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Journal articles on the topic 'Risk tolerance'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Elston, Harry J. "Risk tolerance." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 23, no. 6 (November 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2016.09.002.

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2

Heitmeyer, W. "Tolerance as Risk." Monatshefte XCV, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/m.xcv.1.15.

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3

Gallo, Stephen A., and Karen B. Schmaling. "Peer review: Risk and risk tolerance." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): e0273813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273813.

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Peer review, commonly used in grant funding decisions, relies on scientists’ ability to evaluate research proposals’ quality. Such judgments are sometimes beyond reviewers’ discriminatory power and could lead to a reliance on subjective biases, including preferences for lower risk, incremental projects. However, peer reviewers’ risk tolerance has not been well studied. We conducted a cross-sectional experiment of peer reviewers’ evaluations of mock primary reviewers’ comments in which the level and sources of risks and weaknesses were manipulated. Here we show that proposal risks more strongly predicted reviewers’ scores than proposal strengths based on mock proposal evaluations. Risk tolerance was not predictive of scores but reviewer scoring leniency was predictive of overall and criteria scores. The evaluation of risks dominates reviewers’ evaluation of research proposals and is a source of inter-reviewer variability. These results suggest that reviewer scoring variability may be attributed to the interpretation of proposal risks, and could benefit from intervention to improve the reliability of reviews. Additionally, the valuation of risk drives proposal evaluations and may reduce the chances that risky, but highly impactful science, is supported.
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4

Hvide, Hans K., and Georgios A. Panos. "Risk tolerance and entrepreneurship." Journal of Financial Economics 111, no. 1 (January 2014): 200–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.06.001.

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5

S. Weber, Christoph. "Determinants of Risk Tolerance." International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences 2, no. 2 (2014): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijefm.20140202.15.

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6

Galizzi, Monica, and Tommaso Tempesti. "Workers’ Risk Tolerance and Occupational Injuries." Risk Analysis 35, no. 10 (March 24, 2015): 1858–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/risa.12364.

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7

Idzikowska, Katarzyna, Tadeusz Tyszka, Marcin Palenik, and Piotr Zielonka. "The effect of delay on risk tolerance and probability weights." Decyzje, no. 26 (December 15, 2016): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.76.

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8

Ramudzuli, Pfano Michael, and Paul-Francois Muzindutsi. "Determinants of Financial and Non-Financial Risk Tolerance among Students at Selected South African Universities." Foundations of Management 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fman-2018-0023.

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Abstract To enhance the portfolio allocation process, individuals need to understand their financial ability and psychological willingness to tolerate risks. To do this, their risk tolerance level must be quantified. This study used a survey questionnaire to collect data from 470 students at selected South African universities, and a binary logistic regression to test the effect of demographic factors on financial risk tolerance versus non-financial risk tolerance. Our findings suggest that the level of risk tolerance cannot be generalized across different risk domains. We also found that demographic factors affect the two domains of risk tolerance differently. Specifically, age did not have a significant influence on financial risk tolerance, while it significantly increased non-financial risk tolerance. Similarly, gender did not have any significant influence on non-financial risk tolerance, while it positively affect-ed financial risk tolerance. Furthermore, students in the fields of the humanities, engineering and IT showed a strong appetite for non-financial risks, but students in the commerce faculty preferred financial risks.
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9

Baruah, Mitali, and Abhishek Kirit kumar Parikh. "Impact of Risk Tolerance and Demographic Factors on Financial Investment Decision." GIS Business 13, no. 5 (October 12, 2018): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v13i5.3270.

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Risk tolerance is popularly used in the personal financial planning industry to understand an investor’s attitude towards risk. In the twenty-first century, it is very important for the various investment firms, fund managers, financial planners to understand financial investment decisions of an investor for developing a strategy for the sale of their investment products in market. However, financial decisions of an individual not only depend on financial risk-tolerance level, but also upon different demographic factors. Thus, this study is undertaken to develop a model that helps in understanding impact of risk tolerance and demographic factors jointly on investment decision, especially, a decision related to level of investment. Also, investor may be having higher risk tolerance for the calculative investment but may be having lover risk tolerance in speculative investment. So, based on extensive literature support, this research has tried to propose a model for understanding the impact of investment risk tolerance, capital risk tolerance, speculative risk tolerance, and six important demographic variables jointly on investment decision. Thus, this study would be helpful to investment firms in understanding impact of risk tolerances and demographic variables jointly on level of investment of investors, which can be used for designing a strategy or investment product to offer to the investors with different levels of financial risk tolerance and different demographic profiles.
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10

Nosita, Firda. "Women's Risk Tolerance in Indonesia." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 3, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v3i2.450.

