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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Fischbach, Jordan R. Coastal Louisiana risk assessment model: Technical description and 2012 coastal master plan analysis results. Santa Monica, Calif: Rand Corp., 2012.

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2

Chou, Shin-Yi. An economic analysis of adult obesity: Results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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3

Voillequé, Paul G. Results of screening calculations to assess the relative importance of Rocky Flats uranium releases: Part of task 3, independent analysis of exposure, dose, and health risk to offsite individuals. Neeses, S.C: Radiological Assessments Corporation, 1999.

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4

FGBOU, VO. Digital analytics and financial security control of socially significant organizations. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1863937.

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The monograph is devoted to the formation of the concept of digital financial security analytics. The use of the digital environment and big data analysis tools in the system of monitoring sectoral risks and monitoring the activities of socially significant organizations from the position of the ESG strategy is disclosed. At the same time, financial security is considered as an aggregated result of the action of economic, environmental and social factors in a rapidly changing economy. It covers several key areas that make it possible to digitalize and improve the effectiveness of monitoring the activities of socially significant organizations in a complex: the development of the conceptual apparatus of socially significant business; analytical tools for assessing and forecasting financial security risks based on the concept of sustainable development; standardization of risk management. For students, postgraduates, teachers, as well as for the professional development of managerial personnel in business and government structures.
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5

Kazimagomedov, Abdulla, Aida Abdulsalamova, M. Mel'nikov, and N. Gadzhiev. Analysis of the activities of a commercial bank. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1831614.

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The textbook presents modern ideas about the analysis of the activities of a commercial bank, in particular, the theoretical and practical issues related to the organization of internal control and audit, analysis of banking operations and services, customer base and creditworthiness of borrowers, banking risks, regulatory requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and interest rates, financial condition and financial results of a commercial bank are comprehensively disclosed et al . Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of educational institutions of higher education studying in economic specialties at bachelor's and master's levels, graduate students, as well as teachers of economic disciplines, managers and employees working in the banking and financial system, as well as for those who are interested in improving their qualifications.
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6

Sil'vestrov, Sergey, Vladimir Starovoytov, Vladimir Bauer, Aleksandr Selivanov, Vladimir Lepskiy, Aleksandr Raykov, Svetlana Lipina, et al. Strategic planning in the public sector of the economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1081855.

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This collective monograph continues a series of scientific studies and publications on the problems of strategic planning, which have been carried out for several years at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation with the involvement of specialists from other scientific and educational organizations. A series of research papers in 2017-2019 was devoted to the analysis of strategic development risks and the analysis of global strategic planning practice, the general methodology of strategic planning and forecasting (including in the context of ensuring Russia's economic security), the approach to the formation of life cycles of preparation and revision of strategic planning documents and their comparative analysis, the experience of coordinating budget, project and process types of management and financing, monitoring risks and threats, the use of new information tools in the strategic planning complex, including blockchain, and also naturally develops such aspects of previous research as analysis of world practice, coordination of budget, project and process types of management and financing, the use of information technologies. However, at the same time, a special task was set — to approach a comprehensive analysis of the strategic planning process as a whole, especially to study its documentary support as the core of the organization of this process and the implementation of its results in the practice of public administration, as well as to analyze the scientific support of strategic planning as an essential aspect of all strategic planning and strategic management activities in the entirety of its aspects (goal setting, forecast, design, programming, planning, control and audit). It is intended for specialists from the humanities, natural sciences and technical fields of knowledge focused on management and development problems, for undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as for a wide audience of management practitioners, including those related to strategic planning processes in the public sector.
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7

Kazakova, Nataliya, and Anastasiya Ivanova. The concept of development of strategic assets of fund-intensive companies. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1370669.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of conceptual approaches to the development of information and analytical support for the development of strategic assets in fund-intensive companies. It covers three key areas: the stakeholder approach in accordance with the concept of sustainable business development; modeling the trend of strategic asset management; audit of the effectiveness of the KPI strategy of public fund-intensive companies using the SPACE-analysis methodology. The results of the study are aimed at developing the corporate strategic asset management system, as well as improving the tools for assessing strategic risks in the internal audit departments of public companies. The methodological tools are supplemented with empirical materials obtained during the testing of the scientific hypothesis and a comprehensive methodology for analytical justification and modeling of the strategy for managing the development of fixed assets in fund-intensive companies in the oil and gas and ICT sectors, as well as during the implementation of research works. It will be useful for researchers, researchers, teachers, applicants for scientific degrees, and can also be used in the system of additional professional education, professional development, for self-development of management personnel of financial and economic services in business and government structures.
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8

Colorado. Division of Criminal Justice. Office of Community Corrections., ed. Community corrections risk factor analysis baseline results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2003.

