Journal articles on the topic 'Riparian tree'
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Lefaan, Paskalina Th, Hans Fence Zakeus Peday, Simon Petrus Oktovianus Leatemia, Luky Sembel, and Emmanuel Manangkalangi. "Structure of Riparian Vegetation and Its Implications for The Habitat Conditions of Arfak Rainbowfish, Melanotaenia Arfakensis at The Nimbai Stream, Manokwari, West Papua." Samakia : Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan 10, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 38–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/jsapi.v10i1.258.
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Riparian vegetation has an important role in maintaining water stability, one of which is the river. This study aims to describe the structure of riparian vegetation so that its implications can be seen for the conditions of rainbow arfak habitat on the Nimbai River. The study was conducted in three forest types, namely primary riparia forest, secondary riparia forest and open riparia forest. Sample collection of riparian vegetation was carried out by purposive sampling using sample plots. Plots measuring 2 m x 2 m are used to sample seedling and understorey growth, plots measuring 5 m x 5 m for growth at the stake level, while plots measuring 10 m x 10 m and 20 m x 20 m, for growth of pole and tree levels respectively. The identification results obtained a total of 35 species of understorey and 51 tree-level plants in all three types of riparian forests. Based on the analysis of vegetation structure, it is known that the condition of primary riparia forest and secondary riparian forest still relatively supports the life of arfak rainbow fish compared to open riparian forest. Higher tree level density associated with canopy cover which has implications for the temperature of the water to be colder and less fluctuating, input larger litter into the food chain in the river, and hold suspended particles into the river. Also, the function of riparian vegetation in spawning activities, substrate attaching eggs and nursery habitat for arfak rainbow fish larvae. The results of this study indicate the importance of riparian vegetation structure on the condition of rainbow arfak fish habitat. An understanding of the structure of vegetation is also a basic information for efforts to rehabilitate this endemic fish habitat to maintain the existence of a natural population.
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Meko, David M., Irina P. Panyushkina, Leonid I. Agafonov, and Julie A. Edwards. "Impact of high flows of an Arctic river on ring widths of floodplain trees." Holocene 30, no. 6 (February 5, 2020): 789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620902217.
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The tree-ring signal for flooding along the Ob River, a large Arctic River in western Siberia, is investigated using a combination of floodplain tree-ring sites from riparian and non-riparian settings. A conceptual model is presented contrasting tree-growth responses of riparian and non-riparian trees to unusually severe flooding. A set of five riparian ( Salix and Populus) tree-ring chronologies is developed and used in combination with existing floodplain non-riparian Larix and Pinus chronologies in a binary classification tree (CT) model to classify high-flood years, defined as a Salekhard water-level gage reading in the seasonal window from May 1 to August 31 of above 470 cm for 82 or more consecutive days. Correlation and regression identifies a nonlinear relationship of riparian ring widths to discharge and flooding: higher annual discharge generally leads to higher growth, but the relationship reverses in extreme-flood years. Micrographs highlight the suppression of width and occasional distortion of cell anatomy in selected trees. CT modeling guided by cross-validation yields a CT model with a primary split on the riparian ring width and secondary split on the non-riparian ring width. The model successfully identifies four of the eight most severe high-flow years, 1934–2014. The model further identifies two years (1885 and 1914) before the start of the gaged record in 1934 as high-flow years. No appreciable difference is found in frequency of high-flow years before and after 1956, when the first major reservoirs began filling upstream of the Lower Ob. The CT modeling approach is proposed as a novel approach to dealing with nonlinearity in reconstructing flood history of Arctic rivers from tree rings.
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Erif, La Ode Muhammad, and Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan. "THE ABUNDANCE OF KARST-RIPARIAN FOREST IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF SAMPOLAWA RIVER BAUBAU, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.217.
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<p>Riparian forest is a source energy and matter for the aquatic ecosystem. The abilities of riparian forest are to control and recycle the allochthonous inputs from the upland drainage basin and the river itself. This processess are a fundamental aspect of river ecology. We studied the riparian forest in karst ecosystem setting, at the protected forest of Sampolawa headwaters river, Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi. We focussed on the structure and composition of species richness of the forest. Data were collected using quadrate methods, 20mx20m, with 4 replicates placed at each river side. Results reveal that the forest compossed of 7 growth-forms, trees, saplings, seedlings, palm, herbs, liana, and spike moss. The tree species richness of tree and sapling was 33 and 37 species in consecutively. The tree species of Sphatolobus sp., Aglaia silvestris, and Canarium asperum dominated this riparian forest. Similarly the sapling dominance were Sphatolobus sp., Aglaia sp., and Chrysophyllum lanceolatum, as well as the seedlings of Sphatolobus sp., Palaquium obovatum and Chrysophyllum lanceolatum. Thus, the Sphatolobus sp. will be the future tree. However, Anthocephalus macrophyllus saplings were not found, thus this tree was endangered. Soil nutrients of NO3, NH4, PO4, and C organic were high, which indicated that the litterfall decomposition occurred at the forest riparian floor. The Riparian forest was a primary forest and very diversed in species richnes but had low densities. All the tree, sapling, and seedling species characterized the riparian forest of karst ecosystem at the headwaters of Sampolawa River in the karst ecosystem setting.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: Anthocephalus, karst-riparian forest, headwaters</p>
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KUMAR, RAMAN, and GHAZALA SHAHABUDDIN. "Effects of biomass extraction on vegetation structure, diversity and composition of forests in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 3 (September 2005): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905002316.
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Despite the fact that tropical dry forests are being exploited on a large scale for various forest products, there has been limited evaluation of the accompanying ecological impacts. In particular, there is no information on the effects of widespread biomass extraction such as grazing and firewood collection. A study was carried out in Sariska Tiger Reserve in northern India, to investigate the effects of biomass extraction on forest vegetation composition, diversity and structure. Biomass extraction caused significant changes in forest vegetation structure and species composition in the tree layer but the extent of these changes varied across the three major vegetation types found in the Reserve. Anogeissus-dominated slope forest showed significantly lower mean canopy cover, tree density, tree basal area and height of trees in disturbed sites in comparison to undisturbed sites. Riparian forest showed lower mean canopy cover, tree basal areas and number of recorded tree species in disturbed sites. Scrub forest had lower mean canopy cover, tree basal area and tree height. There were fewer tall trees but greater number of short trees in disturbed sites of all three vegetation types. Girths of trees similarly shifted towards lower values in riparian and scrub forest. In Anogeissus-dominated forest, disturbed and undisturbed sites did not differ in proportions of trees in various girth-classes. Tree species richness was substantially lower in disturbed sites of Anogeissus-dominated and riparian forest in comparison to undisturbed sites, but was not affected by disturbance in scrub forest. Understorey species richness was higher in disturbed sites of all three vegetation types but understorey changed structurally only in Anogeissus-dominated forest. Overall tree and understorey species composition was significantly different between disturbed and undisturbed sites of Anogeissus-dominated forest, but was unchanged in scrub and riparian forest. Observed changes in vegetation structure, diversity and composition of the different vegetation types due to biomass extraction have implications for biodiversity conservation in tropical dry forest ecosystems, and need to be addressed in future forest management planning.
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Ónodi, Gábor, and Dániel Winkler. "Nest site characteristics of the Great-spotted Woodpecker in a bottomland riparian forest in the presence of invasive tree species." Ornis Hungarica 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2016-0005.
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Abstract This study was carried out in Hungary, in an old unmanaged riparian poplar-willow forest during the breeding seasons of 2014 and 2015. The occurrence of two invasive tree species, the green ash and boxelder, is significant in the study area, which influences negatively the populations of native riparian tree species in Central Europe. We studied Great-spotted Woodpecker nest sites in the presence of these invasive species. Throughout the study period, eight and twelve nesting cavity trees were mapped. Trees were recorded in 20-20 circular plots of 0.05 ha both for each mapped nest trees and random plots as well. Species, diameter at breast height and condition were recorded for each tree. Composition and diversity of nest site and random plots were compared. Distributions and preferences were calculated for nest tree use. Most of the recorded trees were invasive. Nest site plots had more native trees compared to random plots. Nest site showed higher diversity in terms of all three variables. Decayed and dead willow and white poplar hybrid trees were preferred for nesting. Diameter at breast height of nest trees was between 30-90 cm. Studies about cavity excavators in transformed habitats have high importance for nature conservation of riparian forests.
