located in the northeastern United States. Analysis and results of the collected survey data suggest the revised model can be applied to the real world context. The executive's characteristics, experience, and traits such as positive outcome history, risk propensity, risk perception, and decision framing influence the decision to invest in data protective technologies in SMEs. Specifically, the results of the analysis indicated that risk propensity is affected by outcome history and risk perception is affected by decision framing. In addition, risk propensity affected risk perception and risk perception affected the choice of DRT investment. Furthermore, decision framing had moderate effect on DRT investment
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Griffiths, Melvyn. "Judging dread: A quantitative investigation of affect, psychometric dread and risk consequence." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1706.
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Risk is generally understood as a product of the likelihood and consequence of an event. However, the way in which estimations of consequences are formed is unclear due to the complexities of human perception. In particular, the influence of Affect, defined as positive or negative qualities subjectively assigned to stimuli, may skew risk consequence judgements. Thus a clearer understanding of the role of Affect in risk consequence estimations has significant implications for risk management, risk communication and policy formulation.
In the Psychometric tradition of risk perception, Affect has become almost synonymous with the concept of Dread, despite Dread being measured in a way which excludes emotional elements. One of the most consistent findings of the Psychometric Paradigm is that the level of Dread associated with a hazard is the best predictor of perceived risk. However, there is debate over whether Dread risk is associated with Affect, or whether the factor is dominated by severe consequences. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the association of Affect with Dread risk characteristics and risk consequence judgements. The study investigated whether the predictive power of Dread should be attributed to negative Affect, or to cognitive estimations of the magnitude and severity of consequences.
The study employed a three Phase between-subjects design, with respondents from 28 countries (N=1838) completing emotionally and neutrally worded research instruments based on the Psychometric Dread risk model. Results were assessed via descriptive data analysis, t-tests, Factor Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling. The study found that the association of Affect on estimations of risk consequence was largely confined to the Dread risk characteristics of personal control and voluntary choice. These were secondary to the much larger influence of the consequence severity characteristics, estimations of which were unmoved by negative Affect. The study concluded that the Dread risk factor is primarily an unemotional measure of the severity of risk consequences, and the role of emotion in Dread risk is a separate factor related to control and choice.
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Mckellar, Junior Tem C. "Re-framing risk transfer to assess integrative partnership opportunities: the S.A.R. approach and the AIG/BID/CNO regional surety bond facility of 2007." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6883.
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The identification, allocation and management of project risks are major concerns to in establishing and administering public-private partnerships (PPP). Consequently managers of public entities, development banks, construction companies and insurers are studying and employing many techniques to address the assessment and management of project risks. Risk transfer is a hallmark of the purported benefits provided by PPP, yet due to contractual and conceptual realities, the public party (the ceding entity) almost always remains the ultimate risk bearer. Consequently, public party retains an enduring interest in the overall management of these ceded risks. This dissertation explores shortcomings of the common approaches to conceptualizing risk management in the context of a PPP. By focusing the concepts of interdependence and mutuality and using the decision to transfer project risk, this dissertation frames the decision to transfer risk in terms of: the interdependent realities of systemic relationships, broadens the technical concepts of risk and risk assessment and considers the reflective use of differences in perspective to analyze the case study. The author explores these concepts in an analysis of decision of a risk manager of the Brazilian construction company Construtora Norberto Odebrecht to design an innovative surety bond facility with the Inter-American Development Bank (BID) and an insurer, the American International Group (AIG), a deal which won recognition as Trade Finance Magazine’s 2007 deal of the year. The author argues that by framing risk transfer in terms of the organization’s systemic disposition, technical assessment and reflective dynamics, one may identify and create more opportunities to engage in successful long-term relationships in ways that current PPP literature does not yet address. The results should provide contributions for future research into project risk transfer, inter-organizational cooperation and potential project partner selection.
Identificar, compartilhar e gerenciar os riscos de contratar são preocupações que impedem o estabelicmento e a administração das Parcerias Públicos Particulares (PPP). Porem, gerentes das entidades públicas, bancos de formento, construtoras e seguradoras pesquisam e utilizam muitas técnicas para enfrentar a avaliação e gerenciamento dos riscos. A transferência de risco é uma indicação dos chamados benefícios que são inspirados pelos PPP, contudo devido às realidades contratuais e conceptuais, a entidade de cede o risco (o partido público) permanece quase sempre como o portador final do risco. Conseqüentemente, o partido público retem um interesse de resistência na gerência total destes riscos cedidos. Esta dissertação explora alguns defeitos das aproximações comuns a conceituar a gestão de risco no contexto de um PPP. Focalizando os conceitos da interdependência e da reciprocidade e usando na decisão para transferir o risco do projeto, esta dissertação molda a decisão para transferir o risco nos termos das realidades interdependentes de relacionamentos sistemáticos, alargam os conceitos técnicos do risco e da avaliação de risco, considerando o uso reflexivo das diferenças na analise de um estudo de caso. O autor explora estes conceitos em uma análise da decisão de um gerente de risco da empresa de construção civil brasileira Construtora Norberto Odebrecht (ODB) para projetar uma facilidade inovadora da ligação de garantia com Inter-American Development Bank (BID) e uma seguradora, American International Group (AIG), um negócio que ganhe o reconhecimento Trade Finance Magazine’s 2007 deal of the year. O autor mostra que por compreender a transferência de risco nos termos abordados nesta dissertação, um atore que transfere o risco pode identificar e criar mais oportunidades de estabelecer relacionamentos em longo prazo, através dos processos que a literatura atual do PPP ainda não considere. Os resultados devem fornecer contribuições para a pesquisas sobre a transferência do risco do projeto, na cooperação entre organizações e na seleção do sócio do projeto do potencial.