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9

Community corrections risk factor analysis baseline results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2003.

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10

Colorado. Division of Criminal Justice. Office of Community Corrections., ed. Community corrections risk factor analysis, year 2 results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2004.

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11

Colorado. Division of Criminal Justice. Office of Community Corrections., ed. Community corrections risk factor analysis, year 2 results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2004.

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12

Community corrections risk factor analysis, year 3 results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2006.

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13

Colorado. Division of Criminal Justice. Office of Community Corrections., ed. Community corrections risk factor analysis, year 2 results. Denver, Colo: Department of Public Safety, Division of Criminal Justice, Office of Community Corrections, 2004.

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14

Should Banks' Stress Test Results Be Disclosed?: An Analysis of the Costs and Benefits. Now Publishers, 2014.

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15

Idaho. Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics. and Idaho Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System., eds. Results from public health district sponsored questions, 1999-2006: Analysis from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. [Boise]: Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare, Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics, 2008.

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16

Idaho. Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics. and Idaho Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System., eds. Results from public health district sponsored questions, 1999-2005: Analysis from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. [Boise]: Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare, Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics, 2007.

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17

Idaho. Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics. and Idaho Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System., eds. Results from public health district sponsored questions, 1999-2004: Analysis from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. [Boise]: Idaho Dept. of Health and Welfare, Bureau of Health Policy and Vital Statistics, 2006.

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18

Oakley, Jeremy E., and Helen E. Clough. Sensitivity analysis in microbial risk assessment: Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli O157 in farm-pasteurized milk. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.4.

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This article discusses the use of Bayesian methods for performing uncertainty analysis in complex computer models, focusing on a mechanistic model that has been applied in a risk assessment of contamination of farm-pasteurized milk with the bacterium Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O157. The VTEC model has uncertain input parameters, which makes outputs from the model used to inform the risk assessment also uncertain. The question that arises is how to reduce output uncertainty in the most efficient manner possible. The article first provides an overview of microbial risk assessment before analysing the frequency and consequences of food-borne outbreaks associated with VTEC O157. It then introduces the risk assessment model, along with model input distributions. Finally, it presents the results of a variance-based sensitivity analysis that was conducted to identify the most important uncertain model inputs.
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19

Lee, Christoph I. Breast Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Women. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0038.

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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key meta-analysis regarding the efficacy of mammography for breast cancer screening among younger and older average-risk women. This summary outlines study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Meta-analysis of available trial data demonstrates a 15% mortality reduction among women aged 39 to 49 years with routine screening mammography. This age group has the highest rates of additional imaging but lowest rates of benign biopsy. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the analysis, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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20

Raydugin, Yuri G. Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844334.001.0001.

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There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.
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21

Elwood, Mark. Combining results from several studies: systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0009.

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This chapter explains systematic reviews, the PRISMA format, and meta-analysis. It discusses publication bias, outcome reporting bias, funnel plots, the issue of false positive results in small studies, along with search strategies, electronic databases, PubMed, and the Cochrane collaboration. It discusses the assessment of quality, risks of bias, limitations of meta-analysis, heterogeneity testing, effect modification, and meta-regression methods. In part two, it explains statistical methods for meta-analyses are presented, including the Mantel-Haenszel and Peto methods for individual patient data, the inverse variance weighted method using final results, and random effects methods. Forest plots and tests of heterogeneity are explained.
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22

Zabrodin, Anton. Financial applications of random matrix theory: a short review. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.40.

