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Lao, Jessica, Alana Hansen, Monika Nitschke, Scott Hanson-Easey, and Dino Pisaniello. "Working smart: An exploration of council workers’ experiences and perceptions of heat in Adelaide, South Australia." Safety Science 82 (February 2016): 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.09.026.
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Bi, Peng, and R. van Iersel. "A survey of elderly perception to heat waves in Adelaide, South Australia: A qualitative study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 14 (February 1, 2009): 142015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/14/142015.
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Spennemann, D. H. R., and L. R. Allen. "Feral olives ( Olea europaea) as future woody weeds in Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 6 (2000): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98141.
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Olives (Olea europaea ssp. europaea), dispersed from 19th century orchards in the Adelaide area, have become established in remnant bushland as a major environmental weed. Recent expansion of the Australian olive industry has resulted in the widespread planting of olive orchards in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Western Australia, Queensland and parts of Tasmania. This paper reviews the literature on the activity of vertebrate (principally avian) olive predators and their potential as vectors for spreading this plant into Australian remnant bushland. The effects of feralisation on the olive plant, which enhances its capacity for dispersal as a weed, place wider areas of south-eastern Australia at risk. A number of approaches for the control of olives as woody weeds are addressed. Proponents of new agricultural crops have moral and environmental obligations to assess the weed potential of these crops.
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Monteath, Peter. "Globalising German Anthropology: Erhard Eylmann in Australia." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000247.
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The German presence in nineteenth-century South Australia is associated primarily with the immigration of Prussian Lutherans escaping religious persecution in their homeland. Their settlement in the fledgling British colony aided its early, stuttering development; in the longer term it also fitted neatly South Australia's perception of itself as a “paradise of dissent.” These Germans took their religion seriously, none more so than the Lutheran missionaries who committed themselves to bringing the Gospel to the indigenous people of the Adelaide plains and, eventually, much further afield as well. In reality, however, the story of the German contribution to the history of this British colony extended far beyond these pious Lutherans. Among those who followed in their wake, whether as settlers or travellers, were Germans of many different backgrounds, who made their way to the Antipodes for a multitude of reasons. In South Australia as much as anywhere, globalising Germany was a multi-facetted project.The intellectual gamut of Germans in South Australia is nowhere more evident than in the realm of anthropology. The missionaries were not alone in displaying a keen interest in the Australian Aborigines. Anthropologists steeped in the empirical tradition that came to dominate the nascent discipline at the end of the nineteenth century also turned their attention to Australia. Indeed, in Germany and elsewhere, Australia occupied a special position in international discourse. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan had observed in 1880 that Australian aboriginal societies “now represent the condition of mankind in savagery better than it is elsewhere represented on the earth—a condition now rapidly passing away.”
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Edwards, Belinda, Cherrie Galletly, Tracy Semmler-Booth, and Gus Dekker. "Antenatal Psychosocial Risk Factors and Depression Among Women Living in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Suburbs in Adelaide, South Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (January 2008): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701732673.
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Biggs, Herbert C., Vaughn L. Sheahan, and Donald P. Dingsdag. "Risk Management and Injury Prevention: Competencies, Behaviours, and Attitudes to Safety in the Construction Industry." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2007): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.13.2.63.
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AbstractOriginally presented at the National Injury Management and Prevention Conference: Transition and Change, on April 27, 2006, which was held at the Hyatt Regency, Adelaide, South Australia. Reprinted with the permission of the authors.Work in the Australian construction industry is fraught with risk and the potential for serious harm. The industry is consistently placed within the three most hazardous industries to work along with other industries such as mining and transport (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 2003). In the 2001 to 2002 period, construction work killed 39 people and injured 13,250 more. Hence, more effort is required to reduce the injury rate and maximise the value of the rehabilitation/back-to-work process.
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Li, Bin, Peng Bi, Eric P. F. Chow, Basil Donovan, Anna McNulty, Alison Ward, Charlotte Bell, and Christopher K. Fairley. "Seasonal variation in gonorrhoea incidence among men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 13, no. 6 (2016): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh16122.
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Background After reviewing urethral gonorrhoea cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) at the South Australia Specialist Sexual Health (SASSH) in Adelaide, Australia, we noticed peaks of gonorrhoea among MSM occurred predominantly in the first quarter of the year (January–March). The aim of this study was to formally test this hypothesis against data from a similar period at three sexual health services, one each in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of computerised records at the three Australian sexual health services. Potential risk factors for urethral gonorrhoea among MSM were also reviewed at the SASSH. Results: More peaks of gonorrhoea cases were observed in the first quarter of the year in Adelaide and Sydney and in the second and fourth quarter in Melbourne. Factors independently associated with urethral gonorrhoea at the SASSH were being a young MSM, especially those aged 25–29 (odds ratio (OR) 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.00–3.54), having more than one sexual partner (OR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43–2.04), having had sex interstate and overseas (OR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.06–2.17), and presenting in the first quarter (OR 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10–1.55). Conclusion: Our data suggest that gonorrhoea among MSM occurs in a seasonal pattern, particularly late summer into early autumn. This has implications for the provision of health services over the year and for the timing of health promotion activities.
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MILAZZO, A., L. C. GILES, Y. ZHANG, A. P. KOEHLER, J. E. HILLER, and P. BI. "The effects of ambient temperature and heatwaves on dailyCampylobactercases in Adelaide, Australia, 1990–2012." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 12 (July 11, 2017): 2603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700139x.
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SUMMARYCampylobacterspp. is a commonly reported food-borne disease with major consequences for morbidity. In conjunction with predicted increases in temperature, proliferation in the survival of microorganisms in hotter environments is expected. This is likely to lead, in turn, to an increase in contamination of food and water and a rise in numbers of cases of infectious gastroenteritis. This study assessed the relationship ofCampylobacterspp. with temperature and heatwaves, in Adelaide, South Australia.We estimated the effect of (i) maximum temperature and (ii) heatwaves on dailyCampylobactercases during the warm seasons (1 October to 31 March) from 1990 to 2012 using Poisson regression models.There was no evidence of a substantive effect of maximum temperature per 1 °C rise (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·995, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0·993–0·997) nor heatwaves (IRR 0·906, 95% CI 0·800–1·026) onCampylobactercases. In relation to heatwave intensity, which is the daily maximum temperature during a heatwave, notifications decreased by 19% within a temperature range of 39–40·9 °C (IRR 0·811, 95% CI 0·692–0·952). We found little evidence of an increase in risk and lack of association betweenCampylobactercases and temperature or heatwaves in the warm seasons. Heatwave intensity may play a role in that notifications decreased with higher temperatures. Further examination of the role of behavioural and environmental factors in an effort to reduce the risk of increasedCampylobactercases is warranted.
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Truswell, A. S. "Report of an expert workshop on meat intake and colorectal cancer risk convened in December 1998 in Adelaide, South Australia." European Journal of Cancer Prevention 8, no. 3 (June 1999): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199906000-00002.
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Bagheri, Nasser, Paul Konings, Kinley Wangdi, Anne Parkinson, Soumya Mazumdar, Elizabeth Sturgiss, Aparna Lal, Kirsty Douglas, and Nicholas Glasgow. "Identifying hotspots of type 2 diabetes risk using general practice data and geospatial analysis: an approach to inform policy and practice." Australian Journal of Primary Health 26, no. 1 (2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py19043.
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The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide and there is a need to identify communities with a high-risk profile and to develop appropriate primary care interventions. This study aimed to predict future T2D risk and identify community-level geographic variations using general practices data. The Australian T2D risk assessment (AUSDRISK) tool was used to calculate the individual T2D risk scores using 55693 clinical records from 16 general practices in west Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Spatial clusters and potential ‘hotspots’ of T2D risk were examined using Local Moran’s I and the Getis-Ord Gi* techniques. Further, the correlation between T2D risk and the socioeconomic status of communities were mapped. Individual risk scores were categorised into three groups: low risk (34.0% of participants), moderate risk (35.2% of participants) and high risk (30.8% of participants). Spatial analysis showed heterogeneity in T2D risk across communities, with significant clusters in the central part of the study area. These study results suggest that routinely collected data from general practices offer a rich source of data that may be a useful and efficient approach for identifying T2D hotspots across communities. Mapping aggregated T2D risk offers a novel approach to identifying areas of unmet need.
