Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Risk-taking (Psychology) – Economic aspects'
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Ke, Xue, and 柯學. "When risk judgment of playing lotteries feels difficult: to be risk-averse or risk-seeking?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41508385.
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Covas, Francisco. "Managerial incentives, corporate investment, and economic preference /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130203.
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Butler, Karen Lee. "Impulsivity and risk-taking in clinical and non-clinical populations." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2002. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8727/.
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Various aspects of impulsivity, including risk-taking, were investigated by comparing the responses of control groups with those of three populations that were believed to exhibit problems with impulse regulation: those with eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and recreational drug users. Impulsivity was regarded as a multi-dimensional construct, tests were selected or developed to tap into various aspects of impulsivity, including self-report questionnaires, a novel discrete trials delayed reinforcement operant choice paradigm, a novel measure of financial risk-taking, and the continuous performance test which provides measures of both inattention and impulsivity. These tests varied in their ability to discriminate between groups, and the correlations between measures, as in previous studies, were typically low and mostly non-significant. Findings supported the proposal that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that must be assessed using a wide range of measures including self-report questionnaires and more objective behavioural measures. The profile of effects found in the three targeted groups supported the proposal that impulsivity manifests itself differently in different populations. Women with anorexia nervosa scored low on impulsiveness and venturesomeness, and demonstrated behavioural impulsivity. Recreational drug users scored high on impulsiveness, venturesomeness and risk-taking, whereas ADHD individuals were inattentive and scored high on impulsiveness and risk-taking taking, but not venturesomeness. Overall the findings highlight the complexity of the impulsivity concept and demonstrate the need to acknowledge its multi-dimensional nature by using a variety of tests to capture its variable expression. Whether impulsivity in particular groups reflects state or trait remains to be determined.
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Chui, Hang-wai, and 徐恆慧. "A prospective study of high-risk behaviors and their risk and protective factors among adolescents in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41508956.
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Abracen, Jeffrey. "Psychosocial risk factors for HIV infection." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28976.
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A group of 21 HIV-positive gay or bisexual men was compared with a matched group of 22 HIV-negative individuals. All subjects were sexually active gay or bisexual males matched for age, as well as age at first intercourse with males. Subjects completed a detailed sexual history questionnaire as well as a series of standardized measures of psychosocial functioning. Results indicated that subjects engaged in a wide range of unsafe sexual behaviours, and frequently combined drugs with sex. Scores on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) were significantly correlated with lifetime condom use. Social support was also found to be significantly associated with the lifetime number of homosexual partners. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between MAST scores and social support and a positive relationship between social support and CD-4 cell count. The groups were found to be similar in terms of clinical levels of anxiety and depression, self-esteem in interpersonal situations, and risk-taking personality.
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Chan, Hiu-wai Hilary, and 陳曉蔚. "Iowa gambling task in schizophrenia : an examination of the effect of tobacco-smoking in risk/reward decision making." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192949.
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Background: Cognitive deficit is prominent in schizophrenia patients. We investigated the decision-making ability among schizophrenia patients and healthy controls based on their performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a laboratory task developed for measuring individuals’ decision-making ability. We hypothesized that deficits in IGT performance in schizophrenia patients could be specifically ameliorated by smoking tobacco. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared smoking and non-smoking schizophrenia patients with healthy subjects, on their IGT performance.
Method: Ten smokers with schizophrenia, 9 non-smokers with schizophrenia, 16 non-psychiatric non-smokers and 7 non-psychiatric smokers were administered the computerized version of IGT. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to assess the degree of smoking dependence of subjects and to group the smokers and non-smokers.
Results: Subjects with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than non-psychiatric controls on IGT. Moreover, smokers with schizophrenia performed significantly better than non-smokers in the task. Furthermore, when comparing IGT performance of all the 4 groups, non-psychiatric non-smokers performed significantly better than psychiatric smokers in the IGT.
Conclusions: Similar to the results of previous research, schizophrenia patients performed worse than controls in the IGT, suggesting impairments in risk/ reward decision-making. Cigarette smoking may partially ameliorate schizophrenia patients’ performance deficits on neurological tasks, including the IGT. These findings on schizophrenia patients are clinically important since it is believed that the ability to make timely and correct decisions can result in good treatment compliance and coping strategies thus facilitates recovery. Last but not least, further research is needed to explain how smoking tobacco facilitates cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients.published_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
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Buelow, Melissa T. "The Influence of Cognitive, Personality, and Social Variables: Predicting Changes in Risky Behaviors over a Two-Year Interval." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1127142922.
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Burger, Catherin-Ann. "Heterosexual context and adolescent sexual risk-taking behaviour : an exploratative study in a coloured community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51788.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A combined quantitative and qualitative methodology was employed in order to explore the intimate heterosexual context of coloured* pregnant adolescents as a determinant of their sexual risk-taking behaviour. Structured questionnaires were completed by forty young women attending prenatal clinics in the Stellenbosch area, and unstructured open-ended interviews subsequently conducted with ten selected respondents. It was found that the heterosexual relationships in which these girls were involved, tended to be intense emotional attachments based upon a foundation of friendship and trust, and reinforced by cultural notions of romantic love. In the wake of working class socioeconomic circumstances these relationships became a primary source of meaning-giving in respondents' lives, pervading all aspects of their everyday existence and guiding their future prospects. And it is in this context that sex prevailed as a means of deepening the emotional experience and pursuing relationship maintenance. Reproductive health interventions for coloured female adolescents would have to acknowledge these complexities and act upon them in ingenuous ways.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Gekombineerde kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodologie is geïmplementeer ten einde te bepaal op welke wyse die intieme heteroseksuele konteks van kleurling* swanger adolessente hulle seksueel riskante gedrag beïnvloed. Gestruktureerde vraelyste is voltooi deur veertig jong vroue wat prenatale klinieke in die Stellenbosch area bygewoon het, waarop ongestruktureerde nie-leidende onderhoude met tien geselekteerde respondente gevoer is. Dit is bevind dat hierdie meisies se heteroseksuele verhoudings meestal intense emosionele verbintenisse was, wat gebaseer is op 'n grondslag van vriendskap en vertroue, en wat versterk is deur kulturele opvattings van romantiese liefde. In die lig van werkersklas sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede, het hierdie verhoudings 'n primêre bron van betekenis in respondente se lewens geword. Dit het alle aspekte van hulle daaglikse bestaan beïnvloed en hulle toekomsvooruitsigte gerig. En dit is binne sodanige konteks wat seks beoefen is. Dit was instrumenteel ten einde verdieping van die emosionele ervaring en voortsetting van die verhouding te probeer bewerkstellig. Reproduktiewe gesondheidsintervensies vir kleurling vroulike adolessente sal erkenning moet gee aan hierdie kompleksiteite en vindingryke oplossings daarvoor moet genereer.
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Stewart, Wayne H. (Wayne Howard). "Small Business Owner-Managers and Corporate Managers: a Comparative Study of Achievement Motivation, Risk Taking Propensity and Preference for Innovation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277602/.