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S. Law, Bradley, Mark Chidel, and Graham Turner. "The use by wildlife of paddock trees in farmland." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000130.
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Morning and dusk watches at live and dead trees were used to systematically investigate which species of vertebrates use paddock trees within farmland proposed for the establishment of Eucalyptus plantations in northern New South Wales. Tree-watches at 108 trees were stratified on farmland as isolated, in small patches, remnant vegetation and riparian strips plus in adjacent forest. Arboreal marsupials and bats emerged from hollows in 11% and 8% of trees, respectively. Only one colonial bat roost was observed, although the marsupials Trichosurus vulpecula and Petaurus breviceps were widespread in the landscape. Two threatened species of marsupials (Petaurus norfolcensis and Phascogale tapoatafa) were observed using paddock trees on flats or slopes outside of riparian strips. Among owls, only the Southern Boobook Ninox novaeseelandiae and Barn Owl Tyto alba were observed using tree hollows on farmland. For all hollow-dependent nocturnal fauna (marsupials, bats and owls), very large tree diameter best predicted occupation of a tree-hollow (especially if <800 m from the nearest forest). In addition to providing hollows, paddock trees were used for foraging. Morning surveys revealed 35 diurnal bird species on isolated trees, although most were generalists (e.g., Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius, Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala) that were also regular visitors to non-isolated trees in remnant vegetation. More forest-dependent and forest-associated bird species were recorded in forests and riparian strips than other tree categories, reinforcing the high conservation value of riparian strips in farmland. After dark, ultrasonic detectors recorded 21 species of bat (seven threatened species) flying in close proximity to paddock trees. Relatively high levels of activity were recorded at one study location for species rarely recorded in forests (e.g., Scoteanax rueppellii). Remnant Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. amplifolia were a significant source of blossom for nectarivores and they were also associated with high bat activity, possibly because they grow on fertile soil. Recommendations on tree retention guidelines are discussed.
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Sickle, John Van, and Stanley V. Gregory. "Modeling inputs of large woody debris to streams from falling trees." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 1593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-211.
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A probabilistic model predicts means and variances of the total number and volume of large woody debris pieces falling into a stream reach per unit time. The estimates of debris input are based on the density (trees/area), tree size distribution, and tree-fall probability of the riparian stand adjacent to the reach. Distributions of volume, length, and orientation of delivered debris pieces are also predicted. The model is applied to an old-growth coniferous stand in Oregon's Cascade Mountains. Observed debris inputs from the riparian stand exceeded the inputs predicted from tree mortality rates typical of similar nonriparian stands. Debris pieces observed in the stream were generally shorter, with less volume per piece, than those predicted by the model, probably because of bole breakage during tree fall. As a second application, predicted debris inputs from riparian management zones of various widths are compared with the input expected from an unharvested stand.
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IZZATI, URFI, and HAYATI SARI HASIBUAN. "Riparian tree and bird diversity in Cisadane River, South Tangerang City, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 2 (February 17, 2019): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200241.
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Abstract. Izzati U, Hasibuan HS. 2019. Riparian tree and bird diversity in Cisadane River, South Tangerang City, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 595-603. Riparian is a riverbank area that has unique characteristics. It is a combination of terrestrial with aquatic habitats so that riparian ecosystems have high biodiversity values. Riparian is included in a protected area that is naturally designated for vegetation, but in reality, riparian areas, especially in urban areas, have a lot of conversion of land functions by humans so that it can disrupt diversity of tree and bird species. This study aims to identify the diversity of tree and bird species and the correlation between the two. Riparian length of Cisadane River, South Tangerang City is 20.15 km. The method used was plot line with size of 20 m x 20 m for tree data and line transect for bird data by systematic sampling with a random start then analyzed using Shannon Wiener index. The results obtained were found 22 tree species included in 11 families with species diversity index (H') of 2.707 and 40 bird species belonging to 25 families with species diversity index (H') of 2.794. The diversity of tree and bird species is classified as medium. The results of the analysis using the Pearson correlation between the diversity of tree with bird species obtained that there was no relationship between the two. Based on these results, riparian zones in urban areas need to be maintained and improved in quality so that the diversity of tree and bird species increases so as to create a stable ecosystem.
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Dahlström, Niklas, and Christer Nilsson. "The dynamics of coarse woody debris in boreal Swedish forests are similar between stream channels and adjacent riparian forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-015.
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Although numerous studies have focused on the dynamics of coarse woody debris (CWD) in boreal Fennoscandian forests, information on CWD in streams remains limited. To achieve a better understanding of CWD dynamics in streams we compared amounts and characteristics of CWD between streams and adjacent riparian forests in old-growth and managed forest sites, respectively. We also identified distances to the sources of CWD and evaluated these in relation to the lateral zonation of riparian trees. CWD volumes found in the stream channels were related to, but exceeded, the volumes found in the adjacent forest. In-channel volumes separated by species were better correlated with terrestrial volumes of CWD than with volumes of living trees. Tree species appeared to be zoned across the riparian zone, with slightly higher abundances of deciduous trees and lower abundances of Scots pine trees close to the stream. Similar to upland forests, riparian forests were dominated by coniferous tree species, mainly Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). These findings suggest large similarities in CWD input between streams and riparian forests and substantially slower decomposition rates in stream channels compared with those in riparian forest. The results provide an improved basis for creating reliable models of CWD supply and maintenance in streams based on knowledge of forest development and CWD dynamics in the terrestrial environment. Site productivity could potentially be used to predict CWD volumes in stream channels under pristine conditions.
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Ali, Magdi, Samar Hassan, and Abdel-Samei Shaheen. "Impact of riparian trees shade on aquatic plant abundance in conservation islands." Acta Botanica Croatica 70, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10184-010-0012-7.
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Impact of riparian trees shade on aquatic plant abundance in conservation islands Temperature, acidity, light conditions, total dissolved salts, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, submerged macrophytes and shade and sun path directions were measured at 23 sites along the River Nile banks with aAcacia nilotica growing at water's edge around the First Cataract Conservation Islands. Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton crispus were common in the shaded and unshaded zones, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spiralis were found only in the unshaded zone and Azolla filiculoides only in the shaded zone. Banks of the sites surveyed were oriented to five directions (NW, SE, NE, SW, N). There is a significant difference in both the type and density of submerged plants growing under the shade of riparian trees (Acacia nilotica) as compared to unshaded areas. Water column irradiance is the most influential variable dictating the distribution of submerged plants. The area of the shade provided by riparian trees was affected by environmental and/or plant variables. Environmental variables comprised the daily course of the exposition to sun; and plant variables included the area of the tree crown, the height of the tree and geographical position of the tree in relation to sun exposition. Trees on the west bank of the islands at the SW-NE direction have the highest shading effect. The management of tree vegetationmight control incoming solar radiation affecting submerged macrophytes.
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Komonen, Atte, Mari E. Niemi, and Kaisa Junninen. "Lakeside riparian forests support diversity of wood fungi in managed boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 10 (October 2008): 2650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-105.
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Riparian forests often have a more diverse tree species composition and more woody debris than neighboring upland forests, but little is known about their importance for the conservation of deadwood-dependent species. We studied the forest characteristics and the diversity of wood fungi (poroid Aphyllophorales) in lakeside riparian (flat and sloping topography) and upland boreal forests in eastern Finland. Riparian forests had a higher density of broadleaved trees and broadleaved debris than did upland forests. A total of 48 species of wood fungi were recorded, including eight red-listed or old-growth forest indicator species. Overall, more species and records and greater diversity were observed in the flat riparian sites than in the sloped riparian and upland sites. The mean species richness did not differ significantly among site categories, indicating greater β diversity among the flat riparian sites. Species composition was more similar between the two riparian categories than between the riparian and upland sites. Riparian sites also hosted more fungal species associated with broadleaved trees. The results show that riparian forests support the diversity of wood fungi in managed boreal forests. Diversity of deadwood-dependent organisms can be promoted by leaving wider and completely unharvested riparian buffer zones.
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Muto, Elisa A., David P. Kreutzweiser, and Paul K. Sibley. "The influence of riparian vegetation on leaf litter inputs to Boreal Shield streams: implications for partial-harvest logging in riparian reserves." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 5 (May 2009): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-017.