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This article reviews some applications of random matrix theory (RMT) in the context of financial markets and econometric models, with emphasis on various theoretical results (for example, the Marčenko-Pastur spectrum and its various generalizations, random singular value decomposition, free matrices, largest eigenvalue statistics) as well as some concrete applications to portfolio optimization and out-of-sample risk estimation. The discussion begins with an overview of principal component analysis (PCA) of the correlation matrix, followed by an analysis of return statistics and portfolio theory. In particular, the article considers single asset returns, multivariate distribution of returns, risk and portfolio theory, and nonequal time correlations and more general rectangular correlation matrices. It also presents several RMT results on the bulk density of states that can be obtained using the concept of matrix freeness before concluding with a description of empirical correlation matrices of stock returns.
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23

Bayart-De-Germont, Paul-Henri, and Daniel Capocci. Multistrategy Hedge Funds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0015.

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This chapter examines single multistrategy hedge funds and multistrategy funds of hedge funds. The chapter’s purpose is to explain, illustrate, and differentiate both offerings. It offers a complete quantitative analysis of multistrategy hedge funds over a 15-year period, which includes difficult market conditions. The analysis includes a comparative risk-return analysis in absolute terms and relative to traditional investments and hedge funds. A rolling statistical analysis is also performed that focuses on correlation and beta relative to traditional markets. The results indicate that for investors multistrategy hedge funds offer a particularly attractive profile that differentiates multistrategy hedge funds from most single hedge fund strategies. The findings also explain why this strategy recently attracted attention, particularly for multistrategy funds offering an attractive risk-return ratio with limited volatility.
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24

Gelfand, Alan, and Sujit K. Sahu. Models for demography of plant populations. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.17.

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This article discusses the use of Bayesian analysis and methods to analyse the demography of plant populations, and more specifically to estimate the demographic rates of trees and how they respond to environmental variation. It examines data from individual (tree) measurements over an eighteen-year period, including diameter, crown area, maturation status, and survival, and from seed traps, which provide indirect information on fecundity. The multiple data sets are synthesized with a process model where each individual is represented by a multivariate state-space submodel for both continuous (fecundity potential, growth rate, mortality risk, maturation probability) and discrete states (maturation status). The results from plant population demography analysis demonstrate the utility of hierarchical modelling as a mechanism for the synthesis of complex information and interactions.
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25

Dunson, David. Flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.1.

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This article focuses on flexible Bayes regression of epidemiologic data involving pregnancy outcomes. It first provides an overview of finite mixture models and nonparametric Bayes methods before discussing some of the possibilities focusing on gestational age at delivery, DDE and age data from the Longnecker et al. (2001) study. More specifically, it examines how risk of premature delivery is impacted by maternal exposure to the pesticide DDT. The results showcase the use of Bayesian analysis in epidemiological studies that collect continuous health outcomes data, and in which the scientific and clinical interest typically focuses on the relationships between exposures and risks of an abnormal response, corresponding to an observation in the tails of the distribution. The article also highlights the limitations of current standard approaches that can be overcome by means of Bayesian analysis using density regression, mixtures and nonparametric models, as developed and applied in this pregnancy outcome study.
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26

Clark, James S., Dave Bell, Michael Dietze, Michelle Hersh, Ines Ibanez, Shannon LaDeau, Sean McMahon, et al. Assessing the probability of rare climate events. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.16.

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This article focuses on the use of Bayesian methods in assessing the probability of rare climate events, and more specifically the potential collapse of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the Atlantic Ocean. It first provides an overview of climate models and their use to perform climate simulations, drawing attention to uncertainty in climate simulators and the role of data in climate prediction, before describing an experiment that simulates the evolution of the MOC through the twenty-first century. MOC collapse is predicted by the GENIE-1 (Grid Enabled Integrated Earth system model) for some values of the model inputs, and Bayesian emulation is used for collapse probability analysis. Data comprising a sparse time series of five measurements of the MOC from 1957 to 2004 are analysed. The results demonstrate the utility of Bayesian analysis in dealing with uncertainty in complex models, and in particular in quantifying the risk of extreme outcomes.
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27

Wernli, Karen J., and Erin J. Bowles. Breast Cancer Screening: Evidence and Recommendations. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0002.

