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Journal articles on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Do, Cameron, Georgia Elizabeth Saunders, and Yuriy Kuleshov. "Assessment of Tropical Cyclone Risk to Coral Reefs: Case Study for Australia." Remote Sensing 14, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 6150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236150.
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In this study, we attempt to expand tropical cyclone (TC) risk assessment methodology and build an understanding of TC risk to Australia’s natural environment by focusing on coral reefs. TCs are natural hazards known to have the potential to bring destruction due to associated gale-force winds, torrential rain, and storm surge. The focus of TC risk assessment studies has commonly centred around impacts on human livelihoods and infrastructure exposed to TC events. In our earlier study, we created a framework for assessing multi-hazard TC risk to the Australian population and infrastructure at the Local Government Area level. This methodology is used in this study with coral reefs as the focus. TC hazard, exposure, and vulnerability indices were created from selected coral-related datasets to calculate an overall TC risk index for the Ningaloo Reef (NR) and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) regions. The obtained results demonstrate that the northern NR and the southern GBR had the highest risk values within the study area; however, limitations in data quality have meant that results are estimates at best. The study has shown the potential benefits of such a TC risk assessment framework that can be improved upon, as coral data collection becomes more readily available.
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Werner, Tim, Peter Bach, Mohan Yellishetty, Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed, Stuart Walsh, Alec Miller, Matthew Roach, et al. "A Geospatial Database for Effective Mine Rehabilitation in Australia." Minerals 10, no. 9 (August 22, 2020): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090745.
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The Australian landscape is affected by abandoned mines that pose environmental, public health and safety risks. To promote the beneficial reuse, rehabilitation and/or remediation of these sites and understand their spatial arrangement, we compiled, classified and analysed a country-wide geospatial database of all known inactive hard rock mine sites. Following extensive review and classification of disparate records of such sites that have been terminated, neglected or classified as heritage, plus those under care and maintenance in Australia, we assessed state-by-state reporting and cross-border rehabilitation requirements. This was enabled by the development of the Mining Incidence Documentation & Assessment Scheme (MIDAS) that can be used to catalogue and compare active or inactive mine data regardless of reporting conventions. At a national level, and with four case studies, we performed GIS-based spatial analyses and environmental risk assessments to demonstrate potential uses of our database. Analyses considered the proximity of sites to factors such as infrastructure and sensitive environmental receptors. As Australia struggles to manage the ongoing technical, socioeconomic and environmental challenges of effective mine rehabilitation, the insights enabled by this national-level spatial database may be key to developing coordinated responses that extend beyond state boundaries. Our classification and methodology are easily transferable, thereby encouraging more formalized, systematic and widespread documentation of abandoned mines worldwide.
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Kelly, Matthew, and Yuriy Kuleshov. "Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping: A Case Study from Australia’s Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166251.
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Floods are among the costliest natural hazards, in Australia and globally. In this study, we used an indicator-based method to assess flood hazard risk in Australia’s Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment (HNC). Australian flood risk assessments are typically spatially constrained through the common use of resource-intensive flood modelling. The large spatial scale of this study area is the primary element of novelty in this research. The indicators of maximum 3-day precipitation (M3DP), distance to river—elevation weighted (DREW), and soil moisture (SM) were used to create the final Flood Hazard Index (FHI). The 17–26 March 2021 flood event in the HNC was used as a case study. It was found that almost 85% of the HNC was classified by the FHI at ‘severe’ or ‘extreme’ level, illustrating the extremity of the studied event. The urbanised floodplain area in the central-east of the HNC had the highest FHI values. Conversely, regions along the western border of the catchment had the lowest flood hazard risk. The DREW indicator strongly correlated with the FHI. The M3DP indicator displayed strong trends of extreme rainfall totals increasing towards the eastern catchment border. The SM indicator was highly variable, but featured extreme values in conservation areas of the HNC. This study introduces a method of large-scale proxy flood hazard assessment that is novel in an Australian context. A proof-of-concept methodology of flood hazard assessment developed for the HNC is replicable and could be applied to other flood-prone areas elsewhere.
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Tan, Samson, Darryl Weinert, Paul Joseph, and Khalid Moinuddin. "Impact of Technical, Human, and Organizational Risks on Reliability of Fire Safety Systems in High-Rise Residential Buildings—Applications of an Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment Model." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 8918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248918.
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The current paper presents an application of an alternative probabilistic risk assessment methodology that incorporates technical, human, and organizational risks (T-H-O-Risk) using Bayesian network (BN) and system dynamics (SD) modelling. Seven case studies demonstrate the application of this holistic approach to the designs of high-rise residential buildings. An incremental risk approach allows for quantification of the impact of human and organizational errors (HOEs) on different fire safety systems. The active systems considered are sprinklers, building occupant warning systems, smoke detectors, and smoke control systems. The paper presents detailed results from T-H-O-Risk modelling for HOEs and risk variations over time utilizing the SD modelling to compare risk acceptance in the seven case studies located in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and UK. Results indicate that HOEs impact risks in active systems up to ~33%. Large variations are observed in the reliability of active systems due to HOEs over time. SD results indicate that a small behavioral change in ’risk perception’ of a building management team can lead to a very large risk to life variations over time through the self-reinforcing feedback loops. The quantification of difference in expected risk to life due to technical, human, and organizational risks for seven buildings for each of 16 trial designs is a novel aspect of this study. The research is an important contribution to the development of the next generation building codes and risk assessment methods.
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Roser, D. J., C. M. Davies, N. J. Ashbolt, and P. Morison. "Microbial exposure assessment of an urban recreational lake: a case study of the application of new risk-based guidelines." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.476.
