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Journal articles on the topic 'Risk (Insurance)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Mirjalil, Iskandarov Abdurasul. "AGRICULTURAL RISK INSURANCE." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 09 (September 1, 2022): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-09-12.

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Agriculture is a sector facing many risks. Agricultural risks have become the object of many scientific studies as a result of their direct impact on the food security of the state and thereby the standard of living of the population. Agricultural risks have their own characteristics. Also, the classification of agricultural risks is specific to industry risks. The article considers two main principles of risk classification and proposes a classification model based on the principle of grouping.

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2

Mualem, Elinor, and Abraham Zaks. "Risk premiums in life insurance." Insurance Markets and Companies 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.10(1).2019.01.

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3

Chi, Yichun, and Ken Seng Tan. "OPTIMAL INCENTIVE-COMPATIBLE INSURANCE WITH BACKGROUND RISK." ASTIN Bulletin 51, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 661–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2021.7.

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ABSTRACTIn this paper, the optimal insurance design is studied from the perspective of an insured, who faces an insurable risk and a background risk. For the reduction of ex post moral hazard, alternative insurance contracts are asked to satisfy the principle of indemnity and the incentive-compatible condition. As in the literature, it is assumed that the insurer calculates the insurance premium solely on the basis of the expected indemnity. When the insured has a general mean-variance preference, an explicit form of optimal insurance is derived explicitly. It is found that the stochastic dependence between the background risk and the insurable risk plays a critical role in the insured’s risk transfer decision. In addition, the optimal insurance policy can often change significantly once the incentive-compatible constraint is removed.

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4

Prokopjeva, Evgenija, Evgeny Tankov, Tatyana Shibaeva, and Elena Perekhozheva. "Behavioral models in insurance risk management." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(4).2021.08.

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Behavioral characteristics attributed to consumers of insurance services are a relevant factor for analyzing the current situation in the insurance market and developing effective strategies for insurers’ actions. In turn, considering these characteristics allows the insurer to be more successful in the highly competitive field, achieving mutual satisfaction in interacting with the customer. This study is aimed to develop cognitive models of the situation (frame) “Insurance”, taking into account the specifics of the Russian insurance market and systemic factors affecting participants’ behavior in the market. In this regard, the study involves systemizing risks at various levels of the economic system, generalizing factors for the motivation of insurance consumers, developing descriptive and economic-mathematical models for the behavior of economic entities in risky situations.The results obtained represent a behavioral model of interactions among insurance market entities, which determines opportunities for efficient and mutually beneficial coordination of their activities. The developed model includes the following elements: structured individual and institutional frames “Insurance”; a professional index of interest in insurance presented in the form of a mathematical model; methodology for governing the relationships among insurance participants in the digital environment.The recommendations enable predictions of the situation in the insurance market and allow most accurately defining the consumer needs in the conditions of market changes.

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5

Zolotukhin, Aleksei. "Legal nature of business risk insurance." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001227.

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This paper raises the question of the legal nature of business risk insurance. A conclusion is made that the legal understanding of business risk insurance should be built upon the unity of the actual content of this type of insurance and its legal form. The presence of a special subject on the policy holder’s side in business risk insurance determines the features of the object of such type of insurance, which is represented by an entrepreneur’s insurable interests related to one’s business activity. In the legal sense, insurance is a legal relationship and is characterized by a bilateral connection between the insurer and the policyholder that manifests in a unity of their subjective rights and responsibilities. Two aspects of insurance indicate not the existence of two independent notions free from each other: insurance in the economic sense and insurance in the legal sense, but rather demonstrate two aspects of one phenomenon that exist in an inseparable unity. In the course of comparing business risk insurance and liability insurance, the author comes to a conclusion that unlike liability insurance, business risk insurance is connected not with the policyholder’s wrongful behavior but, on the contrary, with the possible dishonesty of their contracting party.

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6

Chi, Yichun, and Wei Wei. "OPTIMUM INSURANCE CONTRACTS WITH BACKGROUND RISK AND HIGHER-ORDER RISK ATTITUDES." ASTIN Bulletin 48, no. 3 (April 25, 2018): 1025–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2018.20.

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AbstractIn this paper, we study an optimal insurance problem in the presence of background risk from the perspective of an insured with higher-order risk attitudes. We introduce several useful dependence notions to model positive dependence structures between the insurable risk and background risk. Under these dependence structures, we compare insurance contracts of different forms in higher-order risk attitudes and establish the optimality of stop-loss insurance form. We also explicitly derive the optimal retention level. Finally, we carry out a comparative analysis and investigate how the change in the insured's initial wealth or background risk affects the optimal retention level.