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Leaker, Mary, and Priscilla Dunk-West. "Socio-cultural risk? Reporting on a Qualitative Study with Female Street-Based Sex Workers." Sociological Research Online 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2540.
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Risk narratives are of increasing importance in contemporary social life in that they help in understanding and anticipating the shifts that characterise our late modern landscape. Our qualitative research explores risk as it relates to violence toward street-based sex workers in a suburban Australian setting. Female street-based sex workers represent a highly stigmatised and marginalised group. International studies report that they experience high levels of sexual violence perpetrated by male clients and our empirical work with street-based sex workers in Adelaide, South Australia concurs with this finding. Despite many creative and specialized skills workers reported drawing upon to minimise the risk of violence to themselves, we argue that a socio-cultural lens is vital to viewing risk in this context. We argue that in order to effect change, risk must be disembedded from increasingly individualized discourses, since it is through the personalisation of risk that violence becomes legitimised as an occupational hazard in street-based sex work.
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Nitschke, Monika, Keith Brian Gordon Dear, Kamalesh Venugopal, Katrina Margaret Rose Lyne, Hubertus Paul Anton Jersmann, David Leslie Simon, and Nicola Spurrier. "Association between grass, tree and weed pollen and asthma health outcomes in Adelaide, South Australia: a time series regression analysis." BMJ Open 12, no. 11 (November 2022): e066851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066851.
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ObjectivesWe aim to establish daily risk estimates of the relationships between grass, tree and weed pollen and asthma health outcomes.DesignTime series regression analysis of exposure and health outcomes using interaction by month to determine risk estimates all year round.SettingMetropolitan Adelaide, South Australia.ParticipantsHealth outcomes for asthma are based on 15 years of hospital admissions, 13 years emergency presentations and ambulance callouts. In adults (≥18 years), there were 10 381 hospitalisations, 26 098 emergency department (ED) presentations and 11 799 ambulance callouts and in children (0–17 years), 22 114, 39 813 and 3774, respectively.Outcome measuresThe cumulative effect of 7 day lags was calculated as the sum of the coefficients and reported as incidence rate ratio (IRR) related to an increase in 10 grains of pollen/m3.ResultsIn relation to grass pollen, children and adults were disparate in their timing of health effects. Asthma outcomes in children were positively related to grass pollen in May, and for adults in October. Positive associations with weed pollen in children was seen from February to May across all health outcomes. For adults, weed pollen-related health outcomes were restricted to February. Adults were not affected by tree pollen, while children’s asthma morbidity was associated with tree pollen in August and September. In children, IRRs ranged from 1.14 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.21) for ED presentations for tree pollen in August to 1.98 (95% CI 1.06 to 3.72) for weed pollen in February. In adults, IRRs ranged from 1.28 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.62) for weed pollen in February to 1.31 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.57) for grass pollen in October.ConclusionMonthly risk assessment indicated that most pollen-related asthma health outcomes in children occur in the colder part of the year, while adults are affected in the warm season. The findings indicate a need for year-round pollen monitoring and related health campaigns to provide effective public health prevention.
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Akompab, Derick, Peng Bi, Susan Williams, Janet Grant, Iain Walker, and Martha Augoustinos. "Heat Waves and Climate Change: Applying the Health Belief Model to Identify Predictors of Risk Perception and Adaptive Behaviours in Adelaide, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2013): 2164–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062164.
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Bardsley, Douglas K., Emily Moskwa, Delene Weber, Guy M. Robinson, Nicolette Waschl, and Annette M. Bardsley. "Climate Change, Bushfire Risk, and Environmental Values: Examining a Potential Risk Perception Threshold in Peri-Urban South Australia." Society & Natural Resources 31, no. 4 (February 6, 2018): 424–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2017.1421733.
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Edwards, Belinda, Cherrie Galletly, Tracy Semmler-Booth, and Gus Dekker. "Does Antenatal Screening for Psychosocial Risk Factors Predict Postnatal Depression? A Follow-Up Study of 154 Women in Adelaide, South Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (January 2008): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670701739629.
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Thompson, James, Matthew Baldock, and Tori Lindsay. "Motorcycle crashes resulting in hospital admissions in South Australia: Crash characteristics and injury patterns." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-19-00245.
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Motorcycle riders have a high risk of serious injury if they crash. To assist with identification of countermeasures, the present study examined records from the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) in South Australia for 763 motorcyclists (including scooter riders) admitted between January 2008 and November 2010 and between April 2014 and December 2016. Records were linked with police-reported crash data and results of forensic blood tests for alcohol and drugs. When compared with 1617 car drivers admitted to the RAH over the same periods, motorcyclists were younger, were more commonly male, more likely to hold a learner permit, less likely to hold a provisional licence, less likely to be over the legal alcohol limit and less likely to be at-fault in multiple vehicle crashes. Their crashes were more likely to be single vehicle crashes (specifically roll over, left road – out of control and hit object/animal/pedestrian on road crashes) and were more common on weekends, during the afternoon, on sloping roads, on curved roads, on roads with speed limits of 50 and 80 km/h, during daylight hours, in dry weather and on dry roads. They had a higher severity of injury than car drivers, spent longer in hospital, and were more likely to sustain injuries to multiple body regions. Linear regression showed that older age, higher blood alcohol concentration and higher speed limit increased injury severity for motorcyclists. Based on present findings, motorcycling safety can be improved through countermeasures related to Graduated Licensing Systems, infrastructure, motorcycle technology and protective clothing.
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Hart, G. "Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Infection." International Journal of STD & AIDS 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249300400209.
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Men and women patients not previously immunized or tested, attending the Adelaide (South Australia) STD clinic from 1988–1991, were tested for hepatitis B infection, and potential risk factors detected by multiple logistic regression. Of 7055 men and 3425 women patients tested 811 (11.5%) men and 250 (7.3%) women were seropositive. Among men seropositivity was associated with being Asian (odds ratio (OR) = 14.5), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.2), homosexual behaviour (OR = 3.8), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.2) being over 24 (OR = 2.7), previous STD (OR = 1.8), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) and having sex outside the state in the past 3 months (OR = 1.3). Among women seropositivity was associated with being Asian (OR = 10.3), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.4), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.8), being over 24 (OR = 1.6) and having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 1.4). Seropositivity was not independently associated with being a prostitute or having multiple sex partners in the past 3 months. Among seropositive individuals, risk factors were not readily identifiable for 15% of men and 43% of women. Univariate analysis may provide misleading indicators of risk factors because of the confounding influence of other factors, particularly intravenous drug use. In selective vaccination campaigns the target group should be determined on the basis of local circumstances. In South Australia this group should include men with an STD. The success of selective campaigns will be jeopardized by the failure to identify risk factors in many of those who become infected, and in such situations universal vaccination or widespread screening may be more appropriate strategies.
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Boord, Monique S., Daniel H. J. Davis, Peter J. Psaltis, Scott W. Coussens, Daniel Feuerriegel, Marta I. Garrido, Alice Bourke, and Hannah A. D. Keage. "DelIrium VULnerability in GEriatrics (DIVULGE) study: a protocol for a prospective observational study of electroencephalogram associations with incident postoperative delirium." BMJ Neurology Open 3, no. 2 (December 2021): e000199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjno-2021-000199.
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IntroductionDelirium is a neurocognitive disorder common in older adults in acute care settings. Those who develop delirium are at an increased risk of dementia, cognitive decline and death. Electroencephalography (EEG) during delirium in older adults is characterised by slowing and reduced functional connectivity, but markers of vulnerability are poorly described. We aim to identify EEG spectral power and event-related potential (ERP) markers of incident delirium in older adults to understand neural mechanisms of delirium vulnerability. Characterising delirium vulnerability will provide substantial theoretical advances and outcomes have the potential to be translated into delirium risk assessment tools.Methods and analysisWe will record EEG in 90 participants over 65 years of age prior to elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). We will record 4-minutes of resting state (eyes open and eyes closed) and a 5-minute frequency auditory oddball paradigm. Outcome measures will include frequency band power, 1/f offset and slope, and ERP amplitude measures. Participants will undergo cognitive and EEG testing before their elective procedures and daily postoperative delirium assessments. Group allocation will be done retrospectively by linking preoperative EEG data according to postoperative delirium status (presence, severity, duration and subtype).Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Royal Adelaide Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network and the University of South Australia Human Ethics Committee. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal articles and presentations at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12618001114235 and ACTRN12618000799257.
