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Journal articles on the topic 'Risk representation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 November 2024

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1

Kountzakis, Christos E., and Damiano Rossello. "Risk Measures’ Duality on Ordered Linear Spaces." Mathematics 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2024): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12081165.

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The aim of this paper is to provide a dual representation of convex and coherent risk measures in partially ordered linear spaces with respect to the algebraic dual space. An algebraic robust representation is deduced by weak separation of convex sets by functionals, which are assumed to be only linear; thus, our framework does not require any topological structure of the underlying spaces, and our robust representations are found without any continuity requirement for the risk measures. We also use such extensions to the representation of acceptability indices.

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Chepurnaya, А. N. "Cardiomyopathy. Risk factors. Modern representation." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 99, no. 9-10 (January 26, 2022): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2021-99-9-10-501-508.

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The article is a review of the literature, which deals with the classifi cation, etiology, pathogenesis and risk factors of cardiomyopathies, analyzes the results of diagnostics with the use of modern technologies. The presence of cardiomyopathy always means a diffi cult life prognosis in patients. It determines the social signifi cance of the problem connected with this pathology, which is the cause of disability and mortality of most active working age patients.

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Harvard, Stephanie, and Eric Winsberg. "The Epistemic Risk in Representation." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 32, no. 1 (March 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ken.2022.0001.

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4

Watson, Karli K. "Evolution, Risk, and Neural Representation." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1128, no. 1 (April 2008): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1399.002.

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5

Kleinhesselink, Randall R., and Eugene A. Rosa. "Cognitive Representation of Risk Perceptions." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 22, no. 1 (March 1991): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022191221004.

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6

TSUCHIDA, Shoji. "Risk perception and Linguistic Representation." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2011.16 (2011): A3—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2011.16.a3.

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7

Amarante, Massimiliano. "A representation of risk measures." Decisions in Economics and Finance 39, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10203-016-0170-8.

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Roland-Lévy, Christine, Ruxanda Kmiec, and Jérémy Lemoine. "How is the economic crisis socially assessed?" Social Science Information 55, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018416629228.

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Based on the Social Representation Theory, the purpose of this article is to explore how lay-people consider both the economic crisis and risk, and to link these social representations to behavior. The article offers an original approach with the articulation of two studies about the social construction of risk and crises. It also contributes to the development of research methods for studying the connections between representations and practical implications. Based on this, the impact of the social representation of the crisis on the perceived ability to act is approached. The first study focuses on free-association tasks, with two distinct target terms: ‘risk’ and ‘crisis’. The structural approach, with a prototypical analysis, allowed the identification of two different representations: (1) for risk, ‘danger’ is the central element; (2) for crisis, ‘economy’ and ‘money’ constitute the main components of the representation. The second study investigates the links between the two previously detected structures and their relations with the perceived ability to act in a financial crisis context. Some aspects of social knowledge were found to have an impact on perceived ability to act.

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Schilling, Katja, Daniel Bauer, Marcus C. Christiansen, and Alexander Kling. "Decomposing Dynamic Risks into Risk Components." Management Science 66, no. 12 (December 2020): 5738–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3522.

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The decomposition of dynamic risks a company faces into components associated with various sources of risk, such as financial risks, aggregate economic risks, or industry-specific risk drivers, is of significant relevance in view of risk management and product design, particularly in (life) insurance. Nevertheless, although several decomposition approaches have been proposed, no systematic analysis is available. This paper closes this gap in literature by introducing properties for meaningful risk decompositions and demonstrating that proposed approaches violate at least one of these properties. As an alternative, we propose a novel martingale representation theorem (MRT) decomposition that relies on martingale representation and show that it satisfies all of the properties. We discuss its calculation and present detailed examples illustrating its applicability. This paper was accepted by Baris Ata, stochastic models and simulation.

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10

Wolford, Jackson. "Finding Words: Risk and Requirements in Theological Ethnographic Writing." Ecclesial Practices 11, no. 1 (August 14, 2024): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22144417-bja10059.