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The Financial Services Authority (OJK) survey on 2016 shows that the financial literacy index in Indonesia is 21.8% approximately. There are a lot of illegal investment in the Indonesian society in recent years is proof that the Indonesian people have not been well-literated and have not fully understood the benefits and risks of investment. Efforts to improve financial literacy are aimed at certain groups of people such as women and housewives. Risk factors are important in financial decisions. Previous research has concluded that women often avoid risk and are more intolerant of risk than men. This study aims to determine whether risk tolerance in women is different from men. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires distributed online to 850 samples of Indonesian people representing three regions of Indonesia, namely the western, central and eastern regions of Indonesia. The results showed that there were no significant differences between women and men in terms of risk tolerance, these results indicate that both women and men have identical viewpoint of risk. The government could conduct education and increase public knowledge without differentiating financial products for women and men.
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11

Williams, Allan M., and Vladimír Baláž. "Mobility, risk tolerance and competence to manage risks." Journal of Risk Research 17, no. 8 (October 3, 2013): 1061–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2013.841729.

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12

Sandvik, Bjørn, and Lars Thorlund-Petersen. "Sensitivity Analysis of Risk Tolerance." Decision Analysis 7, no. 3 (September 2010): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/deca.1100.0183.

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13

Johnson, Scott R., Seth J. Karp, Michael P. Curry, Martin Barugel, James R. Rodrigue, Didier A. Mandelbrot, Christin P. Rogers, and Douglas W. Hanto. "Liver transplant center risk tolerance." Clinical Transplantation 26, no. 3 (May 2012): E269—E276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2012.01658.x.

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14

Manwani, N., and P. S. Sastry. "Noise Tolerance Under Risk Minimization." IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 43, no. 3 (June 2013): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsmcb.2012.2223460.

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15

Lucarelli, Caterina, Pierpaolo Uberti, and Gianni Brighetti. "Misclassifications in financial risk tolerance." Journal of Risk Research 18, no. 4 (May 2014): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2014.910678.

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16

Sidaway, Peter. "Immune tolerance confers cancer risk." Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 12, no. 10 (September 8, 2015): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.157.

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17

Heilmann, Wolf-Rüdiger. "Tolerance intervals in risk theory." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 4, no. 3 (July 1985): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6687(85)90013-7.

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18

Olieman, Kees. "Zero tolerance versus zero risk." Food Security 6, no. 6 (November 11, 2014): 897–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-014-0390-0.

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19

Kemp, R. V. "Risk tolerance and safety management." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 31, no. 3 (January 1991): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8320(91)90076-j.

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20

Baybutt, Paul. "Allocation of risk tolerance criteria." Process Safety Progress 33, no. 3 (September 13, 2013): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11634.

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21

Baybutt, Paul. "Setting multinational risk tolerance criteria." Process Safety Progress 35, no. 2 (August 30, 2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11708.

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22

Wong, Alan, and Bernie Carducci. "Do sensation seeking, control orientation, ambiguity, and dishonesty traits affect financial risk tolerance?" Managerial Finance 42, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-09-2015-0256.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to determine relationships between financial risk tolerance and the personality traits of sensation-seeking, locus of control, ambiguity tolerance, and financial dishonesty. Design/methodology/approach – A pretested questionnaire was used to gather information from 255 respondents. With risk tolerance as a criterion variable and the four personality traits as predictor variables, a regression procedure was performed to determine which variables contributed to the variability of the criterion variable and the extent of such contribution. An analysis was also done to find out whether gender, age, GPA, and academic standing had an influence on each personality trait’s contribution to risk tolerance. Findings – Risk tolerance is directly related to sensation-seeking and the link is so strong that it is not mitigated by the effects of gender, age, GPA, and college academic standings. As for locus of control, the more one believes one has control over one’s outcome, the higher risk one can tolerate. Surprisingly, there is no relationship between risk and ambiguity tolerances. Dishonesty also does not affect risk tolerance behavior. However, the relationship is found to exist among younger individuals and those with lower GPA, possibly due to not having reached an adequate level of matured or critical reasoning yet. Originality/value – The relationship between risk tolerance and sensation-seeking is an established fact but whether the relationship still holds across several demographic groups is part of this study’s focus. Although much has been done on risk tolerance, very little has been done on its relationship to locus of control, ambiguity tolerance, and financial dishonesty.
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23