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Schellhorn, N. A., R. V. Glatz, and G. M. Wood. "The risk of exotic and native plants as hosts for four pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripinae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 5 (June 23, 2010): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990459.
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AbstractInteractions among insect pests, crops and weeds are well recognised. In fact, the elimination of weed hosts outside of the crop is a common practice to control many insect-vectored viruses. However, little is known about interactions among insect pests, crops and native vegetation, and whether native plants may be used to revegetate areas where weed hosts have been eliminated as part of horticultural management regimes. We used the Northern Adelaide Plains horticultural region (South Australia, Australia) as a model system to study the potential of various plant taxa in hosting four pest thrips (three exotic, one native; Frankliniella occidentalis, F. schultzei, Thrips tabaci and T. imaginis) when located adjacent to, and distant from, horticultural crops. Flower funnels were used for standardised sampling of thrips on flowers from 19 exotic weed and 12 native plant species, representing 13 and three families, respectively. Flowers were sampled monthly over a year, and statistical analyses were performed to identify significant determinants of probability of thrips occurrence and density. Plant family was found to significantly influence both measures for each thrips species. In addition, crop proximity influenced the probability of occurrence for the two Frankliniella species (but only influenced density of the key pest F. occidentalis), and season influenced density of all four pest thrips. All native plant species tested had a low likelihood of hosting the three exotic thrips species. Overall, results suggest that judicious choice of surrounding vegetation has potential to be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) while increasing biodiversity conservation.
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Cook, Nicholas J. "Automated Probabilistic Analysis and Parametric Modelling of the Seasonal-Diurnal Wind Vector." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 03, no. 02 (April 14, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2102027.
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A refined and extended version of the Offset Elliptical Normal mixture model has been developed to parameterise the seasonal diurnal wind vector automatically. Automated using R scripts, the method eliminates any potential risk of confirmation bias posed by the manual supervision in the original method. Refinements to the method include the latest algorithms for clustering of Gaussian mixtures, with Bayesian regularisation to set the number of components and to limit the predisposition to overfit. A new extension uses fuzzy logic to evaluate the probability distributions, autocovariances and spectra of the random perturbations around the mean seasonal-diurnal variations for each component of the mixture. These additional parameters allow the predictions of the OEN model to be validated and its automated application demonstrated using the hourly METAR reports of mean wind speeds at Adelaide, South Australia, showing significant improvements over the previously published analysis. The OEN mixture model is directly applicable to a wide range of wind engineering applications where seasonal and diurnal variation is of importance.
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Andraweera, Prabha H., Michelle D. Plummer, Amy Garrett, Shalem Leemaqz, Melanie R. Wittwer, Emily Aldridge, Maleesa M. Pathirana, Gus A. Dekker, Claire T. Roberts, and Margaret A. Arstall. "Early pregnancy cardio metabolic risk factors and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome 10 years after the first pregnancy." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0280451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280451.
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Background We aimed to compare risk factors for CVD 10 years postpartum among women who had ≥ 1 compared to no cardio metabolic risk factor in early first pregnancy. Methods Women of the SCOPE (Screening fOr Pregnancy Endpoints) study from Adelaide, South Australia were invited to participate in a cardiovascular risk assessment 10 years after the delivery of the first child. Data from 141 women who completed all the assessments are included in the analyses. Result Compared to women who did not have any cardio metabolic risk factor at 15 ± 1 weeks’ gestation during the first pregnancy, those who had ≥ 1 risk factor were 5.5 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome 10 years postpartum (aOR = 5.5, 95% CI 1.8–17.3, p = 0.004). Women who had ≥ 1cardio metabolic risk factor during the first pregnancy were more likely to be obese (p = 0.001), have high total cholesterol levels (p <0.001) or have increased insulin resistance (p <0.001) 10 years later compared to women who had no risk factor during the first pregnancy. 63.5% of the women with no cardio metabolic risk factor compared to 39% of women who had ≥ 1 risk factor in first pregnancy, had neither a complicated first pregnancy nor was diagnosed with MetS 10 years postpartum (p = 0.023). Conclusion Cardio metabolic risk factors at the booking visit in the first pregnancy may be useful in identifying young women at risk of future CVD.
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Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Noore Siddiquee, and Helen McLaren. "COVID-19 risk perceptions and precautions among the elderly: A study of CALD adults in South Australia." F1000Research 11 (January 13, 2022): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.74631.1.
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Background: Coping with COVID-19 is a challenge for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) older adults. In Australia, little attention has been given to understanding associations between cultural contexts, health promotion, and socio-emotional and mental health challenges of older CALD adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we have collected data from older CALD adults to examine their COVID-19 risk perceptions and its association with their health precautions, behavioural dimensions and emergency preparation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in South Australia. The CALD population aged 60 years and above were approached through 11 South Australian multicultural NGOs. Results: We provide the details of 155 older CALD South Australians’ demographics, risk perceptions, health precautions (problem-and-emotion-focused), behavioural dimensions and emergency preparation. The explanatory variables included demographic characteristics (age, gender, education and ethnicity); and risk perception (cognitive [likelihood of being affected] and affective dimension [fear and general concerns], and psychometric paradigm [severity, controllability, and personal impact]. The outcome measure variables were health precautions (problem-focused and emotion-focused), behavioral adaptions and emergency preparation. Conclusions: This dataset may help the researchers who investigate multicultural health or aged care in the pandemic and or who may have interest to link with other datasets and secondary use of this primary dataset in order to develop culturally tailored pandemic-related response plan. The data set is available from Harvard Dataverse.
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Dodd, Jodie M., Andrea R. Deussen, and Jennie Louise. "A Randomised Trial to Optimise Gestational Weight Gain and Improve Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes through Antenatal Dietary, Lifestyle and Exercise Advice: The OPTIMISE Randomised Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11122911.
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There are well-recognised associations between excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including an increased risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and caesarean birth. The aim of the OPTIMISE randomised trial was to evaluate the effect of dietary and exercise advice among pregnant women of normal body mass index (BMI), on pregnancy and birth outcomes. The trial was conducted in Adelaide, South Australia. Pregnant women with a body mass index in the healthy weight range (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) were enrolled in a randomised controlled trial of a dietary and lifestyle intervention versus standard antenatal care. The dietitian-led dietary and lifestyle intervention over the course of pregnancy was based on the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. Baseline characteristics of women in the two treatment groups were similar. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of infants with birth weight above 4.0 kg between the Lifestyle Advice and Standard Care groups (24/316 (7.59%) Lifestyle Advice versus 26/313 (8.31%) Standard Care; adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54 to 1.55; p = 0.732). Despite improvements in maternal diet quality, no significant differences between the treatment groups were observed for total GWG, or other pregnancy and birth outcomes.
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Thyregod, Poul. "Continuous bivariate distributions emphasising applications, T. P. Hutchinson and C. D. Lai, Rumbsby Scientific Publishing, Adelaide, South Australia, 1990. No. of pages 311 + 1648 references + index." Quality and Reliability Engineering International 9, no. 5 (September 1993): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qre.4680090515.
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Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Noore Siddiquee, Helen McLaren, Md Ismail Tareque, and Anthony Smith. "Risk Perception and Health Precautions Towards COVID-19 Among Older Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Adults in South Australia: A Cross-Sectional Survey." Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare Volume 15 (March 2022): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jmdh.s343985.
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Zou, Xin, and Wen Long Yue. "A Bayesian Network Approach to Causation Analysis of Road Accidents Using Netica." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2017 (2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2525481.
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Based on an overall consideration of factors affecting road safety evaluations, the Bayesian network theory based on probability risk analysis was applied to the causation analysis of road accidents. By taking Adelaide Central Business District (CBD) in South Australia as a case, the Bayesian network structure was established by integrating K2 algorithm with experts’ knowledge, and Expectation-Maximization algorithm that could process missing data was adopted to conduct the parameter learning in Netica, thereby establishing the Bayesian network model for the causation analysis of road accidents. Then Netica was used to carry out posterior probability reasoning, the most probable explanation, and inferential analysis. The results showed that the Bayesian network model could effectively explore the complex logical relation in road accidents and express the uncertain relation among related variables. The model not only can quantitatively predict the probability of an accident in certain road traffic condition but also can find the key reasons and the most unfavorable state combination which leads to the occurrence of an accident. The results of the study can provide theoretical support for urban road management authorities to thoroughly analyse the induction factors of road accidents and then establish basis in improving the safety performance of the urban road traffic system.