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Breast cancer screening in the United States was first recommended to women in 1976. Over the past decade, mammography screening has changed from film screen mammography to primarily digital mammography, which, as of 2016, accounts for over 97% of all mammograms performed in the United States. Several systematic reviews, which have included results from up to 9 randomized clinical trials from the United States, Europe, and Canada, have demonstrated a reduced risk of breast cancer mortality associated with breast cancer screening. Potential harms from breast cancer screening include false-positive mammograms (which may lead to unnecessary additional imaging and benign breast biopsies), overdiagnosis, and radiation exposure. This chapter summarizes evidence from randomized controlled trials for mortality benefit; current society and task force recommendations for mammography screening; evaluation of the evidence; risk–benefit analysis; and supplemental screening in high-risk women.
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28

Silman, Alan J., Gary J. Macfarlane, and Tatiana Macfarlane. Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198814726.001.0001.

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This volume provides a practical, hands on guide to the design, planning, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of epidemiological studies. The learning points are applicable to all human studies of health and disease that require the collection and analysis of data to answer questions on disease risk, health outcomes, and the effects of interventions in ‘real world’ populations. It summarizes the main study designs used in epidemiological from purely quantitative studies to assess incidence and prevalence, to the range of observational studies used in the modern practice of epidemiology. A substantial section is devoted to the practical aspects of conduct of epidemiological studies, balancing scientific quality with practicality: the latter covering issues such as costs and ethics. This book also provides a detailed menu of activities that takes the investigator through all the necessary steps following the collection of individual subject data through to generating the statistically robust results necessary to reach conclusions about the questions asked. It provides insights into how to use existing data (secondary data analysis) to answer epidemiological questions, an increasing activity in this era of ‘big data’. Similarly, with a growing epidemiological literature, with multiple studies seemingly addressing the same question, the volume explores how practically to synthesize the results of such multiple investigations and the role of meta-analysis. The book’s ultimate goal is to provide a practical toolkit to enable the successful completion of questions appropriate for applying epidemiological methods.
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29

Moore, Steven C., Charles E. Matthews, Sarah Keadle, Alpa V. Patel, and I.-Min Lee. Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Risk of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0021.

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Current physical activity guidelines recommend that adults perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity (e.g., brisk walking), or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity (e.g., jogging), or an equivalent combination of these. In the United States and worldwide, many adults fail to meet these recommended activity levels, with deleterious consequences for health, including increased risk of some cancers. This chapter reviews the epidemiologic evidence for links between physical activity and cancer, emphasizing published meta-analyses and the results of a recent large consortium-based study. The authors find the evidence to be convincing that physical activity reduces risk of colon and female breast cancers, and probable that it reduces risk of kidney and endometrial cancers. Moreover, physical activity has been associated with lower risk of cancers of the bladder, liver, gastric cardia, head and neck, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), and myeloma, myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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30

Howell, Simon J. Clinical trial designs in anaesthesia. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0030.

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A clinical trial is a research study that assigns people or groups to different interventions and compares the impact of these on health outcomes. This chapter examines the design and delivery of clinical trials in anaesthesia and perioperative medicine covering the issues outlined below. The features of a high-quality clinical trial include well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, a control group, randomization, and blinding. Outcome measures may be broadly divided into counting the number of people who experience an outcome and taking measurements on people. The outcome measures selected for a clinical trial reflect the purpose of the study and may include ‘true’ clinical measures such as major postoperative complications or surrogate measures such as the results of a biochemical test. Outcome measures may be combined in a composite outcome. Assessment of health-related quality of life using a tool such as the SF-36 questionnaire is an important aspect of many clinical trials in its own right and also informs the economic analyses that may be embedded in a trial. Determining the number for recruits needed for a clinical trial requires both clinical and statistical insight and judgement. The analysis of a clinical trial requires a similarly sophisticated approach that takes into account the objectives of the study and balances the need for appropriate subgroup analyses with the risk of false-positive results. The safe and effective management of a clinical trial requires rigorous organizational discipline and an understanding of the ethical and regulatory structures that govern clinical research.
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31

Thompson, Norris B., and SreyRam Kuy. Multivariable Predictors of Postoperative Surgical Site Infection after General and Vascular Surgery. Edited by SreyRam Kuy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0013.