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7

Habibaty, Diana Mutia, and Ah Azharuddin Lathif. "INSURANCE WAQF PHENOMENCES IN THE INSURABLE INTEREST PERSPECTIVE." Penamas 33, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v33i2.409.

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Waqf insurance is a new breakthrough in the field of waqf and sharia insurance. This product collaborates between waqf and insurance products. The insurance waqf product is considered contrary to one of the insurance principles, namely the principle of insurable interest (Insurable Interest Principle). This principle states that the insured party (the insured / insurance participant) must have an interest in the object of insurance (life / object). This principle was born because everyone insures himself / his property because the person / property has the risk of being damaged / lost, whereas if someone chooses to have waqf or not, it does not actually pose any risk. This study uses an empirical approach in which an analysis of the Islamic waqf insurance contract is carried out and compares it with the basic principles of insurance. In addition, interviews were conducted with experts to deepen the study under study. The results of the study state that waqf insurance products in Sharia insurance can be used as part of insurance products by following the provisions of the DSN-MUI fatwa NO.106 / DSN-MUI / X / 2016 concerning Waqf Insurance Benefits and Investment Benefits in Sharia Insurance. By referring to this fatwa, the waqf insurance product has fulfilled the principle of insurable interest by stating that the maximum waqf that can be made on the insurance waqf product is 45%, while the other 55% is returned to the insurance participant or the beneficiary (if the insurance participant dies before the insurance contract is completed. ) as a form of risk mitigation and implementing the principle of insurable interest.

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8

Cox, Arthur T., A. Frank Thompson, Mark Greene, James Trieschmann, and Sandra Gustavson. "Risk and Insurance." Journal of Risk and Insurance 60, no. 3 (September 1993): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253043.

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9

Scroggins, William A., Mark R. Greene, and James S. Trieschmann. "Risk and Insurance." Journal of Risk and Insurance 57, no. 2 (June 1990): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253314.

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10

Brockett, Patrick L., Harry H. Panjer, and Gordon E. Willmot. "Insurance Risk Models." Journal of Risk and Insurance 61, no. 1 (March 1994): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253434.

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11

Brotman, Billie Ann, James L. Athearn, and S. Travis Pritchett. "Risk and Insurance." Journal of Risk and Insurance 52, no. 4 (December 1985): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/252322.

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12

Wattman, Malcolm P., and Kimberly Jones. "Insurance Risk Securitization." Journal of Structured Finance 12, no. 4 (January 31, 2007): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.12.4.49.

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13

Galvao, Daniel. "Political Risk Insurance." Journal of Structured Finance 7, no. 2 (July 31, 2001): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.2001.320250.

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14

Mitchell, John, and Bee Kalsi. "IT Risk Insurance." ITNOW 59, no. 4 (2017): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/itnow/bwx135.

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15

Cervellati, Enrico Maria, Francesco Corea, and Paolo Zanghieri. "Entrepreneurs’ behavioural biases, risk misperception and company underinsurance." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 9, no. 4 (2019): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv9i4p5.

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We analyse the effect of behavioural biases on entrepreneurs’ decisions to insure their firms against different kinds of corporate risks. We use a large sample of 2,295 Italian small and medium enterprises (SMEs), finding that they under-insure themselves. Since SMEs should insure more – in proportion – compared to bigger companies, analysing the reasons for this underinsurance is relevant to improve entrepreneurs’ decisions and help their firms, but also from a policy-making point of view. We link corporate insurance choices with the entrepreneurs’ personal characteristics and behavioral traits as well as with their households’ financial choices. Our methodology uses stepwise regressions to discern which variables are statistically significant. In our results, we find that entrepreneurs not only underinsure their firms but also themselves, thus exposing themselves, their firms and their families to high idiosyncratic risk. We find that these suboptimal decisions are affected by behavioural biases such as overconfidence, over optimism, risk misperceptions, and stubbornness, even though in a not straightforward manner. We measure both the overall effect on the number of insurances underwritten and on the specific type of insurance contract. In general, we find that relatively bigger firms do buy more insurance, and that trust in insurance companies is a key driver to insurance purchasing, as well as the estimated probability of suffering damages in the future. In contrast, entrepreneurs do underwrite fewer insurance contracts if their firms caused or suffered damages in the past, but also if they possess personal insurances, thus treating them as substitutes for firm insurance. Since SMEs represent a very important part not only of the Italian economy but also of the economy of many other countries, analyzing their insurance-related decisions is relevant because understanding the determinants that may lead entrepreneurs to mitigate the risks they face is beneficial not only for them and their firms but also for the economy as a whole.