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Despite the economic significance of entrepreneurship, relatively little is known about the entrepreneur, particularly how the entrepreneur differs from the corporate manager. This problem is both cause and symptom of the discord regarding definitions of the entrepreneur, rendering sampling, research replication and generalizations about entrepreneurs problematic. As a result, inquiry has failed to adequately establish how entrepreneurs differ from managers, a problem partially stemming from a dearth of methodologically rigorous comparisons of entrepreneurs with managers. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of psychological constructs to predict a proclivity for entrepreneurship. Moreover, differences in types of small business owner-managers were also investigated. Included in the research model were three common themes in the entrepreneurship literature: achievement motivation, risk taking propensity and preference for innovation. Also incorporated were the interactions of the psychological constructs, as well as individual and firm demographic variables.
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Du, Toit Willem Johannes. "The relationship between health and safety and human risk taking behaviour in the South African electrical construction industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1009529.
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Mankind, and the development of people, exists due to risk-taking behaviour. It is not that humans should not take risks, but rather the ability to identify the magnitude of risk exposure in order that mankind‟s actions would be so selected as to mitigate exposed risk factors, that no harm should befall them. The approach to health and safety (H&S) has always been to manage H&S environmental factors that could have a negative impact on people, capital, and organisational systems. However, the critical component of human risk-taking behaviour that would have a far greater impact has rarely been acknowledged as part of the drivers that increase risk exposure. Human behaviour is a major contributing factor in accident causation. Although human error cannot be completely eliminated, it should be identified and correctly managed according to each individual‟s risk-taking profile. The reason people decide to take certain risks under certain conditions and the effect it has on H&S management systems is a key component to managing organisational risk exposure. To quantify the value of individual risk-taking behaviour could provide management with better opportunities of lowering the organisational risk exposure. Human risk-taking behaviour is influenced by each individual‟s perception of risk. Such perception of risk will influence decisions on risk-taking behaviour, which in turn is influenced by the individual‟s psychological profile and environmental factors, including character and the impact of a cultural environment. The electrical construction and maintenance industry differs from other similar industries in that the physical entity of electricity requires not only sensory perception for the identification and evaluation of risk factors, but also requires specialised knowledge and testing equipment to evaluate the parameters of electrical installation, plant or equipment. Without such competence, direct exposure to most electrical installations could be fatal. The optimum human resource (HR) solution for managing the risk potential of high risk-taking behaviour is the rating and allocation of specific job tasks that can match and limit the individual potential for risk-taking behaviour and the impact on organisational incident statistics. Maintaining and optimising employee job performance enables organisations to better achieve pre-set goals and missions. Such improvements being a catalyst for better job performance by setting limitations on high risk-taking behaviour, that will improve H&S performance by lowering incident rates.
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Kennedy, Jillian, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "The effect of sexual arousal on risky decision-making / Gillian Kennedy." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3056.
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Sexual arousal is likely an important situational factor in date rape. Research shows that
sexual arousal increases self-reported willingness to engage in sexually aggressive
behaviour. Chapter One reviews the situational, perpetrator, and victim characteristics of
date rape. Chapter Two describes an experiment that examined the effect of sexual
arousal on measures of decision-making, including Risky Choice Task, Balloon
Analogue Risk Task, Future Discounting, and on a measure of Viewing Time.
Participants were 20 heterosexual men and 22 heterosexual women 18 to 25 years old.
Results revealed that sexually aroused women preferred higher variance options
compared to women who were not, and the opposite was observed for men. No other
significant effects were observed. Chapter Three describes Experiment 2 which included
another neutral condition and a measure of sexual decision-making. Results revealed no
effect of condition on behavioural or sexual decision-making, nor on viewing times.
Chapter Four provides a general discussion and directions for future research.ix, 156 leaves; 29 cm
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Barrett, Susan. "Influences of the Mother-Daughter Relationship on Motivations for Sexual Behavior." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2767/.
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The influences of family relationship variables on motivations for adolescent sexual risk-taking were investigated. Previous research has linked these variables to adolescent sexual behavior, however, the nature of these links has not been specifically examined. Family variables were operationalized as child attachment to mother, parental support of each other, parental conflict strategies, and parental monitoring. Emotional motivations were operationalized as attachment and affiliation needs. The sample consisted of 40 single females ages 18 to22 recruited from a local pregnancy care center. Predictions that parent-child relationship and parental influence would predict emotional motivations for sexual risk-taking were not supported. The variable most highly related to sexual risk-taking, though not included in the model tested, was father's destructive conflict strategies. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed.
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Wheeler, Huttunen Annamarie. "A neuroeconomic investigation of risky decision-making and loss in the rat." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/9331.
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Humans exhibit a number of suboptimal behaviours in the wake of a loss. For example, gamblers often ‘chase' their losses in an attempt to break even. Similarly, investors tend to hold on to losing stocks too long in the hope that the declining share price might make a recovery. However, the neural mechanisms that instantiate such behaviour are poorly understood. I begin the introductory chapter with a basic historical overview of fundamental economic concepts, interleaving intersecting ideas from psychology and neuroscience. This leads to a more in-depth exploration of the notion that loss-related behavioural biases might provide insight into the neural mechanisms that underlie risky choice. From this, I argue that rats represent a viable animal model of risky decision- making for neuroeconomic research. The original research presented in Chapters 2 – 5 pave the way toward advancing our current understanding of loss-related biases in behaviour with rat models of risky decision-making. By employing insight from psychology and economics, I developed two models of rat behaviour that can be used to study the neural substrates of loss valuation. I presented the experimental paradigms in Chapters 2 and 5, while demonstrating novel loss-related correlations between the midbrain dopamine system and observed loss behaviour in Chapters 3 and 4. The results presented in Chapter 5 demonstrate that rats are capable of producing behavioural patterns akin to loss aversion and the disposition effect. This work has also highlighted a number of areas for future research. In Chapter 6, I explore potential theoretical implications of the results discussed in previous chapters. In summary, this thesis uses experimental risky decision-making tasks in rats to advance our current knowledge of the ways in which concepts such as loss aversion critically influence our internal representation of value.
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Caudill, Leann E. "Does Type of Leader Matter in Moral and Risky Decision Making? An Investigation of Transformational and Servant Leadership." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396340649.
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Heusser, Shelly Lucien. "Mediating factors in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and HIV Sexual risk behaviour among men who have sex with men." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1398.
