Journal articles on the topic 'Rise of complex societies'
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1
Petrikkos, Petros. "Building Bridges in Divided Societies: Sustaining Democratic Transition Through Complex Power-Sharing in Lebanon and Iraq." Federal Governance 15, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/fg.v15i2.13203.
Abstract:
This paper looks at how divided societies like Lebanon and Iraq currently incorporate very fragile models of governance. The recommendations in this study attempt to introduce a hybrid model that considers integration and consociationalism as effective tools to electoral management in both countries, in light of the recent elections taking place in May 2018, and the continuities presented to this day. In assessing the effectiveness of consociationalism as a power-sharing framework, this paper does not attempt to depart from the already-established model of governance. Rather, the analysis presents elements that would hopefully improve power-sharing and governance in the two divided societies of Lebanon and Iraq. Elements as such may bring forth a steadier process that aids democratic transition in divided societies. Sectarianism is heavily embedded in both the Lebanese and Iraqi communities. Ignoring the conflicting issues that rise with each successive election only promotes a fragile environment that deeply divides, instead of uniting societies.
2
Bay Rasmussen, Steffen. "Introduction." Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 64 (May 14, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-64-2021pp19-22.
Abstract:
The process of European integration has evolved through crises of governance towards ever greater integration of the societies of the participating member states, giving rise to new questions about the political organization of the European continent. At the same time, European societies have become ever more diverse, giving rise to new and complex problematiques of coexistence. Europe must now also deal with the consequences of an economic model based on the consumption of finite resources. Beyond specific crises and events, Europe is therefore faced with a multifaceted challenge of ecological, democratic and societal sustainability. To approach the challenges from the point of view of sustainability means to see the ecological, democratic and societal long-term viability of Europe as made possible by the continuous reconstruction of European societies through innovative cultural, social, economic and political practices under the ecological constraints posed by the limits of our planet.
3
Sheehan, Oliver, Joseph Watts, Russell D. Gray, and Quentin D. Atkinson. "Coevolution of landesque capital intensive agriculture and sociopolitical hierarchy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714558115.
Abstract:
One of the defining trends of the Holocene has been the emergence of complex societies. Two essential features of complex societies are intensive resource use and sociopolitical hierarchy. Although it is widely agreed that these two phenomena are associated cross-culturally and have both contributed to the rise of complex societies, the causality underlying their relationship has been the subject of longstanding debate. Materialist theories of cultural evolution tend to view resource intensification as driving the development of hierarchy, but the reverse order of causation has also been advocated, along with a range of intermediate views. Phylogenetic methods have the potential to test between these different causal models. Here we report the results of a phylogenetic study that modeled the coevolution of one type of resource intensification—the development of landesque capital intensive agriculture—with political complexity and social stratification in a sample of 155 Austronesian-speaking societies. We found support for the coevolution of landesque capital with both political complexity and social stratification, but the contingent and nondeterministic nature of both of these relationships was clear. There was no indication that intensification was the “prime mover” in either relationship. Instead, the relationship between intensification and social stratification was broadly reciprocal, whereas political complexity was more of a driver than a result of intensification. These results challenge the materialist view and emphasize the importance of both material and social factors in the evolution of complex societies, as well as the complex and multifactorial nature of cultural evolution.
4
CRESPO, EDUARDO ALBERTO, and TIAGO NASSER APPEL. "How competition drove social complexity: the role of war in the emergence of States, both ancient and modern." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 40, no. 4 (December 2020): 728–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572020-3055.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT The origin of human ultrasociality - the ability to cooperate in huge groups of genetically unrelated individuals - has long interested evolutionary and social theorists. In this article, we use cultural group or multilevel selection theory to explain how cultural traits needed to sustain large-scale complex societies necessarily arose as a result of competition among cultural groups. We apply the theory at two key particular junctures: (i) the emergence of the first States and hierarchical societies, and (ii) the Rise of Modern Nation-States and the associated Great Divergence in incomes between the West and the “Rest” that began in the eighteenth century.
5
Lambert, Patricia M., and Phillip L. Walker. "Physical anthropological evidence for the evolution of social complexity in coastal Southern California." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 963–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080765.
Abstract:
In this paper we use osteological data to evaluate theories about the rise of chiefdoms in southern California. To do this, we examine skeletal evidence for changes in diet, disease and violence in Santa Barbara Channel area populations. These collections date from before and after the development of large, sedentary coastal villages and a political system that facilitated inter-village economic interaction. Our data show that the health consequences of the development of these chiefdoms are comparable to those seen with the development of complex agricultural societies. They also provide insights into the causes of social complexity in non-agricultural societies.
6
Kappeler, Peter M., and Luca Pozzi. "Evolutionary transitions toward pair living in nonhuman primates as stepping stones toward more complex societies." Science Advances 5, no. 12 (December 18, 2019): eaay1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay1276.
Abstract:
Nonhuman primate societies vary tremendously in size and composition, but how and why evolutionary transitions among different states occurred remains highly controversial. In particular, how many times pair living evolved and the social states of the ancestors of pair- and group-living species remains contentious. We examined evolutionary transitions in primate social evolution by using new, independent categorizations of sociality and different phylogenetic hypotheses with a vastly expanded dataset. Using Bayesian phylogenetic comparative methods, we consistently found the strongest support for a model that invokes frequent transitions between solitary ancestors and pair-living descendants, with the latter giving rise to group-living species. This result was robust to systematic variation in social classification, sample size, and phylogeny. Our analyses therefore indicate that pair living was a stepping stone in the evolution of structurally more complex primate societies, a result that bolsters the role of kin selection in social evolution.
7
Wang, Jiajing, Leping Jiang, and Hanlong Sun. "Early evidence for beer drinking in a 9000-year-old platform mound in southern China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255833.
Abstract:
Alcoholic beverages played an essential role in rituals in ancient societies. Here we report the first evidence for beer drinking in the context of burial ritual in early Holocene southern China. Recent archaeological investigations at Qiaotou (9,000–8,700 cal. BP) have revealed a platform mound containing human burials and high concentrations of painted pottery, encircled by a human-made ditch. By applying microfossil (starch, phytolith, and fungi) residue analysis on the pottery vessels, we found that some of the pots held beer made of rice (Oryza sp.), Job’s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), and USOs. We also discovered the earliest evidence for using mold saccharification-fermentation starter in beer making, predating written records by 8,000 years. The beer at Qiaotou was likely served in rituals to commemorate the burial of the dead. Ritualized drinking probably played an integrative role in maintaining social relationships, paving the way for the rise of complex farming societies four millennia later.
8
Inglehart, Ronald. "The Renaissance of Political Culture." American Political Science Review 82, no. 4 (December 1988): 1203–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1961756.