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16

Rogoziński, Dawid. "Securing Bank Claims by means of Credit Risk Insurance versus Insurance Recourse." Prawo Asekuracyjne 3, no. 100 (September 15, 2019): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5733.

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This article examines the specific nature of the insurance of risks directly related to lending. The dynamic development of cooperation between banking and insurance industries has resulted not only in a greater popularity of the coverages already existing on the market, but also in new types of insurance products directly linked to banking operations and covering risks that were traditionally non-transferable to insurance undertakings. Further comments refer to the functions of insurance recourse in relations with banks. However, the main focus of this study is the confrontation of results of those analyses with the phenomenon of directing recourse claims to the entities carrying the actual and final burden of the insurance cost (borrowers). Moreover, practical solutions adopted by credit institutions which involve the treatment of credit risk insurances as payment protection methods and consequently shift the burden of insurance premium onto the borrower have been assessed.

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17

Cox, Samuel H., and Robert G. Schwebach. "Insurance Futures and Hedging Insurance Price Risk." Journal of Risk and Insurance 59, no. 4 (December 1992): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253347.

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18

Szpiro, George G. "Insurance, risk aversion and demand for insurance." Journal of Banking & Finance 6 (January 1988): 1–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(88)90062-3.

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19

Osipenko, Maria, Zhiwei Shen, and Martin Odening. "Is there a demand for multi-year crop insurance?" Agricultural Finance Review 75, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-12-2014-0043.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the aggregate demand for single- and multi-year crop insurance contracts and to discuss market potential for multi-year crop insurances. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper the authors develop a dynamic discrete choice model of insurance alternatives, in which single- and multi-year insurance contracts are offered to heterogeneous risk averse farmers. The farmers determine their insurances choices based on inter-temporal utilities. Findings – The results show that in a competitive insurance market with heterogeneous risk averse farmers, there is simultaneous demand for both insurance contracts. Moreover, the introduction of multi-year contracts enhances the market penetration of insurance products. Research limitations/implications – The effect of introducing multi-year crop insurance is moderate when applying the model to US corn production. In practice, however, the increase of insurance demand could be more pronounced because we did not consider marketing and administrative costs and thus ignore this cost reduction potential of multi-year insurance. Originality/value – This study adds to the literature analyzing the feasibility of multi-year crop insurance and also shows that there is market potential for multi-year crop insurance.

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20

Prunglerdbuathong, Piriya, Tippatai Pongsart, Weenakorn Ieosanurak, and Watcharin Klongdee. "Enhanced Insurance Risk Assessment using Discrete Four-Variate Sarmanov Distributions and Generalized Linear Models." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2024.9.2.012.

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This research paper investigated multivariate risk assessment in insurance, focusing on four risks of a singular person and their interdependence. This research examined various risk indicators in non-life insurance which was under-writing for organizations with clients that purchase several non-life insurance policies. The risk indicators are probabilities of frequency claims and correlations of two risk lines. The closed forms of probability mass functions evaluated the probabilities of frequency claims. Three generalized linear models of four-variate Sarmanov distributions were proposed for marginals, incorporating various characteristics of policyholders using explanatory variables. All three models were discrete models that were a combination of Poisson and Gamma distributions. Some properties of four-variate Sarmanov distributions were explicitly shown in closed forms. The dataset spanned a decade and included the exposure of each individual to risk over an extended period. The correlations between the two risk types were evaluated in several statistical ways. The parameters of the three Sarmanov model distributions were estimated using the maximum likelihood method, while the results of the three models were compared with a simpler four-variate negative binomial generalized linear model. The research findings showed that Model 3 was the most accurate of all three models since the AIC and BIC were the lowest. In terms of the correlation, it was found that the risk of claiming auto insurances was related to claiming home insurances. Model 1 could be used for the risk assessment of an insurance company that had customers who held multiple types of insurances in order to predict the risks that may occur in the future. When the insurance company can forecast the risks that may occur in the future, the company will be able to calculate appropriate insurance premiums.

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21

Zaman, M. Raquibuz. "Some Issues In Risk Management and Insurance In a Non-Muslim State." American Journal of Islam and Society 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v5i2.2717.