Liu, Jianxu, Yangnan Cheng, Xiaoqing Li, and Songsak Sriboonchitta. "The Role of Risk Forecast and Risk Tolerance in Portfolio Management: A Case Study of the Chinese Financial Sector." Axioms 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11030134.

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Portfolio decisions are affected by the volatility of financial markets and investors’ risk tolerance levels. To better allocate portfolios; we introduce risk tolerance into the portfolio management problem by considering the risk contribution of portfolio components. In this paper, portfolio weights are allocated to two stages. In the first stage, the portfolio risks and the risk contribution of each share are forecasted. In the second stage, we put forward three weighting techniques—“aggressive”, “moderate” and “conservative”, according to three standard levels of risk tolerance. In addition, a new risk measure called “joint extreme risk probability” (JERP), with risk tolerance taken into account, is proposed. A case study of the Chinese financial industry is conducted to verify the performance of our methods. The empirical results demonstrate that weighting techniques constrained by risk tolerance lead to higher gains in a normal market and less loss when a market is risky. Compared with risk-tolerance-adjusted strategies, the relationship between the performance of the traditional conditional value at risk (CVaR) minimization method and the market risk level is less obviously demonstrated. Viewed from the results, JERP functions as an effective signal that helps investors to deal with potential market risks.
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24

Corter, James E., and Yuh-Jia Chen. "Do Investment Risk Tolerance Attitudes Predict Portfolio Risk?" Journal of Business and Psychology 20, no. 3 (December 6, 2005): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-005-9010-5.

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25

Fox, Robert J., Carol Cosenza, Lauren Cripps, Paul Ford, MaryBeth Mercer, Sneha Natarajan, Amber Salter, Tuula Tyry, and Stacey S. Cofield. "A survey of risk tolerance to multiple sclerosis therapies." Neurology 92, no. 14 (March 13, 2019): e1634-e1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007245.

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ObjectiveTo determine tolerance to various risk scenarios associated with current multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies.MethodsPeople with MS from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry's online cohort and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society were invited to complete a questionnaire on tolerance to real-world risks associated with a hypothetical therapy. Multiple risks levels were presented, including skin rash, infection, kidney injury, thyroid injury, liver injury, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).ResultsBoth PML and kidney injury had the lowest risk tolerance (RT) at 1:1,000,000, and thyroid and infection risks had the highest tolerance at 1:1,000. Men, younger individuals, and participants with greater disability reported a higher tolerance to all risk scenarios. Those who were currently taking an MS therapy reported higher tolerance than those not taking any therapy. Participants taking infusion therapies reported high tolerance to all risks, and those taking injectables reported a lower tolerance.ConclusionPeople with MS displayed a wide range of RT for MS therapies. Our study identified sex, age, disability, and current disease-modifying therapy use to be associated with RT.
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26

Jun, Hyoyeun, and Yan Jin. "The Conceptualization of Risk Tolerance and Scale Development for Measuring Publics’ Tolerance of Individual Health Risks." Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research 4 (March 1, 2021): 29–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.4.1.2.

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Risk tolerance, identified by scholars over two decades ago as an essential concept in risk communication, has remained understudied without clear conceptual and operational definitions. As the first study developing a multiple-item scale for measuring at-risk publics’ tolerance of different risk types, this study refines the conceptualization of risk tolerance and advances its operationalization in the setting of individual health risks. Qualitative research (in-depth interviews: n = 28; focus group: n = 30) and two survey datasets (sample 1: n = 500; sample 2: n = 500) were employed for scale development and testing. Results identify that two types of individual health risk tolerance exhibited by at-risk publics: (1) Compulsive tendency toward risk taking (CTRT), as evidenced in their unwillingness to refrain from risky behaviors even if they know the negative consequences and (2) inertial resistance to risk prevention (IRRP), as indicated by their indifference toward or intentionally ignoring health messages advocating for behavioral changes. The two-factor 13-item scale’s reliability, factorial structure, and validity are further assessed. This risk tolerance scale provides a valid and reliable psychometric tool for risk communication scholars and practitioners to measure publics’ tolerance of different individual health risks in order to design effective messages to overcome it as a barrier.
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27