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Hayes-Phillips, Deanna, Richard Bentham, Kirstin Ross, and Harriet Whiley. "Factors Influencing Legionella Contamination of Domestic Household Showers." Pathogens 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010027.
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Legionnaires’ disease is a potentially fatal pneumonia like infection caused by inhalation or aspiration of water particles contaminated with pathogenic Legionella spp. Household showers have been identified as a potential source of sporadic, community-acquired Legionnaires’ disease. This study used qPCR to enumerate Legionella spp. and Legionella pneumophila in water samples collected from domestic showers across metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. A survey was used to identify risk factors associated with contamination and to examine awareness of Legionella control in the home. The hot water temperature was also measured. A total of 74.6% (50/68) and 64.2% (43/68) showers were positive for Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between Legionella spp. concentration and maximum hot water temperature (p = 0.000), frequency of shower use (p = 0.000) and age of house (p = 0.037). Lower Legionella spp. concentrations were associated with higher hot water temperatures, showers used at least every week and houses less than 5 years old. However, examination of risk factors associated with L. pneumophila found that there were no statistically significant associations (p > 0.05) with L. pneumophila concentrations and temperature, type of hot water system, age of system, age of house or frequency of use. This study demonstrated that domestic showers were frequently colonized by Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila and should be considered a potential source of sporadic Legionnaires’ disease. Increasing hot water temperature and running showers every week to enable water sitting in pipes to be replenished by the municipal water supply were identified as strategies to reduce the risk of Legionella in showers. The lack of public awareness in this study identified the need for public health campaigns to inform vulnerable populations of the steps they can take to reduce the risk of Legionella contamination and exposure.
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Tuckerman, Jane, Kelly Harper, Thomas R. Sullivan, Jennifer Fereday, Jennifer Couper, Nicholas Smith, Andrew Tai, et al. "Using provider–parent strategies to improve influenza vaccination in children and adolescents with special risk medical conditions: a randomised controlled trial protocol." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e053838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053838.
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IntroductionInfluenza immunisation is a highly cost-effective public health intervention. Despite a comprehensive National Immunisation Program, influenza vaccination in children and adolescents with special risk medical conditions (SRMCs) is suboptimal. Flutext-4U is an innovative, multi-component strategy targeting paediatric hospitals, general practice and parents of children and adolescents with SRMC. The Flutext-4U study aims to assess the impact of Flutext-4U to increase influenza immunisation in children and adolescents with SRMC.Methods and analysisThis is a randomised controlled trial involving parents of children and adolescents (aged >6 months to <18 years) with SRMC receiving tertiary care at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital (WCH), Adelaide, South Australia, who are eligible for funded influenza immunisation with a hospital appointment between the start of the seasonal influenza vaccination season and 31 July 2021, their treating general practitioners (GPs), and WCH paediatric specialists.Parents (of children/adolescents with SRMC) are randomised (1:1 ratio) to standard care plus intervention (SMS reminder messages to parents; reminders (written correspondence) for their child’s GP from the hospital’s Paediatric Outpatients Department) or standard care (hospital vaccine availability, ease of access and reminders for WCH subspecialists) with randomisation stratified by age-group (<5, 5–14, >14 to <18 years).The primary outcome is influenza vaccination, as confirmed by the Australian Immunisation Register.The proportion vaccinated (primary outcome) will be compared between randomised groups using logistic regression, with adjustment made for age group at randomisation. The effect of treatment will be described using an OR with a 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol and all study materials have been reviewed and approved by the Women’s and Children’s Health Network Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/20/WCHN/5). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and at scientific meetings, professional and public forums.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000463875).
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Moumin, Najma, Tim Green, Rebecca Golley, and Merryn Netting. "Are the Nutrient and Textural Properties of Australian Commercial Infant and Toddler Foods Consistent with Infant Feeding Advice?" Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa051_020.
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Abstract Objectives Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines recommend first foods be iron rich with no added sugars and that nutrient poor discretionary foods be avoided. They also encourage exposing infants to a variety of foods and flavours with increasingly complex textures. Here, we compare nutritional and textural properties of commercially available infant and toddler foods with established guidelines. Methods Infant and toddler food products available as of August 2019 were identified by searching for ‘baby food’ on retailer websites and by location in the ‘baby food’ section of major supermarket chains (Coles, Woolworths, Aldi and Foodland) in Adelaide, South Australia. Manufacturer websites were cross checked to identify all available products. Nutrient composition of foods was obtained from the nutrient information panel on the product label, manufacturer or retailer websites. In total, 446 products from 17 brands were reviewed, which accounted for over 90% of the market share. Results Most products were poor sources of iron, and 80% of first foods were fruit-based. Half of all products were purees in squeeze pouches and one third of all products were discretionary foods. The nutritional content of many products was inconsistent with guidelines, being low in iron, sweet, smooth in consistency, or classified as discretionary. Conclusions Reformulation of products is warranted to improve iron content, particularly in mixed main dishes, expand the range of vegetable only foods, and textural variety. Greater regulatory oversight and front of package labelling are needed to better inform parents and caregivers. Frequent consumption of commercial baby foods low in iron may increase risk of iron deficiency. Excessive consumption of purees via squeeze pouches may also have implications for overweight and obesity risk. Funding Sources There are no funding sources to declare for this research.
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Amin, Tony, P. Toby Coates, Jeffrey Barbara, Paul Hakendorf, and Nazmul Karim. "Prevalence of Hypercalcaemia in a Renal Transplant Population: A Single Centre Study." International Journal of Nephrology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7126290.
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Introduction. Postrenal transplant bone disease is a significant problem. Factors influencing postrenal transplant bone status include high dose acute and low dose long-term steroid use, persistent hypercalcaemia, and graft failure. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of hypercalcaemia and to evaluate the risk factors for postrenal transplant hypercalcaemia in long-term renal transplant patients at our centre.Methods. This is a biochemical audit in which we studied renal transplant recipients from the Central Northern Adelaide Renal Transplant Services, South Australia. Inclusion criteria include kidney transplant patients with functioning graft since 1971 and at least 3 months after transplantation at the time of analysis. Hypercalcaemia was defined as persistently elevated serum corrected calcium greater than or equal to 2.56 mmol/L for three consecutive months.Results. 679 renal transplant recipients with a functioning graft were studied and 101 were hypercalcaemic between March 2011 and June 2011 (15%). 60% of the hypercalcaemic patients were male and 40% were female, with chronic glomerulonephritis (39%) being the commonest cause of their end stage kidney disease (ESKD). Prevalence was similar in those that had haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis pretransplantation. Hypercalcaemia in the renal transplant population was not secondary to suboptimal allograft function but secondary to pretransplantation hyperparathyroidism with persistent high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels after transplantation.Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of hypercalcaemia (15%) in renal transplant recipients. The predominant cause for hypercalcaemia is pretransplantation hyperparathyroidism. The magnitude of pretransplantation hyperparathyroidism is the major determinant for long-term parathyroid function rather than graft function or pretransplantation duration on dialysis or mode of dialysis.
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Smith, Ashleigh E., Alexandra T. Wade, Timothy Olds, Dorothea Dumuid, Michael J. Breakspear, Kate Laver, Mitchell R. Goldsworthy, et al. "Characterising activity and diet compositions for dementia prevention: protocol for the ACTIVate prospective longitudinal cohort study." BMJ Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): e047888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047888.