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Væver, Kronborg Katja. "The Stockholm Terror Attack 2017 : How Domestic and International Online News Media Framed the Act and Empowered Involved Actors." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40859.
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The aim of this comparative study has been to identify similarities and differences in Swedish and British media’s framing and empowerment of actors in relation to the 2017 Stockholm terror attack. Theories on the risk society, framing, power and CDA have been used to create a framework that gives a deeper understanding of media’s role in framing actors and events, and how this can potentially affect the public. Moreover, to determine how media use their power to dis- tribute power among the actors and objects that are part of such an attack. A critical discourse analysis has been carried out on excerpts from a total of 15 articles, seven and six from Sweden and Britain respectively. In this analysis, both framing and power issues were identified, which was used to conduct a discussion on the findings in relation to the the- oretical framework used. It was found that while Sweden and Britain are part of the same culture and therefore largely covered the terror attack the same way, there was a significant difference in the portrayal of the perpetrator. Swedish media had a tendency to use othering and describe the perpetrator as one of “them” as opposed to the “we”. British media, on the other hand, made use of other- ing as well, but would also offer descriptions that could make the “we” relate to him. This difference can potentially be due to the fact that Swedes have been more emotional about the attack, as it happened in their own country. The distribution of power between actors were done similarly in both countries. Two power- plays were identified: the police vs. the perpetrator, and the act (the truck) vs. the public. In order to avoid giving the perpetrator credit for the act, when the act was portrayed, the truck would be described as the powerful actor. Thus, even though it is common sense that the truck did not drive into people on itself, the perpetrator’s actions has not been acknowledged in the media. Instead, when describing the perpetrator, it has been done in relation to the police, who were described as the powerful actors – they caught the perpetrator, i.e. he did not have the power to avoid them or escape. Thus, while Swedish and British media largely have covered the act the same way and with the same means, the Swedish media have used emotional means to further othering.
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Xu, Guoqing. "Assessment of risk of disproportionate collapse of steel building structures exposed to multiple hazards." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41079.
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Vulnerability of buildings to disproportionate (or progressive) collapse has
become an increasingly important performance issue following the collapses of the
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995 and the World Trade
Center in 2001. Although considerable research has been conducted on this topic, there are still numerous unresolved research issues. This dissertation is aimed at developing structural models and analysis procedures for robustness assessment of steel building structures typical of construction practices in the United States, and assessing the performance of these typical structures.
Beam-column connections are usually the most vulnerable elements in steel buildings structures suffering local damage. Models of three typical frame connections for use in robustness assessment have been developed with different techniques, depending on the experimental data available to support such models. A probabilistic model of a pre-Northridge moment-resisting connection was developed through finite element simulations, in which the uncertainties in the initial flaw size, beam yield strength and fracture toughness of the weld were considered. A macro-model for a bolted T-stub connections was developed by considering the behavior of each connection element individually (i.e. T-stub, shear tab and panel zone) and assembling the elements to form a complete connection model, which was subsequently calibrated to experimental data. For modeling riveted connections in older steel buildings that might be candidates for rehabilitation, a new method was proposed to take advantage of available experimental data from tests of earthquake-resistant connections and to take into account the effects of the unequal compressive and tensile stiffnesses of top and bottom parts in a connection and catenary action.
These connection models were integrated into nonlinear finite element models of structural systems to allow the effect of catenary and other large-deformation action on the behavior of the frames and their connections following initial local structural damage to be assessed. The performance of pre-Northridge moment-resisting frames was assessed with both mean-centered deterministic and probabilistic assessment procedures; the significance of uncertainties in collapse assessment was examined by comparing the results from both procedures. A deterministic assessment of frames with full and partial-strength bolted T-stub connections was conducted considering three typical beam spans in both directions. The vulnerability of an older steel building with riveted connections was also analyzed deterministically. The contributions from unreinforced masonry infill panels and reinforced concrete slabs on the behavior of the building were investigated.