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This landmark study proposed a model for predicting surgical site infections (SSI). Using logistic regression analysis, variables independently associated with increased risk of SSI were identified, which included smoking, alcohol use, comorbidities, disseminated cancer, weight loss greater than 10%, emergency surgery, and length of operative time. This chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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32

Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen. Fertility and Contraceptive Use. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876128.003.0004.

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This chapter uses analysis of aggregate data, a theoretical model, and a review of the empirical literature to examine the relationship between contraceptive availability and fertility. A correlation analysis shows that as contraceptive use rises, fertility rates fall, thus supporting the main rationale for investments in family-planning programs. These aggregate data on contraception and fertility are consistent with a theoretical model of women’s reproductive health decisions. The model can be used to predict the effects of an increase in the cost of contraceptives as might occur under the global gag rule. Higher prices and decreased availability of contraceptives are predicted to lower the intensity with which women use contraception, which results in a higher risk of unintended pregnancies. Depending on the relative costs of having an abortion and giving birth, more unintended pregnancies will lead to higher abortion rates or birth rates or both.
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33

Joynt, Gavin M., and Gordon Y. S. Choi. Blood gas analysis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0072.

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Arterial blood gases allow the assessment of patient oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status. Blood gas machines directly measure pH, and the partial pressures of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygen (PaO2) dissolved in arterial blood. Oxygenation is assessed by measuring PaO2 and arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in the context of the inspired oxygen and haemoglobin concentration, and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Causes of arterial hypoxaemia may often be elucidated by determining the alveolar–arterial oxygen gradient. Ventilation is assessed by measuring the PaCO2 in the context of systemic acid-base balance. A rise in PaCO2 indicates alveolar hypoventilation, while a decrease indicates alveolar hyperventilation. Given the requirement to maintain a normal pH, functioning homeostatic mechanisms result in metabolic acidosis, triggering a compensatory hyperventilation, while metabolic alkalosis triggers a compensatory reduction in ventilation. Similarly, when primary alveolar hypoventilation generates a respiratory acidosis, it results in a compensatory increase in serum bicarbonate that is achieved in part by kidney bicarbonate retention. In the same way, respiratory alkalosis induces kidney bicarbonate loss. Acid-base assessment requires the integration of clinical findings and a systematic interpretation of arterial blood gas parameters. In clinical use, traditional acid-base interpretation rules based on the bicarbonate buffer system or standard base excess estimations and the interpretation of the anion gap, are substantially equivalent to the physicochemical method of Stewart, and are generally easier to use at the bedside. The Stewart method may have advantages in accurately explaining certain physiological and pathological acid base problems.
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34

Jacquemyn, Yves, and Anneke Kwee. Antenatal and intrapartum fetal evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713333.003.0006.

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Antenatal and intrapartum fetal monitoring aim to identify the beginning of the process of fetal hypoxia before irreversible fetal damage has taken place. Fetal movement counting by the mother has not been reported to be of any benefit. The biophysical profile score, incorporating ultrasound and fetal heart rate monitoring, has not been proven to reduce perinatal mortality in randomized trials. Doppler ultrasound allows the exploration of the perfusion of different fetal organ systems and provides data on possible hypoxia and fetal anaemia. Maternal uterine artery Doppler can be used to select women with a high risk for intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia but does not directly provide information on fetal status. Umbilical artery Doppler has been shown to reduce perinatal mortality significantly in high-risk pregnancies (but not in low-risk women). Adding middle cerebral artery Doppler to umbilical artery Doppler does not increase accuracy for detecting adverse perinatal outcome. Ductus venosus Doppler demonstrates moderate value in diagnosing fetal compromise; it is not known whether its use adds any value to umbilical artery Doppler alone. Cardiotocography (CTG) reflects the interaction between the fetal brain and peripheral cardiovascular system. Prelabour routine use of CTG in low-risk pregnancies has not been proven to improve outcome; computerized CTG significantly reduces perinatal mortality in high-risk pregnancies. Monitoring the fetus during labour with intermittent auscultation has not been compared to no monitoring at all; when compared with CTG no difference in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy has been noted. CTG does lower neonatal seizures and is accompanied by a statistically non-significant rise in caesarean delivery. Fetal blood sampling to detect fetal pH and base deficit lowers caesarean delivery rate and neonatal convulsions when used in adjunct to CTG. Determination of fetal scalp lactate has not been shown to have an effect on neonatal outcome or on the rate of instrumental deliveries but is less often hampered by technical failure than fetal scalp pH. Analysis of the ST segment of the fetal ECG (STAN®) in combination with CTG during labour results in fewer vaginal operative deliveries, less need for neonatal intensive care, and less use of fetal blood sampling during labour, without a change in fetal metabolic acidosis when compared to CTG alone.
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35

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Disaster Risk Reduction at Farm Level : Multiple Benefits, No Regrets: Results from Cost-Benefit Analyses Conducted in a Multi-Country Study, 2016-2018. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2019.