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Litter inputs to headwater streams were measured to characterize and describe input patterns to the streams and to quantify the relationships between leaf litter inputs and surrounding riparian characteristics in Boreal Shield forests. Our goal was to provide information on litter inputs to streams in the Boreal Shield to determine if partial-harvest logging of commercial trees within riparian reserves has the potential to cause significant changes to litter inputs. Total leaf litter comprised 87% deciduous leaves and 13% conifer needles during the June to October periods. Commercial deciduous tree species accounted for approximately 50% of total deciduous leaf litter inputs. Distance-weighted deciduous basal area was the best predictor of overstorey deciduous litter (r2 = 0.597, P = <0.001), indicating that the size, abundance, and proximity of deciduous trees to streams are important to deciduous litter inputs. Leaf litter inputs to Boreal Shield streams are strongly influenced by surrounding riparian vegetation and can be effectively predicted by stem basal area. A linear regression model based on commercial deciduous tree basal area is presented that can be useful to determine the number of trees to retain within a riparian area to maintain leaf litter inputs at or near preharvest levels.
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Shirley, Susan. "The influence of habitat diversity and structure on bird use of riparian buffer strips in coastal forests of British Columbia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-038.
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I investigated the role of habitat structure in explaining bird species richness and abundance in riparian buffer strips of old-growth coniferous forest on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Using buffer strips of varying widths and a control from undisturbed riparian forest, I tested the hypothesis that vegetation differs in buffer strips of varying width. I selected 10 summary variables to represent broad-scale vegetation attributes of riparian habitat. Deciduous tree density was higher, and shrub richness was lower in wide buffers compared with narrow buffers. I then used Akaike information criterion to examine whether vegetation structure or buffer width best explained patterns of bird richness and abundance in riparian habitats. Species richness and abundance in several foraging guilds were explained better by buffer width than by vegetation. Abundances of three bird habitat guilds: riparian specialists, forest-interior, and open-edge species, and 6 of 10 species were best explained by specific vegetation features. Differences in vegetation, particularly deciduous tree density and shrub cover, explained part of the variation in abundance of several riparian forest-dwelling species and may be useful in evaluating specific forest management practices. Because deciduous tree density is also positively correlated with buffer width, wide buffers (>100 m) may benefit not only those species associated with coniferous upland forests and forest generalists sensitive to buffer width, but also those species whose abundance is associated with deciduous trees.
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Drake, D. C., Paul J. Sheppard, and Robert J. Naiman. "Relationships between salmon abundance and tree-ring δ15N: three objective tests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 12 (December 2011): 2423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-172.
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Quantification of a relationship between salmon escapement in rivers and riparian tree-ring δ15N could allow reconstruction of prehistorical salmon abundance. Unfortunately, attempts to quantify this link have met with little success. We examined the feasibility of the approach using natural abundance of δ15N in riparian tree rings formed before and after extirpation of salmon and 15N tracer studies in a river and riparian soils. We concluded that (i) extractable (sap) N must be removed for interpretation of tree-ring δ15N because it contains up to 78% of the N in wood, is mobile, and differs from structural N in isotopic composition, (ii) no significant change in structural tree-ring δ15N was associated with salmon extirpation in a natural system, (iii) 500‰ 15NH4+ added to a stream was detected in riparian tree rings spanning at least 8 years, demonstrating interring movement of N that confounds detection of an annual signal, and (iv) addition of 28 000‰ 15NH4+ to riparian soils at a rate equaling 7.25 kg salmon·50 m–2 resulted in maximum tree-ring δ15N of ∼100‰–600‰. Thus, the calculated maximum signal possible from salmon was 0.08‰–0.43‰, which is within the range of natural variation. Evidence suggested that neither total nor structural tree-ring δ15N was useful for reconstructing salmon abundance.
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Pothasin, Pornwiwan, Stephen G. Compton, and Prasit Wangpakapattanawong. "Riparian Ficus Tree Communities: The Distribution and Abundance of Riparian Fig Trees in Northern Thailand." PLoS ONE 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2014): e108945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108945.
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Bahn, Gwon-Soo, and Byung-Chul An. "Analysis of Environmental Purification Effect of Riparian Forest with Poplar Trees for Ecological Watershed Management: A Case Study in the Floodplain of the Dam Reservoir in Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176871.
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The Total Nitrogen(T-N) and Total Phosphors(T-P) contents in the soils of three riparian forests with poplar trees were compared with the surrounding cultivated and uncultivated lands. Three key results were obtained by analyzing poplar tree volume and the T-N and T-P content in the plant body. First, in soil surveys covering 36 points, the T-N and T-P content in the riparian forests were 0.064% and 0.036%, respectively, whereas in non-riparian forests, they were 0.147% and 0.101%, respectively. The two areas had significantly different T-N and T-P values. Within the non-riparian-forest category, the T-N and T-P content in cultivated land was 0.174% and 0.103%, respectively, showing significant differences from riparian forest values. When comparing riparian forests and uncultivated land, the T-N contents were not significantly different (p > 0.113), but the T-P content of 0.095% showed a significant difference (p < 0.006). Second, the total poplar tree volumes of the riparian forest test sites 1, 2, and 3 were 466.46 m3, 171.34 m3, and 75.76 m3, respectively. The T-N and T-P accumulation per unit area was the largest in site 1, at 497.75 kg/ha and 112.73 kg/ha, respectively. The larger the tree volume, the larger the T-N and T-P accumulation in the plant body, and the lower the T-N and T-P content in the soil. Third, analyzing the T-N and T-P removal rate in relation to the environmental conditions of the riparian forests showed that site 3 had the smallest total poplar tree content, and the T-N and T-P accumulation per unit area (ha) was also relatively low at just 56% and 68% of the average value. The main causes of this outcome are thought to be the differences in environmental conditions, such as the crop cultivated before poplar planting began and the terrain. The research results verify that riparian forests with poplar trees reduced T-N and T-P content in the soils. The growth of poplar is expected to increase the removal of T-N and T-P from the soil and contribute to the reduction of various nonpoint source pollution flows into rivers and lakes and to the purification of soil in flooded areas. Therefore, riparian forests can act as a form of green infrastructure and as a system to remove nonpoint source pollution in ecological watershed management.
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Sobota, Daniel J., Stanley V. Gregory, and John Van Sickle. "Riparian tree fall directionality and modeling large wood recruitment to streams." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-022.
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Directionality of tree fall in riparian forests can strongly influence predictions of large wood recruitment to streams, yet accuracy of this model parameter has rarely been assessed with field data. We measured fall directions of 1202 riparian trees distributed among 21 stream sites across the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fall directions were oriented towards the stream at 16 sites, upstream at four sites, and not distinguishable from random at one site. Average tree fall direction across sites was correlated with valley constraint (Spearman r = 0.53; p = 0.02), but variability of fall directions was not correlated with this variable. When grouped by species (six conifers and one deciduous), individual trees exhibited stronger tendency to have fallen towards the channel on steep hillslopes (>40%) than on moderately sloped landforms (<40%). Integration of field data into an established recruitment model indicated that 1.5 to 2.4 times more large wood (by number of tree boles) would be recruited to stream reaches with steep hillslopes than to reaches with moderate side slopes or flat banks, if riparian forest conditions are assumed to be constant. We conclude that stream valley topography should be considered in models that use tree fall directions in predictions of large wood recruitment to streams.
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Curzon, Miranda T., and William S. Keeton. "Spatial characteristics of canopy disturbances in riparian old-growth hemlock – northern hardwood forests, Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-157.
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Gap dynamics in temperate, late-successional forests influence important riparian functions, including organic matter recruitment and light environments over streams. However, controls on gap dynamics specific to riparian forests are poorly understood. We hypothesized that (i) gaps are larger and more frequent nearer streams, (ii) gaps cluster at within-stand scales, and (iii) tree damage type and gap fraction vary among riparian landforms. All gaps within four 6–9 ha plots in riparian old-growth eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) – northern hardwood forest in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA, were mapped and measured. We recorded species, damage type, and diameter at breast height for gapmakers and dominant perimeter trees. Spatial distribution was assessed with Ripley’s K. Spatial autocorrelation in gap area and tree damage type were assessed using Moran’s I. Linear regression analysis defined relationships between proximity to streams and gap area and frequency. Expanded gap fraction ranged from 28.3% to 47.6%. Gaps were randomly distributed at scales ≤25 m and clustered at scales of 63–122 m. Distribution patterns were not consistent at other scales. Convergent and divergent landforms significantly influenced gap fraction, tree damage type, and species distributions. Positive correlations between convergent topography and gap area suggest an interaction between low-order riparian landforms and gap formation dynamics in late-successional forests.