Abstract:
The publics of different societies are characterized by durable cultural orientations that have major political and economic consequences. Throughout the period from 1973 to 1987, given nationalities consistently showed relative high or low levels of a “civic culture”—a coherent syndrome of personal life satisfaction, political satisfaction, interpersonal trust and support for the existing social order. Those societies that rank high on this syndrome are much likelier to be stable democracies than those that rank low. Economic development and cultural change are linked in a complex pattern of reciprocal influence. Originally, Protestantism may have facilitated the rise of capitalism, leading to economic development, which in turn favored the emergence of the civic culture. But in those countries that attained high levels of prosperity, there eventually emerged postmaterialist values that tended to neutralize the emphasis on economic accumulation that earlier characterized Protestant societies.
9
Zhilwan Tahir and Abdulwahed Jalal Nuri. "Examining the Impact of Religion on Civilization: Insights from Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee's Theories." DIROSAT: Journal of Education, Social Sciences & Humanities 2, no. 2 (April 15, 2024): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58355/dirosat.v2i2.69.
Abstract:
This paper examines the impact of religion on civilization through the perspectives of two prominent scholars, Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee. The paper provides an overview of Toynbee's theory of comparative civilizations, highlighting his emphasis on the comparability of diverse societies and his rejection of the notion of inherent superiority or inferiority among civilizations. The paper also explores Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory of the rise and fall of civilizations, which emphasizes the role of religion in shaping the fortunes of societies. This study utilizes a comparative methodology to analyze the viewpoints of Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee on the impact of religion on civilization. The work explores the perspectives of individuals on social unity, governing systems, and the development of culture. It utilizes knowledge from their writings and historical circumstances to clarify the complex connection between religion and human communities. The paper investigates the impact of religious beliefs on the rise and fall of civilizations, drawing on insights from both Toynbee and Ibn Khaldun. It examines how religion has influenced the development of civilizations, including its role in shaping cultural values, political structures, and economic systems. The paper also explores how religion has contributed to the decline of civilizations, including through religious conflicts and the erosion of social cohesion. Overall, the paper provides a comparative analysis of the role of religion in civilization and society, drawing on the insights of two influential scholars. It highlights the importance of understanding the complex interplay between religion and civilization, and how religious beliefs have shaped the fortunes of societies throughout history.
10
Varese, Stefano, and Michael Grofe. "Notas sobre territorialidad, sacralidad y economíía políítica bennizáá/binigula'/beneshon." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 23, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2007.23.2.219.
Abstract:
In the following paper, we attempt to re-evaluate the rise of complex societies in the Valley of Oaxaca based on indigenous conceptualizations of land, territory and ““resources”” as components within a broader Mesoamerican cosmological system. In so doing, we challenge Eurocentric theoretical models of the emergence of civilization that rely on a uniform linear progression, and we articulate an approach that seeks to integrate both material and ideological perspectives.
11
Maschner, Herbert D. G. "The emergence of cultural complexity on the northern Northwest Coast." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080728.
Abstract:
The northern Northwest Coast supported some of the most socially complex hunting and gathering societies on the Pacific Coast. The Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian of this region share a rich ethnographic history that reveals hereditary social ranking, sedentary villages, intensive warfare, part-time craft specialization and dense populations. Models developed to explain the origins of social and political complexity among these groups have covered the gamut of theories presented for the rise of complexity in state level societies. As will be demonstrated, not only have archaeologists failed to present a theory that explains the rangeof variability in the data, but on the northern Northwest Coast, the actual timing of the origins of political complexity is suspect.
12
Bertilsson, Thora Margareta. "Disorganized Knowledge or New Forms of Governance." Science & Technology Studies 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55142.
Abstract:
The theme of this paper is a paradoxical problem threatening to afflict modern knowledge societies: how abundance of knowledge can turn into a deficit of knowledge at the same time. Within debates on globalisation, a constantly debated issue relates to the problem of finding new mechanisms of governing societies no longer bounded by the authority of the traditional bureaucratic state. Such concerns typically focus on the weaknesses of national politics and legal mechanisms in controlling the movement of capital in an unrestricted world economy. The point of this discussion is to focus on yet another complex of issues related to the rise of global knowledge societies. Intrinsic to such societies, not the least because of the explosive growth of ICT, is the abundance of communication, information and of unrestricted knowledge. Such abundance not only generates rapid and disorganised movements of capital flows across the world, but, and this is the point of this presentation, it also leads to rapid and disorganised flows of communication and understanding as far as the sciences are concerned.
13
Di Cosmo, Nicola, Amy Hessl, Caroline Leland, Oyunsanaa Byambasuren, Hanqin Tian, Baatarbileg Nachin, Neil Pederson, Laia Andreu-Hayles, and Edward R. Cook. "Environmental Stress and Steppe Nomads: Rethinking the History of the Uyghur Empire (744–840) with Paleoclimate Data." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 48, no. 4 (February 2018): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01194.
Abstract:
Newly available paleoclimate data and a re-evaluation of the historical and archaeological evidence regarding the Uyghur Empire (744–840)—one of several nomadic empires to emerge on the Inner Asian steppe—suggests that the assumption of a direct causal link between drought and the stability of nomadic societies is not always justified. The fact that a severe drought lasting nearly seven decades did not cause the Uyghur Empire to collapse, to wage war, or to disintegrate gives rise to speculations about which of its characteristics enabled it to withstand unfavorable climatic conditions and environmental change. More broadly, it raises questions about the complex suite of strategies and responses that may have been available to steppe societies in the face of environmental stress.
14
Hanciles, Jehu J. "Migrants as Missionaries, Missionaries as Outsiders: Reflections on African Christian Presence in Western Societies." Mission Studies 30, no. 1 (2013): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341258.
Abstract:
Abstract This paper makes the case that human migration has played a vital and transformational role in the development and expansion of the Christian movement throughout its history. But it mainly focuses on the unprecedented rise of global migratory flows in the last four to five decades to explicate this link. According to recent data, Christians account for almost half of all international migrants. This, combined with the predominance of south-north migration, explains the remarkable rise of immigrant Christian churches (or communities) in many Western societies. While many of these immigrant Christian communities and their pastors exhibit strong missionary consciousness and commitment, they encounter formidable challenges in the area of cross-cultural outreach. These stem from complex factors, including racial rejection, widespread anti-immigrant sentiments, and aggressive secularism. But this paper argues that perhaps the most significant obstacle stems from the disengagement and rejection that Christian immigrants experience in their encounter with homegrown churches. A brief examination of the key link between human migration and biblical faith is used as a basis for reflections on the challenges that confront African immigrant churches in Western societies. Five such challenges are highlighted and biblical insights (from Acts 6) are presented.
15
Levy, Thomas E., Russell B. Adams, Mohammad Najjar, Andreas Hauptmann, James D. Anderson, Baruch Brandl, Mark A. Robinson, and Thomas Higham. "Reassessing the chronology of Biblical Edom: new excavations and14C dates from Khirbat en-Nahas (Jordan)." Antiquity 78, no. 302 (December 2004): 865–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0011350x.