Bhandari, Siddharth, Matthew R. Hallowell, Wael Alruqi, and Rico Salas. "Modeling the Relationship between Personal Risk Tolerance, Work-Related Risk Tolerance, and Risk-Taking Behavior of Construction Workers." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 147, no. 4 (April 2021): 04021016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0002021.

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28

Dickason, Zandri, and Sune J. Ferreira. "The effect of age and gender on financial risk tolerance of South African investors." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 15, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.15(2).2018.09.

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Financial risk tolerance refers to the amount of risk a person is willing to take when making financial decisions. Previous researchers have found that demographic factors when used as independent variables to have an effect on the risk tolerance behavior of investors. Within this study, emphasis was given to gender and age within a sample of South African investors. Not much research on risk tolerance and demographics has been done in South Africa. Hence, an opportunity for further research within this field emerged. This study aimed to contribute towards the accurate risk profiling of South African investors based on their level of risk tolerance considering their gender and age. This study can be used as a future forecasting tool for investment companies to predict risk tolerance levels based on gender and age levels. Results from this study correspond to previous studies where male investors are more risk tolerant than female investors. A statistical difference was also found between male and female investors within the age categories of 35-49 years and investors older than 50 years. All age categories were found to be more risk tolerant for investors older than 50 years based on the binary regression.
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Shen, Xiaoxia, Ping Zhang, Jinping Wang, Yali An, Edward W. Gregg, Bo Zhang, Hui Li, et al. "Influence of improvement or worsening of glucose tolerance on risk of stroke in persons with impaired glucose tolerance." International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 9 (June 29, 2018): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493018784432.

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Background and aim We sought to determine the effect of regression to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or progression to diabetes in early years of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) on subsequent risk of stroke. Methods In 1986, 576 adults aged 25 years and older with impaired glucose tolerance in Da Qing, China, were randomly assigned by clinic to control, diet, exercise, or diet plus exercise intervention groups for a six-year period. Subsequently participants received medical care in their local clinics. We tracked participants for additional 17 years to ascertain stroke events and other outcomes. Results At the end of 6-year intervention trial follow-up, 272 (50.2%) had progressed to diabetes, 169 (31.2%) regressed to normal glucose tolerance, and 101 (18.6%) remained impaired glucose tolerance. During the subsequent 17-year follow-up, 173 (31.9%) developed a stroke, 26.7% of normal glucose tolerances, 30.7% of impaired glucose tolerances, and 36.1% of those with diabetes. After controlling for age, sex, baseline blood pressure, smoking, total cholesterol, previous cardiovascular disease and intervention group, those who developed diabetes in the first six years had a higher incidence of stroke than those who reverted to normal glucose tolerance (HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.01–2.19, p = 0.04), whereas for those who remained impaired glucose tolerance compared to those who regressed to normal glucose tolerance the HR was 1.25 (95% CI 0.80–1.93; p = 0.30). A 1-mmol/L increase in both fasting and 2-h post-load plasma glucose from entry to end of the six-year trial was significantly associated with a higher risk of development of stroke in the subsequent 17 years, respectively (HR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03–1.11, p < 0.0001 for fasting glucose, HR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.09, p = 0.007 for 2-h post-load plasma glucose). Conclusions Among Chinese adults with impaired glucose tolerance, early progression to diabetes predicted a higher risk of stroke, compared those who regressed to normal glucose tolerance.
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30

Grable, John E., and Michael J. Roszkowski. "Self-Assessments of Risk Tolerance by Women and Men." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3 (June 2007): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.795-802.