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Previous studies have indicated an association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and an increased risk of engaging in unsafe behaviours during adulthood, including risky sexual practices. This study examined the relationship between CSA and adult HIV sexual risk behaviour among a sample of South African men who have sex with men (MSM). Potential pathological long-term mental health outcomes of CSA, including dissociation, sex-related substance abuse, depression, sexual compulsivity, impaired interpersonal communication, and over-reliance on submissive sexual scripts, were treated as variables mediating the relationship between CSA and sexual risk behaviour. Men frequenting a gay internet dating site were randomly selected to complete an electronic version of the anonymous survey. Results indicate that one-fourth of participants reported a history of CSA. Men with a history of unwanted sexual activity during childhood were more likely to report recreational substance abuse, sex-related substance abuse, sexual compulsivity, and adult revictimisation experiences. Men who were abused were also more likely to engage in unprotected anal intercourse compared to those who were not abused. Mediation analyses revealed that MSM who are survivors of CSA are particularly susceptible to drug abuse, sex-related drug abuse, and sexual compulsivity, and these sequelae in turn predict higher reported numbers of male sexual partners. The current data suggest that CSA is widespread among men at high risk for HIV infection, and that it may have a devastating influence on the quality of life and health risk behaviour of these men. These results also highlight the importance of mental health services and new approaches in HIV prevention for MSM who have been sexually abused as children. Further research is needed into the contextual factors of the childhood abuse experience which account for the variability in longterm negative mental health outcomes of CSA survivors.
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McConkey, C. William (Charles William). "The Effect of Comparative Well-Being on the Perceived Risk Construct: a Study of the Purchase of Apparel." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330710/.
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The purpose of this research was to examine how the intervening variable of comparative well-being (which is how persons view their age, financial resources, and health compared to others of their own age) will enhance the significance of the relationship between selected demographic and psychographic variables and perceived risk. Specifically, the research investigated the structural relationship between comparative well-being in four different statistical models: (1) as an independent predictor of perceived risk; (2) as an intensifier of the psychographic and demographic predictors of perceived risk; (3) as a covariate of perceived risk; and (4) finally, as a jointly dependent variable with perceived risk. This approach was pursued in an effort to enhance the traditional marketing use of demographic and psychographic variables in predictingconsumer buying behavior.
The data for this study were gathered as part of a national consumer-panel mail survey utilizing approximately 3,000 households. The research instrument was a self-administered questionnaire which collected demographic, psychographic, and perceived risk information from purchasers of apparel wear. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation analysis, factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
The findings have identified the importance of how consumers position themselves in society, based on their locus of external involvement (community and social activity) and how satisfactory their position is in their social structure as measured by comparative well-being (perceived age, income, and health). The research results challenge the value of using only age and income as predictor variables for perceived risk, in that no significant relationships were found between age, income, and perceived risk. However, comparative well-being was found to intensify these relationships, in addition to functioning as an independent variable and a covariate in the perceived risk relationship. Also, it was found that respondents with higher degrees of comparative well-being perceived less risk, whereas, more socially active respondents were high-risk perceivers.
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Gerber, Ora. "Curiosity, exploration, and strategies for dealing with uncertainty amongst psychologists-in-training." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1238.
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By adopting a positive psychology framework, the aim of this study was to explore and describe the level of curiosity and exploration amongst psychologists-in-training, and how they dealt with uncertainty in the context of their professional development. A mixed-method exploratory-descriptive research design was employed to collect the quantitative data by means of the Curiosity and Exploratory Inventory. The qualitative data were collected using semistructured interviews to explore how psychologists-in-training have dealt with uncertainty. Purposive-availability sampling was used to select the participants at three South African universities. A total number of 50 participants completed the CEI and six participants were interviewed. The data were analysed using mixed-method data analysis. It was found that participants had moderate-to-high levels of curiosity and exploration, with higher levels of exploration than absorption. The majority of participants reported that they actively sought as much information as they could and frequently looked for new opportunities to grow as persons. The strategies used by the selected group of participants to deal with uncertainty included: reliance on clinical supervision; consultation with peers; self-enhancement; reliance on theory; learning from practical experience; using certain cognitive appraisals; and self-care. Certain conclusions and recommendations were made based on the findings of the study.
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Takahashi, Michiko. "AIDS-prevention campaigns : sensation seeking, interpersonal communication and condom use in college-age students." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1020177.
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Currently, the prevention and control of the spread of AIDS is one of the foremost international health concerns and one of the biggest social expectations in the United States as well. Until a medical solution to AIDS is found, the only viable means of AIDS prevention is to educate the public about AIDS and persuade those who are sexually active to avoid high-risk sexual behaviors.Because many studies have showed that college students are considered to possess the highest risk toward AIDS, in this study, possible factors that can change college students' behavior were examined.One hundred and ninety seven students who enrolled in two undergraduate general classes (biology and anthropology) at Ball State University were asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their sensation-seeking type and level, frequency of their interpersonal communication with their sexual partners, and quality of their AIDS/HIV education in middle and high schools. One student from this population refused to complete the questionnaire.This study showed that public relations practitioners would need to stimulate the target audience to interpersonal communication with their sexual partners, know each type of risk takers need different information from each other, and educate the target audience how to talk about this issue with their sexual partners, rather than educate them knowledge of AIDS or social norm of safe sex.Department of Journalism
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Wingo, Mary. "The Adolescent Stress Response to a Naturalistic Driving Stressor." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2591/.
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The proposed study examined the role of anxiety and risk-taking in driving performance in adolescents. In addition to examining the sample as a whole, gender differences were assessed given earlier reports from our laboratory and others indicating that males and females differ with respect to risky behaviors to driving performance and anxiety. Adolescents' subjective and physiological responses to a driving simulator task were assessed. Anxiety was measured via self report and salivary cortisol. Participants provided a baseline saliva sample and 3 post-task samples for cortisol analysis. Subjective anxiety scores were obtained at both baseline and following the driving stressor. Information concerning impulsivity, as well as other psychological constructs was also collected at baseline. Unlike the pilot study, there were no relationships (with or without respect to gender) between salivary cortisol and both self-reported anxiety (state and trait) or impulsively measures for this sample. These results suggest that this group of adolescents may not have been anxious about the driving task. This discrepancy may stem from error introduced by the smaller sample size obtained from the initial findings or to other factors remaining outside the parameters of the current study. The task did, however, induce a slight hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response indicating some physiological arousal. Males had significantly higher cortisol levels at baseline than females and at time point 3 while approaching significance at time points 2 and 4. Females possessed significantly higher trait anxiety than males and all post task cortisol levels were positively correlated to age while time points 2 and 4 (with time point 3 approaching significance, p=0.09) were inversely correlated with Self Depreciation scores. Additionally, females had Persecutory Ideas scores that were also negatively correlated with cortisol at time points 3 and 4. For both the entire sample and males only, the correlation between post-task cortisol and driving performance was positive and approached significance (p=0.07 and p=0.08, respectively), suggesting that some HPA activation may be facilitative for successful driving task performance. Correlations between driving performance and psychological constructs were explored and discussed with and without respect to gender.
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Silva, Pablo Rogers. "Psicologia do risco de crédito: análise da contribuição de variáveis psicológicas em modelos de credit scoring." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-30092011-184818/.