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Abstract Scholars have written extensively on theological ethnographic research. Comparatively little has been written about theological ethnographic representations. Despite influential efforts since 2011 to move methods of theological ethnographic research toward an incarnate mode, the genres of theological ethnographic representation have not similarly advanced. This article argues: 1) That limiting theological ethnographic representations to the genre of the social-scientific case study or treatise risks replicating the analytical violence ethnography was designed to fight against; 2) That if we write in such a way that an abstract such as this one conveys the fullness of our written representation, we have failed to fulfill the obligations of the ethnographic task. Ethnography ought to be non-abstractable; this abstract should fall short. It then proposes two necessary qualities for theological ethnographic writing: 1) Writing in ways that needs to be read; 2) Writing in ways that can be read. I then proceed to get emotional.

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11

Carey, CJ, Travis Dick, Alessandro Epasto, Adel Javanmard, Josh Karlin, Shankar Kumar, Andres Muñoz Medina, et al. "Measuring Re-identification Risk." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 1, no. 2 (June 13, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3589294.

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Compact user representations (such as embeddings) form the backbone of personalization services. In this work, we present a new theoretical framework to measure re-identification risk in such user representations. Our framework, based on hypothesis testing, formally bounds the probability that an attacker may be able to obtain the identity of a user from their representation. As an application, we show how our framework is general enough to model important real-world applications such as the Chrome's Topics API for interest-based advertising. We complement our theoretical bounds by showing provably good attack algorithms for re-identification that we use to estimate the re-identification risk in the Topics API. We believe this work provides a rigorous and interpretable notion of re-identification risk and a framework to measure it that can be used to inform real-world applications.

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12

Balbás, Alejandro, Beatriz Balbás, Raquel Balbás, and Jean-Philippe Charron. "Bidual Representation of Expectiles." Risks 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2023): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks11120220.

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Downside risk measures play a very interesting role in risk management problems. In particular, the value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR) have become very important instruments to address problems such as risk optimization, capital requirements, portfolio selection, pricing and hedging issues, risk transference, risk sharing, etc. In contrast, expectile risk measures are not as widely used, even though they are both coherent and elicitable. This paper addresses the bidual representation of expectiles in order to prove further important properties of these risk measures. Indeed, the bidual representation of expectiles enables us to estimate and optimize them by linear programming methods, deal with optimization problems involving expectile-linked constraints, relate expectiles with VaR and CVaR by means of both equalities and inequalities, give VaR and CVaR hyperbolic upper bounds beyond the level of confidence, and analyze whether co-monotonic additivity holds for expectiles. Illustrative applications are presented.

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13

Heery, Edmund. "Risk, representation and the new pay." Personnel Review 25, no. 6 (December 1996): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00483489610148536.

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14

Joffe, Hélène. "Risk: From perception to social representation." British Journal of Social Psychology 42, no. 1 (March 2003): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466603763276126.

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15

Brunger, Fern, and Todd Russell. "Risk and Representation in Research Ethics." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 10, no. 4 (August 25, 2015): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264615599687.

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16

Liu, Fangda, Jun Cai, Christiane Lemieux, and Ruodu Wang. "Convex risk functionals: Representation and applications." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 90 (January 2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2019.10.007.

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17

Drapeau, Samuel, and Michael Kupper. "Risk Preferences and Their Robust Representation." Mathematics of Operations Research 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 28–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.1120.0560.

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18

Fordyce, Saraleah. "Risk & Representation: Framing HIV Now." Design and Culture 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2018.1518093.

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19

Giannarakis, Nick, Alexandra Silva, and David Walker. "ProbNV: probabilistic verification of network control planes." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 5, ICFP (August 22, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473595.

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ProbNV is a new framework for probabilistic network control plane verification that strikes a balance between generality and scalability. ProbNV is general enough to encode a wide range of features from the most common protocols (eBGP and OSPF) and yet scalable enough to handle challenging properties, such as probabilistic all-failures analysis of medium-sized networks with 100-200 devices. When there are a small, bounded number of failures, networks with up to 500 devices may be verified in seconds. ProbNV operates by translating raw CISCO configurations into a probabilistic and functional programming language designed for network verification. This language comes equipped with a novel type system that characterizes the sort of representation to be used for each data structure: concrete for the usual representation of values; symbolic for a BDD-based representation of sets of values; and multi-value for an MTBDD-based representation of values that depend upon symbolics. Careful use of these varying representations speeds execution of symbolic simulation of network models. The MTBDD-based representations are also used to calculate probabilistic properties of network models once symbolic simulation is complete. We implement the language and evaluate its performance on benchmarks constructed from real network topologies and synthesized routing policies.