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IntroductionThis paper is not intended to be a discourse on whether or not insuranceis permitted under Islam. The subject is controversial and, hence, there areat least five different viewpoints on the subject which are:1. Insurance is permissible (mutbuh).2. Insurance is prohibited (haram).3. Insurance is not permitted in an Islamic state (dar-ul-Islam) .4 . Insurance may be permissible between Muslim policy holdersand non-Muslim insurers in a non-Muslim state whereMuslims have religious freedom and security (dar-ul-amn),and in an enemy state (dar-ul-harb), if required to do so.5 . Insurance provides important social benefits which areotherwise not available at all. However, some features and/orpractices of modem insurance companies are undesirable and,hence, they must be changed before insurance can be permitted. The controversy on insurance is quite understandable. There was no suchinstitution in existence at the time of the Prophet (on him be peace) or the ...

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22

Baskot, Bojan, and Stanko Stanic. "Parametric crop insurance against floods: The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Ekonomski anali 65, no. 224 (2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2024083b.

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The importance of risk management in agriculture is unquestionable. Farmers in Bosnia and Herzegovina face weather, product, and price and market risk. Index-based insurance products for agriculture present alternatives for managing weather risk. They differ from classical insurance products in that they do not remunerate actual loss and to purchase a weather index insurance policy the insured does not actually have to have an insurable interest. In this research, two flood parametric insurance products are presented, one with fixed compensation and the other with compensation proportional to flood intensity.

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23

Woo, Chi-Keung, Jay Zarnikau, Asher Tishler, and Kang Hua Cao. "Insuring a Small Retail Electric Provider’s Procurement Cost Risk in Texas." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010393.

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Motivated by the relatively infrequent but very large price spikes in the day-ahead and real-time energy markets operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, this paper proposes an insurance that a small and risk-averse retailer in Texas (i.e., a retail electric provider (REP)) may buy to prevent financial insolvency caused by inadequate risk management. It also demonstrates the insurance’s practical design, pricing, and implementation. As participation in the REP’s procurement auction is voluntary, the insurance is mutually beneficial for the REP and the insurance seller. Hence, the proposed insurance is a newly developed wholesale market product that deserves consideration by REPs in Texas and competitive retailers elsewhere.

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24

Dendiberya, Maksim, and Olga Tishutina. "Tortious risk in the system of insurance relations in the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 376 (2023): 05032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337605032.

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The paper deals with the problem of the realisation of tort risks in the system of insurance relations. At the same time, the object of consideration is a part of the tort risk of the underwriter, which is a consequence of the implementation of unfair economic and insurance practises. The purpose of the conducted research is to prove the necessity of managing tort risk in insurance to achieve the balance of economic (insurance) relations system between the insurant and the underwriter, which stipulates the performance of the risk and compensation insurance function. To achieve the purpose of the study, two key methods of scientific research are used, namely the method of analysis, which is used to study the impact of tort risk on the system of insurance relations, and the method of synthesis, which will assess key problems of managing its manifestations. The study has resulted in the substantiation of the need to accept tort risk as a risk that is an integral part of the risk management system of the insurance organisation; development of basic proposals in the direction of improving the current tort risk management system, both at the stage of its identification and at the stage of settlement of losses (the stage of realisation of the economic nature of tort risk in insurance). The study conducted has established the fact that the management of tort risk in insurance harmonizes the system of insurance relations, ensuring the implementation of the key principle of equivalence of obligations of the parties, making it possible to achieve a balanced insurance fund. Thus, the integration of tort risk into the general risk management system of the insurance organization allows us to increase both the profitability of insurance operations and the attractiveness of a non-material insurance product for the insured.

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25

Cupido, Kim, and Jean-Paul Van Belle. "A Digitally Enabled Strategic Sourcing Process to Mitigate Risk." Journal of Information Technology Education: Discussion Cases 6 (2017): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3924.