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A presente tese objetivou investigar a contribuição de variáveis e escalas psicológicas sugeridas pela literatura de Psicologia Econômica, a fim de predizer o risco de crédito de pessoas físicas. Nesse sentido, através das técnicas de regressão logística, e seguindo todas as etapas para desenvolvimento de modelos de credit scoring, foram construídos modelos de application scoring para pessoas físicas com variáveis sociodemográficas e situacionais, comumente utilizadas nos modelos tradicionais, mais a inclusão de variáveis comportamentais e escalas psicológicas, tais como: variáveis de comparação social, variáveis relacionadas com educação financeira, variáveis de comportamento de consumo, proxies de autocontrole e horizonte temporal, escala do significado do dinheiro (ESD), escala de autoeficácia, escala de lócus de controle, escala de otimismo, escala de autoestima e escala de comprador compulsivo. Os resultados foram contundentes e direcionaram para uma significativa contribuição de algumas dessas variáveis em predizer o risco de crédito dos indivíduos. As variáveis oriundas da ESD mostraram que as dimensões negativas relacionadas com o dinheiro estão mais associadas a indivíduos com problemas com dívidas. Também foi possível constatar que indivíduos com altos escores na escala de autoeficácia, provavelmente indicando um maior grau de otimismo e excesso de confiança, estão mais associados ao grupo de mau pagador. Notou-se ainda que compradores classificados como compulsivos possui maior probabilidade de se encontrar no grupo de mau crédito. Indivíduos que consideram presentear crianças e amigos em datas comemorativas como uma necessidade, mesmo que muitas pessoas considerem um luxo, possuem maior chance de se encontrarem no grupo de mau crédito. Problemas de autocontrole identificados por indivíduos que bebem em média mais de quatro copos de bebida alcoólica no dia ou são fumantes, mostraram-se importantes para identificar tendências ao endividamento. A partir desses achados acredita-se que a presente tese avançou no entendimento do risco de crédito das pessoas físicas, de forma a suscitar variáveis que podem aumentar a precisão da previsão dos modelos de credit scoring, tendo como uma das implicações imediatas a consideração de algumas das variáveis significativas como uma pergunta no formulário cadastral para novos clientes, tais como: Você acha que presentear amigos em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Você acha que presentear crianças em datas comemorativas é uma necessidade ou luxo? Na média, você bebe mais de 4 copos de bebida alcoólica no dia? Você fuma cigarros? As implicações dos resultados também podem ser discutidas no âmbito dos modelos de behavioral scoring e modelos de credit scoring para pessoas jurídicas.This works aimed to investigate the contribution of variables and psychological scales, suggested by the literature of Economic Psychology, in order to predict the credit risk of individuals. Accordingly, through the techniques of logistic regression, and following all the steps for developing credit scoring models, application scoring models were built for individuals with socio demographic and situational variables, commonly used in traditional models, further the inclusion of behavioral variables and psychological scales, such as: variables of social comparison, variables related to financial education, variables in consumption behavior, proxies of self-control and temporal horizon, meaning of money scale (MMS), scale of self efficacy, locus of control scale, scale of optimism, scale of self-esteem and scale of compulsive buyer. The results were blunt, and directed a significant contribution to some of these variables in predicting the credit risk of individuals. The variables derived from the MMS showed that the negative dimensions related to money are more associated to individuals with debt problems. It was also noted that individuals with high scores on selfefficacy scale, probably indicating a higher degree of optimism and overconfidence, are the group most associated with bad credit. It was noted also that buyers classified as compulsive ones are more likely to find in the group of bad credit. Individuals who consider gifting children and friends on commemorative dates as a necessity, even though many people consider a luxury, have more chance in being found in the group of bad credit. Self-control problems, identified by individuals who drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day, or are smokers, were important to identify indebtedness trends. From these findings it is believed that this works has advanced the understanding of the credit risk of individuals, giving rise to variables that may increase the forecast accuracy of credit scoring models, having as one of the immediate implications, considering of some of the significant variables as one of the questions about the individual when he fills the new application form, such as: Do you think gifting friends in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? Do you think gifting children in commemorative dates is a necessity or luxury? On average, you drink more than four glasses of alcohol a day? Do you smoke cigarettes? The implications of these results can also be discussed in the context of behavioral scoring models and credit scoring models for corporations.
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Glorieux, Gérard. "L'instabilité sociale et la prise de risques dans le jeu de hasard, les droites parallèles d'un labyrinthe comportemental." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210047.
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L’image du plaisir ou de l’évasion que révèle jeu et les prises de risques, laissent rarement la place à une vision immédiate et simple de la réalité. Le danger de l’assuétude, et l’attrait des prises de risques, guettent le joueur dans l’élan et la ferveur de jeux anodins qui procurent le plus grand plaisir, mais ces dangers sont difficilement perceptibles et quantifiables. Tant que ce plaisir est contrôlable, et reste le libre choix de celui qui s’y adonne, le jeu n’est pas une attitude marginale, pas plus qu’un quelqu’autre divertissement ;ce n’est que la pratique excessive de son activité, c’est-à-dire son comportement, qui peut devenir marginale Nous croyons que les prises de risques dans les activités ludiques ne sont pas plus déviantes, répréhensibles ou particulières que celles d’un simple quotidien mais qu’elles sont simplement situées dans un environnement différent. Au terme de notre travail théorique, nous pouvons dire qu’en ce qui concerne la prise de risques, que l’expérience favorise l’acuité d’évaluation du gradient risque. D’autre part, certains individus sont plus prédisposés à prendre d’initiative des risques, alors que d’autres restent soit timorés ou y sont mêmes averses. Cette recherche de sensations stimulantes que certains aiment trouver d’une part, et la réserve des autres ne constituent pas une dichotomie en classes significatives qui permettraient de dresser un profil type du preneur, et non preneur, de risques. Chacun réagit en fonction de son anamnèse particulière, de son état émotionnel du moment, et de ses limitations cognitives d’analyse de la situation.
Par ailleurs, l’illusion de contrôle de la situation accentue la prise de risques. Une idée générale veut que chacun croit faire de meilleurs choix dans ses risques préférentiels, que le voisin. Cette position est erronée, les choix personnels de tout un chacun n’étant pas meilleurs que ceux du prochain mais ils correspondent mieux à celui qui les a posés. La prise de risques est un changement de mode opératoire de nos comportements obligataires. En l’exerçant, nous tentons de surpasser ce que nous croyons être les limites de l’instant ;dépassement de soi illusoire qui fait immédiatement découvrir de nouvelles frontières restrictives de notre potens.
Par ailleurs, tout comme nous avons énoncé qu’il y avait deux formes de jeux de hasard (égocentré et altruiste), il y a deux approches à considérer dans la prise de risques. Les prises de risques, tant sociale que ludique, qui relèvent des prises de risques en tant que jeu d’affirmation et de recherche des limites personnelles, et celles spécifiques aux jeux de hasard qui outre le justificatif précédent, considèrent de plus, le but de la prise de risques ludiques comme le véhicule d’un chemin substitutif aux revenus du labeur. Il y a aussi deux formes d’instabilité :l’instabilité sociale qui confine les individus dans une situation d’état communautaire non associatif et précaire, et l’instabilité émotionnelle qui réduit le ressenti personnel au sentiment d’injustice. Quelle que soit la cause de l’état d’instabilité, qu’elle soit imputable aux manquements de l’individu, ou le résultat du hasard, cet état ressemble souvent à un labyrinthe du désespoir dont l’accès à la sortie impose une énergie et des opportunités qui sont rarement à portée des candidats à un renouveau. Repartir exige de parcourir successivement deux chemins :celui du retour à l’état initial d’équilibre puis celui du nouveau départ vers des objectifs futurs.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Popple, Helen. "A mixed methods investigation of perceptions of adulthood and gender : links to stereotyped and risky behaviours amongst young people in Kirkcaldy, Fife." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4496.