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Olson, Thomas E., and Fritz L. Knopf. "Naturalization of Russian-Olive in the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.3.65.
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Abstract Since its introduction into the United States, Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) has escaped cultivation at many locations. This exotic tree is now present in every western state, especially within riparian zones. The species has high value for wildlife, but can interfere with agricultural practices and has the potential to displace native riparian trees. West. J. Appl. For. 1:65-69, July 1986.
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Dwirastina, Mirna, Etty Riani, and Agnes Puspita Sudarmo. "Riparian Tree Vegetation Diversity Salah Nama Island in Banyuasin, South Sumatera." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 13, no. 2 (September 28, 2021): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v13i2.26476.
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Highlight Research:Riparian plants play an important role in maintaining the balance of an aquatic ecosystem.The diversity of riparian aquatic plants on the island of Salah Nama BanyuasinData collection on riparian plants used the quadratic transect methodThe results showed that there were 21 types of riparian aquatic plants in 16 families.The highest composition is in the Lythraceae family, namely Sonneratia acidaAbstractRiparian plants play an important role in maintaining the balance of an aquatic ecosystem. The missing plant components from a water can cause sedimentation and change the microhabitat in these waters. The purpose of the study is to determine the diversity of riparian aquatic plants on the island of Salah Nama Banyuasin. The research was conducted in August 2016, November 2016, and January 2017 at Salah Nama Island Mariana Ilir Banyuasin 1, South Sumatra. Sampling was done by using the purposive sampling method. Determination of the sampling location used GPS (Global positioning system). Observation stations consisted of 5 sampling locations. The method of taking water plants was done in exploratory way. Data collection on riparian plants used the quadratic transect method measuring 1 m x 1 m. Samples of riparian plants were taken then wrapped with newspaper or paper and put into large plastic, labeled then taken to the testing laboratory Institute Inland fisheries and extension, Palembang. The results showed that there were 21 types of riparian aquatic plants in 16 families. The highest composition is in the Lythraceae family, namely Sonneratia acida. The diversity index of aquatic plants ranges from 1 <H'<3 in the stable condition category. Based on the results of the study, the riparian plant species that dominated the most were Sonneratia sp. The conclusion that can be drawn is that the diversity of riparian plants on the island of Salah Nama is in the medium category, the dominant riparian plants are Sonneratia sp.
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Alfaro Pinto, Alejandra, Juan J. Castillo Mont, David E. Mendieta Jiménez, Alex Guerra Noriega, Jorge Jiménez Barrios, and Andrea Clavijo McCormick. "Characterization of Riparian Tree Communities along a River Basin in the Pacific Slope of Guatemala." Forests 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070898.
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Ecosystem conservation in Mesoamerica, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, is a top priority because of the rapid loss of native vegetation due to anthropogenic activities. Riparian forests are often the only remaining preserved areas among expansive agricultural matrices. These forest remnants are essential to maintaining water quality, providing habitats for a variety of wildlife and acting as biological corridors that enable the movement and dispersal of local species. The Acomé river is located on the Pacific slope of Guatemala. This region is heavily impacted by intensive agriculture (mostly sugarcane plantations), fires and grazing. Most of this region’s original forest is now restricted to forest remnants concentrated along the riverbank. However, the botanical composition and species diversity of the riparian communities has not been characterized. This baseline information is essential to develop restoration strategies and management plans. This study aimed to characterize the riparian tree communities along the Acomé riverbank by systematically collecting herbarium specimens and photographic material for trees over 10 cm DBH (diameter at breast height). Cluster analysis was used to identify the main riparian communities, and diversity indices were calculated for each community. A total of 115 tree species were identified, belonging to 91 genera and 43 families. The cluster analysis suggested the presence of four riparian tree communities along an altitudinal gradient. Rhizophora mangle, Cecropia obtusifolia, Guazuma ulmifolia, and Brosimum costaricanum were the dominant species of the identified communities. This research will support ongoing restoration efforts and biological connectivity plans in this region.
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Gwaze, David, and Anthony Elliott. "Cavity Trees, Snags, and Overstory Density in a Riparian Forest in Northeastern Missouri." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.2.105.
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Abstract Snags and cavity trees are important for wildlife habitat, yet knowledge about their abundance and effects of forest management on these components is lacking for riparian forests. We evaluated the effects of clearcutting with reserves, basal area retention, and no harvest on snags and cavity trees in a riparian forest in northeastern Missouri. We also determined whether the established guidelines for snags and cavity trees in Missouri are being met. Preharvest results indicated that 11.3% of standing trees were snags, and 7% of live standing trees were cavity trees at this site. The proportion of snags was greater in small-diameter trees; however, the proportion of live trees with cavities increased as dbh increased. Preharvest snag density (20.6 trees/ac) and cavity trees (21.2 trees/ac) were well above the current minimum recommendations for wildlife tree retention on bottomland forests in Missouri. Following the harvest and girdling of residual trees >8 in. dbh, the abundance of snags increased, whereas cavity tree densities decreased. If the bottomland hardwood forest is going to contribute habitat of cavity tree-using wildlife, greater attention is needed to retaining cavity trees when harvesting.
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M. Fisher, Andrew, and David C. Goldney. "Use by birds of riparian vegetation in an extensively fragmented landscape." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970275.
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The bird communities of six riparian woodland sites are described and compared with those of eight terrestrial woodland sites in the Central Tablelands near Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. Riparian woodland, where still present in the Central Tablelands, is dominated by either relatively narrow strips of Casuarina cunninghamiana along stream banks or the less restricted Angophora floribunda trees associated with Eucalyptus melliodora?E. blakelyi woodlands. Four of the riparian sites were located within cleared agricultural land and two were located within a relatively large nature reserve. Bird censuses along a strip transect were conducted twice per season from spring 1993 to summer 1996. The riparian woodland communities contained within the cleared landscape of the Bathurst basin were found to support a diverse avifauna, a mix of woodland-forest and species associated with agricultural landscapes. Extensive observations of individual birds at riparian sites indicate that the tree canopy is the most widely used microhabitat stratum. While native riparian woodlands are generally degraded, their connectivity and stabilizing function (actual or potential) identifies them as a critical landscape component in maintenance or restoration programmes. Hence it is suggested that riparian strips could form the basis for rehabilitation initiatives within this landscape. Fenced plantings of endemic tree species supplemented by native understorey species could be linked with existing vegetation to enhance landscape connectivity. It is crucial that landholders become aware of the importance of riparian vegetation for nature conservation and stream stabilization. Incentives should be provided to landholders to encourage these areas to be fenced from stock in order to protect them from further degradation in a significantly disturbed ecosystem.
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France, Robert. "Land water linkages: influences of riparian deforestation on lake thermocline depth and possible consequences for cold stenotherms." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-030.
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The purpose of the present study was to determine if riparian deforestation would expose lake surfaces to stronger winds and therefore bring about deepening of thermoclines and resulting habitat losses for cold stenotherms such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Removal of protective riparian trees through wind blowdown and two wildfires was found to triple the overwater windspeeds and produce thermocline deepening in two lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area. A survey of thermal stratification patterns in 63 northwestern Ontario lakes showed that lakes around which riparian trees had been removed a decade before through either clearcutting or by a wildfire were found to have thermocline depths over 2 m deeper per unit fetch length compared with lakes surrounded by mature forests. Riparian tree removal will therefore exacerbate hypolimnion habitat losses for cold stenotherms that have already been documented to be occurring as a result of lake acidification, eutrophication, and climate warming.
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Meyer, Marc D., and Malcolm P. North. "Truffle abundance in riparian and upland mixed-conifer forest of California's southern Sierra Nevada." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-054.
