Journal articles on the topic 'Riparian management'
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1
Goodson, J. M., A. M. Gurnell, P. G. Angold, and I. P. Morrissey. "Riparian seed banks: structure, process and implications for riparian management." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 25, no. 3 (September 2001): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330102500301.
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After a brief description of the evolution of seed bank research, this review highlights the importance of the seed bank in understanding the character and dynamics of river margins. Through a discussion of published research on wetlands in general, the lack of research focused on riparian systems is highlighted. This is followed by an evaluation of current knowledge concerning the nature and dynamics of riparian seed banks and the factors that control the erosion, transport and deposition of riparian seeds. The paper concludes by (i) indicating the complexity of the interactions that control the riparian seed bank and that require understanding if the consequences of alterations in river flow regime and riparian management are to be fully understood and (ii) identifying some major research gaps relating to interactions between fluvial processes and riparian seed banks.
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Broadmeadow, S., and T. R. Nisbet. "The effects of riparian forest management on the freshwater environment: a literature review of best management practice." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2004): 286–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-286-2004.
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Abstract. National Forests and Water Guidelines require the establishment of riparian buffers to help protect the freshwater environment from disturbance by silvicultural operations on the adjacent land. The main functions of the riparian buffer are considered to be sediment removal and erosion control, protection of water quality, moderation of shade and water temperature, maintenance of habitat structural diversity and ecological integrity, and improvement of landscape quality. This review paper assesses how these functions are affected by the design and management of the riparian forest zone, with a focus on the width of the buffer, the structure of the vegetation and species choice. It is not possible to specify a definitive riparian buffer width that will protect the freshwater environment from every potential threat. Forestry agencies usually recommend widths between 10 and 30 m. Buffer widths towards the lower end of this scale tend to protect the physical and chemical characteristics of a stream, while the maintenance of ecological integrity requires widths at the upper end. In terms of structure and species, the benefits are greatest where the riparian buffer replicates native riparian woodland with an open canopy of mixed species of varied age class. The optimum level of shade is difficult to quantify but limited work suggests that a good balance is achieved where around 50% of the stream surface is open to sunlight and the remainder covered by dappled shade. Within the management of riparian woodland there is a need to consider a stream’s sensitivity and intrinsic value. Some sites will benefit from active intervention such as thinning, coppicing or pollarding, while others will be favoured by a hands-off approach. Long-term continuity of management is important to ensure that the potential benefits to the freshwater environment are realised. Keywords: riparian woodland, riparian buffer, woodland management, freshwater environment, water quality
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Briers, R. A., and J. H. R. Gee. "Riparian forestry management and adult stream insects." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2004): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-545-2004.
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Abstract. The impacts of coniferous plantation forestry on the biology of upland streams in the UK are firmly established. Whilst benthic communities have been well studied, very little research has considered the impacts of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects, yet the essentially terrestrial adult (reproductive) phase may be important in determining the abundance and distribution of larval stages. Riparian vegetation has a potentially strong impact on survival and success of adult stages through alteration of microclimate, habitat structure and potential food sources, in addition to effects carried over from larval stages. Here, current riparian management strategies are analysed in the light of available information on the ecology of adult stream insects. On the whole, management practices appear to favour adult stream insects, although an increase in tree cover in riparian areas could be beneficial, by providing more favourable microclimatic conditions for adults. This conclusion is drawn based on rather limited information, and the need for further research into the effects of riparian forestry management on adult stream insects is highlighted. Keywords: microclimate, plantation, life history, riparian vegetation
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Goodson, J. M., A. M. Gurnell, P. G. Angold, and I. P. Morrissey. "Riparian seed banks: structure, process and implications for riparian management." Progress in Physical Geography 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913301680193797.
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Hensel, Paul R., Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, and Thomas E. Sowers. "Conflict management of riparian disputes." Political Geography 25, no. 4 (May 2006): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.11.001.
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Fitch, L., and B. W. Adams. "Can cows and fish co-exist?" Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-141.