Full textAbstract:
Adolescence is a formative period of identity development. From the start of high school young people begin to direct their own development through peer selection and behavioural choices. During this time young people have the opportunity to engage in risky behaviours such as drinking alcohol, smoking, having unprotected sex and taking illegal drugs, for the first time. These behaviours amongst young people have been linked to a range of adverse health and wellbeing outcomes, both short and long term. This study seeks to improve understanding of eleven to fifteen year olds' behavioural choices through investigation of potential links to perceptions of adulthood and gender. In order to capture this more fully a mixed methods approach is used with a quantitative cross-sectional pupil survey and in-depth intergenerational family qualitative interviews. By exploring a broad range of age and gender stereotyped, and risky behaviours, this study seeks to provide better understanding of participants' perceptions, motivations and involvement in these behaviours. Results of the study demonstrate both gendered and age differentiated patterns of perceptions. Between eleven and fifteen years old, boys demonstrate more pronounced values attributed to masculine roles. Conversely, stereotyped feminine roles appear to decrease in appeal to girls. Fourth year girls perceive risky behaviours as considerably more relevant to them, than their male peers. Interviewed mothers were unsure of how best to manage their daughter's behaviours considering their own lack of experience and the apparently high value attributed to non-confrontational, friendship based, mothering. Current methods of teaching and intervening generally address mixed gender age-group classes. This research suggests in order to modify risk-taking behaviours a gender specific approach may be more effective.
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BANCE, Paul. "Research notes in prudential regulation : incentive-based approach against excessive risk-taking." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6579.
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Defence date: 24 November 2006Examining board: Prof. Mike Artis, EUI and University of Manchester, Supervisor ; Prof. Pascal Courty, EUI ; Prof. Charles Goodhart, London School of Economics ; Prof. Rafael Repullo, Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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"Risk-taking performances in Chinese video streaming : a study on streamer-viewer interactions." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:56195.
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This project focuses on viewer-streamer interactions in the rapidly growing live video streaming industry in China, more specifically for risk-taking content. This researcher investigated the users’ motivations and engagement relating to risk-taking performances. Compared to traditional mass media, interactions between viewers andstreamers in live streaming appear to have strong social connection and community base.This study is a qualitative study where multiple methods were applied to collect original data; based on two different Chinese live-streaming platforms. It discusses streamers’ motivations for conducting risk-taking performance, caused by economic reasons and shaped by business models. This study determines the live-streaming experience of both streamers and viewers in three themes: motivation, interactions and experiences.
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Kim, Kyungil. "Fear of negative evaluation, subject size of social network, and risk taking." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1592.
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Graham, Lauren. "Understanding risk in the everyday identity-work of young people on the East Rand." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8292.
Full textAbstract:
D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)Inquiry that seeks to understand young people’s engagement in risk behaviours is numerous. Concern for and interest in young people has stimulated a wide range of debates about what makes young people do the things they do. Despite the plethora of research in this area there are still gaps in our knowledge, primarily because much of the research has sought to understand young people by looking at their decision making from the outside. This study departs from what has gone before by applying a youth development approach to understanding youth risk. In order to do so it sought to delve into the worlds and lives of a few young people living in an informal settlement in Gauteng, South Africa. The key question that the study poses pertains to how young people understand and negotiate risk as an aspect of their everyday identity-work. It is thus important to note that youth in this study is not understood simply as a particular age range or a phase that exists between childhood and adulthood. Rather it is understood as a life stage that carries with it particular experiences, needs and processes. In particular for the purposes of this study identity-work is understood to be an intensive process during the life stage of youth that involves drawing on culturally and socially available labels (McCall, 2003), definitions and markers of identity and testing them in their social networks in a process of reflexivity towards developing a self-identity (Giddens, 1991). In order to generate a deep understanding of the lives and worlds of young people, this study employed a critical ethnographic design, combining the usual methods of ethnography such as observation and interviews, with innovative methods that sought to challenge commonly held perceptions of research that young people might have had, and to encourage them to participate in the research. The study found that risk is understood in multiple ways. Young people understand and internalise the risk prevention messaging that is often targeted at them but they also have other perceptions of risk that ‘experts’ tend to overlook. Most important of these were their perceptions of risk that were influenced by their socio-economic surroundings – risks that were foremost in their lives because of their day-to-day struggles to manage them. The study also demonstrates the ways in which risk is negotiated as a feature of identity-work in three ways – in identity-work that has to do with masculinity and femininity, in identity-work pertaining to who one is within a family, and in identity work that involves their roles in the community. One of the main recommendations arising from this research is the need for integrated interventions that combine the prevention models that are currently employed, with locally specific interventions aimed at enhancing the protection and preparedness of young people in order to reduce their vulnerability. By conceptualising young people and the phase of ‘youth’ differently, and applying a youth development approach to understanding youth risk, it is hoped that an innovative way of considering how young people make decisions regarding risk has been opened for future consideration in research.
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Dahl, Ethan James Marcel. "Social facilitation and shift to risk in gambling : an investigation of online blackjack." 2014. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1745606.
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Botha, Louise. "A socio-psychological perspective on the perception and acceptance of risk." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10651.
Full textAbstract:
D.Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)The Licensing Branch of the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa is responsible for setting safety standards as regards the nuclear energy industry. The present study forms part of an investigation, initiated by members of the Licensing Branch, into the impact and possible social risk of nuclear technology on society. The ultimate aim of the investigation, towards which this study intends to make a sound contribution, is the development of appropriate social risk criteria. Financial assistance by the Atomic Energy Corporation of South Africa is hereby acknowledged. Any views or conclusions are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the AEC. The financial assistance of the Human Sciences Research Council towards the costs of this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed or conclusions reached are those of the author and are not to be regarded as a reflection of the opinions and conclusions of the Human Sciences Research Council.
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Bachoo, Shaneel. "Anger, impulsivity, sensation seeking and driver attitudes as correlates for self-reported acts of risky driving behaviour among young drivers." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2834.