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A convenience sample of 1,741 Internet users completed a 12-item financial risk-tolerance questionnaire. They also rated themselves on their tolerance for financial risk using a 4-point rating scale. The 12-item summated rating score was used to predict the self-rating. The residual between actual and predicted self-rating was compared by sex. The residual for males was positive, indicating that men tended to overestimate their proclivity for taking risks. Conversely, the residual for females was negative, suggesting that women underestimate their tolerance for risk. The relationship held when controlling for other factors linked to risk tolerance, i.e., age, household income, marital status, and education. It was also noted that risk tolerance was overestimated by younger respondents and those with a graduate education.
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31

Jun, Hyoyeun, and Yen-I. Lee. "The Role of Risk Tolerance in Publics’ Health Risk Perception and Responses." Proceedings of the International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference, Volume 2 2, no. 2019 (March 2019): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/10.30658/icrcc.2019.6.

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To better understand how uncertainty influences publics’ risk perception and responses, this study introduced risk tolerance as a new concept to public relations literature and then investigated how publics react to health risks with different temporal distances: climate change and foodborne illness. Through an online survey, this study found out that uncertainty, induced by risk temporal distance, leads to varied risk tolerance, which subsequently influences where and how people seek and share risk information.
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32

Jun, Hyoyeun, and Yen-I. Lee. "The Role of Risk Tolerance in Publics’ Health Risk Perception and Responses." Proceedings of the International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference, Volume 2 2, no. 2019 (March 2019): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30658/icrcc.2019.6.

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To better understand how uncertainty influences publics’ risk perception and responses, this study introduced risk tolerance as a new concept to public relations literature and then investigated how publics react to health risks with different temporal distances: climate change and foodborne illness. Through an online survey, this study found out that uncertainty, induced by risk temporal distance, leads to varied risk tolerance, which subsequently influences where and how people seek and share risk information.
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33

&NA;. "Assessors' 'tolerance for risk' may sway benefit-risk ballance." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1391 (March 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201213910-00001.

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34

Bouchouicha, Ranoua, and Ferdinand M. Vieider. "Growth, entrepreneurship, and risk-tolerance: a risk-income paradox." Journal of Economic Growth 24, no. 3 (May 22, 2019): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10887-019-09168-0.

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35

Dickason-Koekemoer, Zandri, and Sune Ferreira-Schenk. "Constructing a Model for Domain-specific Risk-taking, Life Satisfaction and Risk Tolerance of Investors." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 12, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.13059.

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Research within investment companies is necessary to assist financial planners to accurately identify the factors that may influence their client's financial risk tolerance and ultimately the performance of their portfolios. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to identify whether factors such as investor personality and life satisfaction influence an investors risk tolerance level. An electronic survey was utilised where the responses were collected from the clientele (1 065) of a private investment firm in South Africa. Results indicated that life satisfaction was found to significantly contribute to predicting investor risk tolerance. The financial, social and recreational, domains of an investors personality also had a significant influence on risk tolerance. The development of this risk tolerance SEM is unique in its existence, as it is the first to model life satisfaction, risk perception and the risk tolerance level of private investors in South African. As a result, these findings will make a significant contribution to the way financial investment companies profile their clients.
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36

Sahm, Claudia R. "How Much Does Risk Tolerance Change?" Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2007, no. 66 (2007): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2007.66.

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37

Şen, Süleyman. "Narcissistic Personality and Financial Risk Tolerance." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.295862.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between an individual’s narcissistic personality and his/her financial risk tolerance in an emerging country sample. The sample consists of undergraduate university students who have been taking finance classes in their student life. The data is examined using mean differences and regression analyzes in this study. The main findings show that men tend to be more narcissistic and more risk-tolerant than women. The regression analysis result shows that narcissism and financial risk-taking have a statistically positive and significant relationship. In other words, the increase in the narcissism level of an individual leads him/her to be more risk-tolerant. This study has two main contributions to the literature; providing a framework for measuring the link between narcissism and financial risk tolerance and providing evidence about “narcissism bias” from an emerging country.
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Mishra, Sasmita, and Manit Mishra. "Financial Risk Tolerance: A Literature Review." Siddhant- A Journal of Decision Making 14, no. 1 (2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2231-0657.14.1.002.

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39

Grauer, Robert R. "Beta in Linear Risk Tolerance Economies." Management Science 31, no. 11 (November 1985): 1390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.31.11.1390.

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40

Kimball, Miles S., Claudia R. Sahm, and Matthew D. Shapiro. "Imputing Risk Tolerance From Survey Responses." Journal of the American Statistical Association 103, no. 483 (September 2008): 1028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/016214508000000139.

