Academic literature on the topic 'Ripple force'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ripple force"
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Zhang, Hanshen, and Kyriakos Komvopoulos. "Scale-dependent nanomechanical behavior and anisotropic friction of nanotextured silicon surfaces." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 10 (October 2009): 3038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0384.
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Nanoscale surface texturing of silicon was accomplished by oblique Ar+ ion beam irradiation. Atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging showed that nanotexturing produced an anisotropic morphology consisting of ordered nanometer-sized ripples. Surface force microscope (SFM) measurements showed that the nanotextured surface exhibited scale-dependent nanomechanical behavior during indentation loading/unloading and anisotropic sliding friction, significantly different from those of the original (untextured) surface. AFM and SFM results showed a strong dependence of the nanoindentation response and friction coefficient on the tip radius and sliding direction relative to the ripple orientation. The observed experimental trends are interpreted in terms of the applied normal load, real contact area, interfacial adhesion force, tip-ripple interaction scale, and ripple orientation.
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Louf, Jean-François, Brian Chang, Javad Eshraghi, Austin Mituniewicz, Pavlos P. Vlachos, and Sunghwan Jung. "Cavity ripple dynamics after pinch-off." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 850 (July 6, 2018): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.459.
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During water entry, a projectile can entrain an air cavity that trails behind it. Most previous studies focus on the formation and pinch-off dynamics of the air cavity, but only a few have investigated the long-term cavity dynamics after pinch-off. In this study, we examine the ripple formation following the pinch-off of an air cavity generated by a cone, with different cone angles and impact velocities. The amplitude and wavelength of these ripples are measured, and the force on the cone is experimentally determined. It was observed that the ripple amplitude and wavelength increase linearly with the cone impact velocity, which is predicted by our acoustic model of the compressible air cavity. In addition, the measured force exhibits distinct amplitudes and wavelengths. By measuring the length of the cavity, the resulting pressure variation was averaged inside the air cavity leading to a theoretical force amplitude, which matched our observations. We noted that the force wavelength also follows the same acoustic model, which agrees very well with the wavelength of the ripples.
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Sun, Chuanyu, Hang Yang, Shangke Han, Hongchang Ding, Jiaqing Li, and Ning Han. "Control System Design for 16/6/8 Double-Stator Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4727917.
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The 16/6/8 double-stator bearingless switched reluctance motor (DSBSRM) is used as the object of study in this paper. To solve the problem of torque and levitation force ripples in this motor, a control system direct force control (DFC) and direct instantaneous torque control (DITC) based on the torque sharing function (TSF) are proposed. With the strong nonlinearity and approximation capability of radial basis function neural networks, the torque and levitation force observer are designed. The observed torque and levitation forces are used as feedback for the internal loop control, which is combined with the external loop control to make a double closed-loop control. In order to further improve the output torque and system robustness and suppress the torque ripple in steady-state process, the motor winding method is optimized and a set of switching angles is added on the basis of TSF. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method. It effectively suppresses speed ripple and reduces torque and levitation force fluctuations and rotor radial displacement jitter.
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Ning, Jian Rong, Cheng Yuan Wang, Jia Kuan Xia, and Li Shen. "Current Compensation Control Strategy for Reduction Normal Force Ripple of PMLSM." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 7275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.7275.
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The ripple normal force of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) can directly deteriorate the machining accuracy of ultra-precision CNC machine tool which use linear motor direct drive. First, the normal force of PMLSM was calculated using finite element method (FEM) .then, id current compensate lookup table was established by indexing iq current, gap and position of mover .In order to reduce the ripple of normal force and keep the thrust steady, PMLSM current compensation control system was realized by injecting the id current to counteract the normal force ripples using field oriented control (FOC) method. The effectiveness of this proposed method is verified by the simulation using Matlab according to the comparison between the compensation and no compensation cases.
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Lee, Y. J., T. S. Liu, Mao-Hsing Lin, and Kun-Feng Huang. "Investigation of Liquid Crystal Ripple Using Ericksen-Leslie Theory for Displays Subject to Tactile Force." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/932492.
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Liquid crystal display panels subjected to tactile force will show ripple propagation on screens. Tactile forces change tilt angles of liquid crystal molecules and alter optical transmission so as to generate ripple on screens. Based on the Ericksen-Leslie theory, this study investigates ripple propagation by dealing with tilt angles of liquid crystal molecules. Tactile force effects are taken into account to derive the molecule equation of motion for liquid crystals. Analytical results show that viscosity, tactile force, the thickness of cell gap, and Leslie viscosity coefficient lead to tilt angle variation. Tilt angle variations of PAA liquid crystal molecules are sensitive to tactile force magnitudes, while those of 5CB and MBBA with larger viscosity are not. Analytical derivation is validated by numerical results.
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Gauniyal, Rakhi, Prashant Chauhan, Priyanka Rawat, and Gunjan Purohit. "Effect of self-focused rippled laser beam on the excitation of ion acoustic wave in relativistic ponderomotive regime." Laser and Particle Beams 32, no. 4 (September 8, 2014): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000512.