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20

Richard, Ratcliffe. "Bedouin Rights, Bedouin Representations: Dynamics of Representation in the Naqab Bedouin Advocacy Industry." Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 15, no. 1 (May 2016): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hlps.2016.0131.

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This article looks at the representations of Naqab Bedouin in Bedouin advocacy NGOs, and their relationship to changing dynamics of Palestinian and Israeli nationalism, and to wider dynamics of control and risk management. Much has been written on the folklorisation of Bedouin culture, and on representations of the Bedouin in development. The Bedouin have been important as a traditional Other for a modern Israel, and as the ‘Negev Bedouin’ a transitional society and object of development. These ideas have been refashioned by a new body of knowledge on the Naqab Bedouin created by NGO advocacy, highlighting different aspects of Bedouin marginalisation, placing them within different rights frameworks of variously framed ‘Palestinian’, ‘indigenous’, ‘minority’ or ‘civil’ rights. This article looks at the construction of the Bedouin as an object for advocacy by Bedouin NGOs for a wider audience, and particularly how these representations have presented challenges to the control regime around the Naqab Bedouin. The post-OIslo transformation has been resonant with evolving new forms of control and exploitation in contemporary capitalism that channel Bedouin claims within national and international norms and frameworks, and are guided by the modalities of risk management and considering the Bedouin as a risk. I argue that this evolving structure of risk-based governance is reformulating Israel/Palestine, and this is where the Naqab has relevance for the dynamics of the wider Middle East.

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21

Munari, Cosimo. "Multi-utility representations of incomplete preferences induced by set-valued risk measures." Finance and Stochastics 25, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00780-020-00440-5.

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AbstractWe establish a variety of numerical representations of preference relations induced by set-valued risk measures. Because of the general incompleteness of such preferences, we have to deal with multi-utility representations. We look for representations that are both parsimonious (the family of representing functionals is indexed by a tractable set of parameters) and well behaved (the representing functionals satisfy nice regularity properties with respect to the structure of the underlying space of alternatives). The key to our results is a general dual representation of set-valued risk measures that unifies the existing dual representations in the literature and highlights their link with duality results for scalar risk measures.

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22

Bovina, I. B., N. V. Dvoryanchikov, L. Dany, M. A. Aim, A. V. Milekhin, S. Yu Gayamova, and A. V. Yakushenko. "Health representations of children and adolescents." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 11, no. 1 (2018): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2018110104.

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The key question in this article is how children and adolescents understand health. This period attracts a particular interest because the social practice towards health and illness as well as attitudes towards risk and risk behaviour are formed at that time. The productivity of the theory of social representations applied to the field of health and illness is discussed. The exploratory study in groups of children and adolescents on the representations of health and illness is presented here. A total of 633 subjects (333 children (aged 8 years old) and 300 adolescents (aged 13 years old) participated in a study. The study is based on the structural approach of the theory of social representations. The opposition «health»—«illness» is important in case of representations of health in children; its importance is decreasing with age. The key elements of the representation of health in adolescents are the actions to maintain health. The representation in case of children is less shared than in case of adolescents.

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23

Iris, Doruk. "Representation and Social Regret in Risk-Taking." Korean Journal of Industrial Organization 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36354/kjio.26.3.1.

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24

Satten, Glen A., and Somnath Datta. "Kaplan–Meier representation of competing risk estimates." Statistics & Probability Letters 42, no. 3 (April 1999): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7152(98)00220-x.

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25

Hanoch, Y. "Natural frequencies and the representation of risk." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2002): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/14.4.337.

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26

Giovinazzi, Sonia. "Geotechnical hazard representation for seismic risk analysis." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 42, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.42.3.221-234.