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Our paper provides an ecological perspective on the interrelationship between livestock grazing and riparian areas through a review of topical literature. We also describe the Alberta Riparian Habitat Management Project (also known as "Cows and Fish"), and draw upon our experience to provide a perspective on future riparian management actions. Those actions should begin with an understanding that prairie landscapes evolved with herbivores, in a grazing regime timed and controlled by season and climatic fluctuations where grazing by native grazers was followed by variable rest periods. Prevailing range management principles represent an attempt to imitate the natural system and describe ecologically based grazing systems. Traditionally, range management guidelines have focused on grazing practices and impacts in upland, terrestrial rangelands, with a lack of attention devoted to riparian areas.Three decades of riparian investigation have quantified the effect unmanaged livestock grazing can have on range productivity and watershed function. We contend that suitable grazing strategies for riparian areas will be developed first by understanding the function of riparian systems and then by applying range management principles to develop riparian grazing strategies. A key step towards determining the fit of livestock grazing is an understanding of the formation of riparian systems and their ecological function. We describe riparian structure, function and process to provide linkages between livestock grazing, riparian vegetation health and stream channel dynamics. We summarize the effects of unmanaged livestock grazing on riparian habitats and fish and wildlife populations. The general conclusion is that unmanaged grazing results in overuse and degradation of riparian areas. The literature provides several options for the development of riparian grazing strategies. We provide an overview of strategies suitable for riparian areas in Southern Alberta which should maintain ecological function and sustained use. Key words: Riparian, grazing management, grazing systems, riparian grazing
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McNeish, Rachel E., M. Eric Benbow, and Ryan W. McEwan. "Removal of the Invasive Shrub, Lonicera maackii (Amur Honeysuckle), from a Headwater Stream Riparian Zone Shifts Taxonomic and Functional Composition of the Aquatic Biota." Invasive Plant Science and Management 10, no. 3 (August 4, 2017): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2017.22.
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Riparian plant invasions can result in near-monocultures along stream and river systems, prompting management agencies to target invasive species for removal as an ecological restoration strategy. Riparian plant invaders can alter resource conditions in the benthos and drive bottom-up shifts in aquatic biota. However, the influence of management activities on the structure and function of aquatic communities is not well understood. We investigated how removal of a riparian invader, Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle), influenced aquatic macroinvertebrate community functional and taxonomic diversity in a headwater stream. We hypothesized that removal of L. maackii from invaded riparia would result in (H1) increased aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, density, and diversity; (H2) a taxonomic and functional shift in community composition; and, in particular, (H3) increased functional diversity. Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled monthly from autumn 2010 to winter 2013 in headwater stream riffles with a dense riparian L. maackii invasion and those where L. maackii had been experimentally removed. We found macroinvertebrate density was significantly higher in the L. maackii removal reach (P<0.05) and that macroinvertebrate community structure and functional trait presence was distinct between stream reaches and across seasons (P<0.05). The removal reach exhibited greater functional richness during spring and summer and had more unique functionally relevant taxa (20% and 85%) compared with the L. maackii reach (5% and 75%) during summer and autumn seasons. Our results suggest bottom-up processes link restoration activities in the riparian corridor and aquatic biota through alterations of functional composition in the benthic community.
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Hoover, Trent M., Xavier Pinto, and John S. Richardson. "Riparian canopy type, management history, and successional stage control fluxes of plant litter to streams." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 7 (July 2011): 1394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-067.
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The food webs of forest stream ecosystems are based primarily on cross-boundary flows of terrestrial plant litter (PL). As such, changes in the composition of riparian forest canopies can alter flows of PL, affecting the ecosystem functioning of adjacent streams. We measured seasonal changes in PL fluxes to 20 small streams flowing through temperate rain forests in southwestern British Columbia to determine how riparian forest type and riparian management history influence resource availability in these systems. Differences in PL fluxes among the four riparian forest types studied were most pronounced in the summer, when PL fluxes from clearcuts < riparian reserve strips and coniferous forests, and PL fluxes from deciduous-dominated forests < riparian reserve strips. PL fluxes also varied among seasons (spring < summer < autumn). Fluxes were similar in riparian reserve strips and coniferous forests of similar age, indicating that reserve strips maintain this crucial ecosystem process. Clearcutting of riparian forests dramatically increased light availability while reducing leaf litter inputs; these effects, however, lasted only a few years. As riparian forest stand age increased, inputs shifted from broadleaf to coniferous inputs, indicating a possible long-term decrease in the lability of the leaf litter resources available to stream consumers.
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Tiegs, Scott. "Ecology and Management of Riparian Ecosystems." Ecology 87, no. 2 (February 2006): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[529:eamore]2.0.co;2.
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Herron, N. F., and P. B. Hairsine. "A scheme for evaluating the effectiveness of riparian zones in reducing overland flow to streams." Soil Research 36, no. 4 (1998): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96098.