Abstract:
An international team of researchers show how high-precision radiocarbon dating is liberating us from chronological assumptions based on Biblical research. Surface and topographic mapping at the large copper-working site of Khirbat en-Nahas was followed by stratigraphic excavations at an ancient fortress and two metal processing facilities located on the site surface. The results were spectacular. Occupation begins here in the eleventh century BC and the monumental fortress is built in the tenth. If this site can be equated with the rise of the Biblical kingdom of Edom it can now be seen to: have its roots in local Iron Age societies; is considerably earlier than previous scholars assumed; and proves that complex societies existed in Edom long before the influence of Assyrian imperialism was felt in the region from the eighth – sixth centuries BC.
16
Liu, Li, Xingcan Chen, Henry Wright, Hong Xu, Yongqiang Li, Guoliang Chen, Haitao Zhao, Habeom Kim, and Gyoung-Ah Lee. "Rise and fall of complex societies in the Yiluo region, North China: The spatial and temporal changes." Quaternary International 521 (June 2019): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.025.
17
Clark, Geoffrey, and Christian Reepmeyer. "Stone architecture, monumentality and the rise of the early Tongan chiefdom." Antiquity 88, no. 342 (December 2014): 1244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00115431.
Abstract:
Monumental construction is commonly associated with the rise of complex societies and frequently supported the ceremonies and ideologies that were instrumental in the creation of the new social order. Recent fieldwork at Heketa in eastern Tongatapu recorded stone-built platforms for houses and seats, and a three-tiered tomb and trilithon. Tongan tradition and archaeology combine to show that these were the setting for new ceremonies instituted by the emergent Tu’i Tonga lineage in the fourteenth century AD as they laid the foundations of the early Tongan chiefdom. Key to their success were activities that emphasised the sacred origins of the living Tu’i Tonga, including the drinking of kava and the presentation of first fruits to the chiefs.
18
Emy, Hugh V. "From a Positive to a Cultural Science: Towards a New Rationale for Political Studies." Political Studies 37, no. 2 (June 1989): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb01478.x.
Abstract:
This article surveys developments in recent social theory in the course of outlining a new rationale for Politics following the subject's own expansion and in the light of developments in post-empiricist thought. It suggests reasons for thinking of Politics as a cultural rather than a positive science. It outlines a number of core or primary political problems which comprise the intellectual foundations of the discipline. It suggests, overall, that Politics is especially concerned with maintaining and improving the viability of human association(s) in the light of conditions created by the rise and expansion of complex societies.
19
Jones, Eric C., Corinne Ong, and Jessica Haynes. "Disaster-Related Food Security and Past General Governance Strategies in a Worldwide Sample." Weather, Climate, and Society 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-20-0138.1.
Abstract:
AbstractClimate change is an increasingly pressing concern because it generates individual and societal vulnerability in many places in the world and also because it potentially threatens political stability. Aside from sea level rise, climate change is typically manifested in local temperature and precipitation extremes that generate other hazards. In this study, we investigated whether certain kinds of governance strategies were more common in societies whose food supply had been threatened by such natural hazards—specifically, floods, droughts, and locust infestations. We coded and analyzed ethnographic data from the Human Relations Area Files on 26 societies regarding dominant political, economic, and ideological behaviors of leaders in each society for a specified time period. Leaders in societies experiencing food-destroying disasters used different political economic strategies for maintaining power than did leaders in societies that face fewer disasters or that did not face such disasters. In nondisaster settings, leaders were more likely to have inward-focused cosmological and collectivistic strategies; conversely, when a society had experienced food-destroying disasters, leaders were more likely to have exclusionary tribal/family-based and externally focused strategies. This apparent difficulty in maintaining order and coherence of leadership in disaster settings may apply more to politically complex societies than to polities governed solely at the community level. Alternatively, it could be that exclusionary leaders help set up the conditions for disastrous consequences of hazards for the populace. Exceptions to the pattern of exclusionary political economic strategies in disaster settings indicate that workarounds do exist that allow leaders with corporate governance approaches to stay in power.
20
Broumas, Antonios. "Commons’ movements and ‘progressive’ governments as dual power: The potential for social transformation in Europe." Capital & Class 42, no. 2 (May 22, 2017): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816817692124.
Abstract:
In the neoliberal era, social counter-power emerges as the main resurgent force to contend the capital–state complex, whether in the form of labour struggles or direct democratic movements or in the form of struggles for the preservation/diffusion of the commons. Political forces within these societies in motion do not play the role of revolutionary vanguards, instead they protect and facilitate the process of the social revolution by political or military means. At the negative pole of the duality, the failure to sustain social reproduction under extreme conditions of inequality and corruption gives rise either to ‘failed states’ or to progressive governments, which start building their hegemony in complex interrelation to grassroots movements. In this context, we are in need of subversive politics that weaken the bourgeois state by facilitating the emancipation of society.
21
Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. "Media Events, solidarity, and the rise and fall of the public sphere." Media, Culture & Society 40, no. 1 (August 18, 2017): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726010.
Abstract:
Dayan and Katz’s classic, Media Events, has continued relevance even as its primary object of inquiry, ceremonial television, is no longer as significant as it once was. The book demonstrates how a key insight of Gabriel Tarde, concerning the importance of media in modern societies, resolves a dilemma of Emile Durkheim’s sociology, the continued importance of common beliefs and rituals in complex society when the members of society have more differences than commonalities. This insight is then applied to a deeper understanding of how ‘media events’ resolved a weakness in Habermas’ account of the transformation public sphere, the cogency of an understanding of a central public sphere when there are in fact multiple publics. The article concludes with reflections on the clear and present crises of public life today when multiple publics do not meet.
22
Tao, Tingting, Sebastián Abades, Shuqing Teng, Zheng Y. X. Huang, Luís Reino, Bin J. W. Chen, Yong Zhang, Chi Xu, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Macroecological factors shape local-scale spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1866 (November 8, 2017): 20172003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2003.
Abstract:
Macro-scale patterns of human systems ranging from population distribution to linguistic diversity have attracted recent attention, giving rise to the suggestion that macroecological rules shape the assembly of human societies. However, in which aspects the geography of our own species is shaped by macroecological factors remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a first demonstration that macroecological factors shape strong local-scale spatial patterns in human settlement systems, through an analysis of spatial patterns in agriculturalist settlements in eastern mainland China based on high-resolution Google Earth images. We used spatial point pattern analysis to show that settlement spatial patterns are characterized by over-dispersion at fine spatial scales (0.05–1.4 km), consistent with territory segregation, and clumping at coarser spatial scales beyond the over-dispersion signals, indicating territorial clustering. Statistical modelling shows that, at macroscales, potential evapotranspiration and topographic heterogeneity have negative effects on territory size, but positive effects on territorial clustering. These relationships are in line with predictions from territory theory for hunter-gatherers as well as for many animal species. Our results help to disentangle the complex interactions between intrinsic spatial processes in agriculturalist societies and external forcing by macroecological factors. While one may speculate that humans can escape ecological constraints because of unique abilities for environmental modification and globalized resource transportation, our work highlights that universal macroecological principles still shape the geography of current human agricultural societies.