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AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of self-focusing of intense Gaussian rippled laser beam in collisionless plasma by including the nonlinearity associated with the relativistic mass and the ponderomotive force and its effects on the excitation of ion acoustic wave. The growth of ripple, riding on an intense Gaussian laser beam in plasma and its coupling with ion acoustic wave has also been studied. Modified coupled equations for main laser beam, growth of laser ripple in plasma, rippled laser beam, beam width, and density perturbation associated with ion acoustic wave are derived using Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin and paraxial ray approximation. These coupled equations are solved analytically and numerically to study the laser intensity in plasma and the variation of amplitude of the ion acoustic wave for various established laser and plasma parameters. From numerical computation, it is observed that both nonlinearities significantly affected the dynamics of the growth of laser ripple in plasma, propagation of rippled laser beam as well as ion acoustic wave in plasma at high laser power flux. The growth of laser ripple increase with increase in the intensity of laser beam and due to the contribution of growth rate, intensity profile of rippled laser beam and ion acoustic wave modified accordingly.
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Ullah, Noman, Abdul Basit, Faisal Khan, Wasiq Ullah, Mohsin Shahzad, and Atif Zahid. "Enhancing Capabilities of Double Sided Linear Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machines." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 2781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102781.
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Double sided linear flux switching permanent magnet machines (DSLFSPMMs) exhibit high thrust force density, high efficiency, low cost and robust double salient secondary (stator) structures. The aforementioned unique features make DSLFSPMM suitable for long stroke applications. However, distorted flux linkage waveforms and high detent forces can exaggerate thrust force ripples and reduce their applicability in many areas. In order to enhance thrust force performance, reduce thrust force ripple ratio and total harmonic distortion (THD) of no-load flux linkages, two structure-based advancements are introduced in this work, i.e., asynchronous mover slot and stator tooth displacement technique (AMSSTDT) and the addition of an active permanent magnet end slot (APMES). Furthermore, single variable geometric optimization (SVGO) is carried out by the finite element method (FEM).
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Bogatov, Andrei, Vitali Podgursky, Taavi Raadik, Amarnath Reddy Kamjula, Thomas Hantschel, Menelaos Tsigkourakos, and Priit Kulu. "Investigation of Morphology Changes on Nanocrystalline Diamond Film Surfaces during Reciprocating Sliding against Si3N4 Balls." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.126.
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This paper investigates the morphological modifications of the nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) film surface under reciprocating sliding test conditions. The surface morphology was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We observed longitudinal grooves and transverse ripples which were formed during the sliding tests on the NCD film surface. The primary goal of the study was to understand the influence of frequency, sliding distance and load variations on the formation of ripple patterns on the wear scars surface. The morphological alteration from continuous to broken ripple shapes was observed. Our study suggests that the geometrical shape of ripples is affected by the formation of the periodic array of grooves.
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Wang, K., Z. Q. Zhu, and Robert Nilssen. "Using Third Harmonic for Shape Optimization of Flux Density Distribution in Linear Permanent-Magnet Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.359.
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This paper presents a sinusoidal permanent magnet (PM) shaping technique with third harmonic to improve the electromagnetic thrust force in linear slotless PM machines without sacrificing the thrust force ripple. Slotless PM linear machine possesses relatively low thrust force ripple due to the absence of cogging force, compared with slotted topology. However, thrust force ripple of the machine with rectangular PM shape still exists due to nonsinusoidal airgap flux density distribution produced by PMs. Sinusoidal shaping techniques can be used to reduce the thrust force ripple but the average thrust force is reduced as well. Therefore, a simple PM shaping technique with optimal 3rd harmonic is presented to improve the output thrust force but not to increase the thrust force ripple. The sinusoidal plus 3rd harmonic shaping technique is analytically demonstrated together conventional sinusoidal shaping method and verified with finite element method. The results show that the electromagnetic performance can be significantly improved.
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Peng, Rui, Yue Nan Zeng, Jian Tang, and Kang Ping Chen. "Force Ripple Suppression Research for Linear Motor Servo System Based on BP Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (October 2014): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.191.
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For the permanent magnet synchronous linear motor’s (PMSLM) force ripple, the mathematical model of detent force is established in this paper, and presents a suppression strategy based on neural network. By the designing of BP neural network force ripple observer, theoretical analysis shows can effectively restrain the force ripple. Simulation results show the correctness and validity of the suppression strategy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ripple force"
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Islam, Mohammed Rakibul. "Cogging Torque, Torque Ripple and Radial Force Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1239038005.
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Gundogmus, Omer. "SIMULTANEOUS TORQUE RIPPLE AND ACOUSTIC NOISE MITIGATION IN SWITCH RELUCTANCE MACHINES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1579790717180753.
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Lu, Wenzhe. "Modeling and control of switched reluctance machines for electro-mechanical brake systems." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123550135.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 158 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-148). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Lapôtre, Blaise. "Modélisation des moteurs auto-lévités haute vitesse à aimants permanents en vue de leur conception, alimentation et commande." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0323.
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Ce travail traite du principe des moteurs auto-lévités, réunissant la fonctionnalité de génération de couple et de forces de lévitation dans un même système. Une modélisation spectrale tenant compte des différents harmoniques spatiaux de l'induction et de leurs sources est mise en oeuvre. Les interactions des différents harmoniques spatiaux en positions centrée et décentrée, sont alors mis en évidence afin d'identifier leurs contributions à la force et à ses ondulations. Ces modèles donnent des éléments pour le dimensionnement magnétique des machines auto-lévitées. Pour contrôler cette machine, un modèle externe spécifique dédié aux machines auto-lévitées est développée. Ce modèle permet de choisir un convertisseur statique et une stratégie de commande adaptée. Pour finir, un prototype spécialement conçu a été dimensionné et construit afin de valider les principes théoriques énoncés lors de cette thèseThe thesis deals with an alternate solution mixing the functions of an electric motor and active magnetic bearing with the same device. A spectral magnetic models taking into account the different flux density harmonics and their sources are developed. The interaction of different space harmonics of the air-gap flux density is highlighted and modeled in order to evaluate their contributions to the levitation force and its ripples. These models allow the magnetic design of bearingless machines. In order to supply and control such machines, a specific lumped circuit model is developed. This study allows to design the optimal winding which minimizes the constraints on the converter. Finally, a specific prototype is designed and manufactured in order to validate theoretic results provided during this thesis
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Pina, Ortega Alejandro Jose. "Modeling and Analysis of Asymmetries in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469034099.