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The study used a cross-sectional survey design to investigate anger, impulsivity, sensation seeking and driver attitudes as correlates for self-reported acts of risky driving behaviour (RDB), among young drivers. A non-probability sample of 306 university students from two universities in the Durban region completed the self-administered questionnaire. A key focus area included an examination of age and gender differences in the above-mentioned constructs. Fifty four percent of the sample were male (N = 165) and 46% female (N = 141). The mean age of males and females in the sample was 29 years and 25 years respectively. The majority of the sample (75%) indicated that they drive either on a daily basis or 3-6 days a week. With regard to the relationship between the various personality constructs and selfreported acts of RDB, the results indicate that driver anger, sensation seeking, a sense of urgency and a lack of premeditation and perseverance were significantly related to self-reported acts of RDB. That is, drivers with higher driver anger, sensation seeking, urgency, and with a greater lack of premeditation and perseverance in daily activities were statistically more likely to report riskier driving acts. With respect to gender differences, males reported significantly more acts of RDB, while females displayed a significantly lower amount of premeditation in their general daily activities. However no other significant gender differences were observed. The results suggested that driver attitudes were significantly related to self-reported acts of RDB on most indicators. That is, drivers with a negative attitude towards RDB-related behaviours reported significantly less engagement in RDB-related actions.Finally, with respect to age differences, older drivers (25 years and older) reported significantly more negative attitudes towards rule violations/speeding and the careless driving of others. Also, older drivers reported a significantly lower sense of sensation seeking and urgency in life.Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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"擇偶和親子意識對風險行為的知覺和認知加工的影響." Thesis, 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074694.
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Within the evolutionary framework of sexual selection and parental investment theory, the study employed four experiments to examine the effects of mating and parenting awareness on the perception and assessment of high risk sports. In Study 1, participants were exposed, in random order, five types of pictures---attractive female, regular female, attractive male, regular male, and award winning pictures. After the activation of each of these pictures, participants were asked to respond to pictures depicting high risk sport events. The reaction time to high risk sport events was shortest when men saw attractive female pictures. The same effect was not found in female participants viewing attractive male pictures. Study 2 used the same mating awareness manipulation (attractive female pictures versus other pictures) but also added parenting and child rearing pictures depicting pregnant women or young children with their mothers. The results showed that men's reaction time to high risk sports was shorter when exposed to attractive female pictures than other conditions and was longer when exposed to parenting-related pictures. Study 3 included socialsexual orientation as a covariate and results similar to Study 1 were obtained after controlling for the extraneous influence of socialsexual orientation. Study 4 focused on risk assessment in different domains including entertainment, financial investment, health and social risk. The results showed that men under-assessed risk in the entertainment domain when exposed to attractive female pictures than to award winning pictures. However, the same effect was not found with other risk domains. Overall, the findings support the evolutionary account of risk taking which is sexually selected male attribute as an ornament to attract mating partners and which is reduced when men shift from mating to parenting and child rearing concerns. One practical implication for controlling risk taking behaviors among adolescents is the knowledge that risk taking behavior may be more likely in mixed- than in single-gender social groups.李宏利.
Adviser: Lei Chang.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 1923.
Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-118).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
School code: 1307.
Li Hongli.
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Hawke, Stephanie. "Adolescent popularity and likeability : associations with risk-taking and self-worth in Australian females and males." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156115.
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This thesis presents a series of studies investigating adolescent peer status - both popularity and likeability - and their relationships with gender, risk-taking, and self-worth in the Australian context. The overall objective was to examine whether Australian adolescents differentiate between these two types of high social status from early adolescence (8th grade), through to middle (9th and 10th grade) and late adolescence (11th grade), and to consider gender differences in the characteristics, risk-taking profiles, and self-worth of popular and well-liked adolescents. Results from all six studies comprising the research program confirm a distinction between the two types of adolescent status. The first and second studies used an interviewing methodology to investigate the personality and appearance characteristics of popular and well-liked same-gendered peers in grades 9 (N = 106) and 11 (N = 84). The findings indicated that Australian adolescents conceptualise popular peers to have both prosocial and antisocial characteristics, and well-liked peers to possess only prosocial qualities. There were some similarities between popular and well-liked peers. However, there were also diverging characteristics that mainly related to their behaviours and interpersonal relationships, whereby popular adolescents engaged in activities that differentiated themselves from their peers, whereas well-liked peers displayed behaviours that achieve social connectedness. The relationships between peer status, gender, and risk-taking were investigated in studies three and four. The third study involved 642 students from 9th grade reporting on their own risk-taking activities in eight domains. The results from this cross-sectional study indicated a clear association between popularity and higher risk-taking in five out of the eight domains, whereas likeability was not directly related to risk-taking aside from one two-way interaction. To examine the stability of these relationships and to investigate temporal ordering, 273 students completed the identical questionnaire one year later as 10th graders. Risk-taking predicted higher likeability but lower popularity, but only for females. The relationships between peer status, gender, and self-worth were investigated in studies five and six. The fifth study considered self-worth and its relationships with peer status in a cross-sectional study of 476 students from 8th grade, where there were several findings regarding associations between popularity and domains of self-worth, but none for likeability. These relationships were then examined in the sixth study, which comprised a prospective investigation of 299 students who completed the identical study as 9th grade students one year later. The results indicated that peer status did not predict changes in self-worth, but self-worth did predict changes in both popularity and likeability. Overall, the findings indicated that popularity and likeability are distinct forms of social status, however they demonstrated that the benefits of high popularity come at the cost of increased risk-taking and an emphasis on external contingencies of self-worth. It is argued that there is a need for further prospective research into the costs of longer-term risk-taking, and the relationships between peer status and self-worth from middle to later adolescence, in order to comprehensively understand the benefits and negative consequences of popularity, which is often prioritised and desired by many adolescents.
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Cheng, Wendy Yin Kei. "Trajectories of Hyperactivity and Inattention Symptom Scores in Boys of Low Socioeconomic Status: An Assessment of Risk Factors and Cigarette Smoking Behaviors in Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-6d7k-d317.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), once considered a childhood-limited neuropsychiatric condition, is now recognized as often persisting into adolescence and beyond. Recent studies of ADHD and its symptom domains--hyperactivity and inattention--indicate that symptoms can wax and wane over time and follow discrete trajectories characterized by different symptom levels and shapes. However, little is known about symptom trajectories in high-risk groups, such as boys from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Childhood ADHD is associated with cigarette smoking in adolescence, but whether the risk is specific to hyperactivity or inattention or their respective symptom trajectories is not clear.
The aims of my dissertation research were to identify trajectories of hyperactivity and inattention symptom scores in a sample of boys from low socioeconomic backgrounds and to assess the associations of those trajectories with cigarette smoking outcomes in late adolescence and young adulthood.
In pursuit of those aims, I first conducted a narrative literature review to assess current evidence regarding the persistence of childhood ADHD, hyperactivity and inattention into adolescence, and the associations of persistent ADHD and its symptom domains with the risks of cigarette smoking and nicotine abuse and dependence in adolescence and early adulthood. Data on boys of low socioeconomic status, where available, were summarized. Evidence suggests that nearly 50% of individuals with childhood ADHD or its symptom domains continue to have symptoms in adulthood. Hyperactivity symptom trajectories are likely to decline over time, whereas inattention symptom trajectories are more stable. The sparse literature on the association between ADHD, hyperactivity, and inattention symptom persistence and high symptom score trajectories and smoking outcomes suggests that high inattention symptom score trajectories are associated with earlier onset and higher risk of nicotine abuse or dependence in early adulthood than lower trajectories. Evidence on hyperactivity symptom score trajectories and similar smoking outcomes is inconclusive. Literature on symptom trajectories in low socioeconomic boys is sorely lacking; no study has evaluated the association of symptom score trajectories with smoking outcomes.