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New WHO and Australian guidelines promote a risk-management approach for minimising exposure to pathogens in recreational waters. Between 2003 and 2005, they were applied to Lake Parramatta (10 ha, 450 ML), a potential recreation site in Sydney, Australia. A three stage approach was developed involving (1) initial suitability assessment using historic data, (2) revised suitability assessment based on new data and (3) characterisation of hazardous (especially wet weather) events. Contrary to the stage 1 suitability classification, stage 2 baseline data indicated that during dry weather the lake had water quality sufficient for primary contact recreation (95th percentiles for enterococci=19 MPN/100, n=50) and the major pathogen source was wildfowl. Guideline principles provided a rationale for collecting microbiological and geographic data needed to understand local cycles of lake contamination/recovery. The concept of hazardous events was particularly useful. Studies of stormwater events led us to identify a transition point (>10 mm rainfall in 24 h) where human-faecal pathogen risks increased and access needed to be controlled. Together baseline and event data yielded operational tools (i.e. event detection methods, action triggers, auditing criteria, remediation priorities) for minimising bather exposure.
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Shafapourtehrany, Mahyat. "Geospatial Wildfire Risk Assessment from Social, Infrastructural and Environmental Perspectives: A Case Study in Queensland Australia." Fire 6, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6010022.
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Although it is hard to predict wildfires, risky areas can be systematically assessed and managed. Some of the factors for decision-making are hazard, vulnerability, and risk maps, which are the end product of wildfire mapping. This study deals with wildfire risk analysis in Queensland, Australia. A review of the previous studies focusing on each aspect has been done and used with wildfire records from 2011 to 2019 in Queensland, Australia, to compile the required input models to detect risky wildfire regions. Machine learning (ML) methods of Decision Tree (DT) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to perform hazard assessment. The reason was to select the most accurate outcomes for the rest of the analysis. Among accuracy assessment techniques, the Area Under Curvature (AUC) method was used to evaluate the hazard maps. Prediction rates of 89.21% and 83.78% were obtained for DT and SVM, respectively. The DT prediction value showed that the DT-hazard map was more accurate than the SVM-hazard map. Vulnerability analysis was implemented by assigning weights to each factor according to the literature. Lastly, in order to create the wildfire risk map, the hazard and vulnerability indices were combined. The risk map showed that particularly dense urbanization regions are under future wildfire risk. To perform preliminary land use planning, this output can be used by local governmental authorities.
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de Silva, Andrea M., Jacqueline M. Martin-Kerry, Katherine McKee, and Deborah Cole. "Caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults in Australia: a case of limited and non-contemporary data." Australian Health Review 41, no. 4 (2017): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15229.
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Objective The aim of the present study was to identify all evidence about the prevalence and severity of clinically measured caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults in Australia published in peer-reviewed journals and to summarise trends over time. In addition, we examined whether the studies investigated associations between putative risk factors and levels of caries and periodontal disease. Methods PubMed was searched in September 2014, with no date limitations, for published peer-reviewed articles reporting the prevalence rates and/or severity of caries and periodontal disease in Indigenous adults living in Australia. Articles were excluded if measurement was not based on clinical assessment and if oral disease was reported only in a specific or targeted sample, and not the general population. Results The search identified 18 papers (reporting on 10 primary studies) that met the inclusion criteria. The studies published clinical data about dental caries and/or periodontal disease in Australian Indigenous adults. The studies reported on oral health for Indigenous adults living in rural (40%), urban (10%) and both urban and rural (50%) locations. Included studies showed that virtually all Indigenous adults living in rural locations had periodontal disease. The data also showed caries prevalence ranged from 46% to 93%. Although 10 studies were identified, the peer-reviewed literature was extremely limited and no published studies were identified that provided statistics for a significant proportion of Australia (Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland or the Australian Capital Territory). There were also inconsistencies in how the data were reported between studies, making comparisons difficult. Conclusions This review highlights a lack of robust and contemporary data to inform the development of policies and programs to address the disparities in oral health in Indigenous populations living in many parts of Australia. What is known about the topic? Many studies report that Indigenous people in Australia have poorer general health compared with non-Indigenous people. What does this paper add? This paper documents the available caries and periodontal disease prevalence and experience for Indigenous adults in Australia published in peer-reviewed journals. It demonstrates significant limitations in the data, including no data in several large Australian jurisdictions, inconsistency with reporting methods and most data available being for Indigenous adults living in rural locations. Therefore, the oral health data available in the peer-reviewed literature do not reflect the situation of all Indigenous people living in Australia. What are the implications for practitioners? It is important for oral health practitioners to have access to current and relevant statistics on the oral health of Indigenous Australians. However, we have highlighted significant evidence gaps for this population group within the peer-reviewed literature and identified the limitations of the available data upon which decisions are currently being made. This paper also identifies ways to capture and report oral health data in the future to enable more meaningful comparisons and relevance for use in policy development.
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Parker, Amy L., Pascal Castellazzi, Thomas Fuhrmann, Matthew C. Garthwaite, and Will E. Featherstone. "Applications of Satellite Radar Imagery for Hazard Monitoring: Insights from Australia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081422.
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Earth observation (EO) satellites facilitate hazard monitoring and mapping over large-scale and remote areas. Despite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites being well-documented as a hazard monitoring tool, the uptake of these data is geographically variable, with the Australian continent being one example where the use of SAR data is limited. Consequently, less is known about how these data apply in the Australian context, how they could aid national hazard monitoring and assessment, and what new insights could be gleaned for the benefit of the international disaster risk reduction community. The European Space Agency Sentinel-1 satellite mission now provides the first spatially and temporally complete global SAR dataset and the first opportunity to use these data to systematically assess hazards in new locations. Using the example of Australia, where floods and uncontrolled bushfires, earthquakes, resource extraction (groundwater, mining, hydrocarbons) and geomorphological changes each pose potential risks to communities, we review past usage of EO for hazard monitoring and present a suite of new case studies that demonstrate the potential added benefits of SAR. The outcomes provide a baseline understanding of the potential role of SAR in national hazard monitoring and assessment in an Australian context. Future opportunities to improve national hazard identification will arise from: new SAR sensing capabilities, which for Australia includes a first-ever civilian EO capability, NovaSAR-1; the integration of Sentinel-1 SAR with other EO datasets; and the provision of standardised SAR products via Analysis Ready Data and Open Data Cubes to support operational applications.
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Britton, Neil R., and John Lindsay. "Demonstrating the Need to Integrate City Planning and Emergency Preparedness: Two Case Studies." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 13, no. 2 (August 1995): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709501300203.