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41

Thanki, Heena, Anushree Karani, and Anil Kumar Goyal. "Psychological Antecedents of Financial Risk Tolerance." Journal of Wealth Management 23, no. 2 (May 23, 2020): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jwm.2020.1.111.

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42

Eason, James D., Ari J. Cohen, Satheesh Nair, Teresita Alcantera, and George E. Loss. "Tolerance: Is It Worth the Risk?" Transplantation 79, no. 9 (May 2005): 1157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000162084.46555.10.

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43

Sahm, Claudia R. "How Much Does Risk Tolerance Change?" Quarterly Journal of Finance 02, no. 04 (December 2012): 1250020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139212500206.

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Stability of preferences is central to how economists study behavior. This paper uses panel data on hypothetical gambles over lifetime income in the Health and Retirement Study to quantify changes in risk tolerance over time and differences across individuals. Maximum-likelihood estimation of a correlated random effects model utilizes information from 12,000 respondents in the 1992–2002 HRS. The results are consistent with constant relative risk aversion and career selection based on preferences. While risk tolerance changes with age and macroeconomic conditions, persistent differences across individuals account for over 70% of the systematic variation.
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44

Fisher, Patti J., and Rui Yao. "Gender differences in financial risk tolerance." Journal of Economic Psychology 61 (August 2017): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.03.006.

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45

Boudville, Neil, and Nicole Isbel. "Donors at risk: impaired glucose tolerance." Nephrology 15 (April 2010): S133—S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2009.01222.x.

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46

SCHWABISH, JONATHAN A., and JULIE H. TOPOLESKI. "Risk tolerance and retirement income composition." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (May 9, 2008): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003624.

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SUMMARYProposed changes to the Social Security system will affect the financial risk workers will face in their retirement differently across the income distribution. This study examines levels of financial risk workers face at different points in the lifetime earnings distribution. To do so, we use a microsimulation model that projects individual demographic and economic characteristics within the context of the Social Security system and the macroeconomy to assess the impact of two policy changes on the levels of lifetime benefits available to current and future retirees. Further, we incorporate data on pensions and savings to illustrate differences in the level and distribution of retirement funds across the earnings distribution. This exercise allows us to assess the financial risk workers face in their retirement, both within the Social Security system itself and within a broader view of the stream of total available retirement funds. We also use survey data to show that low earners are the least willing to tolerate such risk.
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47

Grable, John, Ruth Lytton, and Barbara O'Neill. "Projection Bias and Financial Risk Tolerance." Journal of Behavioral Finance 5, no. 3 (September 2004): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15427579jpfm0503_2.

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48

Eason, J., A. Cohen, S. Nair, and G. Loss. "TOLERANCE: IS IT WORTH THE RISK?" Transplantation 78 (July 2004): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200407271-00319.

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49

Schmidt, Michael S. "Making sense of risk tolerance criteria." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 41 (May 2016): 344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2015.12.005.

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50

Gwanshak, Joshua Yohanna, and Luka Dung Gyang. "Rural-Migrants Risk Tolerance in Urban City Centres of Plateau State." BOKKOS JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 1, no. 2 (March 14, 2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47452/bjasrep.v1i2.25.

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Risk tolerance is a subject that has been explored extensively globally, where predictors such as age, education level, earnings, status, occupation and weather or climate change has been proved to influence rural-urban migration. This research is necessitated to identify areas of rural migrant’s risk tolerance in urban centres of Plateau State, with the stated objective of, examining the rural migrant’s areas of risk tolerance, ascertain rural migrant’s self-assessment capacity and competence base towards risk tolerance. In the study respondents were selected only if they were rural migrants using purposive sampling techniques of a sample size of 1325 respondents. Primary data were collected using Structured Questionnaire (SRQ), Interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) processes. Out of 1325, 128 of the respondents were selected based on recommendation as knowledgeable informant using snowball sampling. A linear regression analysis was used to test the significance of rural migrant’s risk tolerance. The result revealed that areas of risk tolerance identified marital status, occupation, age, pursuit of education, and Job opportunities as significant to rural migrants risk tolerance in the study. And migrants were flexible towards adapting to any situation, handle problems better and were willing to take higher risks to adapt to urban centre. It is on this note that rural migrants have high self- assessment capacity and competence base potential to risk tolerance in urban centres of Plateau State.
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