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We compared the abundance, diversity, and composition of truffles in riparian and upland areas within a mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled for truffles in a single watershed over two seasons (spring and summer) and 4 years to determine whether truffles were more abundant and diverse in riparian than upland sites in old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were greater in riparian sites than in upland sites in both spring and summer samples. Species composition of truffles also was different between sites, with nine and one species found exclusively in riparian and upland sites, respectively. Distance between the center of truffle plots to logs and trees was lower and soil moisture was greater in riparian sites compared with upland sites, suggesting that log density, tree proximity, and soil moisture may influence truffle production in these habitats. Our study underscores the importance of riparian areas for truffles, a primary food source for northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) in the Sierra Nevada of California.Key words: truffles, riparian, Sierra Nevada.
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Boakye, Emmanuel, Aster Gebrekirstos, Dibi Hyppolite, Victor Barnes, Stefan Porembski, and Achim Bräuning. "Carbon Isotopes of Riparian Forests Trees in the Savannas of the Volta Sub-Basin of Ghana Reveal Contrasting Responses to Climatic and Environmental Variations." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030251.
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Stable isotopes of tree rings are frequently used as proxies in climate change studies. However, species-specific relationships between climate and tree-ring stable isotopes have not yet been studied in riparian forests in the savannas of West Africa. Four cross-dated discs, each of Afzelia africana Sm. (evergreen) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (deciduous) in the humid (HSZ) and dry (DSZ) savanna zones of the Volta basin in Ghana were selected from a larger tree-ring dataset to assess the relationships between the tree-ring carbon isotope composition (δ13C values) and climatic parameters. The atmospherically corrected δ13C values of both studied species showed that A. africana was enriched in 13C compared to A. leiocarpus. Strong correlations were found between δ13C values of A. africana and A. leiocarpus with temperature, but weak correlations with precipitation. Spatial correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between δ13C values of both tree species and Sea Surface Temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The results suggest that the carbon isotope composition of riparian trees in the Volta river basin has a potential to reconstruct climate variability and to assess tree ecological responses to climate change.
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Hammer, Chad F., and John S. Gunn. "Planting native trees to restore riparian forests increases biotic resistance to nonnative plant invasions." Invasive Plant Science and Management 14, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.11.
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AbstractNonnative invasive plant species are a major cause of ecosystem degradation and impairment of ecosystem service benefits in the United States. Forested riparian areas provide many ecosystem service benefits and are vital to maintaining water quality of streams and rivers. These systems are also vulnerable to natural disturbances and invasion by nonnative plants. We assessed whether planting native trees on disturbed riparian sites may increase biotic resistance to invasive plant establishment in central Vermont in the northeastern United States. The density (stems per square meter) of invasive stems was higher in non-planted sites (x̄ = 4.1 stems m−2) compared with planted sites (x̄ = 1.3 stems m−2). More than 90% of the invasive plants were Japanese knotweed [Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.; syn. Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.]. There were no significant differences in total stem density of native vegetation between planted and non-planted sites. Other measured response variables such as native tree regeneration, species diversity, soil properties, and soil function showed no significant differences or trends in the paired riparian study sites. The results of this case study indicate that tree planting in disturbed riparian forest areas may assist conservation efforts by minimizing the risk of invasive plant colonization.
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Douglas, Caitlin M. S., Mark Mulligan, Xavier A. Harrison, Joh R. Henschel, Nathalie Pettorelli, and Guy Cowlishaw. "Widespread dieback of riparian trees on a dammed ephemeral river and evidence of local mitigation by tributary flows." PeerJ 4 (October 27, 2016): e2622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2622.
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Ephemeral rivers act as linear oases in drylands providing key resources to people and wildlife. However, not much is known about these rivers’ sensitivities to human activities. We investigated the landscape-level determinants of riparian tree dieback along the Swakop River, a dammed ephemeral river in Namibia, focusing on the native ana tree (Faidherbia albida) and the invasive mesquite (Prosopisspp.). We surveyed over 1,900 individual trees distributed across 24 sites along a 250 km stretch of the river. General linear mixed models were used to test five hypotheses relating to three anthropogenic threats: river flow disruption from damming, human settlement and invasive species. We found widespread dieback in both tree populations: 51% mortality in ana tree, with surviving trees exhibiting 18% canopy death (median); and 26% mortality in mesquite, with surviving trees exhibiting 10% canopy death. Dieback in the ana tree was most severe where trees grew on drier stretches of the river, where tributary flow was absent and where mesquite grew more abundantly. Dieback in the mesquite, a more drought-tolerant taxon, did not show any such patterns. Our findings suggest that dieback in the ana tree is primarily driven by changes in river flow resulting from upstream dam creation and that tributary flows provide a local buffer against this loss of main channel flow. The hypothesis that the invasive mesquite may contribute to ana tree dieback was also supported. Our findings suggest that large dams along the main channels of ephemeral rivers have the ability to cause widespread mortality in downstream riparian trees. To mitigate such impacts, management might focus on the maintenance of natural tributary flows to buffer local tree populations from the disruption to main channel flow.
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Harley, Grant L., Emily K. Heyerdahl, James D. Johnston, and Diana L. Olson. "Riparian and adjacent upland forests burned synchronously during dry years in eastern Oregon (1650–1900 CE), USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 7 (2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19101.
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Riparian forests link terrestrial and freshwater communities and therefore understanding the landscape context of fire regimes in these forests is critical to fully understanding the landscape ecology. However, few direct studies of fire regimes exist for riparian forests, especially in the landscape context of adjacent upland forests or studies of long-term climate drivers of riparian forest fires. We reconstructed a low-severity fire history from tree rings in 38 1-ha riparian plots and combined them with existing fire histories from 104 adjacent upland plots to yield 2633 fire scars sampled on 454 trees. Historically (1650–1900), low-severity fires burned more frequently in upland than in riparian plots, but this difference was not significant (P=0.15). During more than half of the fire years at both sites, fires were extensive and burned synchronously in riparian and upland plots, and climate was significantly dry during these years. However, climate was not significantly dry when fires burned in only one plot type. Historically, entire riparian zones likely burned in these two study sites of the Blue Mountains during dry years. This study suggests that riparian and upland forests could be managed similarly, especially given the projected increases to fire frequency and intensity from impending climate change.
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O'Grady, Anthony P., Derek Eamus, Peter G. Cook, and Sebastien Lamontagne. "Groundwater use by riparian vegetation in the wet - dry tropics of northern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 2 (2006): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04164.
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Within Australia and globally there is considerable concern about the potential impacts of groundwater extraction on ecosystems dependent on groundwater. In this study we have combined heat pulse and isotopic techniques to assess groundwater use by riparian vegetation along the Daly River in the Northern Territory. The riparian forests of the Daly River exhibited considerable structural and floristic complexity. More than 40 tree species were recorded during vegetation surveys and these exhibited a range of leaf phonologies, implying complex patterns of water resource partitioning within the riparian forests. Water use was a function of species and season, and stand water use varied between 1.8 and 4.1 mm day–1. In general, however, water use tended to be higher in the wet season than during the dry season, reflecting the contribution to stand water use by dry-season deciduous tree species. There was a strong relationship between stand basal area and stand water use in the wet season, but the strength of this relationship was lower in the dry season. The amount of groundwater use, as determined by analysis of deuterium concentrations in xylem sap, was principally a function of position in the landscape. Trees at lower elevations, closer to the river, used more groundwater than trees higher on the levees. By using a combination of techniques we showed that riparian vegetation along the Daly River was highly groundwater dependent and that these water-use requirements need to be considered in regional management plans for groundwater.
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Boczoń, Andrzej, Michał Wróbel, and Valentyn Syniaiev. "The impact of beaver ponds on tree stand in a river valley." Journal of Water and Land Development 13a, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-010-0037-2.
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The impact of beaver ponds on tree stand in a river valley The number of beavers in Poland rapidly increases which may result in conflicts between man and beavers. Despite the fact that beaver ponds play important role in increasing of biodiversity, water retention and soil moisture, they may also cause the die out of tree stands in river valleys and lead consequently to disappearance of typical riparian forest communities. Field studies demonstrated that long term flooding inhibited tree growth. Many trees died after 2 years of flooding. Long flooding caused the death of 80% of trees.
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Zhu, Lijun, Zhengqiao Liao, Lei Liu, and Baoguo Du. "Effects of Extreme Drought and Heat Events on Leaf Metabolome of Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) Growing at Neighboring Sites with Different Water Availability." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010151.