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A South African insurance company is considering how to automate the process of handling home insurance repair claims in order to make the process more efficient and improve the customer experience. Should they stick with the status quo, develop their own system, purchase existing technology or employ a hybrid solution? ABC Insurance was a leading short-term insurer in South Africa. The FSB (Financial Services Board) of South Africa defined short term insurance cover as indemnification secured by the insurance purchaser over their fixed and movable assets (FSB, n.d.). Such insurable assets could be one’s home (the actual building) or motor vehicle (https://www.fsb.co.za). The purchased insurance cover protected the policyholder (customer) against total loss or accidental damage, as a result of insurable events like fires or floods. In exchange, payment for insurance cover (referred to as the “premium”), was collected by the insurance company from its customers. Andrew Cohen, commodity manager for the Non-Automobile Property and Casualty procurement division at ABC Insurance, was faced with the choice of either digitizing the day to day claims fulfillment procedures within his portfolio, or to continue his business unit’s activities “as is.” The main function of Cohen’s business unit was to ensure that home owners (policyholders) who purchased insurance cover over their fixed assets (i.e., buildings insurance) could access and receive the required repair services as per the provisions set out in their insurance policies. In delivering these services to the policyholders, Cohen’s immediate challenges were that he had to increase efficiency within the claims environment, meet customer demand and enhance operational processes while concurrently accelerating daily business operations. In opposition to maintaining the status quo, his options were to either build an in-house solution, or purchase an existing tool and customize it to his organization’s requirements. His preliminary cost benefit analysis showed that choosing to remain “as is” would cost the firm nothing in terms of immediate cash outflows, but in the long term would expose management to the risk of not capitalizing on opportunities to service their customers quickly and efficiently, infuse transparency into the appointment procedure of suppliers on repair claims, and gain line of sight of interactions between the firm, its service providers, and its customers. He furthermore surmised that whatever the solution was it might require the firm to make initial investments of time for the re-organization of internal processes and new information technology competencies to acquire. To select an ideal solution, he would need to weigh the risks of remaining “as is” against the benefits of infusing mobile technology such as a mobile app into his portfolio, and ultimately, into the core day-to-day operations of the firm as well.

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26

Sukach, Olena, and Svitlana Kozlovska. "Insurance Market Risk Management." Modern Economics 25, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v25(2021)-22.

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Abstract. Introduction. The modern insurance market is characterized by a negative trend of reduction of companies-participants of the market. This situation is associated with a number of factors: crisis phenomena in the economy, a decrease in solvent demand, increased risks, growth of unprofitability of the insurance sector, regulatory work of the state. Рurpose. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the domestic insurance market, to identify modern methods and approaches to risk management in the market. The research methodology is based on modern provisions of statistical and economic analysis, empirical research, as well as methods of expert assessments. Results. The article reveals the risks of insurers taking into account the specifics of their manifestation, as well as the specific features of risk management of insurance companies. The problems of managing risks that affect financial stability in insurance companies in modern conditions are examined in the article. A classification of insurance risks and their impact on insurance companies are prepared. It is shown that today a wide range of techniques for estimating the insurance risks exist. The reference points that should be included in the system of risk management of the insurance organization at the present stage are determined. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, a decrease in insurance companies operating in the market, a decrease in premiums and total assets was noted. The expediency of building an optimal risk management system that affects the financial stability of the insurance business has been determined. The application of an integrated approach to risk management of insurance companies has been substantiated. Keywords: risk; risk management; insurance; insurance market; insurer; government regulation; risk classification; risk management strategy.

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27

Jones, Stanley, Donald M. Cohodes, and Barbara Scheil. "The Risks of Ignoring Insurance Risk Management." Health Affairs 13, no. 2 (January 1994): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.13.2.108.

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28

Brockett, Patrick L., Samuel H. Cox, and Robert C. Witt. "Insurance versus Self-Insurance: A Risk Management Perspective." Journal of Risk and Insurance 53, no. 2 (June 1986): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/252374.

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29

Tapiero, Charles S., Yehuda Kahane, and Laurent Jacque. "Insurance premiums and default risk in mutual insurance." Scandinavian Actuarial Journal 1986, no. 2 (April 1986): 82–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03461238.1986.10413796.

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30

Brown, Jeffrey R., Randall S. Kroszner, and Brian H. Jenn. "Federal Terrorism Risk Insurance." National Tax Journal 55, no. 3 (September 2002): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2002.3.13.

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31

Baird, Ian McLean. "Obesity and Insurance Risk." PharmacoEconomics 5, Supplement 1 (1994): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-199400051-00013.

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32

Chen, Liansheng, and Jinhua Tao. "Mixed Insurance Risk Models." Missouri Journal of Mathematical Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 1996): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35834/1996/0801003.

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33

Sakshi, Vasudeva. "Catastrophic risk and insurance." Management & Avenir 27, no. 7 (2009): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mav.027.0225.