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City planners need to consider aspects of emergency management, risk assessment and hazard vulnerability in their planning and development deliberations. Planners need to recognise that urban hazards, especially from technological sources, are more prevalent than may at first be apparent. An emergency management focus is particularly necessary when urban renewal and redevelopment is being considered Of special importance is the need for planners to understand that projects like this can exacerbate the plight of existing “at-risk” groups, and may even create a more hazardous social environment. Planners also need to be made aware that their professional actions have a direct impact on both the task-set and performance capabilities of disaster managers and emergency services operatives. In this paper two case studies are presented to demonstrate how these issues translate into practice. The first explores the consequences of a “classic” medium-scale technological emergency in Australia. The second study, from Canada, illustrates the ubiquity of small-scale industrial hazards in the modern city, and epitomises the extent to which city-dwellers are vulnerable.
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Moshi, Magdalena, Jacqueline Parsons, Rebecca Tooher, and Tracy Merlin. "OP143 Assessment Of mHealth Apps: Is Current Regulation Policy Adequate?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001697.
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IntroductionAustralians are adjusting to mobile health (mHealth) applications (apps) being used in clinical care. The nature of apps presents unique challenges (e.g. rapid lifecycle) to mHealth regulation. The risks they pose are mainly through the information they provide and how it is used in clinical decision-making. This study explores the international regulation of mHealth apps. It assesses whether the approach used in Australia to regulate apps is consistent with international standards and suitable to address the unique challenges presented by the technology.MethodsA policy analysis was conducted of all nine member jurisdictions of the International Medical Device Regulator's Forum (IMDRF), to determine if their regulatory agencies addressed the IMDRF recommendations relevant to the clinical evaluation of mHealth apps. Case-studies (submission to regulatory agencies) were also selected on varying types of regulated apps (standalone, active implantable, etc.) and assessed relative to the principles in the IMDRF's software as a medical device (SaMD): Clinical evaluation (2017) guidance document.ResultsAll included jurisdictions evaluated the effectiveness of mHealth apps, assessing the majority of the key sub-categories recommended by SaMD: Clinical evaluation. The submissions and jurisdictional regulatory bodies did not address the IMDRF safety principles in terms of the apps’ information security (cybersecurity). Furthermore, by failing to use the method recommended by the IMDRF (risk-classification), none of the submissions or jurisdictions recognized the potential dangers of misinformation on patient safety.ConclusionsNone of the approaches used by global regulatory bodies adequately address the unique challenges posed by apps. Australia's approach is consistent with app regulatory procedures used internationally. We recommend that mHealth apps are evaluated for cybersecurity and are also classified using the IMDRF risk-categories so as to fully protect the public.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Wild, River Su, and swildriv@cres20 anu edu au. "The environmental implications of the local-state antinomy in Australia." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040922.142838.
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An antinomy is a contradiction between a principle and its opposite, where there is a
compelling case for accepting both. This thesis adopts the antinomy of local-state
government in Australia as its central conceptual theme, describing it with the following
defensible, but contradictory principles that:¶
· Australian local governments are statutory agencies of Australias state
governments, with no power or authority beyond that which is ascribed to them by
the states (the outside-in principle); and¶
· Local governments in Australia are independent agencies whose authority and
interests transcend their regulatory powers by nature of their attachment to their
local area (the inside-out principle).¶
The central conceptual theme of the antinomy of local-state government shapes the
overall thesis, as well as providing the focus for its introduction and conclusion. The thesis
induces elements of the antinomy and structures much of its discussion around these key
issues. It does not try to prove or resolve the antinomy. Instead the thesis uses the concept to
explore and develop its second complex theme - the practical and applied experience of
Australian local governments (LGs) as they attempt to deliver beneficial environmental
outcomes. The great bulk of the substantive work presented in the thesis focuses on
descriptions and analyses of LGs environmental work and the contexts within which they
do it. The thesis contends that the local-state antinomy underpins many problems facing
Australian LGs as they attempt to deliver beneficial environmental outcomes.
Four research questions are addressed. They are:¶
· How can Australian LG capacity to deliver beneficial environmental outcomes be
understood?¶
· Within this capacity, what are the environmental outcomes now being achieved by
Australian LGs?¶
· How can Australian local government extend its capacity to deliver beneficial
environmental outcomes? And¶
· What are the implications of the local-state antinomy on Australian LG capacity to
deliver beneficial environmental outcomes?¶
This thesis reviews literature on Australian LG, LG environmental work, and the
methods that are appropriate in investigating these questions. The overall thesis uses
scientific, grounded theory and action research methods and draws on ideas from symbolic
interactionism. Parts of the thesis also use environmental risk assessment, gap analysis
techniques, case study and comparative analysis. The goal of generating grounded theories
led to a strong focus on the development and exploration of analytical categories and the
relationships between them. One such category summarises the relationship between LG
and state government (SG), whereby LGs are identified as the inside sphere of government,
while the SG is one of several outside spheres. Environmental efforts that impact between
the spheres are described in relation to their source and impact, using this terminology, so
that inside-out initiatives are driven by LGs but impact more broadly, and outside-in
initiatives are driven by states but impact on local areas.¶
Two extensive studies are presented, each stemming primarily from one side of the
local-state antinomy. The first is a quantitative, statewide study of local (and state)
government implementation of the Queensland Environmental Protection Act. That process
is considered a predominantly outside-in environmental initiative, in that LG interest and
authority for that work stem directly from a SG statute. For simplicity, this is referred to as
an outside-in study. That study involved the development and application of the
Comparative Environmental Risk Assessment Method, that enabled the assessment of the
environmental and other outcomes from the Queensland legislation.¶
The outside-in study is complimented by comparative case studies that mostly
reflect inside-out environmental initiatives as they are defined and described by LGs.
Again, this required the development of innovative research methods, specifically a
comparative case study method. 34 case studies gathered from different types of LGs across
Australia are presented, each representing an attempt by LG to deliver beneficial
environmental outcomes.¶
In answer to the research questions, LG capacity to deliver environmental outcomes
can be understood when the antinomy is examined through the research methods and
analytical categories developed and presented here. LGs are delivering significant beneficial
environmental outcomes, both as agents of SGs and through their own initiatives.