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Riparian tree species are thought to be sensitive to the more frequent and intensive drought and heat events that are projected to occur in the future. However, compared to waterlogging, information about the responses of these tree species to water limitation and heat is still scare. Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a riparian tree species with significant ecological and economic importance in Europe. In the present study, we investigated the physiological responses of black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) to different water availabilities growing at neighboring sites. Compared to trees with unlimited water source, trees with a limited water source had 20% lower leaf hydration, 39% less H2O2 contents, and 34% lower dehydroascorbate reductase activities. Concurrent with dramatically accumulated glutathione and phenolic compounds, leaf glutathione contents were two times higher in trees with limited water than in trees with sufficient water. Limited water availability also resulted in increased abundances of sugars, sugar acids, and polyols. Serine, alanine, as well as soluble protein related to nitrogen metabolism were also accumulated under limited water conditions. In contrast to sulfate, leaf phosphate contents were significantly increased under limited water. No significant effects of water conditions on malondialdehyde and ascorbate contents and fatty acid abundances were observed. The present study improves our understanding of the physiological responses of black alder to different water conditions. Our findings highlight this riparian species is at least to some extent resistant to future drought with a well-regulated system including antioxidative and metabolic processes and its potential as an admixture candidate for afforestation in either water-logged or dry areas, particularly in nitrogen limited habitats.
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Schindler, Thomas, Katerina Machacova, Ülo Mander, Jordi Escuer-Gatius, and Kaido Soosaar. "Diurnal Tree Stem CH4 and N2O Flux Dynamics from a Riparian Alder Forest." Forests 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070863.
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Tree stems play an important role in forest methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux dynamics. Our paper aimed to determine the unknown diurnal variability of CH4 and N2O exchange in grey alder tree stems. The gas fluxes in tree stems and adjacent soil were measured using manual static and dynamic chamber systems with gas chromatographic and laser-spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The alder trees were predominant emitters of CH4 and N2O; however, N2O emission from stems was negligible. The soil mainly emitted N2O into the atmosphere and was both a source and sink of CH4, depending on environmental conditions. Neither the tree stems nor the riparian forest soil showed significant differences in their CH4 and N2O fluxes between the daytime and nighttime, independently of the exchange rates. In contrast to several previous studies revealing a diurnal variability of greenhouse gas fluxes from tree stems, our investigation did not show any clear daytime–nighttime differences. On the other hand, we found quite clear seasonal dynamics initiated by changing environmental conditions, such as temperature and soil water conditions and tree physiological activity. Our results imply a transport role of tree stems for soil-produced CH4 and N2O rather than the production of these gases in tree tissues, even though this cannot be excluded.
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Carver, Andrew D., Scott D. Danskin, James J. Zaczek, Jean C. Mangun, and Karl W. J. Williard. "A GIS Methodology for Generating Riparian Tree Planting Recommendations." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.2.100.
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a method for determining optimal planting recommendations for bottomlands and riparian buffer strips within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. The specific objective of this study was the development of a decision support model to generate riparian tree-planting recommendations based on site characteristics. Unlike previous research, this study enhances the usefulness of conventional site evaluation guides by incorporating digital soil surveys and other spatial data at a level of detail and automation previously unavailable. Research was conducted in the Cypress Creek Quadrangle, southern Illinois, and planting recommendations were generated for eight bottomland hardwood species. Model results were consistent with accepted silvicultural recommendations. Species were consistently placed within sites most suitable for each individual's requirements, and as a result, model recommendations should produce riparian forests optimizing growth potential. By adopting this approach, more productive forest cover could be established while concurrently reducing costs associated with on-site evaluations.
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Roon, David A., Mark S. Wipfli, Tricia L. Wurtz, and Arny L. Blanchard. "Invasive European bird cherry (Prunus padus) reduces terrestrial prey subsidies to urban Alaskan salmon streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 11 (November 2016): 1679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0548.
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The spread of invasive species in riparian forests has the potential to affect both terrestrial and aquatic organisms linked through cross-ecosystem resource subsidies. However, this potential had not been explored in regards to terrestrial prey subsidies for stream fishes. To address this, we examined the effects of an invasive riparian tree, European bird cherry (EBC, Prunus padus), spreading along urban Alaskan salmon streams, by collecting terrestrial invertebrates present on the foliage of riparian trees, their subsidies to streams, and their consumption by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Riparian EBC supported four to six times less terrestrial invertebrate biomass on its foliage and contributed two to three times lower subsidies relative to native deciduous trees. This reduction in terrestrial invertebrate biomass was consistent between two watersheds over 2 years. In spite of this reduction in terrestrial prey resource input, juvenile coho salmon consumed similar levels of terrestrial invertebrates in stream reaches bordered by EBC. Although we did not see ecological effects extending to stream salmonids, reduced terrestrial prey subsidies to streams are likely to have negative consequences as EBC continues to spread.
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J. Taylor, R., and R. A. Chisholm. "The occurrence of hollows in eucalypts and Ironwood Erythrophleum chlorostachys in the Gulf region of the Northern Territory and its implications for timber harvesting." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 1 (2005): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050057.
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The occurrence of hollows in eucalypts and Ironwood Erythrophleum chlorostachys was examined in different habitats in Limmen National Park in the Gulf Falls and Uplands bioregion of the Northern Territory. For each tree sampled, the diameter of the trunk at breast height (DBH) and numbers of hollows in three size categories were recorded. It was found that the riparian zone had the highest density of hollows per unit land area, followed by the rocky hill zone, and then the sandy flat zone. The relationship between hollows per tree and DSH was compared for four species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis (the dominant riparian tree), Eucalyptus leucophloia (the dominant tree on rocky hills), Eucalyptus miniata (the dominant tree on sandy flats), and Ironwood. E. miniata and Ironwood were found to have fewer hollows for a given DBH. It is suggested that the low incidence of hollows in Ironwood is a result of the species' know resistance to termites. The low number of hollows per Ironwood tree, the scarcity of Ironwood in the study area, and the small size of Ironwood trees relative to most of the eucalypts resulted in very few Ironwood hollows overall. This considered, harvesting of Ironwood (a preferred timber species) in this area is unlikely to have an impact on the availability of hollows to fauna. Further research is required to clarify discrepancies with other studies, and assess whether these results apply more broadly, for instance to wetter areas with larger Ironwood trees.
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Rot, Byron W., Robert J. Naiman, and Robert E. Bilby. "Stream channel configuration, landform, and riparian forest structure in the Cascade Mountains, Washington." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-002.
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The hierarchical relationship of five key elements, valley constraint, riparian landform, riparian plant community, channel type, and channel configuration, are described for 21 sites in mature to old-growth riparian forests of the western Cascades Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Channel type (bedrock, plane-bed, and forced pool-riffle) was closely related to channel configuration (especially large woody debris (LWD) volume, density, and LWD-formed pools) at the smallest spatial scale and valley constraint at the largest. Valley constraint significantly influenced off-channel habitat (r2 = 0.71) and LWD volume within forced pool-riffle channels (r2 = 0.58). Riparian plant community composition was differentiated by four landform classes: three alluvial landforms based on height above the channel and one based on hillslope. Just above the active channel, floodplain landforms contained more deciduous stems than conifer and greater conifer basal area than deciduous. Conifers dominated other landforms. The diameter of in-channel LWD increased with the age of the riparian forest (r2 = 0.34). In old-growth forests, LWD diameter was equivalent to or greater than the average riparian tree diameter for all sites. In younger forests, the mixed relationship between LWD and riparian tree diameter may reflect a combination of LWD input from the previous old-growth stand and LWD input from the existing stand.
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Colbert, Kenneth C., David R. Larsen, and James R. Lootens. "Height-Diameter Equations for Thirteen Midwestern Bottomland Hardwood Species." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/19.4.171.
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Abstract Height-diameter equations are often used to predict the mean total tree height for trees when only diameter at breast height (dbh) is measured. Measuring dbh is much easier and is subject to less measurement error than total tree height. However, predicted heights only reflect the average height for trees of a particular diameter. In this study, we present a set of height-diameter equations for 13 riparian tree species using data obtained from bottomland hardwood forests along the Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, and Des Moines rivers. Nonlinear regression techniques were used to develop the equations. The resulting equations provide a reasonable means of predicting unknown tree heights, given dbh, for these species.