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34

PonArul, Richard, and Henri Louberge. "Risk, Information and Insurance." Journal of Risk and Insurance 59, no. 1 (March 1992): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/253226.

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35

Vértesy, László. "Risk Management and Insurance." Gazdaság és Társadalom 2013, no. 1 (2013): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21637/gt.2013.1.02.

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36

MTW and G. Ottaviani. "Financial Risk in Insurance." Journal of the American Statistical Association 94, no. 445 (March 1999): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2669731.

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37

Dassios, A., and P. Embrechts. "Martingales and insurance risk." Communications in Statistics. Stochastic Models 5, no. 2 (January 1989): 181–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15326348908807105.

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38

Schmidli, Hanspeter. "Insurance Risk and Ruin." Journal of the American Statistical Association 101, no. 475 (September 2006): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2006.s131.

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39

West, Gerald T. "Political Risk Investment Insurance." Journal of Structured Finance 5, no. 2 (July 31, 1999): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.1999.320206.

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40

Bland, David E. "Risk management in insurance." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 7, no. 1 (January 1999): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024991.

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41

Frees, Edward. "Insurance Portfolio Risk Retention." North American Actuarial Journal 21, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 526–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2017.1317272.

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42

Hatchek, Helen. "Liability insurance: risk assessment." Safety Science 15, no. 4-6 (November 1992): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-7535(92)90028-x.

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43

Butterworth, Mark. "Risk Management and Insurance." Risk Management 5, no. 4 (October 2003): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.rm.8240168.

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44

Mitka, Mike. "High-Risk Insurance Pools." JAMA 302, no. 14 (October 14, 2009): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1460.

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45

Natale, William K. "Risk-Related Health Insurance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 2 (January 13, 1993): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03500020047018.

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46

Natale, W. K. "Risk-related health insurance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 269, no. 2 (January 13, 1993): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.269.2.213.

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Hogarth, Robin M., and Howard Kunreuther. "Risk, ambiguity, and insurance." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 2, no. 1 (April 1989): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055709.

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Brillinger, David R. "Earthquake risk and insurance." Environmetrics 4, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.3170040102.

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49

Жукова, О. В. "Combined mortgage risk insurance." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 12(125) (February 16, 2021): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.125.12.061.

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Abstract:

Ипотечное страхование - это инструмент финансовой защиты участников ипотечной сделки. Внедрение программы комбинированного страхования ипотечных рисков выводит ипотеку в разряд наименее рисковых продуктов. Это и правильное определение рисков, и индивидуальный подбор комбинации из применяемых, законодательно закреплённых, видов страхования. Первым шагом к комбинированному страхованию можно считать переход прав страхователя от заёмщика к банкукредитору по инициативе Банка России. Комбинированное страхование открывает рынок доступного жилья, когда LTV=95% и ПДН <50%, а мера повышения кредитной активности поддерживается индивидуальными программами. Банковский риск (разница между остаточной стоимости кредита и стоимости залога на момент реализации), а также риски заёмщика (страхование имущества, страхование жизни/здоровья и страхование титула) возмещает страховая компания. Mortgage insurance is a financial protection tool for participants in a mortgage transaction. The introduction of the combined mortgage risk insurance program puts mortgages in the category of the least risky products. This is both the correct definition of risks, and the individual selection of a combination of the types of insurance that are used, legally fixed. The first step to the combined insurance can be considered the transfer of the rights of the insured from the borrower to the lender bank on the initiative of the Bank of Russia. Combined insurance opens up the affordable housing market when LTV =95% and PD <50%, and the measure of increased credit activity is supported by individual programs. Bank risk (the difference between the residual value of the loan and the value of the collateral at the time of sale), as well as the risks of the borrower (property insurance, life/health insurance and title insurance), are reimbursed by the insurance company.

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Orlicki, Marcin. "Optimization of Insurance Coverage Time (Just on Time Insurance) – Legal Aspects of the Use of Information Technology in Insurance." Prawo Asekuracyjne 3, no. 104 (September 18, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3701.

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Modern information technologies enable easy communication of information on activities performed by the policyholder/insured person and on the occurrence of certain events related to the subject of insurance or the risk parameters. It facilitates the creation of insurance products in which the duration of insurance cover is shaped dynamically based on the customer’s declaration of intent or by reading parameters using the IT equipment. Such formation of the insurance coverage period is permitted under Polish law (with the exception of some compulsory insurances) – without affecting rights and interests of customers receiving insurance services,

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