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Seismic risk analysis, either deterministic or probabilistic, along with the use of a GIS environment to represent the results, are helpful tools to support decision making for planning and prioritizing seismic risk management strategies. This paper focuses on the importance of an appropriate geotechnical hazard representation within a seismic risk analysis process. An overview of alternative methods for geotechnical zonation available in literature is provided, with a level of refinement appropriate to the information available. It is worth noting that in such methods, the definition of the site effect amplifications does not account for the characteristics of the built environment affecting the soil-structure interaction. Alternative methods able to account for both the soil conditions and the characteristics of the built environment have been recently proposed and are herein discussed. Within a framework for seismic risk analysis, different formulations would thus derive depending on both the intensity measure and the vulnerability approach adopted. In conclusion, an immediate visualization of the importance of the geotechnical hazard evaluation within a seismic risk analysis is provided in terms of the variation of the expected damage and consequence distribution with reference to a case-study.

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Tutar, Cem. "Risk Toplumu Söylemlerinin Televizyon Reality Programlarında Temsili." Etkileşim 2, no. 4 (October 2019): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2019.4.65.

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Temellerini Aydınlanma Düşüncesinden alan modernleşme teorisi toplumsal alanı akıl ve bilimin öncülüğünde metafizik bilgi dışarıda kalacak şekilde planlarken belirsizlikler ve riskler üretir hale gelmiştir. Modernliğin kendi üzerine uygulanması anlamına gelen düşünümsellik fikri oluşan bu yeni toplumsal düzeni risk toplumu olarak adlandırırken; risk, modern toplumların gündelik yaşam pratiklerinin bir parçası olarak sıradan insanın hayat epizotlarına eklemlenmeye başlamıştır. Giderek daha fazla etkisi hissedilen risk söylemi medya aracılığı ile modern toplumların gündelik yaşamında dolayımlanmaktadır. Risk toplumu söyleminin içerdiği bilimsel ve teknik uzman bilgileri medyanın oluşturduğu sembolik evrenler içerisinde şekil alırken bireylerin yaşamlarında anlam repertuarları oluşturmaktadır. Böylece toplumların geçmişten getirdikleri geleneksel değer ve normlar bu dönemde dönüşerek neo-liberal pazar ekonomisinin gereklilikleri çerçevesinde güncellenmektedir. Küreselleşme süreciyle Batı ve Batı dışı toplumları eşzamanlı olarak etkileyen bu toplumsal dönüşüm içinde sistemin işleyişinden kaynaklanan risklerin topluma sunulduğu bir mecra olarak olgusal içerikleri temel alan reality programlar farklı alt türleriyle sistemin üretim ve yeniden üretim sürecinde etkin rol oynamaktadır. Bu anlamda söz konusu programlar bir televizyon program türü olmasının ötesinde ideolojik bir araçtır. Reality programların içerdiği risk bilgisi kimi zaman bireylere kentsel yaşamda olası karşılaşacakları risklerden kaçınma pratikleri olarak sunulurken, aynı zamanda neo-liberal pazar ekonomisinin gereklilikleri çerçevesinde alınacak riskler konusunda rehber olma işlevine haizdir. Bu çalışmada ulusal televizyon kanalları içerisinde reality programların alt türleri dikkate alınarak amaca yönelik bir örneklem oluşturulmakta ve bu yolla tespit edilen programların modern kültürün getirisi olan risk duyumu ve belirsizliklerle ilişkisi, alana ait kuramsal bir paradigma üzerinden irdelenmektedir.

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Acerbi, Carlo. "Spectral measures of risk: A coherent representation of subjective risk aversion." Journal of Banking & Finance 26, no. 7 (July 2002): 1505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(02)00281-9.

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29

Suzuki, Shinsuke, Emily L. S. Jensen, Peter Bossaerts, and John P. O’Doherty. "Behavioral contagion during learning about another agent’s risk-preferences acts on the neural representation of decision-risk." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 14 (March 21, 2016): 3755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600092113.

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Our attitude toward risk plays a crucial role in influencing our everyday decision-making. Despite its importance, little is known about how human risk-preference can be modulated by observing risky behavior in other agents at either the behavioral or the neural level. Using fMRI combined with computational modeling of behavioral data, we show that human risk-preference can be systematically altered by the act of observing and learning from others’ risk-related decisions. The contagion is driven specifically by brain regions involved in the assessment of risk: the behavioral shift is implemented via a neural representation of risk in the caudate nucleus, whereas the representations of other decision-related variables such as expected value are not affected. Furthermore, we uncover neural computations underlying learning about others’ risk-preferences and describe how these signals interact with the neural representation of risk in the caudate. Updating of the belief about others’ preferences is associated with neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Functional coupling between the dlPFC and the caudate correlates with the degree of susceptibility to the contagion effect, suggesting that a frontal–subcortical loop, the so-called dorsolateral prefrontal–striatal circuit, underlies the modulation of risk-preference. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanistic account for how observation of others’ risky behavior can modulate an individual’s own risk-preference.