23
Steiner, George F. "Exceptions to the rule? Ethnographic alternatives to cumulative cultural evolution." International Journal of Modern Anthropology 2, no. 14 (November 27, 2020): 177–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijma.v2i14.1.
Abstract:
In suggesting that the rules that govern the evolution of cumulative culture are observed in all modern societies, gene-culture coevolution theory implies that the biases that affect the successful ‘ratcheting’ and efficient transmission of innovations are cross-cultural universals. In the modeling of the theory the stress is placed on demographic strength, the absence of which would render small and isolated populations vulnerable to the ‘treadmill effect’, the inevitable consequence of impaired social learning. However, the ethnographic literature documents small groups of isolated hunters and gatherers who have devised intricate risk-reduction networks that do not necessarily proliferate technological innovations and function only in low demographic settings. Moreover, with merit and abilities being equally distributed, the model-based and conformist biases that influence social learning in gene-culture coevolution theory become irrelevant and elaborate ‘leveling mechanisms’ inhibit the acquisition of status and prestige. As a result, no cultural models can rise to prominence and sway the trajectory of cultural change. Contrary to the predictions of the theory, these societies do not seem to be plagued by cultural loss and, instead of hopelessly running the treadmill and living in poverty, they have developed egalitarian and, to an extent, ‘affluent’ societies. The model forwarded in this paper resolves this apparent paradox by enrolling the hypothesis of ‘cultural neoteny’. It is contended that egalitarian societies – despite their simple (immediate-return) mode of subsistence – are not the vestiges of an ancestral/universal stage from which more complex (delayed-return) economies would linearly evolve, but a relatively recent and idiosyncratic achievement through ‘subtractive cultural evolution’.
Keywords: anarchic theory in ethnography, cultural heterochrony, cumulative/subtractive cultural evolution, immediate-return/egalitarian societies, ratcheting/leveling mechanisms.
24
Marquand, David. "Civic republicans and liberal individualists: the case of Britain." European Journal of Sociology 32, no. 2 (November 1991): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600006299.
Abstract:
The Relationship between the market and the forum, between exchange and persuasion, between the public realm of the citizen and the private realm of the consumer, has been a central preoccupation of social thought since the days of Aristotle. For most of the post-war period, however, and in most western countries, the tensions inherent in that relationship appeared to have been resolved. Then came the ‘stagflation’ of the 1970s, the rise of the New Right, the associated rebirth of economic liberalism and a variety of more or less successful attempts to clip the wings of the post-war welfare state. Classic questions, which the post-war generation imagined it had answered, returned to the agenda—among them the questions of what citizenship means in a market economy, and of how the promise of citizenship is to be realised in complex modern societies. These questions are of significance to all advanced societies, of course; as the most cursory reading of Vaclav Havel's essays shows, they resonate with particular force in eastern Europe. Perhaps because she has been the chief European testing ground for New Right theory, however, they have also begun to resonate with unusual power in Britain; and it is plausible to imagine that the British case may be more relevant to the rest of the western world than are the various East European cases. Hence, this essay. It begins by looking at the British debate and the factors which have given rise to it, and then tries to clarify some of the issues it poses.
25
Bintliff, John. "Regional Survey, Demography, and the Rise of Complex Societies in the Ancient Aegean: Core-Periphery, Neo-Malthusian, and Other Interpretive Models." Journal of Field Archaeology 24, no. 1 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/530558.
26
Bintliff, John. "Regional Survey, Demography, and the Rise of Complex Societies in the Ancient Aegean: Core-Periphery, Neo-Malthusian, and Other Interpretive Models." Journal of Field Archaeology 24, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jfa.1997.24.1.1.
27
Parra-Luna, Francisco. "The four systemic errors of economic policy in spain after the pandemic: A values perspective." Acta Europeana Systemica 10 (December 9, 2020): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v10i0.59493.
Abstract:
The present work tries to demonstrate that, mainly since the emergence of the world economic crisis in 2020, those responsible (theoretical and practical) for the Spanish economy, have been making four mistakes that are causing an unnecessary delay in getting out of the crisis. These errors would be: first, not having started from an analysis of the Spanish "value system" in which the crisis occurs; second, not having known how to differentiate before the international markets and organizations the specificities of the Spanish system that, because important and unusual, would have allowed economic growth superior to that of the surrounding countries; third, not having developed an integrated and quantified global model with the series of measures proposed; and fourth, to continue being attached to obsolete economic theories that do not give rise to the innovation demanded by the new characteristics of complex societies.
28
DODGE, TOBY. "Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq." Review of International Studies 39, no. 5 (October 8, 2013): 1189–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210513000272.
Abstract:
AbstractThe central thesis of this article is that when faced with state collapse, rising violence, and a complex stabilisation effort, the US, UN, and NATO in Afghanistan and the US and Britain in Iraq, deployed the dominant, if not only, international approach available, Liberal Peacebuilding. The article traces the rise of Liberal Peacebuilding across the 1990s. It argues that four units of analysis within neoliberal ideology, the individual, the market, the role of the state and democracy, played a key role within Liberal Peacebuilding, allowing it to identify problems and propose solutions to stabilise post-conflict societies. It was these four units of analysis that were taken from the Liberal Peacebuilding approach and applied in Afghanistan and Iraq. The application of a universal template to two very different countries led directly to the fierce but weak states that exist today.
29
Wachsmuth, Melody J. "Roma Christians in Times of Crises: Social Impact of Faith During a Pandemic and War." Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 514–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ress-2022-0119.
Abstract:
Abstract Roma communities in Eastern Europe have long experienced socio-political and religious marginalization, a current phenomenon resulting from complex factors spanning over centuries. The rise of evangelical and Pentecostal movements among the Roma over the last decades have contributed to social uplift and more integration in certain contexts. However, societies in crisis are often an unexpected gauge to assess realities and tensions–in this case, the war in Ukraine and COVID-19 revealed the deep suspicion and prejudice still existing toward the Roma. Nonetheless, a number of Roma Pentecostals and Baptists became actively involved in responding to both crises. First placing the relationship between religion, society, and the Roma in historical context, this paper will explore how Christian Roma reacted to the dual crises and the implications for their relationship to the wider church and society,
30
Brite, Elizabeth Baker, Fiona Jane Kidd, Alison Betts, and Michelle Negus Cleary. "Millet cultivation in Central Asia: A response to Miller et al." Holocene 27, no. 9 (January 18, 2017): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616687385.