To meet the need for a relatively simple procedure for preliminary vulnerability assessment, an energy-based nonlinear static pushdown analysis procedure was developed. This procedure provides an alternative method of static analysis of disproportionate collapse vulnerability that can be used as an assessment tool for regular building frames subjected to local damage. Through modal analysis, dominant vibration modes of a damaged frame were first identified. The structure was divided into two parts, each of which had different vibration characteristics and was modeled by a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system separately. The predictions were found to be sufficiently close to the results of a nonlinear dynamic time history analysis (NTHA) that the method would be useful for collapse-resistant design of buildings with regular steel framing systems.
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Littlejohn, Lexia M. "The impact of retreating sea ice on Arctic marine transport and development : an integrated risk and scenario-based approach to framing solutions for potential marine incidents /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Campos, Felipe dos Reis. "Controvérsia, política e risco: enquadrando os transgênicos nos portais Estadão Digital e Folha de S. Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-02032018-165034/.
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Frames são dispositivos cognitivos que organizam os sentidos da vida cotidiana. Enquadrar um risco ambiental é fazer mais saliente algumas de suas possibilidades, promovendo uma ou outra interpretação. A dissertação examina como a pauta dos transgênicos foi enquadrada pelos portais Estadão Digital Frames are cognitive devices that organize the meanings of everyday life. To frame a certain risk is to do more prominent some of its possibilities, promoting one or another interpretation. The research examines how the agenda of transgenic organisms has been framed by the Brazilian online newspapers Estadão Digital
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Cohen, Elizabeth Leigh. ""My Loss is Your Gain": Examining the Role of Message Frame, Perceived Risk, and Ambivalence in the Decision to Become an Organ Donor." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-011153/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Cynthia Hoffner, committee chair; Yuki Fujioka, Holley Wilkin, committee members. Electronic text ( 81 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 8, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-65).
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Brown, Tyra L. "The Next Disaster... Will Be Televised| An Exploratory Qualitative Media Analysis of Hurricane Preparedness in Television Newscasts." Thesis, Nova Southeastern University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264499.
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Major hurricane landfalls are the most dangerous natural hazard threats experienced in the U.S. Television news is a primary sources of hurricane hazard information and has the ability to influence what viewers understand about and how they respond to these events. While it is understood that media plays a central role in communicating weather, it is unknown whether or not news media content communicates the recommended hurricane hazard adjustments that are needed for preparedness and protection. Thus this study supports prior research calling for a closer examination of the role and effects of visual information in media documents. Using the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, the present research employs qualitative media analysis to explore the framing of hurricane preparedness through television newscasts covering Hurricane Katrina from August 23-29, 2005. Key findings from this study suggest that there are five common frames through which hurricane information is presented to viewers of the national news broadcasts surveyed in this study. Preparedness information was found to be mainly represented through visual content but sparsely mentioned in reporting. The study also found that more often visuals were used to aid story development instead of provide educational or instructional messages that model the adoption of hazard adjustments and have the potential to motivate protective actions and behaviors by helping to increase self-efficacy. The present study concludes by discussing underlying aspects of conflict present within the media frames and offering recommendations for better integration of media content into risk communication campaigns for severe weather.
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Sandqvist, Cecilia. "Gestaltningen av diabetes i svensk press : En kvantitativ innehållsanalys av svenska dags- och kvällstidningar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146510.