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30

Eigi, Jaana. "Are Experts Representative of Non-Experts? Elective Modernism, Aspects of Representation, and the Argument from Inductive Risk." Perspectives on Science 28, no. 4 (August 2020): 459–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/posc_a_00347.

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The approach to expert communities and political representation of non-experts in Harry Collins and Robert Evans’ elective modernism reflects the conviction that experts are not representative of ordinary citizens. I use an analysis of aspects of representation and the argument from inductive risk to argue that experts can be seen as representative of (some) non-experts, when we understand representation as resemblance based on shared social perspectives and acknowledge the inevitable involvement of such perspectives in decisions under inductive risk. This, in turn, has implications for some of the proposals about practices and institutions made in elective modernism.

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31

Mambet Doue, Constance, Oscar Navarro Carrascal, Diego Restrepo, Nathalie Krien, Delphine Rommel, Colin Lemee, Marie Coquet, Denis Mercier, and Ghozlane Fleury-Bahi. "The social representations of climate change: comparison of two territories exposed to the coastal flooding risk." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 12, no. 3 (April 18, 2020): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-11-2019-0064.

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Purpose Based on social representation theory, this study aims to evaluate and analyze the similarities and differences between social representations of climate change held by people living in two territories, which have in common that they are exposed to coastal risks but have different socio-cultural contexts: on the one hand, Cartagena (Colombia) and on the other, Guadeloupe (French overseas department, France). Design/methodology/approach A double approach, both quantitative and qualitative, of social representation theory was adopted. The data collection was undertaken in two phases. First, the content and organization of social representation of climate change (SRCC) was examined with a quantitative study of 946 participants for both countries, followed by a qualitative study of 63 participants for both countries also. Findings The study finds unicity in the SRCC for the quantitative study. In contrast, the qualitative study highlights differences at the level of the institutional anchoring of the climate change phenomenon in these two different socioeconomic and political contexts. Practical implications These results are relevant for a reflection in terms of public policies for the prevention and management of collective natural risks, as well as for the promotion of ecological behavior adapted to political and ideological contexts. Originality/value The use of a multi-methodological approach (quantitative and qualitative) in the same research is valuable to confirm the importance of an in-depth study of the social representations of climate change because of the complexity of the phenomenon.

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Kou, Zheng, Junjie Li, Xinyue Fan, Saeed Kosari, and Xiaoli Qiang. "Predicting Cross-Species Infection of Swine Influenza Virus with Representation Learning of Amino Acid Features." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (October 11, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6985008.

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Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) can unforeseeably cross the species barriers and directly infect humans, which pose huge challenges for public health and trigger pandemic risk at irregular intervals. Computational tools are needed to predict infection phenotype and early pandemic risk of SIVs. For this purpose, we propose a feature representation algorithm to predict cross-species infection of SIVs. We built a high-quality dataset of 1902 viruses. A feature representation learning scheme was applied to learn feature representations from 64 well-trained random forest models with multiple feature descriptors of mutant amino acid in the viral proteins, including compositional information, position-specific information, and physicochemical properties. Class and probabilistic information were integrated into the feature representations, and redundant features were removed by feature space optimization. High performance was achieved using 20 informative features and 22 probabilistic information. The proposed method will facilitate SIV characterization of transmission phenotype.

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33

Li, Yingcong, and Samet Oymak. "Provable Pathways: Learning Multiple Tasks over Multiple Paths." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 8701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i7.26047.