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Fernandes, Maria Rosário, Francisca C. Aguiar, Maria João Martins, Nuno Rico, Maria Teresa Ferreira, and Alexandra C. Correia. "Carbon Stock Estimations in a Mediterranean Riparian Forest: A Case Study Combining Field Data and UAV Imagery." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040376.
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This study aims to estimate the total biomass aboveground and soil carbon stocks in a Mediterranean riparian forest and identify the contribution of the different species and ecosystem compartments to the overall riparian carbon reservoir. We used a combined field and object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach, based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery, to assess C stock of three dominant riparian species. A linear discriminator was designed, based on a set of spectral variables previously selected in an optimal way, permitting the classification of the species corresponding to every object in the study area. This made it possible to estimate the area occupied by each species and its contribution to the tree aboveground biomass (AGB). Three uncertainty levels were considered, related to the trade-off between the number of unclassified and misclassified objects, leading to an error control associated with the estimated tree AGB. We found that riparian woodlands dominated by Acacia dealbata Link showed the highest average carbon stock per unit area (251 ± 90 tC ha−1) followed by Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner (162 ± 12 tC ha−1) and by Salix salviifolia Brot. (73 ± 17 tC ha−1), which are mainly related to the stem density, vegetation development and successional stage of the different stands. The woody tree compartment showed the highest inputs (79%), followed by the understory vegetation (12%) and lastly by the soil mineral layer (9%). Spectral vegetation indices developed to suppress saturation effects were consistently selected as important variables for species classification. The total tree AGB in the study area varies from 734 to 1053 tC according to the distinct levels of uncertainty. This study provided the foundations for the assessment of the riparian carbon sequestration and the economic value of the carbon stocks provided by similar Mediterranean riparian forests, a highly relevant ecosystem service for the regulation of climate change effects.
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Nagler, Pamela L., Armando Barreto-Muñoz, Ibrahima Sall, Matthew R. Lurtz, and Kamel Didan. "Riparian Plant Evapotranspiration and Consumptive Use for Selected Areas of the Little Colorado River Watershed on the Navajo Nation." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010052.
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Estimates of riparian vegetation water use are important for hydromorphological assessment, partitioning within human and natural environments, and informing environmental policy decisions. The objectives of this study were to calculate the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) (mm/day and mm/year) and derive riparian vegetation annual consumptive use (CU) in acre-feet (AF) for select riparian areas of the Little Colorado River watershed within the Navajo Nation, in northeastern Arizona, USA. This was accomplished by first estimating the riparian land cover area for trees and shrubs using a 2019 summer scene from National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) (1 m resolution), and then fusing the riparian delineation with Landsat-8 OLI (30-m) to estimate ETa for 2014–2020. We used indirect remote sensing methods based on gridded weather data, Daymet (1 km) and PRISM (4 km), and Landsat measurements of vegetation activity using the two-band Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2). Estimates of potential ET were calculated using Blaney-Criddle. Riparian ETa was quantified using the Nagler ET(EVI2) approach. Using both vector and raster estimates of tree, shrub, and total riparian area, we produced the first CU measurements for this region. Our best estimate of annual CU is 36,983 AF with a range between 31,648–41,585 AF and refines earlier projections of 25,387–46,397 AF.
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Sun, Rong, Xiaojie Luo, Xiangyu Meng, and Yan Wang. "Spatial pattern of riparian plants along stream order among mountain rivers in China." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.047.
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Abstract The streams in a watershed form a hierarchical network system. From the perspective of the river continuum, this classification system is the result of gradual increase in traffic. This study analyzed the riparian species richness, diversity and environmental factors along a six-order hierarchical mountain river in the Donghe watershed, China. A total of 34 sampling sites were sampled to study the spatial distribution of riparian plants among different stream orders. The results showed: Environmental factors among stream orders had significant differences. Among stream order, species richness showed remarkable differences. The species richness rose firstly and dropped afterwards except for tree species richness; tree species richness decreased while stream order increased. The same is true for shrub quadrat species richness. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson dominance and Pielou uniformity showed significant difference among stream orders; Shannon-Wiener diversity rose firstly then dropped afterwards. For integrated environmental factors and community characteristics, we found the changes of stream orders had a significant impact on riparian habitats and riparian vegetation. Further analysis showed that riparian vegetation experienced different types and degrees of disturbance in different stream orders. This meant that a hierarchical management strategy should be applied to riparian vegetation management.
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Sheridan, Chris D., and Thomas A. Spies. "Vegetationenvironment relationships in zero-order basins in coastal Oregon." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-165.
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Zero-order basins, where hillslope topography converges to form drainages, are common in steep, forested landscapes but we know little about their ecological structure. We used indirect gradient analysis to characterize gradients in plant species composition and cluster analysis to characterize groups of plant species associated with specific geomorphic areas. We sampled vegetation within 63 randomly selected zero-order basins in the southern Coast Range of Oregon and collected data on herb, shrub, and overstory tree cover, as well as environmental conditions. Zero-order basin overstories were similar in tree composition to both first-order riparian and upland plant assemblages, but were intermediate in tree density. Shrubs in zero-order basins included both species associated with dry upland conditions and species associated with riparian conditions. Results suggest that understory plant species composition in zero-order basins follows gradients in geomorphic and overstory conditions. Furthermore, it appears that zero-order basins have distinctive geomorphology and fluvial regimes. These distinctive features appear to support both plant species associated with riparian conditions and species associated with upland conditions. Zero-order basins represent the farthest upstream extension of riparian plant species into upland areas, increasing plant species diversity in steep, forested landscapes.
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Aubé, Mélanie. "The pre-European settlement forest composition of the Miramichi River watershed, New Brunswick, as reconstructed using witness trees from original land surveys." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 5 (May 2008): 1159–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-202.
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The goal of this investigation was to characterize the pre-European settlement forest composition of the Miramichi River watershed using witness trees to contribute to the definition of a baseline for assessing changes over time in the Acadian forest. The witness tree data were stratified by ecoregion and by ecosite, for the portions of the watershed that are in the Northern Uplands, Continental Lowlands, and Eastern Lowlands ecoregions of New Brunswick, as well as by riparian and inland forest; and pre-settlement forest composition (1787–1847) was compared with current forest composition (1998–2000). The witness tree data constitute evidence that a distinctive riparian forest existed before European settlement and that the difference between riparian and inland forest has lessened. They show that the proportions of Betula spp., Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, Ulmus americana L., and Thuja occidentalis L. have decreased; that the proportion of Acer spp. has increased and that Picea spp. and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. balsamea have maintained their overall dominance of the forest in number of individuals, and have increased it on at least 50% of the watershed area.
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Ryan, Justin G., Christine T. Fyfe, and Clive A. McAlpine. "Biomass retention and carbon stocks in integrated vegetation bands: a case study of mixed-age brigalow-eucalypt woodland in southern Queensland, Australia." Rangeland Journal 37, no. 3 (2015): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14023.
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Regrowth of native woody vegetation has the potential to provide an economically valuable source of carbon storage and other ecosystem services. There is a lack of readily applicable examples of how regrowth of forests and woodlands can be integrated with existing grazing production systems and provide soil-protection and water-retention benefits. A system of integrated vegetation bands (IVB) was applied to patchy regrowth of acacia and eucalypt vegetation in a grazed landscape of southern Queensland, Australia. Across a 39.8-ha catchment with 3–5% slope, regrowth of scattered native vegetation (18.4 ha) was surveyed and diameter at breast height and height for all woody plants were recorded. The IVB (6.3 ha) were then marked out as 25-m-wide bands set 100 m apart and offset at ~2–3% gradient to the contour line, retaining the densest/largest regrowth where possible. The data on diameter at breast height and height were analysed using allometric equations to compare aboveground biomass in the original regrowth condition (‘Original’) to that retained in the installed IVB (‘IVB-Riparian’). Estimates of aboveground biomass were calculated for the Original and IVB-Riparian and compared with three other potential regrowth-vegetation management ‘treatments’ in a desktop-modelling study. The models were designated as: (1) ‘Original’; (2) ‘Broad’ (broad-scale cleared with only a few large trees along a creek retained)’; (3) ‘Big Trees’ (only large trees >40 cm diameter at breast height retained); (4) ‘Riparian-IVB (bands of vegetation); and (5) ‘Riparian-IVB-Big Trees’ (large trees together with ‘IVB-Riparian’). In the non-forested area of the catchment, ‘Riparian-IVB-Big Trees’ (301 t), ‘Big Trees’ (249 t) and ‘Riparian-IVB’ (200 t) had the highest aboveground biomass retained, whereas ‘Broad’ resulted in the most pasture area (~33 ha) followed by ‘Riparian-IVB’ (~26 ha). The ‘Riparian-IVB’ treatment had the highest tree density within the vegetation bands and more than half (53%) of the original woody biomass in regrowth was retained on just under a quarter (23%) of the land area minimising the impact on the area of pasture/grazing land. This subsequently resulted in the ‘Riparian-IVB’ treatment having the highest carbon offset value (A$605 ha–1). The results demonstrate that the retention of native regrowth vegetation in either IVB or as large paddock trees can retain a large amount of aboveground biomass, with IVB having greater returns per hectare.