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IntroductionApproximately 40% of late-life dementia may be prevented by addressing modifiable risk factors, including physical activity and diet. Yet, it is currently unknown how multiple lifestyle factors interact to influence cognition. The ACTIVate Study aims to (1) explore associations between 24-hour time-use and diet compositions with changes in cognition and brain function; and (2) identify duration of time-use behaviours and the dietary compositions to optimise cognition and brain function.Methods and analysisThis 3-year prospective longitudinal cohort study will recruit 448 adults aged 60–70 years across Adelaide and Newcastle, Australia. Time-use data will be collected through wrist-worn activity monitors and the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults. Dietary intake will be assessed using the Australian Eating Survey food frequency questionnaire. The primary outcome will be cognitive function, assessed using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III. Secondary outcomes include structural and functional brain measures using MRI, cerebral arterial pulse measured with diffuse optical tomography, neuroplasticity using simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography, and electrophysiological markers of cognitive control using event-related potential and time frequency analyses. Compositional data analysis, testing for interactions between time point and compositions, will assess longitudinal associations between dependent (cognition, brain function) and independent (time-use and diet compositions) variables.ConclusionsThe ACTIVate Study will be the first to examine associations between time-use and diet compositions, cognition and brain function. Our findings will inform new avenues for multidomain interventions that may more effectively account for the co-dependence between activity and diet behaviours for dementia prevention.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been obtained from the University of South Australia’s Human Research Ethics committee (202639). Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts, conference presentations, targeted media releases and community engagement events.Trial registration numberAustralia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619001659190).
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Ambagtsheer, Rachel, Renuka Visvanathan, Matteo Cesari, Solomon Yu, Mandy Archibald, Timothy Schultz, Jonathon Karnon, Alison Kitson, and Justin Beilby. "Feasibility, acceptability and diagnostic test accuracy of frailty screening instruments in community-dwelling older people within the Australian general practice setting: a study protocol for a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e016663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016663.
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IntroductionFrailty is one of the most challenging aspects of population ageing due to its association with increased risk of poor health outcomes and quality of life. General practice provides an ideal setting for the prevention and management of frailty via the implementation of preventive measures such as early identification through screening.Methods and analysisOur study will evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and diagnostic test accuracy of several screening instruments in diagnosing frailty among community-dwelling Australians aged 75+ years who have recently made an appointment to see their general practitioner (GP). We will recruit 240 participants across 2 general practice sites within South Australia. We will invite eligible patients to participate and consent to the study via mail. Consenting participants will attend a screening appointment to undertake the index tests: 2 self-reported (Reported Edmonton Frail Scale and Kihon Checklist) and 5 (Frail Scale, Groningen Frailty Index, Program on Research for Integrating Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy (PRISMA-7), Edmonton Frail Scale and Gait Speed Test) administered by a practice nurse (a Registered Nurse working in general practice). We will randomise test order to reduce bias. Psychosocial measures will also be collected via questionnaire at the appointment. A blinded researcher will then administer two reference standards (the Frailty Phenotype and Adelaide Frailty Index). We will determine frailty by a cut-point of 3 of 5 criteria for the Phenotype and 9 of 42 items for the AFI. We will determine accuracy by analysis of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios. We will assess feasibility and acceptability by: 1) collecting data about the instruments prior to collection; 2) interviewing screeners after data collection; 3) conducting a pilot survey with a 10% sample of participants.Ethics and disseminationThe Torrens University Higher Research Ethics Committee has approved this study. We will disseminate findings via publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at relevant conferences.
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James, Carole L., Anna Giacomini, Frances Kay-Lambkin, Mark Rubin, and Brian Kelly. "Mental health and the resources sector: findings from a research program to promote effective mental health solutions." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S282—S286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21142.
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This paper outlines a multifaceted national workplace mental health research program that incorporated assessment of individual level, work characteristics and organisational factors on mental health among workers in the resources sector within Australia and internationally. This multistep program included: identification of level of mental health and substance use problems in an Australian national study; examination of risk and protective factors (work roles, social networks and location); attitudes to seeking mental health assistance; organisational policies regarding mental health within a workplace health and safety framework; piloting a resources-specific workplace mental health program for team leaders and supervisors and a workplace suicide prevention program; and application of digital mental health interventions to this sector. Additional linked studies in New South Wales and Queensland in the resources sector assessed personal factors influencing perception of workplace physical risks and hazards, risk behaviours and opportunities for risk mitigation; and links between mental and physical health factors. A summary of the key findings are presented within the context of a program of research addressing mental health within remote settings in the resources sector. Mental health-related problems are highly prevalent among workers in remote resource settings, which has significant implications for workplace health and safety. Strategies to address prevention and effective intervention need to be tailored to the industry and employee characteristics, and address models of mental health care that are feasible and accessible in often remote and challenging environments.
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Shirley, Debra, Hidde P. van der Ploeg, and Adrian E. Bauman. "Physical Activity Promotion in the Physical Therapy Setting: Perspectives From Practitioners and Students." Physical Therapy 90, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090383.
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Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for chronic disease. Primary health care practitioners are well placed to promote a physically active lifestyle. The perceptions and practice of physical therapists on their role in physical activity promotion are not well known. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice of physical therapists and physical therapist students regarding the promotion of nontreatment physical activity for better health. Design A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Methods In 2008, 321 (54%) of a random sample of all physical therapists registered in New South Wales, Australia, responded to a survey on their knowledge, confidence, role perception, barriers, feasibility, and counseling practice with regard to promoting a physically active lifestyles to their patients. Physical therapist students (n=279) completed the same survey but without the questions on barriers and counseling practice. Results Physical therapists and physical therapist students consider that it is part of their role to give their patients nontreatment physical activity advice. Overall, they reported having adequate knowledge and skills to undertake this role. Incorporating advice into normal consultations is deemed the most feasible form of lifestyle physical activity promotion in physical therapist practice. Limitations The cross-sectional nature of this study makes it difficult to determine cause and effect relationships. Some selection bias may have occurred, as the physical therapists who completed the questionnaires may have been those most interested in physical activity promotion. Conclusions Physical therapist practice appears to be an excellent avenue for promoting a physically active lifestyle and could potentially play an important public health role.
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Yong, Angelina. "Incidence and Outcomes of Extramedullary Myeloma in a South Australian Hospital." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-129754.
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Introduction The overall incidence of extramedullary myeloma ranged from 6% to 30% 1-3 in reported literatures. The mechanism of extramedullary myeloma is poorly understood with some authors suggesting an increased incidence of extramedullary relapses post autologous or allogenic stem cell transplants 4. For our case series, we aim to compare the incidences, frequency of aberrant cytogenetic abnormalities and outcomes of extramedullary myeloma with current reported literature. Method We examined data from the myeloma database in the Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, of patients presenting for treatment from June 2009 to June 2019. Patients with biopsy-proven extramedullary myelomas involving skin, organ or central nervous system, were selected. We looked at paraprotein subtype, cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis, sites of involvement, treatment details including autologous and allogenic stem cell transplants. Results A total of 743 patients presenting with myeloma from June 2009 to June 2019 were isolated. From these, a total of 47 (6%) patients with extramedullary disease were reported. Thirteen patients (3%) presented with extramedullary disease at diagnosis, while 34 patients (5%) presented with extramedullary disease at relapse. The most common involved paraprotein were IgG and IgA with an incidence of 38% each. Patients with excess lambda light chains (15%) formed the next most common subtype. Two patients had non-secretory myeloma. Majority of the patients (28%) did not have any cytogenetic abnormality as detected by conventional karyotype or FISH studies. The most common cytogenetic abnormality was +1q (15%), followed by hyperdiploidy (13%). Two patients did not undergo diagnostic bone marrow biopsies and 4 patients did not have cytogenetic and FISH analysis on their diagnostic bone marrow samples. The most common sites of EM disease are soft tissue plasmacytomas with an overall incidence of 46%; followed by major organ involvement at 31% and central nervous system involvement at 19%. Bortezomib-based therapy was the most common upfront treatment in 7 patients (54%) followed by immunomodulator (IMiD) based treatment with 4 patients (31%) being treated in this regime. A total of 7 patients underwent an autologous stem cell transplant with melphalan conditioning post induction therapy and 4 patients received maintenance therapy with an IMiD post transplant. Of the 13 patients who had extramedullary disease at diagnosis, 2 patients passed away due to progressive disease while 10 patients at this time of analysis are still alive. 1 patient was lost to follow up. Of the 47 patients with extramedullary disease, a total of 7 patients received an allogenic stem cell transplant as salvage therapy. Five patients received a salvage allogenic stem cell transplant and subsequently only had extramedullary disease manifestation post transplant. Of these patients, 2 patients passed away from progressive disease, 2 passed away of causes unrelated to disease, with one surviving patient. Of the remainder 2 patients, salvage allogenic stem cell transplant were only undertaken post diagnosis of relapsed extramedullary disease. Conclusions The overall incidence of extramedullary myeloma in our institution at 6% is slightly less than published case series in current literature 1-3. In this small case series, most patients did not have a cytogenetic abnormality detected at diagnosis while of the patients with cytogenetic abnormalities, the most common was +1q. This presents a different view with current literature suggesting high risk cytogenetic abnormalities such as del17p, del13q are more common in extramedullary myeloma 5,6. We did not routinely perform a bone marrow biopsy at relapse, nor were karyotype and FISH analysis analysed on biopsies from extramedullary sites. Extramedullary myeloma disease remains a heterogenous disease. Regardless of the presence of extramedullary disease, current Australian guidelines recommend induction therapy with a bortezomib-based therapy followed by high dose melphalan consolidation and autologous stem cell transplant in eligible patients. There are new novel agents available which may be used for treatment of relapsed disease however their efficacy in extramedullary disease is yet to be determined. Disclosures Yong: Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Other: other ; Amgen: Honoraria.