Improving LG capacity to deliver environmental outcomes primarily requires a respect for
LG perspectives, and for LG priorities, which inherently include a focus on their own local
areas. State governments can build effective partnerships between the spheres and enhance
LG environmental capacity by recognising and supporting LGs own priorities, while
assisting their engagement with broader strategic objectives.
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Smith, Carey. "Studies on weed risk assessment." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFM/09afms644.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 124-136. This thesis gives an overview of factors used in weed risk assessments and explores the disparity between the measured high accuracy rate of the weed risk assessment system (WRA) as implemented in Australia and the pessimistic assessments of some workers about the possibility of predicting the weed potential of plant species imported in the future. The accuracy of the WRA may not be as high as previously thought, and it varies with weed definition and taxonomic groups. Cluster analysis and comparative analysis by independent contrasts were employed to determine the value of individual biological and ecological questions on the WRA questionnaire. Results showed that some WRA questions could be deleted from the questionnaire and the scores for others weighted differently. The WRA is not a reliable predictor of weeds when it is considered in the context of the base-rate probability of an introduced plant becoming weedy in Australia. As a result a far greater number on non-weeds will be placed on the prohibited imported list than was initially expected.
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Khalifa, Amna Saeed Accounting Australian School of Business UNSW. "Evaluation of alternative idea generation techniques in audit fraud risk assessments." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Accounting, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/31454.
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Recent international regulatory reforms have put more responsibility on auditors for detecting financial statement fraud. The recent changes to international auditing standards make it compulsory for members of the audit team to discuss the susceptibility of an entity to fraudulent misstatements at the audit planning stage. These standards do not stipulate the format of these group discussions, nor provide any explicit guidelines on how to carry out effective discussions. This dissertation reports on two studies that examine different discussion techniques which could lead to a better identification of audit fraud risks at the audit planning stage, and may in turn help in fraud detection. Study One tests whether two enhanced forms of interacting group processes (brainstorming guidelines and premortem instructions) have advantages over an interacting group (without brainstorming guidelines). The brainstorming group is provided with Osborn???s (1957) original brainstorming guidelines. Premortem is a variation of the mental simulation idea developed by Klein (1999) invoking a scenario where participants actively search for a flaw in their plans. The auditors in both the brainstorming group treatment and the premortem group treatment generated a larger number of potential frauds than the interacting group treatment. These results were robust across a range of dependent variables used to measure quantity and quality of fraud items. The results also show that more premortem groups listed rare frauds compared to the other two group structures. There was a negative relationship between the number of items listed and the assessed likelihood of fraud. Participants who estimated a higher likelihood of fraud provided a more complete mental simulation of how a fraud could be perpetrated. Study Two focuses on the individual brainstorming phase which may occur before the group brainstorming session. It examines whether giving additional brainstorming guidelines and task decomposing (in addition to the original brainstorming guidelines), improve performance compared to having only the original brainstorming guidelines. Both the additional brainstorming guidelines and the task decomposition treatments generated a larger number of potential frauds than the brainstorming guidelines treatment. Task decomposition helps participants focus equally on all task subcategories leading to a more diverse set of ideas.
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Kucukcoban, Sezgin. "Development Of A Software For Seismic Damage Estimation: Case Studies." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605087/index.pdf.
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The occurrence of two recent major earthquakes, 17 August 1999 Mw = 7.4 Izmit and 12 November 1999 Mw = 7.1 Düzce, in Turkey prompted seismologists and geologists to conduct studies to predict magnitude and location of a potential earthquake that can cause substantial damage in Istanbul. Many scenarios are available about the extent and size of the earthquake. Moreover, studies have recommended rough estimates of risk areas throughout the city to trigger responsible authorities to take precautions to reduce the casualties and loss for the earthquake expected. Most of these studies, however, adopt available procedure by modifying them for the building stock peculiar to Turkey. The assumptions and modifications made are too crude and thus are believed to introduce significant deviations from the actual case. To minimize these errors and use specific damage functions and capacity curves that reflect the practice in Turkey, a study was undertaken to predict damage pattern and distribution in Istanbul for a scenario earthquake proposed by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The success of these studies strongly depends on the quality and validity of building inventory and site property data. Building damage functions and capacity curves developed from the studies conducted in Middle East Technical University are used. A number of proper attenuation relations are employed. The study focuses mainly on developing a software to carry out all computations and present results. The results of this study reveal a more reliable picture of the physical seismic damage distribution expected in Istanbul.
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Watson, Florence Anne. "Confidentiality and risk assessment : case studies of the professional judgements of nurses, social workers and hospital chaplains." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7191/.
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This research examines the relationship between professional codes of ethics and ethics in practice. Key issues explored include: (a) to what extent do professionals use their ethical code when making decisions involving ethical dilemmas; (b) how frequently do they disclose information against clients' wishes and how is this justified; (c) are professional judgements so consistent that a common practice standard can be determined; (d) what differences in decision-making exist between nurses, social workers and chaplains and is this related to the extent of 'professionalization' of the occupation into an integrated network? Vignettes describing low-risk community mental health cases, posing ethical dilemmas for the research participants about the disclosure of confidential information, were used as a focus for lengthy semi-structured interviews with 27 nurses, 21 social workers and 7 chaplains. Data was collected about respondents' professional membership and understanding of legal/professional/employer guidance about confidentiality. Responses were analyzed in relation to themes of 'consistency', 'conflict of loyalties', and 'rationalization' of choices. Confidentiality was breached more than it was maintained, although there were considerable differences both within and between professional groups about the points of disclosure. In addition, no standard recipients for information could be determined. Vignettes were sometimes interpreted differently. Disclosure was justified through loyalties conflicting with responsibilities to the named client. This included loyalty to fellow professionals, to third parties, and to oneself. Disclosure could be motivated by desire to obtain a 'good result'. Participants displayed generally poor knowledge of legal/professional/employer frameworks for decision-making, and referred to their codes of ethics rarely as a reason behind decisions. Implications for professional training and employer policy are discussed. Problems in professional accountability are raised, for practitioners, professional bodies, and employers. The utility of a code of ethics which espouses a standard of confidentiality so far removed from day-to-day practice is questioned.