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Barker, Jerry R., Paul L. Ringold, and Michael Bollman. "Patterns of tree dominance in coniferous riparian forests." Forest Ecology and Management 166, no. 1-3 (August 2002): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00683-1.
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Kreutzweiser, David, David Nisbet, Paul Sibley, and Taylor Scarr. "Loss of ash trees in riparian forests from emerald ash borer infestations has implications for aquatic invertebrate leaf-litter consumers." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49, no. 2 (February 2019): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0283.
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Rapid loss of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees in riparian forests from an invasive insect, the emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888), could pose risk of altering organic matter inputs to water bodies that underpin many aquatic ecosystem processes. We measured the composition of riparian forests and their leaf-litter contributions to headwater streams and determined the relative palatability of ash leaves and leaves of three other common riparian trees to aquatic invertebrate leaf-litter consumers (the stonefly (Pteronarcys sp.) and the cranefly (Tipula sp.)) in laboratory microcosms and whole invertebrate communities in forest streams. Ash trees contributed, on average, 24% to riparian tree density and 20% to total litterfall. Among the four common streamside trees accounting for 65% of total litterfall, ash was the first or second most preferred food source for consumers. Leaf packs without ash decomposed at slower rates than packs containing 25%–100% ash leaves. Preferential feeding on ash leaves infers a high-quality food source selected by consumers, and this concurred with comparatively high N content and low C–N ratio of ash leaves. Aquatic invertebrate communities on leaf packs in streams differed among leaf mixtures with or without ash, although community dissimilarity was low. The loss of ash in riparian forests represents an EAB-induced reduction in a high-quality resource subsidy to organic matter consumers in streams. We discuss how this has implications for risk predictions and management response strategies.
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Bragg, Don C., and Jeffrey L. Kershner. "Sensitivity of a Riparian Large Woody Debris Recruitment Model to the Number of Contributing Banks and Tree Fall Pattern." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/19.2.117.
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Abstract Riparian large woody debris (LWD) recruitment simulations have traditionally applied a random angle of tree fall from two well-forested stream banks. We used a riparian LWD recruitment model (CWD, version 1.4) to test the validity of these assumptions. Both the number of contributing forest banks and predominant tree fall direction significantly influenced simulated riparian LWD delivery, but there was no apparent interaction between these factors. Pooled across all treatments, the average predicted 300-year cumulative LWD recruitment was 77.1 m3/100 m reach with both banks forested compared to 49.3 m3/100 m reach when only one side was timbered. Total recruitment within bank cover categories (one versus both forested) depended on the directionality of the falling stem. When only one bank was forested, the CWD model predicted the same riparian LWD recruitment for the random and CWD default tree fall patterns (∼39 m3/100 m reach), the pattern biased toward the channel yielded twice this volume, a pattern quartering toward the channel produced 64% more LWD, and the pattern paralleling the channel contributed almost 30% less than random. With both banks forested, the random, default, and quartering simulations resulted in similar delivery (about 78 m3/100 m reach), the pattern biased toward the channel contributed almost 14% more LWD, and the parallel pattern yielded 26% less. Because CWD is similar in design and operation to other riparian LWD recruitment models, it follows that any simulation of wood delivery to streams should be checked for their consistency with local forest cover and tree failure patterns. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2):117–122.
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FERREIRA, LEANDRO VALLE, DENISE A. CUNHA, PRISCILLA P. CHAVES, DARLEY C. L. MATOS, and PIA PAROLIN. "Impacts of hydroelectric dams on alluvial riparian plant communities in eastern Brazilian Amazonian." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 3 (September 2013): 1013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013000300012.
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The major rivers of the Amazon River basin and their biota are threatened by the planned construction of large hydroelectric dams that are expected to have strong impacts on floodplain plant communities. The present study presents forest inventories from three floodplain sites colonized by alluvial riparian vegetation in the Tapajós, Xingu and Tocantins River basins in eastern Amazonian. Results indicate that tree species of the highly specialized alluvial riparian vegetation are clearly distinct among the three river basins, although they are not very distinct from each other and environmental constraints are very similar. With only 6 of 74 species occurring in all three inventories, most tree and shrub species are restricted to only one of the rivers, indicating a high degree of local distribution. Different species occupy similar environmental niches, making these fragile riparian formations highly valuable. Conservation plans must consider species complementarily when decisions are made on where to place floodplain forest conservation units to avoid the irreversible loss of unique alluvial riparian vegetation biodiversity.
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Efthimiou, Georgios, Athanasios Papadopoulos, Manthos Trichias, and Eleni Andrianopoulou. "Ecological Evaluation and Sustainable Management of the Riparian Forest in Central Greece." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 78, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31174.
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The aim of this research is the ecological evaluation of the trees of a riparian peri-urban park, with measurement, inventory and processing of qualitative and quantitative variables of trees (Dendometry) in the riparian forest of the river Karpenissiotis in Central Greece. Each tree is recorded in relation to its species (structural elements) including the diameter at breast height (DBH), the height (H), the ruggedness coefficient (H/D), the height of the crown (Hk), the length of the crown (Lk), the diameter of the crown (Dk), the order of the crown, the order of vitality, the tendency of evolution, the position of the trunk, the shape of the crown, the problems in the space of the roots, the crown, pruning, insect infestations, fungi, and runoff. From the statistical analysis and processing of the measurements, assessment was made of the condition of their health and stability; and necessary measures are proposed in order to significantly improve the ecological conditions of a riparian forest. Thus, the main problems presented by the forest species of trees concerned mainly the sloping, crooked and serpentine trunks, asymmetrical crown shape, insect and fungal infestations. The riparian peri-urban plane forest studied is dominated by trees, which are classified as remaining, normally growing with long asymmetrical crowns with a moderate health status and moderate stability. For the sustainable management and sustainable development of the riparian forest, measures are proposed which are necessary for the forest protection of the trees including their health and safe growth.
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Mansouri, Ismail, Wafae Squalli, Abdelbari El Agy, Abderahim El-Hassani, Lahcen El Ghadraoui, and Mohamed Dakki. "Comparison of Nesting Features and Breeding Success of Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur between Orchards and Riparian Habitats." International Journal of Zoology 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5566398.
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The European turtle dove Streptopelia turtur breeds in both farmlands and woodlands, and it is important to explore the difference in breeding ecology of this threatened game in these two ecosystem types. This study, carried out during four years (2015–2018), compares nesting features of this species and its breeding success between apple orchards and riparian vegetation in Midelt Province, Morocco. The main result revealed that the nest placement, including nesting-tree height and nest height, is similar between orchards and riparian trees. However, the nest dimensions (big and small diameters) were larger in orchards. Correlations were variable among nest placement parameters and dimensions. On the contrary, in four breeding seasons, where 566 nests were monitored (467 in orchards and 99 in riparian sites), the average breeding success was different (57% of chicks in apple farms and 53% in riparian vegetation). Moreover, in apple orchards, clutches’ failure is due to both predation (18.89% of eggs and 10.54% of chicks) and temperature lowering (5.03% of unhatched eggs and 5.49% of dead chicks), while in riparian vegetation, the loss is due to nest desertion (21.33% of clutches) and mostly predation (33.16% of clutches).