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Background: Diabetes is a global health issue on the rise. Besides genetics as a cause of diabetes, diet, weight and lifestyle are amongst the main factors. Due to the modernized society, new technology and risks, there has been a shift in responsibility of safety and health. As a part of a health promoting policy development during the last few decades there has also been a natural de-authorization of health knowledge and expertise. Governmental expertise has been decentralized to the society and so has the responsibilities. Traces of this new health paradigm can be seen in the media discourse. It has been seen in studies of the reporting of diabetes in North American press, that societal factors – such as labor market, health care and infrastructure – often get veiled by individuals’ responsibility and guilt due to lifestyle and life choices. This affects how individuals feel about their life situation and how the public perceive them. Method and material: A quantitative content analysis was performed on 112 articles from six Swedish broadsheet and tabloid newspapers. The articles were coded with variables measuring article theme, dominant framing of diabetes´ causes and whose responsibility, what arguments are used and what agents with dignity can be seen. Excerpts from the articles were also analyzed with qualitative tools as modality and argumentation analysis. Results: Similarities between the Swedish and the North American newspapers were discovered. Societal factors and structures as causes and means of responsibilities were not as prominent as those aiming for the individual. The responsibility of the society was also reported to a much greater extent than society as a factor contributing to cause diabetes. This can be considered a sign of the health promoting strategy and the individualism that is rooted in modernization, industrialization and economic liberalization. Doctors and scientists were given dignity as often as celebrities and private citizens, which indicates the de-authorization of health knowledge and the further use of scientists and doctors as a truth repository in media. Several of the articles concern the critique of the diabetes unawareness and predominant individual responsibility that was the outset of this study. Celebrities and private citizens were frequently given dignity in these cases. In their criticizing, high modality contributed to a strong authority in their knowledge.Grund för forskningsfrågan: Diabetes av olika slag drabbar ett växande antal människor världen över. Sjukdomen tros främst bero på genetik och omgivande faktorer så som livsstil, vilken påverkas av den omgivande miljön. Det har visat sig i studier av rapportering kring sjukdomen i bland annat nordamerikansk press att samhälleliga faktorer ofta hamnar i skymundan och att skulden och ansvaret för sjukdomen framstår ligga hos individen och dess egenvalda livsstil. Detta kan bero på en hälsofrämjande strategi som setts växa fram under de senaste decennierna, som en reaktion på effekterna av teknisk utveckling, modernisering och marknadskrafter. Strategin har inneburit en naturlig av-auktorisering av hälsokunskapen och individualisering av ansvaret. Detta hälsoparadigm återspeglas i medierna. Studien: Denna studie undersöker rapporteringen av diabetes i svensk press, genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 112 artiklar från sex svenska dags- och kvällstidningar. Materialet kodades med variabler för bland annat artikeltema, dominant gestaltning av orsak samt ansvar för diabetes, vilka argument som förekommer och vilka aktörer som tillskrivs dignitet i sammanhanget. Detta kompletterades med en kvalitativ analys av några textutdrag från materialet, med verktyg och begrepp från och argumentationsanalys samt det lingvistiska begreppet modalitet. Resultat: Det framträder stora likheter mellan de svenska tidningarna och de nordamerikanska. Samhällsstrukturer som orsak till och ansvar för diabetes framgår inte i samma utsträckning som individens roll. Samhällets ansvar för sjukdomen framgår dock i större utsträckning än dess skuld, vilket går i linje med individualiseringen av hälsoansvaret. Läkare och professorer tillsammans förekommer med dignitet i ungefär lika många artiklar som privatpersoner och kändisar tillsammans, vilket indikerar avauktoriseringen av hälsokunskapen, och den fortsatta användningen av läkare och professorer som ett slags ”sanningsvittnen”. I flera artiklar framträder just den kritik mot okunskap kring sjukdomen och hur individerna själva måste arbeta för att förändra läget, en utgångspunkt för denna studie. Kändisar och privatpersoner fick i dessa fall dignitet. I deras kritiserande av andra uttalanden de inte höll med i, agerade hög modalitet en faktor som gav dem auktoritet i sina uttalanden.
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Sedláček, Stanislav. "Komerční dům v Brně - stavebně technologická příprava výstavby." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240216.
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The aim of my thesis was to perform construction and technological preparation of the construction of commercial house in Brno in the street Křídlovická. The introduction contains the expected design and construction process of the proposed building as a whole. It is also prepared a preliminary draft of the financial cost of the entire project designed according THU and object schedule. Furthermore, the implementation of the project construction site for a major part of the commercial house. Gradually work focuses mainly on the implementation of the technological stage of construction site with detailed processing procedure for the implementation of monolithic concrete structures of the building.
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Hung, Yu-Lan, and 洪毓蘭. "The influence of framing, formats of probability and information on risk preference in risky choice." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95209088746412237760.
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碩士國立臺灣師範大學
教育心理與輔導學系
104
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of framing, formats of probability and information on risk preference for risky choice. Besides the influence of gain/loss frame, the study suggests that the probabilities shown in two-outcome all-or-none (all survived or all dead) or non-all-or-none (some survived or some dead) risky prospect and the risky choice problems presented on numbers or words would lead to the variation on risky preference. In addition, this study compared the consistency of risky preferences on two agendas of human life and money. Ninety-one undergraduates responded to the variants of the Asian Disease Problem, and provided preference ratings for the options. The results were as follow: (1) No framing effect was observed not only when the probabilities were shown in outcome non-all-or-none numerically but also when the framing problem was presented with words. That indicates the two formats enhanced the participants’ comprehensions on the framing problem so that the framing effect was decreased. (2) When outcome involved money in the positive frame, participants preferred the sure-thing option not only when the probabilities were shown in outcome all-or-none numerically but also when the probabilities were shown in outcome non-all-or-none in words. Additionally, in comparison with the human life agenda, the preferences in the money agenda illustrate that participants are likely to take risk aversion. (3) The inconsistency of risky preferences for choice across two agendas shows that they would interact with other variables in the framing problem. The suggestions also provided for the further researches.