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36

Bartolucci, Valentina. Inside the Propaganda Machine of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its Evolution Following the Rise of Islamic State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190650292.003.0007.

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The strategic communication of violent extremist organizations have evolved dramatically in the past few years. This chapter examines the evolution of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) in relation to the Islamic State (IS) by showing that the two movements have always had different worldviews and, consequently, very different communicative strategies and discourses. To this end, this chapter presents the results of a detailed analysis of texts produced by AQIM and of an analysis of the visual propaganda of IS both performed through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis.
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37

Glanville, Peter John. Symmetry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792734.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 determines the semantic typology of patterns III and VI, sometimes termed the vowel-lengthening patterns. It asserts that verbs formed in these patterns are symmetrical predicates, denoting relations consisting of two complementary forces. It shows that the difference between the two patterns results from the interplay between an underlying symmetric relation and a figure–ground orientation in which one of the participant roles involved is made more prominent than the other. The chapter divides verbs formed in pattern III into verbs of resistance, risk, competition, interaction, and co-action, and those formed in pattern VI into reciprocal verbs, feigning verbs, chaining verbs, and verbs of progressive change. It argues that an account based on a common symmetric structure is able to unite this diverse range of verbs within one analysis, and it offers data from other languages to support this claim.
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38

Ferstman, Carla. International Organizations’ Obligations under Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808442.003.0002.

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The chapter considers in what circumstances international organizations have international legal personality and what results from such personality. It also considers whether international legal personality gives rise to rights and obligations and which ones. Central to this analysis, the chapter studies whether an international organization may have human rights and international humanitarian law obligations and whether these derive from its international legal personality, its constituent agreement, as a result of the functions of the organization, or some combination thereof. The chapter concludes that international organizations have obligations to comply with peremptory norms and accepted general principles of international law (which include elements of human rights and international law) that apply to all subjects under international law. There are also additional obligations which apply in particular contexts, and are aligned with organizations’ purposes and their capacities to act and react in any given situation.
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39

Radivojević, Miljana, Benjamin Roberts, Miroslav Marić, Julka Kuzmanović-Cvetković, and Thilo Rehren, eds. The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans. Archaeopress Archaeology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/9781803270425.

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'The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia' is a landmark study in the origins of metallurgy. The project aimed to trace the invention and innovation of metallurgy in the Balkans. It combined targeted excavations and surveys with extensive scientific analyses at two Neolithic-Chalcolithic copper production and consumption sites, Belovode and Pločnik, in Serbia. At Belovode, the project revealed chronologically and contextually secure evidence for copper smelting in the 49th century BC. This confirms the earlier interpretation of c. 7000-year-old metallurgy at the site, making it the earliest record of fully developed metallurgical activity in the world. However, far from being a rare and elite practice, metallurgy at both Belovode and Pločnik is demonstrated to have been a common and communal craft activity. This monograph reviews the pre-existing scholarship on early metallurgy in the Balkans. It subsequently presents detailed results from the excavations, surveys and scientific analyses conducted at Belovode and Pločnik. These are followed by new and up-to-date regional syntheses by leading specialists on the Neolithic-Chalcolithic material culture, technologies, settlement and subsistence practices in the Central Balkans. Finally, the monograph places the project results in the context of major debates surrounding early metallurgy in Eurasia before proposing a new agenda for global early metallurgy studies.
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Baird, Sarah, and Berk Özler. Transactional Sex in Malawi. Edited by Scott Cunningham and Manisha Shah. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.7.