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Shiwakoti, Rochak. "Design and Analysis of Modular Axial Flux Switched Reluctance Motor." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2680.
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This thesis presents a new modular structure of the axial flux Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). The design consists of four stator disks with each adjacent disk rotated 30 degrees apart and four rotor disks connected to a common shaft. The proposed design aims to reduce the unwanted radial force, mitigate the torque ripple, and improve the efficiency. The modular structure distributes the radial force and torque strokes along the axial length of the motor, potentially damping the torque pulsation. In addition, the modular structure would deliver the rating power at a lower current level, reducing the overall ohmic loss. Moreover, if a fault occurs on a motor disk or its control unit, the motor would still operate through other disks, increasing the reliability of the system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed design, the magneto-static and transient performance of the motor are compared with the conventional single layer structure using 3-D Finite-Element (FE) software tool to see that the proposed motor performs better with lower torque ripple and lower radial force than a conventional single layer structure.
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Miranda, Breno Brito. "Contribuições ao projeto do motor linear a relutância variável." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2017. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/19710.
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O motor linear à relutância variável (MLRV) é uma máquina elétrica alimentada em corrente contínua, com fases excitadas numa sequência determinada. Caracterizado por operar numa ampla faixa de variação de velocidade, é utilizado em aplicações lineares que convertem energia elétrica em força e movimento de translação. A necessidade de dispositivos comutadores de corrente e um sistema de controle requer boa estimativa do perfil de indutância do motor. No entanto, uma vez que o maior entreferro dificulta o cálculo analítico, este perfil deve ser obtido através de métodos numéricos. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um motor linear do tipo fluxo longitudinal de 4 fases, destinado a mover um sistema de translação deslizante de abertura e fechamento. A robustez, a simplicidade de construção e a potência reduzida foram decisivos na escolha do tipo de máquina. A análise via elementos finitos (AEF) é aplicada a fim de determinar o desempenho, qualificado pela auto-indutância das bobinas de fase e pela capacidade de produção da força de propulsão. A AEF também é utilizada na avaliação do fator de ondulação da força (force ripple), altamente presente neste tipo de motor, além da produção de vibração e ruído acústico, decorrentes do mesmo.The linear variable reluctance motor (LVRM) is an electric machine fed by direct current with excited phases in a given sequence. Characterized by operating in a wide range of speed variation, it is used in linear applications that converts electric energy into force and translation movement. The need for current switching devices and a control system requires a good estimate of the motor’s inductance profile. However, since the larger air gap makes analytical calculation difficult, this profile must be obtained by numerical methods. In this context, this work presents a linear motor of the 4 phase transverse flow type designed to move a sliding translation system of opening and closing. Robustness, simplicity of construction and reduced power are decisive in the choice of machine type. The finite element analysis (FEA) is applied in order to determine the performance, qualified by the self-inductance of phase coils and the propulsion force production capacity. The FEA is also used in the evaluation of the force ripple factor, highly present in this type of motor, besides the production of vibration and acoustic noise arising from ripple factor.
Dissertação (Mestrado)
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Naik, Pratin J., Ganesh K. Seeniraj, and Ram S. Chandran. "A study into forces and moments acting on the swash plate of an axial piston pump using a novel approach to reduce pressure and flow pulsations." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71105.
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In hydraulic pumps, typically in axial piston pumps, reduction of pressure and flow ripples was attempted by providing relief grooves and pre-compression for noise reduction. Pre-compression is normally achieved by using the dead space between pump ports in the valve plate. Also valve plate profile modification is required, if system operating conditions such as pump output pressure and flowrate change, to maintain optimum operating conditions for reduced pressure/flow ripple. An earlier simulation study confirmed effectiveness of varying dead centre position to reduce pressure and flow ripples. A specifically designed mechanism, outlined in the earlier work, achieves this goal by varying the dead centre position of the pump swash plate. This study reports on the findings of the effect of varying dead centre position and groove configurations on forces and moments acting on the swash plate for various operating conditions. The simulation model cited in the earlier work was used in this study. This information is vital for the design of an actuating mechanism to vary dead centre position of a pump valve plate. These simulations were run using MATLAB/Simulink and S-functions. Results of this study are promising.
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Belhadi, M'hamed. "Étude de machines à réluctance variable pour une application de traction électrique : réduction des ondulations de couple et des efforts radiaux." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112185.