Abstract:
In a recent special issue of The Holocene, Miller et al. review the evidence for the spread of millet ( Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) across Eurasia. Among their arguments, they contend that millet cultivation came to Eurasian regions with hot, dry summers when irrigation was introduced, as part of a region-wide shift toward agricultural intensification in the first millennium BC. This hypothesis seems to align with the pattern of agricultural change observed in the Khorezm oasis, a Central Asian polity of the first millennium BC and first millennium AD. While we wholeheartedly accept this hypothesis for its explanatory value regarding trends across Eurasia, in this paper we nevertheless suggest that the introduction of millet to Central Asia needs further explication. Specifically, we seek to address the underlying assumption that this introduction was predicated upon centrally organized, state-level land development, increased sedentism, and the rise of Mesopotamian-style social complexity. We describe how millet cultivation in Khorezm was preceded by multi-resource strategies that included the cultivation of summer crops, and emphasize that this earlier history mattered significantly to the evolution of Khorezmian society and agriculture in the first millennium BC. In contrast to the imperial systems of West Asia, in Khorezm the introduction of complex irrigation works supported the expansion and greater stratification of pre-existing agropastoral lifeways, and helped to buttress the rise of nomadic elites within an agrarian zone. We believe the example of Khorezm is important because it helps to explain the emergence of integrated mobile-sedentist societies in the first millennium AD in Central Asia as a result of agricultural change. It also provides cultural and historical context to the spread of millet cultivation in the first millennium BC, suggesting that this phenomenon had significantly different implications for societies across Eurasia.
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Emerson, Thomas E., William S. Dancey, Timothy R. Pauketat, Alasdair Whittle, Elizabeth DeMarrais, Warren R. DeBoer, and A. B. Kehoe. "Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 9, no. 2 (October 1999): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300015407.
Abstract:
The days are long gone when archaeologists would automatically interpret any major prehistoric monument as evidence of a hierarchically organized society. Faced with a Stonehenge or a Silbury Hill, the evident deployment of large labour forces might naturally lead to thoughts of social élites and stratified societies. The task facing archaeologists today, however, is to interpret such monuments not as programmatic products of parallel social processes but as elements in unique and dynamic configurations of social, political and ideological interactions. This is the approach which the present volume seeks to exemplify, taking as its focus the famous site of Cahokia in the Mississippi valley. Cahokia itself is the greatest monument complex of prehistoric North America, marked by 120 mounds spread over an area of 13 square kilometres across the Mississippi river from the modern city of St Louis. During the twelfth century AD this was a settlement with a population estimated to have numbered in the thousands if not tens of thousands. What does such a phenomenon represent in social and political terms?In this book, Thomas Emerson considers not just the monuments of Cahokia themselves but the evidence for ideology and the power relationships which might have supported a hierarchical society, and the mechanisms which may have connected Cahokia with its rural hinterland. The wealth of detailed information available from the sites in and around Cahokia — some of them excavated by Emerson himself — allows a detailed analysis at a level which is rarely possible in archaeological cases of this kind. Drawing on concepts of individual agency, power and ideology as forces for social change, Emerson interprets the rise of Cahokia as the successful manipulation of ideology by élites, an ideology in which the subordinate layers of society are compelled to participate.Emerson's study raises key questions about the rise and fall of complex societies, and the role of ideology and agency in that process. That these questions remain open to debate, the contributions to this review feature amply demonstrate. How hierarchical was Cahokia, how effective was élite ideology, and, above all, how can we go about analyzing this kind of question from the archaeological evidence? The results have a bearing on archaeological interpretation at the very broadest level.
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La Sala, Antonio, Ryan Patrick Fuller, and Mario Calabrese. "From War to Change, from Resistance to Resilience: Vicariance, Bricolage and Exaptation as New Metaphors to Frame the Post COVID-19 Era." Administrative Sciences 12, no. 3 (September 5, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030113.
Abstract:
In complex societal contexts, resilience seems the only way to survive and prosper. This is even truer when considering the present COVID-19 pandemic and its detrimental effects on global health systems and on every aspect of life. The impact was so deep that the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global emergency on 30 January 2020. Accordingly, governments declared border closures, travel restrictions, and quarantines in the world’s largest economies, also giving rise to socio-economic recessions. There is wide literature on the pandemic’s impacts on people’s minds and societies, yet still few studies have investigated this topic holistically, examining how language shapes both human and social sides of COVID-19’s impacts. To fill this gap, this work discusses the need for new metaphorical clusters—bricolage, vicariance, and exaptation—as social sense makers to reframe a positive socially resilient response after COVID-19.
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Blitstein-Mishor, Efrat, Eran Vigoda-Gadot, and Shlomo Mizrahi. "Navigating Emergencies: A Theoretical Model of Civic Engagement and Wellbeing during Emergencies." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (September 24, 2023): 14118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914118.
Abstract:
The intensity and impact of emergencies on communities and societies are on the rise. They call for better preparedness, responses, and coping strategies by all those who are involved, especially citizens and the government. This paper introduces the concept of emergency-oriented civic engagement (EOCE), which includes citizens’ attitudes and behaviors aimed at influencing the community and government during emergencies. A theoretical framework and model that explore these complex relationships are presented. The paper first explains the differences between emergency-oriented civic engagement and civic engagement during peaceful times. Next, an exploration of a set of variables such as interpersonal trust, feelings of threat, the cost–benefit ratio, and trust in government that may influence emergency-oriented civic engagement is introduced. Finally, the model is illustrated in light of the COVID-19 pandemic that underscored the importance of solidarity and wellbeing among citizens during emergencies.
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Bubanja, Boško. "The security aspects associated with non-cash transactions in the digital economy." Serbian Journal of Engineering Management 9, no. 1 (2024): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sjem2401033b.
Abstract:
The rise of digital transactions and the increasing prevalence of electronic payment systems have sparked discussions about the potential benefits and challenges associated with complete elimination of cash from the economic landscape. Certain trends and developments provide insights into the ongoing shift towards digital and cashless transactions. The complete abolition of cash on a global scale is a complex and multifaceted issue that also involves technological, economic, social, and regulatory factors. Abolition of cash could also have positive consequences for the fight against various types of crime and malfeasance. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the implications of such a transition, considering primary security, safety, social as well as some technological and policy perspectives. As societies increasingly transition towards electronic forms of payment, understanding the security advantages and disadvantages is crucial. The study explores the technological, regulatory, and behavioral factors that contribute to the overall security landscape of non-cash transactions.
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Bartlett, Thomas. "Select documents XXXVIII: Defenders and Defenderism in 1795." Irish Historical Studies 24, no. 95 (May 1985): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400034271.