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Phogat, Vinod, Dirk Mallants, Jirka Šimůnek, James W. Cox, Paul R. Petrie, and Timothy Pitt. "Modelling Salinity and Sodicity Risks of Long-Term Use of Recycled Water for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (August 21, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030049.
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Long-term use of recycled water (RW) for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions usually changes the soil solution composition and soil exchange characteristics, enhancing the risk for salinity and sodicity hazards in soils. This modelling study focuses on developing alternative management options that can reduce the potentially harmful impacts of RW use on the irrigation of wine grapes and almonds. The multicomponent UNSATCHEM add-on module for HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the impact of long-term (2018–2050) use of irrigation waters of different compositions: good-quality low-salinity (175 mg/L) water (GW), recycled water with 1200 mg/L salinity (RW), blended water of GW and RW in the 1:1 proportion (B), and monthly (Alt1) and half-yearly (Alt6) alternate use of GW and RW. The management options include different levels of annual gypsum applications (0, 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha soil) to the calcareous (Cal) and hard red-brown (HRB) soils occurring in the Northern Adelaide Plain (NAP) region, South Australia. Additional management scenarios involve considering different leaching fractions (LF) (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) to reduce the salinity build-up in the soil. A new routine in UNSATCHEM to simulate annual gypsum applications was developed and tested for its applicability for ameliorating irrigation-induced soil sodicity. The 1970–2017 period with GW irrigation was used as a warmup period for the model. The water quality was switched from 2018 onwards to reflect different irrigation water qualities, gypsum applications, and LF levels. The data showed that the GW, B, Alt1, and Alt6 irrigation scenarios resulted in lower soil solution salinity (ECsw) than the RW irrigation scenario, which led to increased ECsw values (4.1–6.6 dS/m) in the soil. Annual gypsum applications of 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha reduced pH, SAR, and ESP in both soils and reduced the adverse impacts of irrigation, especially in surface soils. A combination of water blending or cyclic water use with 3.8 t/ha annual gypsum applications showed promise for the SAR and ESP control. Additionally, irrigation with RW, a 0.2 LF, and annual gypsum applications limited the harmful salinity impacts in the soils. However, in the RW irrigation scenario, ECsw and ESP at the bottom of the crop root zone (90–120 cm depth) in the HRB soil were still higher than the wine grape and almond salinity thresholds. Thus, annual amendment applications, combined with the long-term use of blended water or cyclic use of RW and GW, represent a sustainable management option for crop production at the calcareous and hard red-brown soils.
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Chandler, Zoe, Corinna van den Heuvel, Matthew Baldock, Sarah James, and Roger W. Byard. "The effect of age on injury patterns in pedestrian deaths." Medicine, Science and the Law, December 6, 2022, 002580242211439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024221143968.
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Although it is known that elderly pedestrians are at increased risk of injury and death from vehicle crashes the specific pattern of lethal injuries related to age has not been extensively studied. Data on the numbers of pedestrian fatalities and ages were obtained from 1990 to 2020 from the Traffic Accident Reporting System, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia and detailed autopsy data on fatal pedestrian crashes from the pathology database at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, South Australia from 2000 to 2020. Fatal injuries were separated into the following regions: head/face, spine, chest, abdomen and limbs/skeleton. Analysis of 634 cases of pedestrian fatalities (1990–2020) showed a significant decline in numbers over the years ( p < 0.001). Analysis of fatal injuries in 219 cases (2000–2020) showed a significant reduction in the proportion of fatal head injuries with increasing age ( p < 0.05), a significant increase in the proportion of fatal chest injuries with increasing age ( p < 0.01) and a significant increase in the proportion of fatal limb/skeletal injuries with increasing age ( p < 0.05). Older pedestrians are, therefore, more likely to sustain lethal chest and limb/skeletal injuries than head injuries compared to those who are younger, presumably due to greater physical fragility that occurs with age, with loss of protective muscle bulk and bone density.
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Wondmagegn, Berhanu Yazew, Jianjun Xiang, Keith Dear, Susan Williams, Alana Hansen, Dino Pisaniello, Monika Nitschke, et al. "Understanding current and projected emergency department presentations and associated healthcare costs in a changing thermal climate in Adelaide, South Australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine, April 4, 2022, oemed—2021–107888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2021-107888.
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BackgroundExposure to extreme temperatures is associated with increased emergency department (ED) presentations. The resulting burden on health service costs and the potential impact of climate change is largely unknown. This study examines the temperature-EDs/cost relationships in Adelaide, South Australia and how this may be impacted by increasing temperatures.MethodsA time series analysis using a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to explore the exposure–response relationships. The net-attributable, cold-attributable and heat-attributable ED presentations for temperature-related diseases and costs were calculated for the baseline (2014–2017) and future periods (2034–2037 and 2054–2057) under three climate representative concentration pathways (RCPs).ResultsThe baseline heat-attributable ED presentations were estimated to be 3600 (95% empirical CI (eCI) 700 to 6500) with associated cost of $A4.7 million (95% eCI 1.8 to 7.5). Heat-attributable ED presentations and costs were projected to increase during 2030s and 2050s with no change in the cold-attributable burden. Under RCP8.5 and population growth, the increase in heat-attributable burden would be 1.9% (95% eCI 0.8% to 3.0%) for ED presentations and 2.5% (95% eCI 1.3% to 3.7%) for ED costs during 2030s. Under the same conditions, the heat effect is expected to increase by 3.7% (95% eCI 1.7% to 5.6%) for ED presentations and 5.0% (95% eCI 2.6% to 7.1%) for ED costs during 2050s.ConclusionsProjected climate change is likely to increase heat-attributable emergency presentations and the associated costs in Adelaide. Planning health service resources to meet these changes will be necessary as part of broader risk mitigation strategies and public health adaptation actions.
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Harfield, Stephen, Rebecca Beazley, Emma Denehy, Alessia Centofanti, Paul Dowsett, Tambri Housen, and Louise Flood. "An outbreak and case-control study of Salmonella Havana linked to alfalfa sprouts in South Australia, 2018." Communicable Diseases Intelligence 43 (October 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2019.43.45.
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An epidemiological investigation and a retrospective case-control study were conducted into an outbreak of Salmonella Havana in alfalfa sprouts, in Adelaide, Australia. In total, 31 cases of S. Havana were notified during June and July 2018 and linked to the outbreak. Eighteen cases and 54 unmatched controls were included in a case-control study. Results from the case-control study indicated an increased risk of illness linked to the consumption of alfalfa sprouts; this was supported by trace-back, sampling and environmental investigations. This outbreak of S. Havana was caused by consumption of alfalfa sprouts from one local sprouts producer. It is unclear as to when in the production of alfalfa sprouts the contamination occurred. However, contaminated seeds and poor pest control are the most likely causes. This investigation highlights the importance of ensuring that producers take appropriate action to minimise the likelihood of contamination and to comply with legislation and standards for primary production and food safety.
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Marino, Simone. "Thrown into the world: The shift between pavlova and pasta in the ethnic identity of Australians originating from Italy." Journal of Sociology, November 20, 2019, 144078331988828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319888283.