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Sansakorn, Preeda. "Development of a risk assessment methodology and safety management model for the building construction industry : case studies from Thailand." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8249/.
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The building construction industry is growing all over the world and considered as a labour-intensive industry. It is associated with significant safety risks and losses resulting from major accidents. These critical safety risks are largely due to lack of awareness, which causes poor performance. Furthermore, in construction management projects, risk assessment tools are still widely employed by adopting two traditional parameters, severity of consequence (SC) and probability of occurrence (PO), to analyse the safety risk level. It is not clear, however, whether this analysis can evaluate the safety risk magnitude appropriately, which necessitates the introduction of another parameter, probability of consequence (PC), to improve the risk evaluation. The fuzzy reasoning technique (FRT) is useful for quantifying and dealing effectively with the lack of certainty related to the domain of building construction projects. PC was incorporated into the model which allows safety risks to be assessed correctly. Furthermore, the modified fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (MFAHP) and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) methods are integrated into a new construction safety risks model for the evaluation of important safety risks. Four specific case studies are employed to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model.
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Deutschmann, Björn [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Potential and challenge : biomarker response analyses in environmental risk assessment - case studies with fish / Björn Deutschmann ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221373498/34.
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Deutschmann, Björn Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Hollert, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schäffer. "Potential and challenge : biomarker response analyses in environmental risk assessment - case studies with fish / Björn Deutschmann ; Henner Hollert, Andreas Schäffer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221373498/34.
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Jones, Nigel V. "Occupational stress, a cross-sectional and logitudinal analysis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1996. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/953.
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This study investigated the presence of occupational stress among teachers. It did not set out to identify and explain variables associated with stress among teachers, rather the study focussed on the multitude of variables identified in the literature and sought to include these in a more extensive causal model. The study was conducted in two main stages. Firstly, a cross-sectional survey investigated the presence of stress among 230 teachers, as measured by Psychological Stress, Physical Health, Job Satisfaction and & desire to Leave their Job. The survey obtained information on stress outcome variables (Psychological Stress, Physical Health, Job Satisfaction and Wanting to Leave), biographical information, personality (Hardiness, Type A Behaviour, Locus of Control, Extraversion and Neuroticism), psycho-social variables, (Social Support, Problem Solving, Emotional Coping mechanisms and Self Esteem) and work and life stressors (Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, Job Responsibility, Job Future Ambiguity, Underutilization of Skill, Inequity of Pay, participation in Decision Making, Administrative Support, Relationships with Peers, Extra Work, Wanted Extra Work, Workload, Work Hours and major Life Events). Causal models using path analysis were then generated to account for the relationships found within the data. Secondly a longitudinal study over six months was conducted on 242 teachers. The causal models generated in the first study were re-tested on this second group of teachers, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Furthermore the importance of existing levels of stress in the prediction of future stress was assessed. Finally a three year follow up was conducted on the survey's participants. The results of the investigations revealed that:-(i) the utility of demographic information in the stress process was inconsistent. (ii) that among measures of work stressors there are replication and redundancies. (iii) that the different stress outcome measures had different predictors. (iv) that the best fitting causal models for the stress process were direct effect models. (v) that existing stress levels am an important factor in the prediction of future stress levels. (vi) that those teachers who indicated a desire to leave teaching and/or were experiencing psychological stress, were more likely to leave teaching three years later. (vii) that there is a need to standardize both the outcome and predictor variables used in stress research. The implications of these results were then discussed as were areas for future research.
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Lassa, Jonatan A. [Verfasser]. "Institutional Vulnerability and Governance of Disaster Risk Reduction: Macro, Meso and Micro Scale Assessment : With Case Studies from Indonesia / Jonatan A. Lassa." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1016181752/34.
Full textBooks on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Shipman, Alan. Data protection: Risk assessment case studies. London: BSI Business Information, 2004.
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1965-, Arnold Margaret, ed. Natural disaster risk hotspots case studies. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.
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Kirk, Diana. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.
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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
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Springer, Johnny. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.
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Kirk, Diana. Pollution prevention case studies compendium. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.
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Risk modeling, assessment, and management. New York: Wiley, 1998.
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Risk modeling, assessment, and management. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2008.
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Haimes, Yacov Y. Risk modeling, assessment, and management. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Arora, S. "Pesticide risk - case studies." In Pesticide risk assessment, 233–42. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780646336.0233.
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Bobst, Sol, José A. Torres, and Rhian B. Cope. "Case Studies Chapter." In Toxicological Risk Assessment for Beginners, 211–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12751-4_12.
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Luebeck, E. G., C. Travis, and K. Watanabe. "Informative Case Studies." In Perspectives on Biologically Based Cancer Risk Assessment, 275–308. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4741-9_8.
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Sadek, Joseph. "Case Studies." In A Clinician’s Guide to Suicide Risk Assessment and Management, 63–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77773-3_8.
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Teniswood, C. F., T. Sharp, and D. G. N. Clark. "Case studies in probabilistic risk assessment." In Probabilistic Risk and Hazard Assessment, 111–17. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203742037-11.
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He, Weili, Qi Jiang, and George Quartey. "Benefit–Risk Assessment via Case Studies." In Benefit-Risk Assessment Methods in Medical Product Development, 265–81. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2016. | Series: Chapman & Hall/CRC biostatistics series: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20302-13.
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Avesani, Paolo, and Angelo Susi. "Case–Based Ranking for Environmental Risk Assessment." In Studies in Computational Intelligence, 165–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14078-5_8.
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Angeli, M. G., A. Pasuto, and S. Silvano. "Monitoring and Warning Systems: Methodological Approach and Case Studies." In Floods and Landslides: Integrated Risk Assessment, 295–303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58609-5_18.
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White, David, Drew Collins, and Mark Howden. "Drought in Australia: Prediction, Monitoring, Management, and Policy." In Drought Assessment, Management, and Planning: Theory and Case Studies, 213–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3224-8_12.