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This chapter examines transactional sex as a distinctive feature of traditional “dating” in Malawi. It begins with a review of the existing literature on transactional sex in sub-Saharan Africa, with particular emphasis on the distinction between commercial sex work, informal sex work, and transactional sex. It then analyzes transactional sex among a sample of 13- to 22-year-old, initially never-married females in southern Malawi. It also considers the role that cash-transfer programs in particular and social safety-net programs in general might play in mitigating transactional sex. The findings suggest that cash-transfer programs that focus on adolescent girls can allow them to steer away from “relationships of need” toward “relationships of want,” reduce risky sexual behavior as a result, and thus reduce their subsequent risk of HIV infection.
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Gamberini, Andrea. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0001.

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The introduction gives a critical rereading of the historiographical debate regarding the processes of state building at the end of the Middle Ages, highlighting its limitations in the lack of interest shown in the ideal reasons for the political conflict. This then gives rise to the interpretative proposal that forms the basis of the present work, which aims to shed light on the many conflicts that, in relation to legitimacy of power, tore medieval society apart. With this in mind, the introduction focuses on an analysis of the sources that are potentially useful for the study of these particular aspects, on the risks underlying their use, and on the expected results. The last part discusses the structure of the work and justifies the decision to divide it into two, clearly divided parts, dedicated to the communal age on the one hand and the post-communal era on the other.
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Henry G, Burnett, and Bret Louis-Alexis. Arbitration of International Mining Disputes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757641.001.0001.

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International mining disputes represent a significant and growing area of disputes over natural resources, yet the unique risks inherent in the mining industry set them apart, both in the nature of the disputes and the approach taken to resolve them. International arbitration has emerged as the mechanism of choice for the resolution of such disputes. This has given rise to a wealth of arbitral decisions from which certain principles specific to the mining sector are developing. This book brings together thorough analysis of arbitral decisions and insightful commentary on both dispute resolution and the business of mining, in order to provide a comprehensive guide to arbitration in the mining sector. Part I introduces the different parties involved in international mining projects; Part II explains the main risks and challenges involved in mining projects and how they result in different types of disputes; Part III provides practical advice for parties and counsel involved in international mining disputes, including in-depth analysis of the confidentiality issues that so often arise in connection with international mining disputes and the conditions and strategies for the settlement of these disputes; and Part IV examines the substantive principles applicable to international commercial and investor-State mining disputes.
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Aspden, Richard, and Jenny Gregory. Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0011.

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The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Doganova, Liliana. Discounting and the Making of the Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0013.

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Discounting future revenues and costs is the main tool used to assess investments. This chapter develops a sociological analysis of discounting by examining how, and with what effects, economic actors discount the future in order to make statements about the value of investments and determine relevant courses of action. The argument that discounting is an instrument of valuation that forms uncertain futures is developed through two case studies: forest management in the middle of the nineteenth century, and drug development today. Rather than as an inherent characteristic of the future, uncertainty is analysed as the result of valuing investments through this particular instrument. The chapter identifies three distinct expressions of uncertainty in the formulas and practices of discounting—uncertainty as measurable risk, uncertainty as a concern for investors, and uncertainty as the multiplicity of explored possibilities—and it discusses the different forms of uncertain future they entail.
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Evensky, Harold. Applications of Client Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0028.

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This chapter reviews various behavioral concepts and strategies to help clients avoid behavioral errors, with the result of increasing the probability of a successful plan design and implementation. The chapter discusses how the concepts introduced by research in behavioral finance have become integrated throughout Evensky & Katz/Foldes Financial’s practice. The chapter begins with framing for new clients, which is part of the firm’s approach to retirement planning called “anchoring on the efficient frontier.” Anchoring refers to the intersection of the client’s return requirement as determined by a capital needs analysis and the client’s risk tolerance. Framing is introduced as a powerful behavioral management tool for the practitioner. Behavioral finance lessons are integrated in the risk tolerance and return discussions, as well as the reporting process.
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Geppert, Cynthia, and Peter J. Taylor. What Troubles Psychiatrists. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.14.

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This chapter presents the results of the 2011 Psychiatric Times ethics survey of psychiatrists. The nearly seven hundred participants responded to questions exploring opinions on general questions regarding ethical dilemmas and short scenarios on topics in the domains of end-of-life, professional boundaries, conflict of interest and public health. Qualitative and descriptive analysis of the data reveals three broad areas of ethical conflicts in current psychiatric practice: rise of technology, competing agendas, and the ascendency of medication management.
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Sharon, Robert, and Erik Eberhardt, eds. Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring. CSIRO Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486311002.