Second, in a sample of 1,037 boys from low socioeconomic neighborhoods, I derived trajectories of hyperactivity and inattention symptom scores between childhood and mid-adolescence (ages 6-15 years), using teachers’ and mothers’ ratings, separately. I also evaluated risk factors for high symptom score trajectories. Three trajectories were identified for both hyperactivity and inattention symptom scores. Hyperactivity symptom scores generally declined over time (high declining, moderate declining, and low declining), whereas inattention symptom scores remained stable (high stable, moderate stable, and low stable). Most boys had low symptom scores over time (i.e., low declining for hyperactivity or low stable for inattention), but approximately one-fifth to one-third followed high symptom score trajectories (high declining for hyperactivity or high stable for inattention). Mothers were more likely than teachers to rate boys as having higher symptom scores. Boys’ behavioral symptom scores (hyperactivity, inattention, opposition, and anxiety) at age 6 years and lack of family intactness were risk factors for high hyperactivity and inattention symptom score trajectories.
Third, in the same sample of boys from low socioeconomic neighborhoods, I assessed the associations of the hyperactivity and inattention symptom score trajectories with frequency of cigarette smoking at ages 16-17 years (late adolescence) and daily and heavy (≥1 pack/day) smoking at ages 23 and 28 years (young adulthood). I further conducted mediational analyses to assess the potential impact of cigarette smoking frequency and use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drugs in late adolescence on smoking outcomes in young adulthood. High vs. low symptom score trajectories of hyperactivity (i.e., high declining vs. low declining) and inattention (i.e., high stable vs. low stable) were associated with nearly doubled odds of high cigarette smoking frequency (≥40 times in the past year) in late adolescence (hyperactivity: OR=1.97 [95% CI=1.30-2.98]; inattention: OR=1.87 [1.27-2.76]). High (vs. low) symptom score trajectory of inattention, but not hyperactivity, was further associated with elevated risk for daily cigarette smoking (OR=2.67 [1.53-4.64]) and heavy cigarette smoking (OR=1.95 [1.10-3.45]) in young adulthood. Part of the associations (about 11-23%) was mediated by high cigarette smoking frequency in late adolescence. The mediation roles of other substances were not statistically significant.
Although the socioeconomically disadvantaged boys whose data I analyzed were similar in number of symptom score trajectories and trends (declining for hyperactivity and stable for inattention) to boys in general populations, they were at elevated risk for high scores for both of the symptom domains over time. Childhood behavioral problems as well as lack of family intactness were associated with high symptom score trajectories of both hyperactivity and inattention. High trajectories of both hyperactivity and inattention scores were associated with high risk of cigarette smoking frequency in late adolescence, but inattention appeared to have a longer-term impact on smoking behaviors. Altogether, my research findings suggest that children with high symptom levels of hyperactivity and/or inattention at an early age, especially those with symptoms that persist over time, might benefit from early interventions to manage and reduce their symptoms and their risk of becoming cigarette smokers.
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Lovett, Raymond William. "Mob and country : a role for identity in alcohol screening for Indigenous Australians living in the ACT and region." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150701.
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Risky alcohol consumption is responsible for seven per cent of all Indigenous deaths in Australia and is a precursor to many diseases. Despite high rates of risky consumption, screening is not routine practice in primary health care and the validity of screening instruments (other than the Indigenous Risk Impact Screen) have not been performed for Indigenous peoples. Enquiring about risky alcohol use can cause discomfort for health practitioners and clients. One way of overcoming this is to create an environment free from a number of social contexts. My first aim was to assess the reliability and validity of commonly used alcohol screening instruments. This then provided an opportunity to assess the level of risky alcohol use in the study population, my second aim. My third aim was to assess whether a culturally mediated alcohol screen could improve reporting of risky alcohol consumption. It involved starting the interview with questions about the participant's 'mob and country'. My fourth aim was to determine whether the socio-cultural factors or acculturation stress reflected determinants of drinking for the study population. My final aim was to examine facilitators and moderators of risky drinking. I conducted a computer-assisted cross-sectional survey of Indigenous people (n=121) in the primary survey and 45 participants completed a re-test survey (for test re-test reliability). The surveys were conducted among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) region from July 2010 to August 2011. Participants were randomised into a 'mob-ask' screening group (n=53) and a 'screening as usual' group (n=69). Five alcohol screening instruments were administered. A modified Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA) were used to examine how Indigenous people viewed their participation in heritage and dominant society cultures, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) to examine motives for drinking and the Kessler 10 (K10) to examine psychological distress. All alcohol screening instruments were reliable, but shorter screening instruments were as reliable and valid as existing instruments. Half the participants were drinking above recommended guideline limits and the mean age of initiation to alcohol was 14 years, 13 years for males and 15 years for females. Being male, living in a dependent household situation and being excluded from education were associated with risk-taking behaviour and risky alcohol consumption. Alcohol screening instrument mean scores were higher in the 'mob-ask' screen group compared to the control group. Participants were highly integrated (had a positive association with both heritage and dominant society culture) and, as anticipated, socio-cultural factors, rather than acculturation stress, predicted risky alcohol use. Health gains achieved through reducing consumption and drinking in specific situations (particularly around children and family members) moderated drinking. Family members were also identified by participants as facilitators to drinking and risk-taking behaviour. Screening approaches for risky drinking do not require major modification but do need to be focused on younger people (from 13 years) and screening needs to be routine.
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Tlhako, Regina Kgabo. "Exploring socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors influencing young women's vulnerability to HIV : a study in Sunnyside (Pretoria)." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22062.