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Constructing useful representations across a large number of tasks is a key requirement for sample-efficient intelligent systems. A traditional idea in multitask learning (MTL) is building a shared representation across tasks which can then be adapted to new tasks by tuning last layers. A desirable refinement of using a shared one-fits-all representation is to construct task-specific representations. To this end, recent PathNet/muNet architectures represent individual tasks as pathways within a larger supernet. The subnetworks induced by pathways can be viewed as task-specific representations that are composition of modules within supernet's computation graph. This work explores the pathways proposal from the lens of statistical learning: We first develop novel generalization bounds for empirical risk minimization problems learning multiple tasks over multiple paths (Multipath MTL). In conjunction, we formalize the benefits of resulting multipath representation when adapting to new downstream tasks. Our bounds are expressed in terms of Gaussian complexity, lead to tangible guarantees for the class of linear representations, and provide novel insights into the quality and benefits of a multipath representation. When computation graph is a tree, Multipath MTL hierarchically clusters the tasks and builds cluster-specific representations. We provide further discussion and experiments for hierarchical MTL and rigorously identify the conditions under which Multipath MTL is provably superior to traditional MTL approaches with shallow supernets.

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34

Schmidt, Regan N. "The Effects of Auditors' Accessibility to “Tone at the Top” Knowledge on Audit Judgments." Behavioral Research in Accounting 26, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-50824.

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ABSTRACT: This study examines how external auditors' accessibility to “tone at the top” knowledge impacts subsequent audit judgments. To examine this relationship, a decision aid is investigated that differentially facilitates the auditors' retrieval of “tone at the top” evidence from memory. Results of an experiment indicate that, holding the client's “tone at the top” constant, the structure of a control environment decision aid influences the auditors' mental representation of the “tone at the top.” Further, favorable “tone at the top” mental representations transfer to induce relatively favorable control environment and fraud risk assessments, and greater reliance on management's explanation for variances detected in analytical procedures. Mediation analyses identify the control environment assessment as a mediator between the influenced mental representation and the subsequent fraud risk and analytical procedure judgments. The results of the paper underscore the importance of how auditors develop their “tone at the top” mental representations, the influence of these mental representations on subsequent audit judgments, and the stage in the audit process where interventions can improve audit quality. Data Availability: Contact the author.

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35

Mokhor, Volodymyr, Oleksandr Bakalynskyi, and Vasyl Tsurkan. "Аnalysis of information security risk assessment representation methods." Collection "Information technology and security" 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2411-1031.2018.6.1.153189.

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36

Kinsella, William J. "Risk communication, phenomenology, and the limits of representation." Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies 2, no. 2 (November 2010): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjcs.2.2.267_7.

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37

O'Brien, John. "INSURANCE, RISK AND THE LIMITS OF SENTIMENTAL REPRESENTATION." Journal of Cultural Economy 4, no. 3 (August 2011): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2011.586850.

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Swauger, Melissa. "Afterword: The Ethics of Risk, Power, and Representation." Qualitative Sociology 34, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11133-011-9201-5.

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Gaspar-Escribano, J. M., and T. Iturrioz. "Communicating earthquake risk: mapped parameters and cartographic representation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2011): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-359-2011.

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Abstract. Earthquake risk assessment is probably the most effective tool for reducing adverse earthquake effects and for developing pre- and post-event planning actions. The related risk information (data and results) is of interest for persons with different backgrounds and interests, including scientists, emergency planners, decision makers and other stakeholders. Hence, it is important to ensure that this information is properly transferred to all persons involved in seismic risk, considering the nature of the information and the particular circumstances of the source and of the receiver of the information. Some experience-based recommendations about the parameters and the graphical representations that can be used to portray earthquake risk information to different types of audiences are presented in this work.

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Shapiro, Alexander. "On Kusuoka Representation of Law Invariant Risk Measures." Mathematics of Operations Research 38, no. 1 (February 2013): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.1120.0563.

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Brown, David B., Enrico De Giorgi, and Melvyn Sim. "Aspirational Preferences and Their Representation by Risk Measures." Management Science 58, no. 11 (November 2012): 2095–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1537.

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Bragatto, Paolo, Marina Monti, Franca Giannini, and Silvia Ansaldi. "Exploiting process plant digital representation for risk analysis." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 20, no. 1 (January 2007): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2006.10.005.

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Dentcheva, Darinka, Spiridon Penev, and Andrzej Ruszczyński. "Kusuoka representation of higher order dual risk measures." Annals of Operations Research 181, no. 1 (May 12, 2010): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-010-0747-5.