Abstract:
Secret societies in Ireland in the period 1760 to 1845 have recently been the subject of an extraordinary amount (by Irish standards) of scholarly interest. The Whiteboys, Hearts of Oak, Steelboys, Rightboys, United Irishmen, Caravats, Rockites and Ribbonmen have all had their historians and various interpretations have been put forward to explain the rise of these societies and the nature of the violence they perpetrated. However, the Defenders, the secret society that dominated the 1790s and the immediate post-union period, have been relatively neglected. Admittedly some important contributions have been made recently to their history: Mr J.G.O. Kerrane has made a study of the Defenders in County Meath; Professor David Miller has investigated the origins of the society in County Armagh; Dr Marianne Elliott has explored the implications for future Irish republicanism of the 1796 alliance between the non-sectarian United Irishmen and the avowedly catholic Defenders; and Dr Tom Garvin has traced the lines of continuity between Defenderism and the later Ribbonism. Nonetheless, it remains true that there is as yet no comprehensive account of the movement and much about it remains obscure. The documents published below shed light on the organisation, aims and activities of the Defenders on the eve of their alliance with the United Irishmen. They also illustrate the complex web of archaic and modern forces that comprised ‘Defenderism’
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Arias-Maldonado, Manuel. "A Genealogy for Post-Truth Democracies: Philosophy, Affects, Technology." Communication & Society 33, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15581/003.33.2.65-78.
Abstract:
How to make sense of post-truth? As the erosion of truth seems to be on the rise in contemporary societies, apparently threatening the deliberative function assigned to their public spheres and the health of democratic systems, it has become a necessity to deal with this controversial phenomenon. This paper provides a genealogy for post-truth, shedding light on its roots. It focus on three different dimensions of “post-truthfulness:” the philosophical dimension, which relates to the long theoretical debate about the possibility of truth, the conclusion of which is largely skeptical about a strong position on universally recognizable truths; the affective dimension, which takes into account the insights provided by contemporary literature on emotions; and the technological dimension, that is, the digital transformation of the public sphere. The convergence of these currents explains the rise of post-truth democracies. However, as the last section tries to demonstrate, a distinction between different types of truth is required, lest post-truth theories end up producing a nostalgia for something that never existed. After all, liberal democracies are themselves skeptical, their relationship with truth being unavoidably complex and ambiguous. Thus, distinguishing between post-truth and post-factualism can be useful for organizing the democratic conversation from a normative and practical standpoint.
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Askola, Heli. "(No) Migrating for Family Care in Later Life: Senchishak v Finland, Older Parents and Family Reunification." European Journal of Migration and Law 18, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342106.
Abstract:
This article discusses the implications of family reunification policies for naturalised citizens and their older parents (usually mothers) in light of the illuminating case Senchishak v Finland from the European Court of Human Rights. As migration by parents wishing to join their adult children is usually motivated at least in part by considerations of care in old age, policies in many European states, including Finland, put strict limits on family reunification on the assumption that such migrants constitute a future economic burden to ageing societies and their already stretched public services. This article argues, firstly, that current policies rely on generalisations that disregard the nature of parental ties and dependency in families as well as the complex caregiving triad involving families, markets and the state and, secondly, that these policies contain largely hidden yet significant costs for citizens of immigrant background, especially women, giving rise to questions over their equality as citizens.
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Hennings, Anne. "From Bullets to Banners and Back Again? The Ambivalent Role of Ex-combatants in Contested Land Deals in Sierra Leone." Africa Spectrum 54, no. 1 (April 2019): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002039719848511.
Abstract:
The rise of land deals poses unpredictable risks to war-torn societies, exposing them to the violent folds of the global economy. In Sierra Leone, commercial land leases have perpetuated the chieftaincy monopoly, further curtailed social mobility, and sparked particular resentment among youths and ex-combatants. Drawing on the concept of the “war machine,” I analyse how Kamajor militia fighters shape contestation against land deals and explore the attendant risks for remobilisation and conflict transformation. My findings, based on in-depth ethnographic field research, indicate that while aggrieved communities turn to Kamajor-run civil society organisations for support, Kamajor living in precarious conditions largely shy away from open contestation. While the historically close ties between the Kamajor and the chieftaincy have eroded in the wake of commercial land leases, complex patronage networks along with the moral setback encountered from the Special Court proceedings and tight surveillance thwart a more overt response. Yet, the Kamajor’s background support remains key to the struggle of anti-plantation and mining activists.
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Ing, Michael David Kaulana. "Hanau Kanaka o Mehelau: The Advent of Humanity in the Kumulipo." Philosophy East and West 73, no. 3 (July 2023): 634–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pew.2023.a903366.
Abstract:
Abstract: The Kumulipo has become one of the best-known compositions in Kanaka (Hawaiian) culture. This article focuses on sections 8–11 of the chant, which describe the coming forth of humanity in the context of the shift from Pō (darkness) to Ao (light). This shift is a pivotal moment in the chant, and it signals something distinctive about being human, namely the ability to organize complex societies on the basis of moʻokūʻauhau (genealogies). This ability is rooted in an awareness of oneself as a being uniquely situated in time and place among a myriad of other beings all originating in the fecundity of Pō. Such self-awareness enables the construction of relational differences that support robust communities by means of kinship and other networks, but it also provides humanity with the ability to contend over our place in the genealogical cartography of the world and to ruin the otherwise flourishing world. The Kumulipo , as such, highlights an ambivalence associated with the rise of humanity.
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Khramchenko, D. S., and A. V. Radyuk. "An Unconventional Turn: a Linguosynergetic and Diachronic Study of Evolving English Business Discourse." Professional Discourse & Communication 5, no. 1 (March 17, 2023): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2023-5-1-38-51.
Abstract:
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the transformational changes observed in English business discourse over time. Employing cutting-edge methodologies such as functional linguistics, linguosynergetics, and diachronic analysis, the authors delve into the evolutionary dynamics of business communication, examining the extralinguistic factors that drive the inner discursive mechanisms of self-regulation and modification of the functional field. By highlighting these factors, the study sheds light on the complex interplay between language, society, and cognition in shaping business communication. Drawing on a rich corpus of oral and written English business discourse spanning from the late 19th century to the present day, the research reveals that the rise of new tendencies in social and political life, coupled with the historical development of British and American societies, have sparked changes in the cognitive models of structuring speech behavior in business verbal interaction. Consequently, new trends have emerged, including simplification, deregulation, deviation from communicative norms of standardized Business English, and popularization of unconventional, non-standard business rhetoric.
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UDRISTIOIU, Aurelian, and Manole COJOCARU. "METABOLIC SYNDROME – A COMMON CONDITION IN MODERN SOCIETIES." Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series of Medicine 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscimed.2023.2.6.