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Hendren, Christine Ogilvie. "Framing and Assessing Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3129.
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Nanomaterials are being increasingly produced and used across a myriad of applications while their novel properties are still in the midst of being designed and explored. Thus the full implications of introducing these materials into the environment cannot be understood, yet the need to assess potential risks is already upon us. This work discusses a comprehensive view of environmental impact with respect to material flows from across the value chain into all compartments of the environment, whereby interactions and potential hazardous effects become possible. A subset of this broad system is then chosen for evaluation; a model is derived to describe the fate of nanomaterials released to wastewater.
This analysis considers the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as a complete mixed reactor aerobic secondary clarifier, and predicts whether nanomaterials will associate with effluent or sludge to project potential concentrations in each. The concentration of nanomaterials reaching a WWTP is estimated based on a linear weighting of total production, and the fate of nanomaterials within the WWTP is based on a characteristic inherent to the material, partition coefficient, and on design parameters of the WWTP, such as retention times and suspended solids concentration.
Due to the uncertainty inherent to this problem, a probabilistic approach is employed. Monte Carlo simulation is used, sampling from probability distributions assigned to each of the input parameters to calculate a distribution for the predicted concentrations in sludge and effluent. Input parameter distributions are estimated from values reported in the literature where possible. Where data do not yet exist, studies are carried out to enable parameter estimation. In particular, nanomaterial production is investigated to provide a basis to estimate the magnitude of potential exposure. Nanomaterial partitioning behavior is also studied in this work, through laboratory experiments for several types of nano-silver.
The results presented here illustrate the use of nanomaterial inventory data in predicting environmentally relevant concentrations. Estimates of effluent and sludge concentrations for nano-silver with four different types coatings suggest that these surface treatments affect the removal efficiency; the same nanomaterial with different coatings may have different environmental fates. Effluent concentration estimates for C60 and nano-TiO2 suggest that these nanomaterials could already be present at problematic concentrations at current levels of annual production.
Estimates of environmentally relevant concentrations may aid in interpretation of nanotoxicology studies. These relative estimates are also useful in that they may help inform future decisions regarding where to dedicate resources for future research. Beyond attempting to estimate environmental concentrations of nanomaterials, this type of streamlined model allows the consideration of scenarios, focusing on what happens as various input parameters change. Production quantity and the fraction of this quantity that is released to wastewater are found to greatly influence the model estimates for wastewater effluent concentrations; in the case of wastewater sludge concentrations, the model is sensitive to those parameters in addition to solids retention time.
Dissertation
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Lee, Chia-ni, and 李佳霓. "Correcting Risk Decision-Making Bias from Framing Effect and Risk Propensity." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05855026585505895576.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理研究所
102
Global companies are faced with complex economic and operating environment, how to increase corporate profits and growth, is undoubtedly a major challenge to business executives. Enterprises in the face of fluctuating market competition, and must grasp the opportunity to make decisions. Business’s objectives in the pursuit of profit maximization, and stock management is a key factor of the cost and profit. Bargain buying materials and enough stock is the way to rapidly changing market. Business-to-stock strategy because of past experience, to take a conservative or risky decisions. The research attempts to understand the likelihood of the risk value which occurring in the relationship between the risk of decision-making and risk propensity, and also to explore the corporate properties of determining the relationship between positive and negative frame and risk event rates. The purpose is to separate the frame effect so we will know the business manager’s risk propensity when he makes the risk decisions.
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Huang, Po-tong, and 黃柏棟. "The risk-taking and framing effect on adolescent." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63920153558967352441.
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碩士國立中正大學
企業管理所
96
Abstract The purpose and motive of this research is to explore the risk-taking differences and the influence of framing effect on adults and adolescents. The experimental method is employed to prove hypotheses in the research. The research consists of two experiments. The independent variable is two groups of adults and adolescents in Study 1. The dependent variable is risk-taking’s level.The main tool is measured with questionaries. Every participant is measured in two situations. Situation 1 is about to invest in finance. Situation 2 is curriculum. The purpose of these situations research is to explore the risk-taking difference on adults and adolescents. It is adopted to prove hypothesis 1.In the experiment, there are two hundred thirty four adolescents and adults. one hundred nineteen adolescents as well as one hundred fifteen adults were tested. The results indicated the inclination of risk-taking is very differents between adolescents and adults. Adolescents’ risk-taking inclination is higher than adults’. Adolescents are likely to be risk-taking while adults are not. There are two independent variables in study 2., One is adults and adolescents, and the other is framing effect. Two factional experiment designs are utilized.The framing effect is to seperate positive and negative factors. The dependent factor is risk-taking. The purpose of this research is to explore the framing effect differences between adults and adolescents. It is to prove hypothesis 2. Two situations are utilized, too.Situation 1 is about curriculum. Situation 2 is about finance. One hundred nine adolescents and one hundred seven adults are inclined to be positive, while one hundred six adolescents and one hundred seven adults are apt to be negative. The results indicate that framing effect is different on adolescents and adults. The adolescents’ framing effect is lower than adult. The adolescents are not influenced by framing effect. Adolescents are likely to be risk-taking, whereas adults are apt to be risk-aversion. Keywords： adolescent; risk taking; framing effect
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Grobbelaar, Jan. "The influence of risk stakeholder personality on risk framing: an exploratory study." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/17046.