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Ang, Marcus, Jie Sun, and Qiang Yao. "On the dual representation of coherent risk measures." Annals of Operations Research 262, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2441-3.

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KROMER, EDUARD, and LUDGER OVERBECK. "REPRESENTATION OF BSDE-BASED DYNAMIC RISK MEASURES AND DYNAMIC CAPITAL ALLOCATIONS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 17, no. 05 (July 28, 2014): 1450032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024914500320.

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In this paper, we provide a new representation result for dynamic capital allocations and dynamic convex risk measures that are based on backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs). We derive this representation from a classical differentiability result for BSDEs and the full allocation property of the Aumann–Shapley allocation. The representation covers BSDE-based dynamic convex and dynamic coherent risk measures. The results are applied to derive a representation for the dynamic entropic risk measure. Our results are also applicable in a specific way to the static case, where we are able to derive a new representation result for static convex risk measures that are Gâteaux-differentiable.

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Wang, Xiaofeng, Shuai Chen, Tao Li, Wanting Li, Yejie Zhou, Jie Zheng, Qingcai Chen, Jun Yan, and Buzhou Tang. "Depression Risk Prediction for Chinese Microblogs via Deep-Learning Methods: Content Analysis." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 7 (July 29, 2020): e17958. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17958.

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Background Depression is a serious personal and public mental health problem. Self-reporting is the main method used to diagnose depression and to determine the severity of depression. However, it is not easy to discover patients with depression owing to feelings of shame in disclosing or discussing their mental health conditions with others. Moreover, self-reporting is time-consuming, and usually leads to missing a certain number of cases. Therefore, automatic discovery of patients with depression from other sources such as social media has been attracting increasing attention. Social media, as one of the most important daily communication systems, connects large quantities of people, including individuals with depression, and provides a channel to discover patients with depression. In this study, we investigated deep-learning methods for depression risk prediction using data from Chinese microblogs, which have potential to discover more patients with depression and to trace their mental health conditions. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the potential of state-of-the-art deep-learning methods on depression risk prediction from Chinese microblogs. Methods Deep-learning methods with pretrained language representation models, including bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (RoBERTa), and generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding (XLNET), were investigated for depression risk prediction, and were compared with previous methods on a manually annotated benchmark dataset. Depression risk was assessed at four levels from 0 to 3, where 0, 1, 2, and 3 denote no inclination, and mild, moderate, and severe depression risk, respectively. The dataset was collected from the Chinese microblog Weibo. We also compared different deep-learning methods with pretrained language representation models in two settings: (1) publicly released pretrained language representation models, and (2) language representation models further pretrained on a large-scale unlabeled dataset collected from Weibo. Precision, recall, and F1 scores were used as performance evaluation measures. Results Among the three deep-learning methods, BERT achieved the best performance with a microaveraged F1 score of 0.856. RoBERTa achieved the best performance with a macroaveraged F1 score of 0.424 on depression risk at levels 1, 2, and 3, which represents a new benchmark result on the dataset. The further pretrained language representation models demonstrated improvement over publicly released prediction models. Conclusions We applied deep-learning methods with pretrained language representation models to automatically predict depression risk using data from Chinese microblogs. The experimental results showed that the deep-learning methods performed better than previous methods, and have greater potential to discover patients with depression and to trace their mental health conditions.

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Shah, Anvay, Vamsi K. Kota, Mycal Casey, Lorriane Odhiambo, Vishrut Shah, KM Islam, Anand Jillella, et al. "Are Pivotal CART Trials Representative of Population at Risk?" Blood 142, Supplement 1 (November 28, 2023): 5884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-191122.