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Forty-one years on from Huber’s study exploring the assimilation of Italian-Australians, an increasing trend towards ethnic revival can be observed among the third generation of immigrants. Drawing on a case study of a family originating from Calabria in the 1950s and now living in Adelaide, South Australia, I find a widespread intergenerational identification of ethnicity as ‘being Italian’, which has different meanings across the three generations, depending on the individual’s phenomenological perception of being thrown into the world. A pivotal role in this shift of ethnic identity is played by what I refer to as institutional positionality, the individuals’ perceptions of the position of their ethnic ‘being in the world’. By merging sociology of migration, including the Bourdieusian conceptual apparatus of capital, with Heidegger’s existential theory, a reflexive framework is developed that takes into account the relevance of ontology in the field of migration.
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Lewis, Daniel, Corinna van den Heuvel, Michaela Kenneally, and Roger W. Byard. "Methamphetamine use and the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis." Medicine, Science and the Law, June 9, 2021, 002580242110209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258024211020936.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition arising in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, associated with hyperglycaemia and hyperketonaemia. While drugs such as methadone, cocaine and certain prescription medications may precipitate DKA, the potential effect of methamphetamine is unclear. Analysis of autopsy and toxicology case files at Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, South Australia, was therefore undertaken from 1 January to 31 December 2019 of all cases where methamphetamine was detected in post-mortem blood samples. There were 94 cases with 11 diabetics ( n = 6 type 1 and n = 5 type 2). Four of the six decedents with type 1 diabetes had lethal DKA (66.7%; age range 30–54 years; average age 44.6 ± 10.5 years; M:F ratio 1:1). This incidence of DKA was higher than that of the general insulin-dependent diabetic population (6%) and also significantly higher than in medico-legal cases (13%; p < 0.05). The clinical and autopsy assessment of insulin-dependent diabetics presenting with DKA should therefore include specific screening for methamphetamine. The increase in both insulin-dependent diabetes and methamphetamine abuse in the community may lead to increases in such cases in medico-legal and health contexts.
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Trigg, Joshua, Kirrilly Thompson, Bradley Smith, and Pauleen Bennett. "A Moveable Beast: Subjective Influence of Human-Animal Relationships on Risk Perception, and Risk Behaviour during Bushfire Threat." Qualitative Report, October 17, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2494.
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This article examines how human-animal connections influence risk perception and behaviour in companion animal guardians exposed to bushfire threat in Australia. Although the objective role of psychological bonds with companion animals is well accepted by researchers, subjective interpretations of these bonds by animal guardians are relatively underexamined in this context. We argue that the ways in which connections with pets and other animals are represented influences different forms of safety-risk perception and behaviour when managing animals’ safety in the face of disaster threat. Thematic analysis of 21 semi-structured interviews with South Australian residents in bushfire-affected areas supported the role of the human-animal bond in shaping risk perception, and influencing engagement in risk-behaviour. Influential factors included animals’ “life value,” “relative versus absolute” risk framing, the “constellation of bonds,” and “action paralysis” when facing threat. Implications for future research in decision-making and risk propensities of animal guardians facing disaster threat alongside their pets are then discussed.
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Chan, Joel Ern Zher, Angela Lee, Chris Lease, and Nicola Spurrier. "Recommencement of Sport Leagues With Spectators at the Adelaide Oval During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Planning, Experience, and Impact of a Globally Unprecedented Approach." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (July 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.676843.
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Non-pharmaceutical interventions including physical distancing and restriction on public gatherings were the cornerstone in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, in the absence of effective vaccines and available treatment options. Many sport mega-events and sport leagues were canceled or indefinitely postponed, leaving stadiums globally empty or converted to be used as part of the COVID-19 response. There were calls for exit strategies to be developed. With the early containment of COVID-19 in South Australia, various restrictions were lifted in a staged and controlled manner, including the reopening of the Adelaide Oval for recommencement of sport leagues with spectator attendance. This involved the collaboration between public health authorities, other governmental agencies, Adelaide Oval Stadium Management Authority, various sporting leagues etc. Recommencement of sport leagues with staged increase in number of attending spectators allowed various measures to be introduced, revisited, and implemented accordingly, demonstrating that a case-by-case risk assessment can be conducted for mega-events during COVID-19, accounting for the epidemiological context at the time. Economic impacts and non-economic benefits of this recommencement were documented. This globally unprecedented, staged and controlled approach in returning spectators to sporting events during the COVID-19 pandemic could inform the reopening strategy of stadiums, recommencement of sport leagues and mega-events all over the world before herd immunity is achieved or in the event of future outbreaks.
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Hordacre, B., M. Crotty, C. Pham, and J. Karnon. "EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF AMPUTEE SERVICES AT NEIGHBOURING HOSPITALS: A RISK ADJUSTED PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS." Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle, 2016, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jarcp.2016.91.
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Background: Despite advances in vascular surgery techniques, ageing populations and increasing rates of vascular disease and diabetes have contributed to relatively steady amputation rates. Older amputees have limited life expectancies and often require expensive rehabilitation interventions on top of vascular procedures. Services warrant scrutiny with view to reducing clinical practice variations, improving hospital performance and securing the best patient outcomes. Objective: This study employed a novel methodology to assess 12-month hospital performance associated with provision of lower-limb amputee services at three neighbouring hospitals. Design and Setting: Routinely collected data on individuals having an initial lower-limb amputation from July 2001 to June 2008 at three hospital networks in Adelaide, South Australia were analysed. Observed and expected lengths of stay and patient outcomes were generated, from which relative performance across hospitals were compared. Results: Following amputation we observed a short time-to-death (0.8 years, IQR 0.21-2.12) and 12-month mortality rate of 25% (unadjusted). Risk-adjusted analyses indicated that one hospital with co-located vascular and rehabilitation services had greater performance with lower re-amputation rates and fewer deaths. However, length of stay at this hospital was longer than expected. Conclusion: The risk-adjusted performance analysis provided an approach which could inform further investigations around variation in hospital performance to inform best practice service delivery.
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Suzuki, Masanobu, Erich Vyskocil, Kazuhiro Ogi, Kotaro Matoba, Yuji Nakamaru, Akihiro Homma, Peter J. Wormald, and Alkis J. Psaltis. "Remote Training of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery With Advanced Manufactured 3D Sinus Models and a Telemedicine System." Frontiers in Surgery 8 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.746837.
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Objective: Traditionally, cadaveric courses have been an important tool in surgical education for Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS). The recent COVID-19 pandemic, however, has had a significant global impact on such courses due to its travel restrictions, social distancing regulations, and infection risk. Here, we report the world-first remote (Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery) FESS training course between Japan and Australia, utilizing novel 3D-printed sinus models. We examined the feasibility and educational effect of the course conducted entirely remotely with encrypted telemedicine software.Methods: Three otolaryngologists in Hokkaido, Japan, were trained to perform frontal sinus dissections on novel 3D sinus models of increasing difficulty, by two rhinologists located in Adelaide, South Australia. The advanced manufactured sinus models were 3D printed from the Computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Using Zoom and the Quintree telemedicine platform, the surgeons in Adelaide first lectured the Japanese surgeons on the Building Block Concept for a three Dimensional understanding of the frontal recess. They in real time directly supervised the surgeons as they planned and then performed the frontal sinus dissections. The Japanese surgeons were asked to complete a questionnaire pertaining to their experience and the time taken to perform the frontal dissection was recorded. The course was streamed to over 200 otolaryngologists worldwide.Results: All dissectors completed five frontal sinusotomies. The time to identify the frontal sinus drainage pathway (FSDP) significantly reduced from 1,292 ± 672 to 321 ± 267 s (p = 0.02), despite an increase in the difficulty of the frontal recess anatomy. Image analysis revealed the volume of FSDP was improved (2.36 ± 0.00 to 9.70 ± 1.49 ml, p = 0.014). Questionnaires showed the course's general benefit was 95.47 ± 5.13 in dissectors and 89.24 ± 15.75 in audiences.Conclusion: The combination of telemedicine software, web-conferencing technology, standardized 3D sinus models, and expert supervision, provides excellent training outcomes for surgeons in circumstances when classical surgical workshops cannot be realized.
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Ben chmo, Marcelle, Lisa Matricciani, Saravana Kumar, and Kristin Graham. "“I was trying to look after myself, but I really wasn’t”: Understanding patient’s perspectives on risk factors for lower extremity amputations." Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 15, no. 1 (December 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13047-022-00589-6.