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Le mémoire traite de la machine à réluctance variable en proposant d'une manière simultanée et du point de vue conception des solutions à ses deux inconvénients majeurs à savoir les ondulations de couple et les efforts radiaux. Les premières se propagent le long de la chaine de transmission diminuant ainsi le confort des usagers et les deuxièmes sont à l’origine d’une nuisance sonore. Dans une première partie et en s’intéressant à une structure axiale caractérisée par une faible force radiale, un bilan sur cette structure est donc établi. En effet, une configuration à deux stators et un rotor est la plus adéquate pour éventuellement remplacer la machine radiale de référence. Cette structure axiale est comparée à cette machine de référence après avoir établi des règles de passage d’une structure à une autre. Un premier passage est effectué en gardant le même encombrement et un deuxième passage en dimensionnant la machine axiale pour satisfaire le même cahier des charges que la machine radiale. Dans une deuxième partie, le travail s’oriente vers la modification de la structure radiale de la machine de référence et son optimisation. Plusieurs modifications sont proposées dont une structure avec une cale magnétique qui est la plus performante. Des optimisations géométriques à l’aide de l’algorithme génétique sur un point de fonctionnement sont ensuite effectuées pour remédier aux deux problèmes. A la fin, un récapitulatif de plusieurs structures optimisées est proposé pour servir de référence. Le choix de la machine la plus adéquate pourra donc être effectué en faisant un compromis entre la maximisation du couple, la réduction de ses ondulations et la réduction des efforts radiauxThis report deals with switched reluctance motor by offering design solutions to the drawbacks of torque ripples and radial forces in the same time. Torque ripples reduce the user comfort and radial forces are the origin of noise. In the first part, an axial structure characterized by low radial force is analysed. Indeed, an axial configuration with two stators and one rotor is the most appropriate to replace the reference radial machine. Ones the rules of passage from one structure to another are established, the axial structure is then compared to the reference one. A first passage is made by keeping the same volume and a second one by sizing the axial machine with the same specifications as the radial one. In the second part, the work concerns the modification of radial structure of the reference machine and its optimization. Several modifications are proposed including a structure with a magnetic wedge which is the most efficient. Geometric optimization using genetic algorithm are then performed on operating points to remedy the both problems. In the end, several optimized structures are proposed. The choice of the most suitable machine can be done by making a compromise between the torque maximization, reducing its ripples and reducing radial forces
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Guillermin, Matthieu. "Etude du panache d'ablation laser femtoseconde : contrôle et optimisation des procédés." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00395196.
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Ce travail vise à accroître la compréhension et la maîtrise des processus d'ablation laser en régime femtoseconde en s'appuyant sur l'étude, en particulier spectroscopique, de l'émission optique du panache de matière ablatée par des impulsions dont on contrôle la fluence laser et la forme temporelle. Le chapitre 1 consiste en une synthèse de la bibliographie sur l'ablation en régime femtoseconde en partant de l'absorption de l'énergie optique par le système électronique, jusqu'à la thermalisation des électrons et des ions et à l'évolution thermodynamique consécutive subie par le matériau irradié. Les conséquences induites sur les produits de l'ablation et sur la formation du plasma sont abordées. L'ensemble du dispositif expérimental mis en jeu dans cette étude est présenté au chapitre 2 avec en particulier la description de la mise en forme temporelle des impulsions laser par la modulation spectrale de leur phase à partir d'un modulateur spatial de lumière. Les chapitres 3 et 4 présentent les résultats de l'étude des panaches d'ablation respectivement induits à partir de cibles d'aluminium et de laiton. Une attention particulière est portée à l'influence de la mise en forme temporelle des impulsions et plusieurs optimisations de l'interaction sont décrites. Dans le cas de l'aluminium, les données expérimentales sont confrontées aux résultats de simulations numériques afin de proposer des schémas d'interprétation du phénomène d'ablation en régime femtoseconde et de sa réponse à la mise en forme temporelle des impulsions laser. Ces études ont permis de montrer la possibilité de modifier le couplage énergétique entre les impulsions laser et la cible irradiée, d'influencer les proportions de matière éjectée sous forme liquide et sous forme atomisée, de contrôler l'état d'excitation du panache d'ablation et enfin de maîtriser la génération de micro et nanoparticules. Le chapitre 5 clôture ce travail par une analyse de la structuration périodique induite à la surface de cibles métalliques en régime femtoseconde puis en fonction de la forme temporelle employée pour le dépôt énergétique. Ce dernier chapitre permet de compléter l'étude des comportements de la matière éjectée par une exploration des structures adoptées par la matière non-ablatée.
Books on the topic "Ripple force"
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Force ripe. Trindad, W. I: Benco, 2007.
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Patrick, Wilma A. Future Force: Ever Widening Ripples. 1st Books Library, 2002.
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Gildart, Keith, Anna Gough-Yates, Sian Lincoln, Bill Osgerby, Lucy Robinson, John Street, Pete Webb, and Matthew Worley, eds. Ripped, torn and cut. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526120595.001.0001.
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Ripped, torn and cut offers a collection of original essays exploring the motivations behind – and the politics within – the multitude of fanzines that emerged in the wake of British punk from 1976. Sniffin’ Glue (1976–77), Mark Perry’s iconic punk fanzine, was but the first of many, paving the way for hundreds of home-made magazines to be cut and pasted in bedrooms across the UK. From these, glimpses into provincial cultures, teenage style wars and formative political ideas may be gleaned. An alternative history, away from the often-condescending glare of London’s media and music industry, can be formulated, drawn from such titles as Ripped & Torn, Brass Lip, City Fun, Vague, Kill Your Pet Puppy, Toxic Grafity, Hungry Beat and Hard as Nails. Here, in a pre-internet world, we see the development of networks and the dissemination of punk’s cultural impact as it fractured into myriad sub-scenes: industrial, post-punk, anarcho, Oi!, indie, goth. Ripped, torn and cut brings together academic analysis with practitioner accounts to forge a collaborative history ‘from below’. The first book of its kind, this collection reveals the contested nature of punk’s cultural politics by turning the pages of a vibrant underground press.