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Introduction Since 2017, 6 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies have been approved for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL), Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBL), Follicular Lymphoma (FL), and Multiple Myeloma (MM) and have changed the treatment landscape immensely. There is significant demographic and geographic under-representation in pivotal clinical trials leading to drug approvals for leukemias, lymphomas and MM compared with the population affected. We investigated whether similar disparities exist in pivotal CAR-T trials. Method Clinical Trials leading to CAR-T approval were identified from the US Food and Drug Administration databases. Demographic data was collected from clinicaltrials.gov and primary manuscripts. Standard descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data with stratification by race, ethnicity, sex, and malignancy subtypes. Total incidence of respective malignancies and the demographic representation was obtained from SEER data. Results A total of 10 out of 11 (90.91%) clinical trials leading to CAR-T approval reported data on race and 8 (72.72%) on ethnicity. These trials led to approvals for MM, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (DLBCL, FL and MCL), and ALL. These trials included 1441 patients of which 1155 (80.15%) were reported as White. NCT02445248, for Tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) lacked racial data and was excluded from analysis. Data are summarized in Table 1. For MM, 2 CARTs have been approved, Idecabtagene vicleucel and Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel). African American (AA) representation in these pivotal trials, NCT03361748 and NCT03548207 (CARTITUDE-1), respectively was 4.7 % and 17.5 %. In contrast, SEER data shows that AA population represent 21% of the incident MM cases over the last 5 years (2016-2021). In ALL, 2 CARTs, tisa-cel and Brexucabtagene Autoleucel (brexu-cel) have been approved. AAs had 0.55% of representation in the CAR-T ALL clinical trials, whereas they represent 7.5% of all ALL cases in the past 5 years. For follicular lymphoma, Tisa-cel and Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Axi-cel) have been approved as third line treatment. For DLBCL, lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel), tisa-cel and axi-cel have been approved as third line with liso-cel and axi-cel also having second line DLBCL indication. Brexu-cel has been approved for third line MCL. Under-representation of AAs with respect to disease distribution was noted in all these trials. Female patients were also disproportionately under-represented in lymphoma trials overall. Ethnicity was reported less frequently in aforementioned studies but available data suggests Hispanic groups being underrepresented in these trials. Conclusion There are significant demographic under-representations and imbalances in pivotal clinical trials leading to CART approval compared with the population affected. Efforts need to be directed at ensuring racial and ethnic inclusivity and equity in trials for better applicability to the “real world”. Trials should also consistently report demographic data, especially ethnic and racial, for better transparency and accurate analysis of presented data.

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Sparkes, Andrew C. "Fictional Representations: On Difference, Choice, and Risk." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 1 (March 2002): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.1.1.

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This article is intended to stimulate debate regarding recent calls for fictional representations to be used within the sociology of sport. Based on the notion of “being there,” it differentiates between ethnographic fiction and creative fiction. Examples of the former are provided, and their grounding in the tradition of creative nonfiction is established. Moves toward the use of creative fiction are then considered in relation to the willingness of authors to invent people, places, and events in the service of producing an illuminative and evocative story. The issue of purpose is highlighted and various reasons why researchers might opt to craft an ethnographic fiction or creative fiction are discussed. Next, some risks associated with choosing fictional forms of representation are considered. Finally, the issue of passing judgment on new writing practices is briefly discussed.

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LEITNER, JOHANNES. "BALAYAGE MONOTONOUS RISK MEASURES." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 07, no. 07 (November 2004): 887–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024904002724.

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We consider coherent risk measures satisfying the Fatou property which are monotonous with respect to balayage or dilatation. An equivalent condition ensuring balayage-monotonicity is given and a representation result is derived.

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Nursa’ban, Muhammad, Mukminan, Muhsinatun Siasah Masruri, Iis Kurnia Wati, Rias Murti Lestari, and Endah Kusumastuty Hartoyo. "Spatial Representation Developing Geographical awareness for Disaster Risk Reduction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 884, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/884/1/012022.

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Abstract Reducing the risk of various natural disasters makes us learn more about the meaning of safe and sustainable living space. Geographical awareness which is formed by understanding spatial representation should be owned as a capital for disaster mitigation. This study aims to describe the level of geographic awareness with the spatial representation of high school students in Yogyakarta. The study used a quantitative descriptive research design with a questionnaire technique by stratified random sampling on 180 samples of high school students in Yogyakarta. Data are presented as a percentage in tables, charts, and graphs. The results showed that the level of geographic awareness through understanding the spatial representation of high school students' disaster risk reduction varied from low to high. A high understanding of spatial representation is shown by around 30 percent of students, 50 percent in the medium category, and less than 15 percent in the low category. Three factors of geographical awareness, namely: caring, polite, responsive, and tolerant attitude towards the surrounding environment; trying to be part of the solution to environmental problems; love the homeland. All respondents agreed with geographic awareness through spatial representation as an alternative to disaster risk reduction.

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