Full textAbstract:
Corporate governance models segregate the role of risk manager and risk taker to allow for independent challenge of risk-related decisions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that broad personality traits predict risk-related behaviour. While prospect theory revealed a natural preference towards risk-taking in a negative risk frame, studies have also shown the influence of personality traits on risk preference. We investigated the less reported subject of the potential influence of risk stakeholder personality on risk decision making in the corporate environment. We expected to observe that the personality traits of risk takers and risk managers will differ as a consequence of occupational self-selection. Further, we expected that such personality differences will produce disparate risk preferences between risk takers and risk managers, supporting the governance expectation of independent challenge of risk-related decisions. A sample of investment banking risk stakeholders (n = 100) completed the HEXACO–PI–R as well as a vignette-based risky choice questionnaire involving positively and negatively framed financial risk scenarios. We found homogeneity in personality traits between risk takers and risk managers but observed a noticeable bias toward risk-taking in the negative frame by risk managers. High Honesty–Humility and Conscientiousness scores in both groups may negate the risk of irresponsible risk-taking or undesirable risk behaviour. The results of this study confirm the importance of personality screening for job applicants and should also alert risk practitioners to potential weaknesses in the independent challenge of risk-related decisions as a result of personality homogeneity among risk stakeholders.
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Yen, Shu-Ling, and 顏淑鈴. "Effects of Personal Involvement and Task Risk on Goal Framing." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/267t66.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
心理學研究所
92
Framing refers to the phenomena that two logically equivalent questions lead to different responses because information is processed in different ways. Researchers have demonstrated that framing is a reliable phenomenon and personal involvement moderates goal framing. Nevertheless, conflicting findings have been observed in this line of research. The main purpose of the present study is to clarify such inconsistency by introducing another moderator, i.e., task risk. It is proposed that personal involvement and task risk can additively affect people’s risk perception of the action course, which further moderates framing. Two experiments, both with a 2 (message frame: positive/negative) × 2 (personal involvement: high/low) × 2 (task risk: high/low) between-subjects design, were conducted. Experiment 2 was basically identical to Experiment 1, with some modifications in the questionnaire of risk perception. In both experiments, English Proficiency Test for Graduation was the task. Involvement, task risk, and message frame were manipulated by instructions. The dependent variables were subjects’ attitudes and behavioral intentions toward the action course after they read the framed messages. In addition, the subject was assessed risk perception of the action course. There were 160 undergraduate students served as participants in Experiment 1, and 136 undergraduate students participated in Experiment 2. Subjects were randomly assigned to 8 experimental conditions. Our hypotheses are as follows: people under the condition of high involvement/high task risk would produce high risk perception, which further directs the subject’s attention to potential losses. Thus, the negatively framed message is more persuasive than the positive framed message. People under the conditions of high involvement/low task risk and low involvement/high task risk would generate low risk perception, which draws the participant’s attention to potential gains. Therefore, a positively frame was more persuasive than a negative one. People under the condition of low involvement/low task risk would produce the weakest risk perception, leading them care about neither potential gains nor losses. Thus, positively and negatively framed messages had the same effect. In Experiment 1, Findings in attitudes supported the hypotheses of framing effects, although findings in behavioral intentions failed to do so. As to the hypotheses regarding risk perception, the results were not as expected. It was conjectured that the unexpected findings in risk perception was due to either ambiguous wordings of risk questionnaire or the incomplete measurement of risk perception. Thus, in Experiment two, the questionnaire for assessing risk perception was modified and framing effects were reexamined. In Experiment 2, empirical results supported both hypotheses regarding risk perception and framing effects. In summary, personal involvement and task risk will additively influence an individual’s risk perception of the action course, which further moderates framing effects. Therefore, the present study reconciles conflicting findings in goal framing.