Abstract:
The presence of multiple unknowns and uncertainty factors in medical research has made it extremely challenging to distinguish the preclinical phase of a chronic disease, such as the metabolic syndrome (MS), from the initial condition of health. MS is a complex and multifactorial medical condition characterized by the presence of at least three of the following conditions: high insulin levels (normal HOMA qualitative index 2), elevated serum glucose level > 126 mg/dl, patients with abdominal obesity, a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 , a lipid panel showing a triglyceride level ≥ 150 mg/dl, and HDL-CO 35 mg/dl in men and 45 mg/dl in women. In all developed countries, the number of obese people diagnosed with insulin resistance (IR) has rapidly increased to > 40% in recent years. This condition precedes the development of MS. The likelihood of having MS rises with advancing age. Additionally, new research has identified other influential hormones produced by adipose tissue that significantly impact metabolism, such as lipid cytokines, leptin, adiponectin, and rezistin. Researchers believe that central obesity and the chronic inflammatory process play a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome and focus on mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in the gut microbiome, and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. The primary determinant in averting the development of MS is humanity's struggle against its own bioenergetic entropy, which may induce catabolic processes that abbreviate life expectancy while promoting negentropy until the fulfillment of the life program predetermined in the genetic code.
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Jeganathan, Anushiya, Ramachandran Andimuthu, and Palanivelu Kandasamy. "Challenges in Chennai City to Cope with Changing Climate." European Journal of Climate Change 3, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34154/2021-ejcc-0017/euraass.
Abstract:
Cities are dynamic systems resulting from the complex interaction of various socio-ecological and environmental developments. Climate change disproportionately affects cities mostly located in climate-sensitive areas; thus, these urban systems are the most critical in modern societies under changing climate scenarios, uncertain disruptions, and urban inhabitants' daily lives. It is essential to analyze the challenges in the metropolitan area through the lens of climate change. The present work analyses the challenges in Chennai, a coastal city in India and one of the chief industrial growth canters in Indian and South Asian region. The challenges are analyzed through the city’s system analysis via land use, green cover, population, and coastal hazards. Land use and green cover changes are studied through satellite images using ArcGIS and assessing coastal risks due to sea-level rise through GIS-based inundation model. There are drastic changes in land-use patterns; the green cover had reduced much, including agricultural and forest cover due to rapid urbanization. The land use has changed to 59.6% of the reduction in agriculture land, nearly 40% reduction in forest land, and 47% of the wetland over time. The observed mean sea level trend for Chennai is + 0.55 mm/year from 1916 to 2015 and the area of 21.75 sq. km is under the threat of inundation to 0.5m sea-level rise. The population growth, drastic changes in land use pattern, green cover reduction, and inundation due to sea-level rise increase the city's risks to climate change. There is a need to ensure that future land-use developments do not worsen the current climate risk level, either through influencing the hazards themselves or affecting the urban system's future vulnerability and adaptive capacity. The study also urges the zone level adaptation strategies to ensure the resilience of the city.
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Lecce, Amelia, and Paola Aiello. "For Inclusive and Sustainable Education: The Profile of the Educator and Pedagogist in Italy." ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 7, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.7-4-4.
Abstract:
The changes that have characterized contemporary complex societies and the need to affirm the values of social inclusion have led the Italian educational policy makers to debate on the professional quality within the educational field, to study its changes and its social impact. This debate has gradually led to a redefinition of the professional profile of the educator and the pedagogist giving rise to a legislative provision aiming at recognizing, regulating and protecting these professionals. According to this law, in particular, the socio-pedagogical educator and the pedagogist are required to have specific competences that could promote inclusive and sustainable educational actions. The present theoretical argumentative paper aims at presenting a synthesis of the long debate that led to the approval of Law 205/17 in Italy, involving policy makers and Italian scholars and academics in the redefinition of the educational professions. Specifically, it aims at highlighting the rational and the characteristics of the context which have supported the long legislative process within a conceptual dimension that considers inclusive education as an unavoidable framework for social sustainability. Keywords: inclusive education, sustainable education, educator and pedagogist, Italy
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Encarnação, Sara, Fernando P. Santos, Francisco C. Santos, Vered Blass, Jorge M. Pacheco, and Juval Portugali. "Paradigm shifts and the interplay between state, business and civil sectors." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 12 (December 2016): 160753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160753.
Abstract:
The recent rise of the civil sector as a main player of socio-political actions, next to public and private sectors, has largely increased the complexity underlying the interplay between different sectors of our society. From urban planning to global governance, analysis of these complex interactions requires new mathematical and computational approaches. Here, we develop a novel framework, grounded on evolutionary game theory, to envisage situations in which each of these sectors is confronted with the dilemma of deciding between maintaining a status quo scenario or shifting towards a new paradigm. We consider multisector conflicts regarding environmentally friendly policies as an example of application, but the framework developed here has a considerably broader scope. We show that the public sector is crucial in initiating the shift, and determine explicitly under which conditions the civil sector—reflecting the emergent reality of civil society organizations playing an active role in modern societies—may influence the decision-making processes accruing to other sectors, while fostering new routes towards a paradigm shift of the society as a whole. Our results are shown to be robust to a wide variety of assumptions and model parametrizations.
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Iradiel, Paulino. "De “hija de la pestilencia” a “Oro blanco” de la economía. Ganadería, lana y especialización regional en el espacio nororiental ibérico (siglos XIV-XV)." a. LXIII, n. 1, giugno 2023, no. 156 (March 4, 2024): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/0557-1359/2024.2360.
Abstract:
Resumen La gestión de los espacios naturales de montaña en una amplia región desde Cataluña a Castilla oriental produjo un sistema económico determinado por la ganadería e impulsado por la monarquía, los señores y las comunidades rurales. La Gran Crisis no creó la oveja merina pero favoreció la compleja transición de un régimen de cultivos intensivos cerealistas a un régimen extensivo de componente ganadero. La consecuencia fue la creación de un modelo de producción e intercambio, con fuerte participación de mercaderes italianos, que fueron dos de las creaciones más originales de estas sociedades medievales ibéricas. Abstract The management of natural mountain areas in a vast region spanning from Catalonia to eastern Castile led to the development of an economic system determined by livestock farming and driven by the monarchy, the lords, and the rural communities. The Great Crisis did not give rise to the Merino sheep, but it favoured the complex transition from a regime of intensive cereal crops to an extensive regime with a livestock component. The consequence was the creation of a unique model of production and exchange, with the strong participation of Italian merchants, two of the most original creations of these medieval Iberian societies.
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A. Kuandyk and G. K. Sarsikeeva. "AN INTRODUCTION TO ANTI-COLONIALISM IN BRITISH AND KAZAKH LITERATURE." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Philology series, no. 4,2023 (December 29, 2023): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/stvd2758.