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Roychoudhuri, Reshma, and Biswajit Debnath. "Risk Assessment of E-Waste Recycling with a Focus on ISO 9000 Standard." In Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 431–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_38.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Edge, David, Michael Pope, Konstantin Puskarskij, Helio Santos, Henry Pinkstone, and Phil McKenzie. "Successful First Implementation of MPD Technology Offshore Australia: Regulatory, Technical and Operational Lessons Learned." In IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling & Underbalanced Operations Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206390-ms.
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Abstract This paper details the successful first implementation of closed-loop Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) technology offshore Australia, on a 6th generation semi-submersible rig. The paper covers the process of achieving safety case acceptance to implement MPD technology from the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA), the government regulatory authority. The paper describes the project concept design phase, including a Drill Well on Simulator (DWOS) exercise, which was completed to confirm MPD techniques would mitigate problems experienced on conventionally drilled offset wells. The MPD risk assessments completed included HAZID / BOWTIE / HAZOP / FEA studies which were included in the safety case formal safety assessment that was submitted to NOPSEMA. In parallel the Well Operations Management Plan was submitted, detailing the planned MPD methodology. The detailed Well Engineering scope including the MPD Programme, Operational and Contingency Procedures and Commissioning Process was developed to form a Joint Operations Manual. Four levels of project specific MPD training were developed, reviewed, accepted and monitored by NOPSEMA, including classroom based and rig site practical training. Post MPD system installation in Singapore, the System Integrity Testing was successfully completed offshore Australia. Lastly the paper details MPD operations on the first well including the effective use of MPD well control, dynamic MPD FIT, LOT and Pore Pressure testing and establishing the high formation temperature effects on drilling mud density. The closed-loop MPD system allowed the riser deployed sections to be drilled using a statically underbalanced mud system and confirmed the improved capability and flexibility in terms of detection and controllability during mud loss events.
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Hazim, Azril Syazwan, Daniel Buhagiar, and Alasdair Gray. "Repurpose Offshore Pipeline as Energy Storage ROPES: Opening a New Market Segment Offshore." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31703-ms.
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Abstract There is a significant drive to decarbonise the energy system resulting in a need to integrate large quantities of intermittent renewable power into both onshore consumer grids and offshore isolated grids. This brings significant technical challenges that can be addressed using the right energy storage technology for future times of intermittency and peak power demands. The innovative Repurposed Offshore Pipelines as Energy Storage (ROPES) solution repurposes existing, aged offshore installations into energy storage systems based on proven hydro-pneumatic principles, towards a cost-competitive, highly reliable system. Findings from a recent Concept Assess study prove the cost competitiveness of the solution, thanks to alow Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS), paired with the value of deferring full decommissioning of existing assets. The study scope covers aspects of market recognition, technical feasibility, risk and opportunity assessment, cost estimates and value delivery to potential clients. Four case studies covering potential prospects offshore Australia and in the North Sea illustrate the diverse architectural application of the solution. The resultant cost estimates form the NPV analysis, and eventually derive the solution LCOS, which shows cost superiority over marinised Li-ion batteries and is comparable to onshore battery systems. The solution shows clear benefits over a typical battery storage system, including reduced safety risks, less topside constraints along with a longer and predictable operating lifetime. The ROPES solution enables the storage of renewable power whilst allowing to optimise time and expenditure for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, therefore represents a unique opportunity to unlock a new market segment within the offshore energy sector.
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Haimes, Yacov Y. "Keynote Presentation: Risk Management with Case Studies Toward Homeland Security: Guiding Principles for Risk Assessment and aManagement with Case Studies." In Optical Solutions for Homeland and National Security. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oshs.2005.kn3.
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Landet, Einar, Narve Oma, Gerhard Ersdal, Gudfinnur Sigurdsson, and Trond So̸rensen. "Assessment of Ageing Structures: Case Studies." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49959.
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In all phases of the service life of a structure, uncertainties will occur, hence probability based methodologies may be an important and valuable tool in order to verify structural integrity and the corresponding expected safety level. This paper gives a brief description of an approach for how to demonstrate the safety of facilities in the life extension phase by the use of risk based inspection (RBI) plans. This is illustrated with four separate cases used for assessment and life extension of FPSOs operating in harsh environments on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS). The assessments are partly based on the methodology introduced in NORSOK (2009).
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Young, Richard. "Driving Consistency Errors Overestimate Crash Risk from Cellular Conversation in Two Case-Crossover Studies." In Driving Assessment Conference. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/drivingassessment.1411.
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Irimescu, Anisoara, Denis Mihailescu, and Gheorghe Stancalie. "Sentinel data for flood disaster monitoring and assessment: case studies in Romania." In FLOODrisk 2020 - 4th European Conference on Flood Risk Management. Online: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/floodrisk2020.7.5.
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Menzies, T., and E. Sinsel. "Practical large scale what-if queries: case studies with software risk assessment." In Proceedings of ASE 2000 15th IEEE International Automated Software Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ase.2000.873661.
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Gedge, Graham, Emily Walport, and Bruna Frydman. "Case studies of corrosion risk assessment using ISO 9223 and ISO 9224." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1959.
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<p>Conventional corrosion risk assessment has typically adopted a qualitative rather than quantitative approach. A previous paper by the authors described in detail a methodology for quantitative assessment using a method given in ISO 9223 and historic data sets. The approach can provide much less conservative results. This paper, presents detailed case studies, further exploring the benefits of this methodology using the ISO 9223 Dose Response Function (DRF) and calculation of long-term loss using ISO 9224. The examples show different benefits of the approach including evaluation of corrosion allowance for weathering steel (WS) in harsh environments and less conservative assessment of environments adjacent to highways and near heavy industry.</p>
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Tuft, Peter, Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi, and John Bertram. "Benchmarking Pipeline Risk Assessment Processes." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90045.