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黃瓊玉. "The Effect of Temporal Framing on the Perception of Environmental Risk." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64633123644874345143.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺北市立教育大學
環境教育與資源研究所環境教育組
98
Abstract An extremely important thing is how to communicate the environmental issue with people in the environmental education, so that people perceive the environmental risk, and then would like to change their behavior to prevent the danger of the environment. Base on the literature in psychology has proposed the concepts of temporal framing, self positivity bias and goal framing. The present research explored the effect of temporal framing on the perception of environmental risk, and explored the self positivity bias and goal framing effect in the environmental issue, and also explored the moderating effect of temporal framing on the self positivity bias and goal framing effect. The present research examined the proposed hypotheses through three studies. Study 1 through two environmental topics of the water resource and tropical rain forest as experimental stimulus, demonstrated the effect of temporal framing on the perception of environmental risk. The perception of environmental risk in the day frame is higher than that in the year frame. Study 2 through cadmium rice topic as experimental stimulus, demonstrated that environmental issue exist self positivity bias. The risk estimate for others is higher than that for own. Further, it has not enough confidence to support the moderating effect of temporal framing on the self positivity bias. Study 3 through the global warming issue as the experimental stimulus, revealed that has not enough confidence to support environmental topic exists goal framing effect. It also revealed that has not enough confidence to support the moderating effect of temporal framing on the goal framing effect. The present research also conducted the discussion base on the research results. Keywords: temporal framing, self positivity bias, goal framing, environmental risk perception
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Wang, Yu-jing, and 王玉菁. "The Effects of Enterprise Attributes and Framing Effect on Risk Propensity." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62857665420761344895.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理研究所
100
In a highly uncertain competitive market, organizations that are in the process of making profit usually experience a significant level of risk. Information acquisition, time limitation and other factors have constrained the process of risk assessment; the decision makers of the organizations come out with subjective opinions based on the circumstances, arisen problems and ways of coding during that time which will influence the risk propensity. The difference in conditions, human labor and resources might also affect the way the organizations look at profit and loss. This research is based on goal framing, and discusses the organization’s intension of action while facing an opportunity situation and the relationship between the positive frames (gain) and negative frames (loss). The study objects for this research paper are mostly small and medium enterprises in manufacturing sector. The research shows that the effects of negative frames have more impacts on decision-making than the effects of positive frames. In other words, organizations are more concerned about the potential loss compared to positive gain, and these organizations are accompanied with high risk propensity. The attributes of the enterprises, operational time, average age of employees and the capital will impact the flaming effect and risk propensity. The larger the scale of the organization, the higher risk propensity it has in the time of profiting. Organization that has short operational time, low average age of employee and high capital has high risk propensity.
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Watts, Dorian E. "The communication of West Nile virus risk: a newspaper analysis." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/4823.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research was to understand how the risks associated with West
Nile virus (WNV) were presented by the Winnipeg Free Press. A detailed content
analysis was completed on all Winnipeg Free Press articles and Manitoba Health
news releases, between 1999 and 2008, containing information related to West Nile.
Additional data included interviews with government and media representatives.
Several recurring frames, including blame, controversy, rights and fairness, risk, and
uncertainty were found in the newspaper data. Over time there was a decrease in both
the coverage and prominence of WNV-related issues by the Winnipeg Free Press. In
terms of the use of sources by media, the provincial government was found to be the
most commonly used source in this context. Reporting of WNV-related issues by the
Winnipeg Free Press has been relatively clear and balanced despite some initial
alarmist coverage surrounding the uncertainty of the arrival of WNV.
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Chou, Chia-wha, and 周佳樺. "The Effect of Health Claim、Message Framing and Perceived Risk on Consumer Behavior." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72838596798263062860.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
92
THESIS ABSTRACT�~ GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION�~ NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY NAME：CHIA-WHA,CHOU MONTH/YEAR：JUNE, 2004. In the marketplace, we can see lots of food or drink products with health claims. In the past many studies had proven that health claims are useful tools in promotion strategies. On the contrary, also some scholars proved that health claims are often incomplete and misleading(Silverglade 1991). This research focused on Taiwan which related law isn’t very restrict and analyzed the packages of products, wanted to know the consumers’ attitudes toward health claims, and compared the regulations between Taiwan and USA. The research was divided into two studies. Study 1 proved the effects of health claims and nutrition facts panels among Taiwan’s consumers. The study was 2x2 between-subjects design and proved that products with health claims can reduce consumers’ perceived risk, lift their brand attitude and purchase intention. Manipulation of nutrition content had even more significant effects. Study 2 added two variables as perceived risk and message framing, wanted to prove that high-perceived risk consumers have better attitude when viewing negative framing health claim than positive framing; the other way round, low-perceived risk consumers have similar attitude when both viewing negative and positive framing health claims. The study was 2x2x2 between subjects design and proved the hypothesis as the one which was described earlier. And the study examined that when viewing favorable and unfavorable nutrition content, high-perceived risk consumers changed their attitude more significantly than low-perceived risk consumers. When the health claim and the nutrition content were contradictive, high-perceived risk consumers tended to form their attitudes by nutrition facts panel, but low-perceived risk consumers would be affected simply by the health claim.
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Schmidt, Barbara. "Taking your chances: risk behavior and its relation to arousal, framing and motivation." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-107149.