Full textAbstract:
Women face a greater risk of HIV infection worldwide than men. This study explored socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors influencing young women’s vulnerability to HIV. A quantitative explorative study was conducted among young women in Sunnyside, Pretoria. A sample of 158 young women in the age group 18 to 24
years from all language groups was randomly selected to participate in this study. The findings showed that poverty, peer pressure and multiple sexual partners were the main factors that influenced young women in Sunnyside’s vulnerability to HIV. Behavioural change and social change were recommended as long-term processes, which need to be taken into consideration. Findings from the Sexual Relationship Power Scales show that young women between 18 and 21 years experience physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and forced sex in their relationships. The study concluded with
specific recommendations for the successful implementation of policy makers and planners to protect women.Health Studies
M.A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV/AIDS)
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Jensen, Meredith. "Characterization of Behavioral Profiles for Inbred P and NP and Congenic P.NP and NP.P Rats." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2924.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Alcoholism inheritance rates have been estimated as high as 60% in a human population. Many significant features of alcohol dependence have been replicated in rodent animal models of alcoholism, however not in totality. These animal models include inbred preferring (iP) and nonpreferring (iNP) rat types. Congenic rats have been engineered from the iP and iNP strains whereby a P congenic rat has in its genome a well-chosen chromosomal portion taken from an NP rat (P.NP) and, reciprocally, an NP congenic rat has acquired the analogous DNA from a P rat (NP.P). In this case, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) from chromosome 4 is the donor genetic material for the congenic rats. It is of great interest to further study this chromosome 4 QTL because it has been found to control a significant portion of ethanol consumption behavior in iP and iNP rats. This study aimed to behaviorally profile the iP, iNP and reciprocal congenic rats. As a result of the behavioral profiling of these genetically related groups, some conclusions could be made regarding which behaviors appear to be controlled by the chromosome 4 donor DNA.This study primarily utilized the Multivariate Concentric Square Field apparatus (MCSF) to characterize behavioral profiles for the inbred and congenic rats. The Open field (OF) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) supported this effort. The MCSF is valuable in that it allows for the animals to interact within an environment that has ethological value. The 12 different zones that make up the field are characterized by some functional quality in terms of type and duration of behavior performed, etc. The behavioral data is aggregated and finally represented in terms of five functional categories, the elements of the behavioral profile: general activity, exploratory activity, risk assessment, risk taking, and shelter seeking. The study hypotheses were shaped by prior research suggesting that iPs should display lower general activity and risk taking strategy than iNPs in the MCSF. Inbred Ps should be more active in the OF and spend more time in the center of the EPM. Generally, it is expected that the iP QTL confer behavioral phenotypes to the iNP strain that deviate toward a "P" behavioral phenotype and reciprocally, the iNP QTL confer behavioral phenotypes to the iP strain that deviate toward an "NP" behavioral phenotype. The results showed that iP rats performed more risk assessment and risk taking behavior and less shelter seeking and anxiety-like behavior than iNP rats. It followed that P.NP congenic rats significantly downgraded their risk assessment and risk taking behavior when compared to iP rats. This decrease can be attributed to the chromosome 4 QTL donated from the iNP breed. All together this study concludes that risk assessment and risk taking behavior in the iP rats is controlled by the same DNA region that, in part, determines voluntary intake of ethanol consumption. Further fine mapping of the QTL region should help in discovering if the same DNA sequences that influence ethanol intake also significantly influence risk behavior.
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Sibaya, Simangele Mary-Magdalene. "Impact of HIV/AIDS on rural community of Kwa-Mthethwa area in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10530/191.
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Submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Sociology at the University of Zululand, 2003.A study of impact of HIV/AIDS on rural community involves a whole range of factors. This investigation focused on youth's level of knowledge of HTV/AIDS, youth's informants and youth's attitudes towards HIV/AIDS sufferers. Literature review was conducted. This has revealed that the attitude within the community feeds on a plethora of explanations for caring of AIDS sufferers. Much research has focused on poverty. Most research recognize the importance of support groups and champion this idea to many communities. An empirical investigation was conducted. The findings reveal that many adolescents/youth understand a lot about HIV/AIDS. Furthermore youth is receptive to a wide spectrum of credible sources of information. The attitude of the community is generally positive towards HIV/AIDS sufferers. The dissertation concludes with recommendations for further research in this field.
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Kabongo, Paola Bulungu. "Factors associated with the resurgence in HIV incidence among young women presenting at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/20696.
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Text in EnglishPrevious studies have reported a high prevalence of HIV and AIDS among adolescent girls. It is estimated that there are 5,24 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). These estimates would mean that about 2.36 million people living with HIV/AIDS would be young women and girls aged 15-24 years. The latest household survey conducted by the Human Science Research Council (HSRC) revealed that the prevalence of HIV is three to seven fold in girls and young women aged 15-24 than boys and young men (HSRC 2014) This resurgence in HIV incidence is occurring at a time when it is believed the epidemic has reached a plateau following aggressive behavioural, biomedical and structural interventions by the Department of Health, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) and civil society in general. A probability sampling method, involving a random selection of elements was used to select 130 young women and girls aged 18-24 presenting at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital by simple random sampling. Data were collected by self-administering questionnaires. High unemployment and greater age-disparity in the relationships were found to have a direct correlation with HIV incidence in the population under study. This study also shows that inconsistent condom use, low rate of medical male circumcision of male partners, coupled with lower HIV counselling and testing than the national average, was associated with new HIV infections, in spite of high level of condom availability, knowledge of HIV issues and an exposure to an array of behavioural change communication interventions.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health)
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Onishi, Tamaki. "Institutional influence on the manifestation of entrepreneurial orientation: A case of social investment funders." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4656.
Full textAbstract:
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Linking the new institutionalism to entrepreneurial orientation (EO), my dissertation investigates institutional forces and entrepreneurial forces—two contradicting types of forces—as main effects and moderating effects upon practices and performance of organizations embedded in the institutional duality. The case chosen observes unique hybrid funders that this study collectively calls social investment funders (SIF), which integrate philanthropy and venture capital investment to create and implement a venture philanthropy model for a pursuit of their mission. A theoretical framework is developed to propose regulative and normative pressures from two dominant institutions governing SIFs. Original data collected from 146 organizations are scrutinized by moderated multiple regressions for two empirical studies: Study 1 for effects on SIFs’ venture philanthropy practices, and Study 2 for effects on SIFs’ social and financial performance. Multiple imputations, diagnostic analyses, and several post hoc analyses are also conducted for robustness of data and results from multiple regression analyses. Results from these analyses find that EO and venture capital institutional forces both enhance SIFs’ venture philanthropy practices. A hypothesis postulated for a negative relationship between the nonprofit status and venture philanthropy practices is also supported. Results from moderated regression analyses, along with a subgroup and EO subdimension analyses, confirm a moderating effect between EO and the nonprofit status, i.e., a regulative institutional pressure. A positive relationship is found in EO- financial performance, but not in EO-social performance. While support is lent to hypotheses posited for a social/financial performance relationship with donors’/investors’ demand for social outcomes, and with the management team’s training in business, the overall results remain mixed for Study 2. Nonetheless, this dissertation appears to be the first study to theorize and test EO as a micro-level condition enabling organizations to strategically shape and resist institutional pressures, and it reinforces that organizations’ behavior is not merely a product of their passive conformity to environmental forces, but of the agency, also. As such, this study aims to contribute to scholarly efforts by the “agency camp” of the new institutionalism and EO, answering a call from the leading scholars of both EO (Miller) and the new institutionalism (Oliver).
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Santilli, Linda. "Identifisering van maatskaplike werkers se behoeftes ten opsigte van die begeleidingsproses aan swanger tienerdogters." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3677.
Full textAbstract:
Teenage pregnancies are currently a social problem in South Africa and in the
rest of the world. Social workers are involved with teenage girls by providing
guidance during their pregnancies and face many challenges by accepting this
role. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify and describe the
needs of social workers when guiding pregnant teenage girls. A conceptual
framework with the Gestalt approach as the theoretical framework for the study
was stated after which an empirical study took place. In-depth interviews took
place with nine social workers. Results were then verified in a focus group
discussion. From the empirical data themes and sub themes were identified and
verified with relevant literature. These themes and sub themes were then
interpreted through the Gestalt approach. Conclusions and recommendations
were made to social workers and interdisciplinary teams, which form part of the
network that are involved with pregnant teenage girls.Thesis (M.Diac. (Spelterapie)