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The Australian pipeline design code AS 2885 is largely a risk-based standard, and its safety management study process is admirably suited to the needs of the Australian industry. However it is a unique process that has been developed in Australia and is not used anywhere else in the world. Successfully benchmarking it against other risk assessment methodologies would put the basis of the Australian approach on a footing that would be more difficult to challenge should a major pipeline disaster result in a public enquiry. And if the comparison reveals shortcomings in the AS 2885 process then there will be a sound basis for addressing those shortcomings to improve the process. The APIA Research and Standards Committee and the Energy Pipelines CRC commissioned studies to compare the AS 2885 SMS process against two alternative methods: • Reliability-based analysis. • Quantitative risk assessment based on historical failure rates. Each study looked at the same four pipeline segments spanning a variety of urban locations in which the consequences of a major pipeline failure would be very serious. Each of the four segments had previously been through the AS 2885 safety management study process and found to present a level of risk that was borderline tolerable. The objective of the studies was to determine whether the alternative risk assessment methods also found a level of risk that was similarly borderline tolerable. This paper will present the results of the comparison studies, showing that all three methods produce broadly similar outcomes for risks that are close to the borderline between tolerable and intolerable. This is a welcome endorsement of the AS 2885 SMS process and reinforces its validity as a method for assessing and managing pipeline safety.
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De Klerk, Kevin, Azril Syazwan Hazim, Ernst Kloster, Daniel Buhagiar, and Alasdair Gray. "Solutions for Offshore Renewable Energy Storage: PowerBundle and Repurpose Pipeline Energy Storage (ROPES)." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210966-ms.
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Abstract There is a significant drive to decarbonise the energy system resulting in a need to integrate large quantities of intermittent renewable power into both onshore consumer grids and offshore isolated grids. This brings significant technical challenges that can be addressed using the right energy storage technology for future times of intermittency and peak power demands. The PowerBundle is a full-scale subsea hydro-pneumatic energy storage (HPES) system. Electricity is used to pump seawater into a closed pipeline bundle to compress a volume of pre-charged air and is then recovered by allowing the compressed air to push the water back out through a hydraulic turbine generator. The surrounding seawater acts as a natural heatsink, avoiding thermal losses and making the solution highly energy efficient. At the heart of the development is an established supply-chain, developed over 40 years, which will deliver a reliable system with an up to 40-year service lifetime, independent of the charging-discharging regime. The system avoids any harmful chemicals and embodies the core principles of safety, reliability, sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This HPES solution will be attractive for offshore projects requiring an interface to provide power balancing and scheduling, which will benefit stakeholders in the oil-and-gas and renewable energy sectors seeking to deliver intermittent power to their end customer. This development will lead to a significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to more holistic renewable infrastructure. The PowerBundle provides a scalable storage solution which can be placed in waters close to land, supporting the scale-up, resilience and economies of renewable electricity. However, as a first step, the innovative Repurposed Offshore Pipelines as Energy Storage (ROPES) solution repurposes existing, aged offshore installations into energy storage systems based on proven hydro-pneumatic principles, towards a cost-competitive, highly reliable system. Findings from a recent Concept Assess study prove the cost competitiveness of the solution, thanks to a low Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS), paired with the value of deferring full decommissioning of existing assets. The study scope covers aspects of market recognition, technical feasibility, risk and opportunity assessment, cost estimates and value delivery to potential clients. Four case studies covering potential prospects offshore Australia and in the North Sea illustrate the diverse architectural application of the solution. The resultant cost estimates form the Net Present Value (NPV) analysis, and eventually derive the solution LCOS, which shows cost superiority over marinised Li-ion batteries and is comparable to onshore battery systems. The solution shows clear benefits over a typical battery storage system, including reduced safety risks, less topside constraints along with a longer and predictable operating lifetime. The ROPES solution enables the storage of renewable power whilst allowing to optimise time and expenditure for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, therefore represents a unique opportunity to unlock a new market segment within the offshore energy sector while the PowerBundle technology reaches maturity.
Reports on the topic "Risk assessment Australia Case studies"
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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Brown, Sarah. Science for Humanitarian Emergencies and Resilience (SHEAR) scoping study: Annex 3 - Early warning system and risk assessment case studies. Evidence on Demand, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_cr.june2014.brown.
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Alt, Jonathan, Willie Brown, George Gallarno, John Richards, Jennifer Olszewski, and Titus Rice. Risk-based prioritization of operational condition assessments : methodology and case study results. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46123.
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USACE operates, maintains, and manages more than $232 billion of the Nation’s water resource infrastructure. USACE uses the Operational Condition Assessment (OCA) to allocate limited resources to assess condition of this infrastructure in efforts to minimize risks associated with performance degradation. The analysis of risk associated with flood risk management (FRM) assets includes consideration of how each asset contributes to its associated FRM watershed system, understanding the consequences of the asset’s performance degradation, and a determination of the likelihood that the asset will perform as expected given the current OCA condition ratings of critical components. This research demonstrates a proof-of-concept application of a scalable methodology to model the probability of a dam performing as expected given the state of its gates and their components. The team combines this likelihood of degradation with consequences generated by the application of designed simulation experiments with hydrological models to develop a risk measure. The resulting risk scores serve as an input for a mixed-integer optimization program that outputs the optimal set of components to conduct OCAs on to minimize risk in the watershed. This report documents the results of the application of this methodology to two case studies.
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Vecherin, Sergey, Derek Chang, Emily Wells, Benjamin Trump, Aaron Meyer, Jacob Desmond, Kyle Dunn, Maxim Kitsak, and Igor Linkov. Assessment of the COVID-19 infection risk at a workplace through stochastic microexposure modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43740.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on economy. Decisions regarding the reopening of businesses should account for infection risks. This paper describes a novel model for COVID-19 infection risks and policy evaluations. The model combines the best principles of the agent-based, microexposure, and probabilistic modeling approaches. It takes into account specifics of a workplace, mask efficiency, and daily routines of employees, but does not require specific interagent rules for simulations. Likewise, it does not require knowledge of microscopic disease related parameters. Instead, the risk of infection is aggregated into the probability of infection, which depends on the duration and distance of every contact. The probability of infection at the end of a workday is found using rigorous probabilistic rules. Unlike previous models, this approach requires only a few reference data points for calibration, which are more easily collected via empirical studies. The application of the model is demonstrated for a typical office environment and for a real-world case. The proposed model allows for effective risk assessment and policy evaluation when there are large uncertainties about the disease, making it particularly suitable for COVID-19 risk assessments.