Full textAbstract:
Human risk behavior is the subject of growing research in the field of psychology as well as economics. One central topic is the influence of psychological variables on risk behavior. Studies contained in this work investigated the impact of arousal, framing and motivation on risk behavior. Arousal can on the one hand be a temporarily stable trait and on the other hand a situation-dependent variable. We showed that low trait arousal, measured via resting heart rate, predicted risky behavior. After physical exercise, state arousal was heightened in the experiment. Participants tended to act less risky after physical exercise. Taken together, the results suggest an inverse relation of arousal and risk behavior. Most studies investigating risk behavior employ a payment method that we call pay-one method: although the gambles that are used consist of many trials, only one trial is paid out. We investigated the effect of the payment method on risk behavior by employing both the pay-one and a pay-all method, which pays out all trials, in a within-subjects design. We found that participants acted about 10% less risky in the pay-one condition compared to the pay-all condition. This result suggests that risk-aversion is over-estimated in common risk paradigms that use the pay-one method. When we worked on a hard task before, we like to engage in a more likable task afterwards. That observation led to the general classification of tasks in want-to and have-to tasks. Our body system strives towards a balance between those two task types in the sense of a homeostasis. We assessed event-related potentials (ERPs) in a risk game that we treated as a want-to task. When participants worked on a difficult have-to task before, amplitudes of the ERP-components in the risk game were raised compared to a condition where participants worked on an easy task before. We conclude that the motivation shift towards a want-to task after a have-to task can be assessed via ERP amplitudes. In conclusion, it was shown that arousal, framing and motivation are important psychological variables that influence risk behavior. The specific mechanisms of these influences have been investigated and discussedMenschliches Risikoverhalten ist zunehmend Gegenstand psychologischer und ökonomischer Forschung. Eine zentrale Rolle spielt dabei der Einfluss psychologischer Variablen auf Risikoverhalten. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Studien untersuchen den Einfluss von physiologischer Erregung, Framing und Motivation auf Risikoverhalten. Physiologische Erregung kann einerseits als zeitlich stabile Eigenschaft, andererseits als situationsabhängige Variable gesehen werden. Wir konnten zeigen, dass niedrige zeitlich stabile physiologische Erregung, die über die Ruhe-Herzrate gemessen wurde, riskantes Verhalten vorhersagte. Nach körperlichem Training war die physiologische Erregung der Versuchspersonen im Experiment kurzzeitig erhöht. Die Versuchspersonen tendierten dazu, nach diesem Training weniger riskant zu handeln. Zusammengenommen legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass eine inverse Relation zwischen physiologischer Erregung und Risikoverhalten vorliegt. Die meisten Studien, die sich mit Risikoverhalten befassen, verwenden die sogenannte pay-one Auszahlungsmethode: In Risikospielen, die aus vielen Durchgängen bestehen, wird nur ein Durchgang des gesamten Risikospiels ausbezahlt. Wir untersuchten den Effekt der Auszahlungsmethode auf das Risikoverhalten, indem wir sowohl die pay-one Methode als auch die pay-all Methode, bei der die Gewinne aller Durchgänge ausbezahlt werden, in einem Zwischensubjekt-Design verwendeten. Wir fanden heraus, dass die Versuchspersonen in der pay-one Bedingung etwa 10% weniger riskant handelten, verglichen mit der pay-all Bedingung. Dieses Ergebnis legt nahe, dass die Risiko-Aversion in Paradigmen, die die pay-one Methode verwenden, überschätzt wird. Nachdem wir an einer schwierigen Aufgabe gearbeitet haben, sehnen wir uns nach einer angenehmeren Aufgabe. Diese Beobachtung führte zu einer generellen Unterscheidung von want-to und have-to Aufgaben. Unser Körper strebt nach einem Gleichgewicht zwischen diesen beiden Aufgabentypen im Sinne einer Homöostase. Wir erfassten ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale (ERPs) durch das Elektroencephalogramm in einem Risikospiel, das wir als want-to Aufgabe verwendeten. Wenn Versuchspersonen vorher eine schwere Aufgabe bearbeitet hatten, waren die Amplituden der ERP- Komponenten im Risikospiel erhöht im Vergleich zu einer Bedingung, in der die Versuchspersonen vorher eine einfache Aufgabe bearbeitet hatten. Wir schlussfolgern, dass die Motivationsänderung nach einer have-to Aufgabe in Richtung einer want-to Aufgabe mit Hilfe von ERP Amplituden erfasst werden kann. Zusammenfassend wurde gezeigt, dass physiologische Erregung, Framing und Motivation wichtige psychologische Variablen sind, die Risikoverhalten beeinflussen. Die spezifischen Wirkungsweisen dieser Einflüsse wurden untersucht und diskutiert