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Although most mining companies utilise systems for slope monitoring, experience indicates that mining operations continue to be surprised by the occurrence of adverse geotechnical events. A comprehensive and robust performance monitoring system is an essential component of slope management in an open pit mining operation. The development of such a system requires considerable expertise to ensure the monitoring system is effective and reliable. Written by instrumentation experts and geotechnical practitioners, Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring is an initiative of the Large Open Pit (LOP) Project and the fifth book in the Guidelines for Open Pit Slope Design series. Its 10 chapters present the process of establishing and operating a slope monitoring system; the fundamentals of pit slope monitoring instrumentation and methods; monitoring system operation; data acquisition, management and analysis; and utilising and communicating monitoring results. The implications of increased automation of mining operations are also discussed, including the future requirements of performance monitoring. Guidelines for Slope Performance Monitoring summarises leading mine industry practice in monitoring system design, implementation, system management, data management and reporting, and provides guidance for engineers, geologists, technicians and others responsible for geotechnical risk management.
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48

Peacock, Janet L., Sally M. Kerry, and Raymond R. Balise. Comparing two groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779100.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 discusses comparing two groups, and covers graphical presentation of continuous unpaired data, the two-sample t test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. It describes the use of data transformations and how results are interpreted. It shows how to compare two proportions using the chi-squared test and how to report results as differences in proportions, relative risks, and odds ratios. It includes how to calculate 95% confidence intervals for estimates. Finally, the chapter discusses the reasons for and consequences of dichotomization of continuous data and a method for dichotomization without losing statistical power. The chapter includes analyses using Stata, SAS, SPSS, and R.
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Louchet, Francois. Snow Avalanches. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.001.0001.

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This work is a critical update of the most recent and innovative developments of the avalanche science. It aims at re-founding it on clear scientific bases, from field observations and experiments up to strong mathematical and physical analysis and modeling. It points out snow peculiarities, regarding both static mechanical properties and flow dynamics, that may strongly differ from those of compact solids for the former, and of Newtonian fluids for the latter. It analyzes the general processes involved in avalanche release, in terms of brittle fracture and ductile plasticity, specific friction laws, flow of healable granular materials, percolation concepts, cellular automata, scale invariance, criticality, theory of dynamical systems, bifurcations, etc. As a result, slab triggering (including remote triggering) can be summarized by the “slab avalanche release in 4 steps” concept, based on weak layer local collapse and subsequent propagation driven by slab weight. The frequent abortion of many incipient avalanches is easily explained in terms of snow grain dynamical healing. Sluffs and full-depth avalanches are also analyzed. Such advances pave the way for significant progress in risk evaluation procedures. In the present context of a speeding-up climate warming, possible evolutions of snow cover extent and stability are also tentatively discussed. We show how, in mountainous areas, the present analysis can be extended to other gravitational failures (rock-falls, landslides) that are likely to take over from avalanches in such circumstances. The text is supported by on-line links to field experiments and lectures on triggering mechanisms, risk management, and decision making.
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Iqbal, Muhammad Waqas, Ghalib Jibara, Michael E. Lipkin, and Glenn M. Preminger. Evaluation of stone formers. Edited by John Reynard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0014.

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Urolithiasis is among the most common urologic disorders with high incidence and recurrence rates. High environmental temperatures, prevalence of the Western diet, obesity, age, gender, and race are among the common risk factors associated with this disease. The primary goal of evaluating these patients is to provide a simple, economic, and effective workup, which yields information that is directly applicable to providing relevant medical preventative measures. The management of urolithiasis requires a relevant history, targeted physical exam, appropriate chemistry, urinary and stone analyses results, radiological imaging to accurately identify number, location, and size of stones, as well as a metabolic evaluation. All stone formers whether single or recurrent should have a basic evaluation to identify any factors that may predispose to recurrent stone formation. Comprehensive metabolic evaluations are offered to patients at increased risk of recurrence or morbidity from stone disease, or have difficult to treat stones.
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