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Mwamba, Isaiah C., Mohamadali Morshedi, Suyash Padhye, Amir Davatgari, Soojin Yoon, Samuel Labi, and Makarand Hastak. Synthesis Study of Best Practices for Mapping and Coordinating Detours for Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) and Risk Assessment for Duration of Traffic Control Activities. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317344.
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Maintenance of traffic (MOT) during construction periods is critical to the success of project delivery and the overall mission of transportation agencies. MOT plans may include full road closures and coordination of detours near construction areas. Various state DOTs have designed their own manuals for detour mapping and coordination. However, very limited information is provided to select optimal detour routes. Moreover, closures or detours should provide not only measurable consequences, such as vehicle operating costs and added travel time, but also various unforeseen qualitative impacts, such as business impacts and inconvenience to local communities. Since the qualitative aspects are not easily measurable they tend to be neglected in systematic evaluations and decision-making processes. In this study, the current practices obtained based on an extensive literature review, a nation-wide survey, as well as a series of interviews with INDOT and other state DOTs are leveraged to (1) identify a comprehensive set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for detour route mapping, (2) understand how other state DOTs address the qualitative criteria, (3) identify how the involved risks during the planning, service time, and closure of the detour routes are managed, and (4) recommend process improvements for INDOT detour mapping guidelines. As demonstrated by two sample case studies, the proposed KPIs can be taken as a basis for developing a decision-support tool that enables decision-makers to consider both qualitative and quantitative aspects for optimal detour route mapping. In addition, the current INDOT detour policy can be updated based on the proposed process improvements.
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Wang, Yingxuan, Cheng Yan, and Liqin Zhao. Rapid switching kVp dual energy CT Material Quantitative Determination for Non-invasive Assessment of Portal Hypertensive Esophagus Varices in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0121.
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Review question / Objective: This meta-analysis investigated the value of rsDECT -based non-invasive assessment of the severity of esophagus varices and the risk of hemorrhage in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension. Eligibility criteria: Studies meeting the following criteria were included: Studies evaluating the effect of rsDECT on EV in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, and published in Chinese or English; The diagnosis was based on acknowledged gold standard. Containing complete four-grid table data of diagnostic tests, which can be extracted directly or indirectly. Review, case-report, conference summary, animal study, and repeatedly published study were excluded.Based on the severity of EV shown in the endoscopy, patients in the study group were classified into the mild EV (EV1), medium EV (EV2), or severe EV (EV3) groups according to the General Rules for Recording Endoscopic Findings of Esophagogastric varices (The Japan Society for Portal Hypertension) : EV1, slightly linear expansions; EV2, moderately beaded expansions; EV3, significantly nodular or neoplastic expansions.
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Walz, Yvonne, Florence Nick, Oscar Higuera Roa, Udo Nehren, and Zita Sebesvari. Coherence and Alignment among Sustainable Land Management, Ecosystem-based Adaptation, Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Nature-based Solutions. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/mwgp9896.
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Approaches integrating environmental management practices have been gaining importance in recent years. Sustainable Land Management (SLM), Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), Ecosystem-based disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) and Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are widely applied approaches that tackle certain drivers of challenges such as food insecurity, water scarcity, decline in biodiversity and threats to livelihoods, while also considering both human well-being and ecosystem functions and services. Better understanding the similarities, differences and relationships between these approaches helps to improve efficiency in implementation and leverage synergies. By shedding more light on where these approaches align, investments in land-based solutions in response to different types of environmental challenges can be more effectively designed to achieve multiple targets. In response to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) decision 19/COP.14 paragraph 4, the main objective of this report is to understand and elaborate upon the characteristics of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. The report begins with an overview of the historical backgrounds and origins of SLM, EbA, Eco-DRR and NbS. Despite differences in their specific goals and targeted benefits, all approaches aim for the support of biodiversity, land-based ecosystems and ecosystem services and functions, and employ measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use land to support ecosystem services and functions, including SLM technologies. Furthermore, irrespective of their different goals, the projects developed under any approach can generate comparable co-benefits, especially due to their support of biodiversity. The capacity for all these approaches to deliver multiple co-benefits means that projects of each approach can directly contribute to implementing the specific goals of the other approaches as well. Thus, multiple global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions which call for the implementation of one or more of these approaches, can benefit from this report by avoiding duplication and reducing the overall investments necessary to achieve the set targets and goals. This is critical for achieving the ambitious Agenda 2030, including voluntary land degradation neutrality (LDN) targets and climate action under the Paris Agreement. It will also be the case for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework currently under development. The added value that will come from optimizing the links among these approaches extends from national policymakers to the practitioners of SLM, EbA and Eco-DRR projects, which all share the ultimate goal of sustainable development. To capture the coherence and alignment among these approaches, their similarities and differences have been summarized in a conceptual framework. The framework has been designed to help practitioners understand the specific goals of each approach, and to link these to the relevant global and national targets, frameworks, strategies and conventions, which can support monitoring and evaluation as well as reporting processes. The synergies among these approaches are further illustrated based on three case studies in order to demonstrate opportunities for leveraging multiple co-benefits and targets at implementation level irrespective of the different objectives under each. The results of this assessment demonstrate that activities under one approach can be beneficial to achieve the specific goals of other approaches with little additional effort. It is essential for policymakers, project developers and practitioners to recognize that. This is key to the achievement of sustainable development.
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Chung, Seung Min, Yoo Jin Choo, and Min Cheol Chang. Effect of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances on stroke incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0102.
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Review question / Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the occurrence of stroke. Eligibility criteria: We applied the following inclusion criteria for selection of the studies: (1) an observational studies including cohort, cross-sectional, or case-control studies; (2) exposure to at least one PFAS observed; (3) assessment of odds ratio (OR), relative risk (RR), or incidence rate of stroke per 1-log unit increase of PFAS. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) case reports and reviews; (2) duplicate publications of the same cohort; and (3) no data on the OR, RR, or incidence of stroke.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.