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Armor, David J. Forced Justice. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090123.001.0001.
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School desegregation and "forced" busing first brought people to the barricades during the 1960s and 1970s, and the idea continues to spark controversy today whenever it is proposed. A quiet rage smolders in hundreds of public school systems, where court- ordered busing plans have been in place for over twenty years. Intended to remedy the social and educational disadvantages of minorities, desegregation policy has not produced any appreciable educational gains, while its political and social costs have been considerable. Now, on the fortieth anniversary of the Supreme Court's epic decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the legal and social justifications for school desegregation are ripe for reexamination. In Forced Justice, David J. Armor explores the benefits and drawbacks of voluntary and involuntary desegregation plans, especially those in communities with "magnet" schools. He finds that voluntary plans, which let parents decide which school program is best for their children, are just as effective in attaining long-term desegregation as mandatory busing, and that these plans generate far greater community support. Armor concludes by proposing a new policy of "equity" choice, which draws upon the best features of both the desegregation and choice movements. This policy promises both improved desegregation and greater educational choices for all, especially for the disadvantaged minority children in urban systems who now have the fewest educational choices. The debate over desegregation policy and its many consequences needs to move beyond academic journals and courtrooms to a larger audience. In addition to educators and policymakers, Forced Justice will be an important book for social scientists, attorneys and specialists in civil rights issues, and all persons concerned about the state of public education.
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Matthews, Victor H. Settlement and Competition in Iron Age I Canaan. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190231149.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the forces (environmental, economic, and political) that contributed to the nearly complete transformation of the eastern Levant at the end of the Late Bronze Age, including the super-power struggles between the Egyptians and the Hittite empire for control of Syria-Palestine that consumed much of their energy during the twelfth century BCE. Of equal importance is the invasion of the region by the people collectively known as the Sea Peoples. The ripple effect of that invasion, which resulted in the establishment of Philistine city-states along the Coastal Plain, transforms Canaan and provides the opportunities for new peoples, including the Proto-Israelites, to settle in the Central Highlands. Focus here will be on the challenges faced by these new peoples as they adapt to their environmental conditions with attention given to the stories in the Book of Judges. Subsequent economic and military rivalries between the Philistine city-states and the highland peoples set the stage for the development of the Israelite monarchy.
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Sasaki, Yoshitaka. Umi o wataru Jieitai: PKO rippo to seiji kenryoku (Iwanami shinsho. Shin akaban). Iwanami Shoten, 1992.
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Ro'i, Yaacov. The Bleeding Wound. Stanford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503628748.001.0001.
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By the mid-1980s, public opinion in the USSR had begun to turn against Soviet involvement in Afghanistan: the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) had become a long, painful, and unwinnable conflict, one that Mikhail Gorbachev referred to as a “bleeding wound” in a 1986 speech. The eventual decision to withdraw Soviet troops from Afghanistan created a devastating ripple effect within Soviet society that, this book argues, became a major factor in the collapse of the Soviet Union. In this comprehensive survey of the effects of the war on Soviet society and politics, Yaacov Ro'i analyzes the opinions of Soviet citizens on a host of issues connected with the war and documents the systemic change that would occur when Soviet leadership took public opinion into account. The war and the difficulties that the returning veterans faced undermined the self-esteem and prestige of the Soviet armed forces and provided ample ammunition for media correspondents who sought to challenge the norms of the Soviet system. Through extensive analysis of Soviet newspapers and interviews conducted with Soviet war veterans and regular citizens in the early 1990s, Ro'i argues that the effects of the war precipitated processes that would reveal the inbuilt limitations of the Soviet body politic and contribute to the dissolution of the USSR by 1991.
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Cherie, D'Silva, Kashefi Elham, Wright Jo, and Leicester Domestic Violence Forum Conference, (1st : 1996 : Leicester), eds. From ripples to waves: Joining forces for change : a report on the first Leicester Domestic Violence Forum Conference held on 9th of May 1995. Leicester: Leicester Domestic Violence Forum, 1996.
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Geue, Tom, and Elena Giusti, eds. Unspoken Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913843.
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Latin literature is a hotbed of holes and erasures. Its sensitivity to politics leaves it ripe for repression of all sorts of names, places and historical events, while its dense allusivity appears to hide interpretative clues in a network of texts that only the reader's consciousness can make present. This volume showcases innovative approaches to the field of Latin literature, all of which are refracted through this prism of absence, which functions as a fundamental generative force both for the hermeneutics and the ongoing literary aftermath of these texts. Reviewing and working with various influential approaches to textual absence, the contributors to Unspoken Rome treat these texts as silent types, listening out for what they do not say, and how they do not speak, whilst also tracing the ill-defined borders within which scholars and modern authors are legitimized to fill in the silences around which they are built.
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Allen, Nicholas, Nick Groom, and Jos Smith. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0001.