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Abstract Background Lower extremity amputations (LEAs) as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cause considerable morbidity, mortality, and burden on the healthcare system. LEAs are thought to be preventable, yet the rate of LEAs, particularly in Australia, has risen despite the availability of preventative healthcare services. Understanding patient’s perspectives of risk factors for LEAs may provide valuable insight into why many LEAs occur each year. Objective The aim of this study was to explore patient’s perspectives of risk factors for LEAs as a result of T2DM. Methods A qualitative descriptive methodology involving non-probability purposive sampling was used to recruit inpatients at a tertiary metropolitan hospital in South Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were transcribed verbatim. Data from the interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and the constant comparison approach. Results A total of 15 participants shared their perspectives of risk factors for lower extremity amputations. Most (86%) of participants were male and Caucasian, with a median age of 66.4 years ranging from 44-80 years. The median duration of diabetes was 25.2 years, ranging from 12-40 years. More than half of the participants had undergone a previous amputation with 86% being unemployed or retired and 73% living in metropolitan Adelaide. Two main themes emerged: competing priorities and awareness. Finance and family care were identified as subthemes within competing priorities. While subthemes in the context of awareness related to lack of awareness of risk, experiences with health care professionals and perspectives of disease severity. Conclusions The findings from this research indicate that addressing risk factors for LEAs for patients with T2DM require a holistic and nuanced approach which considers individual patient’s circumstances, and its influence on how risks are viewed and managed.
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Alam, Zufishan, Leila Shafiee Hanjani, Judith Dean, and Monika Janda. "Cervical Cancer Screening Among Immigrant Women Residing in Australia: A Systematic Review." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, April 8, 2021, 101053952110066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395211006600.
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Since the introduction of systematic population-based cervical cancer screening in Australia in 1991, age-standardized incidence of cervical cancer has halved. Given recent advances in human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening, cervical cancer may be eliminated nationally within 20 years. However, immigrant women are not equitably reached by screening efforts. This study systematically reviewed evidence on cervical cancer screening practices among immigrant women in Australia. A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO and gray literature for English language studies published till March 1, 2019, was conducted. Observational and qualitative studies evaluating cervical cancer screening awareness and participation of immigrant women were screened. Of 125 potentially relevant studies, 25 were eligible: 16 quantitative (4 cohort, 12 cross-sectional), 6 qualitative, and 3 mixed-methods studies. Quantitative studies indicated 1% to 16% lower screening rates among migrant women compared with Australian-born women, with participation of South Asian women being significantly lower (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.48-0.61). Qualitative studies illustrated factors affecting women’s willingness to participate in screening, including insufficient knowledge, low-risk perception, and unavailability of a female health professionals being key barriers. Future studies should focus on South Asian women, due to recent increase in their immigration.
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Zhang, L., R. Gallagher, H. Du, T. Barry, J. Foote, and R. Clark. "Using a co-designed, self-delivered, Avatar-based patient discharge education application to improve acute coronary syndrome patient knowledge." European Heart Journal 43, Supplement_2 (October 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.2747.
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Abstract Background 30-day rehospitalisation following heart event among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients remains high and is largely contributed by poor disease-related knowledge and self-management, especially in the disadvantaged patient groups such as those with low education levels and inadequate health literacy. Traditional patient education methods fail to address these issues. Purpose This study aimed to test a unique consumer co-designed discharge education application (app) on patients' knowledge and its acceptability. Methods ACS patients (unstable angina, non-STEMI or STEMI) were recruited from Royal Adelaide Hospital at South Australia during admission, provided with the app via tablet for one-month self-delivered education. The app has undergone a rigorous development process with the substantial engagement of consumers (Figure 1). App content includes the Heart Foundation Six Steps to Cardiac Recovery including disease-related knowledge, risk factor management, and ACS responses, assessed at baseline, followed by first use at discharge and one month later. Patients and cardiac nurses rated the acceptability of the app. Results Among 22 Participants 81.8% were male (n=18), with a mean age of 59.7 (10.3) years, 45.5% (n=10) had not completed high school and nearly a quarter of the participants had marginal or below marginal health literacy. The diagnosis included STEMI (n=16, 72.7%) and non-STEMI (n=5, 22.7%). The majority of participants underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (n=21, 95.5%) Significant improvements were observed for overall coronary artery disease knowledge at one month (p=0.003) and the exercise and nutrition domains at discharge (p=0.029; p<0.001) and one month (p=0.02; p=0.003) (Figure 2). Significant improvements were also observed for ACS knowledge and beliefs at discharge (p=0.008; p=0.038) and one month (p<0.001; p=0.025) when ACS response attitude was also significantly improved at one month (p=0.036). Overall acceptability was high at 7.7/10 (n=22 nurses) and 8.3/10 (patients). The participants described the app as `clear, simple, easy to understand, as well as stimulating and interactive, better than a live person'. Conclusion This novel, self-delivered Avatar-based ACS discharge education App has the potential to provide discharge education for ACS patients even for those who have low education levels or inadequate health literacy. Results need to be confirmed in a randomised controlled trial. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The National Heart Foundation Australia
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Gao, Yuan, Xiangqun Ju, and Lisa Jamieson. "Associations between dental care approachability and dental attendance among women pregnant with an Indigenous child: a cross-sectional study." BMC Oral Health 21, no. 1 (September 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01816-5.
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Abstract Background Oral health during pregnancy is vital for both mother and child. Indigenous Australians face many barriers in accessing dental care. Service approachability is one of the key domains in accessing health services. There is little empirical evidence of the association between service approachability and dental care attendance or oral health outcome. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between dental service approachability on dental care attendance and self-reported gum disease among South Australian women pregnant with an Aboriginal child. Methods Four hundred and twenty-seven women pregnant with an Aboriginal child completed questionnaires in both metropolitan and regional health settings in South Australia in 2011. Four variables related to approachability of dental services: (1) perception of need; (2) service-related health literacy; (3) oral health beliefs and; (4) trust and expectation of dental service. The association between service approachability-related factors, dental utilisation and self-reported gum disease during pregnancy were assessed using Generalised Poisson regression models, after adjusting for age, remoteness, employment status and education. Estimates were presented as adjusted prevalence ratios (APR). Results Most participants (85.8%) reported a need for dental care, had positive oral health beliefs (88.3%) and had expectations towards dental care (86.2%). Dental service utilisation during pregnancy was low (35.7%). Many participants (78.0%) expressed knowing what to do if they needed dental care, while most (39.8%) doubted that dental care would be available the next day. Poor health service literacy was identified as a risk factor for non-optimal dental attendance (APR = 0.86, 95%CI 0.74–0.99). Perceived need for dental care was positively associated with self-reported gum disease (APR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.06–1.45). Conclusion Inability to navigate the dental care system was a risk factor for poor dental attendance among South Australian women pregnant with an Aboriginal child. Perceived need for dental care was associated with gum disease.
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Kelly, Brian. "Concurrent 19. Presentation for: Mental health and the resources sector: findings from a research program to promote effective mental health solutions." APPEA Journal 62, no. 4 (June 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21368.
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Presented on Wednesday 18 May: Session 19 This paper outlines a multifaceted national workplace mental health research program that incorporated assessment of individual level, work characteristics and organisational factors on mental health among workers in the resources sector within Australia and internationally. This multistep program included: identification of level of mental health and substance use problems in an Australian national study; examination of risk and protective factors (work roles, social networks and location); attitudes to seeking mental health assistance; organisational policies regarding mental health within a workplace health and safety framework; piloting a resources-specific workplace mental health program for team leaders and supervisors and a workplace suicide prevention program; and application of digital mental health interventions to this sector. Additional linked studies in New South Wales and Queensland in the resources sector assessed personal factors influencing perception of workplace physical risks and hazards, risk behaviours and opportunities for risk mitigation; and links between mental and physical health factors. A summary of the key findings are presented within the context of a program of research addressing mental health within remote settings in the resources sector. Mental health-related problems are highly prevalent among workers in remote resource settings, which has significant implications for workplace health and safety. Strategies to address prevention and effective intervention need to be tailored to the industry and employee characteristics, and address models of mental health care that are feasible and accessible in often remote and challenging environments. To access the presentation click the link on the right. To read the full paper click here