Abstract:
This research examines anti-colonialism in literature, exploring its significance and representation in diverse contexts. Employing a qualitative approach, the study conducts an extensive literature review, encompassing academic literature, books, and critical essays. Thematic analysis identifies key motifs of anti-colonial resistance in literary works from various traditions. Anti-colonialism emerges as a powerful phenomenon in literature, reflecting the collective opposition of peoples against colonial oppression. Literature serves as a medium to express the experiences of colonized peoples, challenging dominant colonial narratives, and fostering discussions on historical injustices and human rights in postcolonial societies. The article recognizes anti-colonialism as a complex historical process shaped by unique regional experiences and colonial legacies. Literary works offer valuable insights into diverse perspectives and experiences during the colonial era, portraying multifaceted views of colonial attitudes and responses. The impact of anti-colonial literature has been profound, inspiring struggles for independence and self-determination. Analyzing anti-colonial themes provides valuable insights into power dynamics, resistance, and the enduring consequences of colonialism in contemporary societies. The study emphasizes the relevance of anti-colonial and postcolonial studies, shedding light on critical issues and enhancing our understanding of societal attitudes and historical processes. The research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the complexities of anti-colonial movements in literature and their enduring impact on societies worldwide.
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Karamaşa, Çağlar, Mustafa Ergün, Bayezid Gülcan, Selçuk Korucuk, Salih Memiş, and Dragan Vojinović. "Rankıng value-creatıng green approach practıces and choosıng ıdeal green marketıng strategy for logıstıcs companıes." Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/oresta20402021k.
Abstract:
The deterioration of environmental factors, economic and technological development, the formation of complexity in societies, the rise of complex structures have made the environment and green management practices more important. Especially value-creating green approaches are considered as critical components in both public and private sector applications and defined as indicators of success in terms of sustainability. On the other hand, green marketing strategies are also important practices that have a positive impact on the environment and should be carefully emphasized for the inheritance of nature to future generations. Recently, it has been on the agenda quite a lot and it is understood for all sectors.In this study, it is aimed to determine the criteria for value-creating green approach practices in logistics companies operating in the TR A1 region due to the above mentioned importance and to choose the most ideal green marketing strategy. In solving this problem, Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods, which are a complex decision-making method, have been used. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the most important criterion in value creating green approach applications as Environmental Focused Strategic Decisions (C3), and the least important criterion as Environmental Life Cycle Analysis (C2). It has been determined that the most ideal green marketing strategy is Green Innovation (A1). Accordingly the importance of the environmental based strategic decisions is revealed in terms of creating green marketing strategy for companies.
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Awal, Abdul. "The evolution of linguistic rights throughout history and the major milestones." Indonesian Journal of Advanced Research 2, no. 9 (September 29, 2023): 1317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijar.v2i9.5619.
Abstract:
The evolution of linguistic rights represents a rich and consequential trajectory in the socio-political history of human societies. Mirroring broader shifts in political power, cultural paradigms, and technological advancements, linguistic rights have increasingly been recognized as a cornerstone of human rights and social justice. This paper embarks on a historical journey to trace the major milestones in the recognition, protection, and promotion of linguistic rights. Starting from the implicit recognition in ancient and medieval societies, it highlights the complex interplay of power, culture, and language. It elucidates how languages, once perceived merely as tools of communication, gradually became symbols of cultural identity and national unity during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. The narrative then delves into the age of nationalism in the 19th century, where linguistic homogenization often resulted in the marginalization of minority languages. Concurrently, this period also sowed the seeds for a growing consciousness about the value of linguistic diversity. The paper critically examines the significant strides made in the 20th century, where international treaties and declarations explicitly acknowledged and championed linguistic rights. Here, the conversation around linguistic rights expanded to encompass dimensions of education, public administration, and more. In the 21st century, the digital age, the discourse on linguistic rights enters a new paradigm, shaped by the rise of technology and the internet. This period is marked by an increased awareness of digital linguistic divide and the potential of technology to both challenge and champion linguistic rights. Through a detailed exploration of these periods, the paper presents a holistic understanding of the development of linguistic rights. It underscores the enduring relationship between linguistic diversity, social justice, and national identity, and offers insights into the evolving global narrative on linguistic rights.
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Zeb, Shaista, Muhammad Ajmal, Sohaib Alam, and Sameena Banu. "Political Discourse Analysis of Donald Trump’s Rhetoric: A Linguistic Study of Cognition and Discursivity." World Journal of English Language 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2024): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p207.
Abstract:
To elucidate the deliberate use of Islamophobia in the political sphere, this study carefully examines Donald Trump's presidential campaign speeches using political discourse analysis (PDA). Trump’s Islamophobic position in political discourse has sparked a global discussion. His divisive political language during the 2016 elections contributed to an overall rise in incidents showing hatred for Muslims in the America by painting a poor picture of the Muslim world. The present study employs the theoretical framework of Van Dijk (1998) to examine the socio-political contexts of the discourse: participants’ insight (their goals, relevant knowledge and their belief system), group organization, power dynamics, as well as favourable and unfavourable perceptions of “us” against “them”. The purpose of the work is to highlight the processes by which Islamophobia is created, propagated, and normalised in public discourse. The nature of the current investigation involves heterogeneous techniques. It analyzes the text using PDA methods. Additionally, it computes word frequency to determine the proportion of positive to negative terms in Donald Trump's political speech. The analysis reveals that political leaders use language as a tool to serve their own political ends. This study focusses on understanding the complex interplay between language, power, and ideology in contemporary political communication. By shedding light on the pervasive influence of Islamophobia as a political strategy, it underscores the imperative of critically engaging with political discourse to challenge hegemonic narratives, and to foster all-inclusive and democratic societies. Political leaders frequently employ language as a weapon to further their agendas. This research work highlights the necessity of critically interacting with political discourse to challenge dominant narratives and promote inclusive and democratic societies by bringing to light the pervasive influence of Islamophobia as a political strategy.
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Milligan, Kathryn. "Social Smoking and French Fancies: The Dublin Art(s) Club, 1886–98." Journal of Victorian Culture 25, no. 3 (March 28, 2020): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jvcult/vcaa009.
Abstract:
Abstract ABSTRACT The Dublin Art(s) Club, which operated in the Irish capital from 1886 to 1898, offers an intriguing case study for modes of artistic networks and cultural exchange between Ireland and Britain in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. Despite this, the history of the Club has been little explored in historiography to date, often confused with other ventures by artists in the city. Examining the rise and fall of the Dublin Art(s) Club, along with its members and activities, this article retrieves its history and posits that it offers an example of an aspect of art in Ireland which was conspicuous for its cosmopolitan outlook and active engagement with the wider British art world, which then spanned across both islands. The history of the Dublin Art(s) Club poses a challenge to the extant scholarship of this period in Irish art history, which to date has been largely understood to be focused on themes of national identity, the cultural revival, and artists who left Ireland to train in Belgium and France. This article posits that by re-engaging with the activities of art clubs and societies, a more complex reading of artistic life in Victorian Dublin can emerge.