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In 1967, Benoît Mandelbrot suggested a mathematical conundrum that involved answering the seemingly straightforward question, ‘How long is the coast of Britain?’1 The answer is surprisingly elusive and dependent on the scale at which one is looking. Increasing the scale unearths greater detail, time and time again, and so the answer grows the closer one looks. The problem is that any measure, at however small a scale, is forced to simplify complex ambiguities that might otherwise reveal further intricacies of their own. This was an entry-point to Mandlebrot’s writings on fractal geometry, but it also chimes with the very ecology and geomorphology of that coast itself, characteristically intricate, ambiguous, and changeable. Large-scale, ocean-facing landforms—such as capes and bays, estuaries, dunefields, and reefs—are well known to have, nestled within them, smaller and often dynamically mobile features such as longshore bars and troughs, berms and beach cusps, not to mention difficult-to-measure caves, inlets, tributaries, and salt marshes. Looking closer still are to be found the ripples, rills, and swash marks of a more minute scale; even within these are to be found the bioturbation structures of intertidal organisms: forms within forms, scales within scales, and worlds within worlds. In the way that it draws the attention down into such minute details as these, while at the same time drawing it up towards an expanse that suggests a space almost planetary in scale, the coast is a highly distinctive geographical environment. And yet it has all too often been overlooked, as if its peripheral relationship to the land has reinforced its peripheral treatment culturally....
Book chapters on the topic "Ripple force"
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"Identification and Compensation of Friction and Ripple Force." In Modeling and Control of Precision Actuators, 63–98. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15990-5.
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"Identification and Compensation of Friction and Ripple Force." In Modeling and Control of Precision Actuators, 81–116. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315216270-8.
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"“Force-Ripe”:." In Island Bodies, 123–60. University Press of Florida, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvx073vv.9.
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Farrier, Jasmine. "Lawful but Awful." In Constitutional Dysfunction on Trial, 140–46. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501702501.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter assesses whether federal courts can stop the systemic dysfunction in the separation of powers by policing every allegedly egregious instance of presidential overreach and/or force members of the House and Senate to revive institutional ambition? This book answers no, while also acknowledging the deep and broad existential crisis that has led hundreds of members to seek relief outside of the chambers' vast arsenal of existing constitutional weapons. The twelve interviews conducted for this book explored the “awful” side of congressional delegation of power and executive expansion, which are more than theoretical constitutional arguments. The human consequences of executive branch unilateralism can be tragic, with ripple effects that last decades. These points were especially prominent among members and attorneys on specific foreign policies that have destabilized governments around the world and inflicted lasting harm to innocent civilians and, some argue, long-term U.S. national security. The “lawful” perspective of these conflicts is not necessarily a defense of these policies, nor a muscular executive branch in general. Rather, federal judges cannot take on the presidency in sustained and meaningful ways without Congress's support for its own prerogatives and powers—regardless of which party is in power and where.
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Mee, Nicholas. "We’re Having a Field Day!" In The Cosmic Mystery Tour, 18–26. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0003.
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Space is permeated by fields, such as the electromagnetic field, that transmit forces between objects that are not in direct contact. This idea was first devised by Michael Faraday and its mathematical realization for the electromagnetic field was achieved by James Clerk Maxwell. Light is an electromagnetic wave that ripples through the electromagnetic field. Richard Feynman invented a diagrammatic representation of the interactions between particles that plays an important role in quantum field theory. Maxwell’s theory was the inspiration for Einstein when developing his new theory of gravity. Newton was criticized for suggesting the gravitational force acts between bodies that are not in contact. Einstein resolved this issue when he devised general relativity which is a gravitational field theory.
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Owens, Thomas. "Orrery Imaginings." In Wordsworth, Coleridge, and 'the language of the heavens', 119–46. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840862.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 looks at how Coleridge articulated the governing dynamics of the imagination in the 1810s and 1820s with persistent reference to gravity and the interaction of centripetal and centrifugal forces. This regulated his thinking about matters as big as idealist philosophy, poetics, the origins of life, and aesthetics, and as small as conversation. It shows that Coleridge used astronomical forces to understand the underlying structure of creative, philosophical, and critical activity, which he illustrated with spider-webs and ripples on the water. Texts given close attention: Biographia Literaria; The Statesman’s Manual; ‘The Theory of Life’; Marginalia; Notebooks; and the Opus Maximum.
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Krook, Mona Lena. "A Continuum of Violence." In Violence against Women in Politics, 115–24. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190088460.003.0011.
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Chapter 11 outlines competing views on defining “violence.” A minimalist conception of violence as force focuses on the deliberate infliction of physical injury, highlighting the intentions of agents committing acts of violence at single moments in time. In contrast, a more comprehensive view of violence as violation recognizes a wider range of transgressions, privileging the experiences of victims and the “ripples of violence” affecting survivors, their families, and their communities over time. The chapter argues in favor of adopting a comprehensive approach, limited not to the use of force but drawing attention to violations of personal integrity more broadly. It draws on feminist work theorizing a continuum of violence against women to highlight why identifying a more complete spectrum of violent acts is vital, as manifestations of violence not only shade into one another but also inform and reinforce one another.
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Koutsopoulos, Kostis. "From Ground to Cloud." In Handbook of Research on Educational Design and Cloud Computing in Modern Classroom Settings, 1–21. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3053-4.ch001.
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As technology has become an agent of immense change, it has forced upon the education system Cloud Computing, which in the form of School on the Cloud will have significant future ripple effects. In moving from ground (present conditions) to Cloud (future conditions), there is a need to examine the educational enhancements and the future ramifications of this technology. The description of these effects represents the goal of this chapter, by reviewing the major aspects of the future of Cloud Based Education and by presenting the approach and the results of a foresight exercise, which have led to the development of a series of future scenarios related to the future roles of the major education stakeholders.
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Koutsopoulos, Kostis. "From Ground to Cloud." In Research Anthology on Architectures, Frameworks, and Integration Strategies for Distributed and Cloud Computing, 2601–21. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5339-8.ch126.
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As technology has become an agent of immense change, it has forced upon the education system Cloud Computing, which in the form of School on the Cloud will have significant future ripple effects. In moving from ground (present conditions) to Cloud (future conditions), there is a need to examine the educational enhancements and the future ramifications of this technology. The description of these effects represents the goal of this chapter, by reviewing the major aspects of the future of Cloud Based Education and by presenting the approach and the results of a foresight exercise, which have led to the development of a series of future scenarios related to the future roles of the major education stakeholders.
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Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A. "The Paradox of Non-Reform in a Reform-Ripe Environment." In From Stagnation to Forced Adjustment, 9–30. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199327829.003.0002.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ripple force"
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Kolokythas, Gerasimos A., and Athanassios A. Dimas. "Numerical Simulation of Nonlinear Water Wave Propagation Over Rippled Bed." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37480.
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In the present study, numerical simulations of the free-surface flow, developing by the propagation of nonlinear water waves over a rippled bottom, are performed assuming that the corresponding flow is two-dimensional, incompressible and viscous. The simulations are based on the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations subject to the fully-nonlinear free-surface boundary conditions and the suitable bottom, inflow and outflow boundary conditions. The equations are properly transformed so that the computational domain becomes time-independent. For the spatial discretization, a hybrid scheme with finite-differences and Chebyshev polynomials is applied, while a fractional time-step scheme is used for the temporal discretization. A wave absorption zone is placed at the outflow region in order to efficiently minimize reflection of waves by the outflow boundary. The numerical model is validated by comparison to the analytical solution for the laminar, oscillatory, current flow which develops a uniform boundary layer over a horizontal bottom. For the propagation of finite-amplitude waves over a rigid rippled bed, the case with wavelength to water depth ratio λ/d0 = 6 and wave height to wavelength ratio H0/λ = 0.05 is considered. The ripples have parabolic shape, while their dimensions — length and height — are chosen accordingly to fit laboratory and field data. Results indicate that the wall shear stress over the ripples and the form drag forces on the ripples increase with increasing ripple height, while the corresponding friction force is insensitive to this increase. Therefore, the percentage of friction in the total drag force decreases with increasing ripple height.
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Yu, Shu-Wen, Sandipan Mishra, and Masayoshi Tomizuka. "On-Line Force Ripple Identification and Compensation in Precision Positioning of Wafer Stages." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42563.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a composite controller to reduce the effect of force ripple in a linear motor wafer stage system. The composite controller consists of two components: 1) a PID feedback controller and 2) an adaptive feedforward compensator. The feedback controller is tuned to achieve good transient response and enhanced robustness of the system. Force ripples are a major source of tracking error in linear motor precision positioning systems. An approximation of the nonlinear force ripple model can be obtained by expressing the ripple as the sum of a sequence of sinusoidal harmonics, multiplied by the motor current. The force ripple is first approximated by on-line adaptive estimation of the unknown coefficients associated with each harmonic, and then compensated with a feedforward term. Experimental results on a prototype single degree of freedom wafer stage are presented to show the performance improvement obtained by the proposed control scheme.
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M. de Andrade Jr, Khristian, Hugo E. Santos, Wellington M. Vilela,, and Geyverson T. de Paula. "Sinusoidal PWM Techniques in Rotor Pole Segmentation to Reduce Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine Torque Ripple." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1519.
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Torque ripples can cause mechanical stress in electrical machines, among otherproblems. The present paper proposes three methods to reduce these ripples in the permanent magnets synchronous machine considering rotor poles design. These methods consist in segmenting the rotor poles, with width and distances between segments obtained by SPWM techniques. The modulating wave is a sinwave which has the same frequency as the air gap flux density fundamental harmonic. Method 1 contemplates the unipolar SPWM technique, whereas methods 1 and 2 used the bipolar SWPM technique. Furthermore, the equations used to predict the cogging torque behavior are presented and verified by means of a finite element analysis. The torque ripple reduction is achieved due to the elimination of back-electromotive force harmonics and the decrease in the cogging torque peak. Method 1 has proved to be the most effective, reducing the torque ripple by 51.38% and 76.61% for the 4-pole and 8-pole machines, respectively. In addition, the magnet volume utilized has been reduced by 22.55% for the 4-pole machine, but the average torque value has been reduced by 18.7%. It is worth mentioning that the proposed methods do not require skewing to reduce the torque ripple.
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Kumagai, Takahiro, Jun-ichi Itoh, and Keisuke Kusaka. "Reduction Method of Torque Ripple, DC Current Ripple, and Radial Force Ripple with Control Flexibility of Five-Phase SRM." In 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce44975.2020.9236039.
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Zhao, Ran, and Chengying Xu. "Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Force Ripple and Friction Force for General Direct Drive Systems." In ASME 2013 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 41st North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2013-1058.
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In this paper, we present a systematic modeling method of direct drive systems. Experiments are designed to decouple and model friction and force ripple separately, which are two major sources of tracking error. Three different optimization methods, least square method, nonlinear least square method and particle swarm optimization are used for parameter optimization. The analytical form of the model makes it easy to use in engineering practices. All results are obtained and verified experimentally. The method presented in this paper can also be used to model other mechanical systems.
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Cai, Mang, Quirin Maurus, and Markus Henke. "Tubular PM machine with large force density and small force ripple for resonance operation." In 2017 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemdc.2017.8002260.
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Kusumi, Takayuki, and Eiji Hiraki. "Six-Phase Switched Reluctance Motors with Small Torque Ripple, Radial Force Ripple, DC Current Ripple, Copper Loss, and Number of Switches." In 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce47101.2021.9595642.
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Cunefare, Kenneth A., Nalin Verma, Alper Erturk, Ellen Skow, Jeremy Savor, and Martin Cacan. "Energy Harvesting From Hydraulic Pressure Fluctuations." In ASME 2012 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2012-7926.
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State-of-the-art hydraulic hose and piping systems employ integral sensor nodes for structural health monitoring in order to avoid catastrophic failures. These systems lend themselves to energy harvesting for powering sensor nodes. The foremost reason is that the power intensity of hydraulic systems is orders of magnitude higher than typical energy harvesting sources considered to date, such as wind turbulence, water flow, or vibrations of civil structures. Hydraulic systems inherently have a high energy intensity associated with the mean pressure and flow. Accompanying the mean pressure is what is termed dynamic pressure ripple caused by the action of pumps and actuators. Pressure ripple is conducive to energy harvesting as it is a deterministic source with an almost periodic time domain behavior. Pressure ripple generally increases in magnitude with the mean pressure of the system, which in turn increases the power that can be harvested. The harvested energy in hydraulic systems could enable self-powered wireless sensor nodes for applications such as energy-autonomous structural health monitoring and prognosis. An energy harvester prototype was designed for generating low-power electricity from dynamic pressure ripples. The prototype employed an axially-poled off-the-shelf piezoelectric stack. A housing isolated the stack from the hydraulic fluid while maintaining mechanical coupling to the system to allow for dynamic pressure induced deflection of the stack. The system exhibits an attractive off-resonance energy harvesting problem since the fundamental resonance of the piezoelectric stack is much higher than the frequency content of ripple. Although the energy harvester is not excited at resonance, the high energy intensity of the ripple results in significant electrical power output. The prototype provided a maximum output of 1.2 mW at 120Ω. With these results, it is clear that the energy harvester provides non-negligible power output suitable for powering sensors and other low power components. This work also presents electromechanical model simulations for predicting the piezoelectric power output in terms of the force transmitted from the pressure ripple as well as experimental characterization of the power output as a function of the force from the ripple.
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Sung, S. J., G. H. Jang, K. J. Kang, and J. Y. Song. "Effect of Additional Harmonics of Driving Current on Torque Ripple and Unbalanced Magnetic Force of the BLDC Motors With Stator and Rotor Eccentricities." In ASME 2014 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2014-6913.
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This paper investigates the characteristics of the torque ripple and UMF in the BLDC motor with stator and rotor eccentricities due to additional harmonics of the driving current. Torque ripple can be divided into cogging torque due to the interaction between poles and slots, and commutation torque ripple due to driving current. Additional harmonics of driving current affect the characteristics of torque ripple. UMF is not generated in rotational symmetric motors with respect to pole, slot and winding configurations. However, stator and rotor eccentricities of BLDC motors generate additional harmonics on cogging torque and UMF. This research theoretically and numerically investigates the effects of driving current on the torque ripple and UMF of a BLDC motor with rotor and stator eccentricities. It shows that additional harmonics of the driving current, the stator eccentricity, and the rotor eccentricity independently affect the torque ripple. It also shows that additional harmonics of the driving current generate additional harmonics in UMF if BLDC motors have the stator or rotor eccentricities.
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Shi, Wei-jia, and De-cheng Zhang. "Adaptive Robust Control of Linear Motor with Ripple Force Compensation." In 2011 Third Pacific-Asia Conference on Circuits, Communications and System (PACCS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/paccs.2011.5990177.
Full textReports on the topic "Ripple force"
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Haider, Huma. Scalability of Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Interventions: Moving Toward Wider Socio-political Change. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.080.
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Literature focusing on the aftermath of conflict in the Western Balkans, notes that many people remain focused on stereotypes and prejudices between different ethnic groups stoking fear of a return to conflict. This rapid review examines evidence focussing on various interventions that seek to promote inter-group relations that are greatly elusive in the political realm in the Western Balkan. Socio-political change requires a growing critical mass that sees the merit in progressive and conciliatory ethnic politics and is capable of side-lining divisive ethno-nationalist forces. This review provides an evidence synthesis of pathways through which micro-level, civil-society-based interventions can produce ‘ripple effects’ in society and scale up to affect larger geographic areas and macro-level socio-political outcomes. These interventions help in the provision of alternative platforms for dealing with divisive nationalism in post-conflict societies. There is need to ensure that the different players participating in reconciliation activities are able to scale up and attain broader reach to ensure efficacy and hence enabling them to become ‘multiplier of peace.’ One such way is by providing tools for activism. The involvement of key people and institutions, who are respected and play an important role in the everyday life of communities and participants is an important factor in the design and success of reconciliation initiatives. These include the youth, objective media, and journalists. The transformation of conflict identities through reconciliation-related activities is theorised as leading to the creation of peace constituencies that support non-violent approaches to conflict resolution and sustainable peace The success of reconciliation interventions largely depends on whether it contributes to redefining otherwise antagonistic identities and hostile relationships within a community or society.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/5jchdy.
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Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.
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Yilmaz, Ihsan, Raja M. Ali Saleem, Mahmoud Pargoo, Syaza Shukri, Idznursham Ismail, and Kainat Shakil. Religious Populism, Cyberspace and Digital Authoritarianism in Asia: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0001.
Full textAbstract:
Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.