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Two time-independent equations are developed to assess the effectiveness of riparian zones in reducing overland flow to streams for events in which the time-scale of subsurface water redistribution exceeds that of the rainfall event. In one equation, the effectiveness of the riparian area is limited by the storage capacity of its soils, while in the other equation, the infiltration rate determines the buffer’s effectiveness. Riparian zone widths, expressed as a proportion of total hillslope length, are calculated for a number of different climate, antecedent moisture, and management scenarios for hillslopes of varying topographic convergence. A riparian zone width not exceeding 20% of total hillslope length is proposed as a practical management option in this paper. Riparian zone widths that fall within these bounds are predicted for areas where both the hillslopes and riparian areas are in good condition. Where conditions in either area are degraded, disproportionately large riparian buffer widths are predicted. The results suggest that land management initiatives need to be directed at the catchment as a whole if riparian buffers of realistic widths are to be effective.
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Peprah, Kenneth, Raymond Aabeyir, and Paul Kwame Nkegbe. "Ecosystem-based management of riparian forest resources: a five-year participatory forest management plan for Volta River in Nandom Municipality, Ghana." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2022.101.3921.
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<p> </p><p>The combination of water and land ecosystems as found in riparian areas offers valuable ecosystem resources, in dryland areas. The aim of this paper was to draw a management plan for the utilisation, and protection of the riparian forests or woodlands along the Black Volta River in Nandom Municipality. An exploratory research design was used together with quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey of 75 respondents from 10 communities, 10 key informant interviews, and five focus group discussions in five communities were used to collect primary data. Satellite images for 2001 and 2014 were sourced from USGS site. The results revealed that riparian forest loss was 6.4% over 13 years. There was an increase in bare area by 10.6% over the same period. The study identified 49 plant resources, 14 wildlife resources, and 25 halieutic resources. A five-year management plan was developed with community participation; the implementation of which would engender sustainability of the riparian ecosystem. </p>
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Zobrist, Kevin W., and Bruce R. Lippke. "Economic Costs of Different Riparian Management Regulations in the Pacific Northwest." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.1.36.
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Abstract Riparian management is an important consideration for sustainable wood production in the Pacific Northwest. Western Washington and Oregon have similar riparian management issues but different regulatory prescriptions. Application of these prescriptions to a sample of 10 small private ownerships illustrate some of the economic differences of each state's approach. Economic costs tend to be higher in Washington but can be significant in both states. Lower cost strategies through alternate plans may be important for protecting riparian habitat while ensuring the long-term economic viability of forestry in the region.
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Jayasuriya, Maneesha T., René H. Germain, and John C. Stella. "Applying the “Goldilocks Rule” to Riparian Buffer Widths for Forested Headwater Streams across the Contiguous U.S.—How Much Is “Just Right”?" Forests 13, no. 9 (September 17, 2022): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091509.
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Delineating riparian management zones (RMZ) around streams to protect riparian ecological functions is critical during forest management. This study compared the area dedicated to RMZ using the USFS functional-based riparian buffer approach versus individual state-defined riparian buffer allocation strategies along headwater streams across 17 states within the US. The USFS method uses a variable-width riparian buffer that seeks to capture the functions of a riparian area. Our study sought to contrast this USFS method with various state-defined RMZ guidelines. The functional approach delineated the highest percentages of the watershed area around headwater streams in most watersheds, sometimes >20% of forestland, whereas state RMZ guidelines delineated <10% of forestland around headwater streams in many watersheds. Although many state guidelines failed to identify the variable widths of functional riparian areas, some watersheds in the Great Lakes states over-allocated forestland as riparian when compared to a functional riparian delineation. The topographic and forest composition differences observed across the study area were not represented by their respective state RMZ guidelines, and these variables strongly influence the delineation of a functional RMZ.
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Forio, Marie Anne Eurie, Niels De Troyer, Koen Lock, Felix Witing, Lotte Baert, Nancy De Saeyer, Geta Rîșnoveanu, et al. "Small Patches of Riparian Woody Vegetation Enhance Biodiversity of Invertebrates." Water 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113070.
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Patches of riparian woody vegetation potentially help mitigate environmental impacts of agriculture and safeguard biodiversity. We investigated the effects of riparian forest on invertebrate diversity in coupled stream-riparian networks using a case study in the Zwalm river basin (Flanders, Belgium). Agriculture is one of the main pressures in the basin and riparian forest is limited to a number of isolated patches. Our 32 study sites comprised nine unshaded “unbuffered” sites which were paired with nine shaded “buffered” sites on the same stream reach, along with five ‘least-disturbed’ sites and nine downstream sites. We sampled water chemistry, habitat characteristics and stream and riparian invertebrates (carabid beetles and spiders) at each site. Three methods were used to quantify riparian attributes at different spatial scales: a visually-assessed qualitative index, quantitative estimates of habitat categories in six rectangular plots (10 × 5 m) and geographic information system (GIS)-derived land cover data. We investigated relationships between invertebrates and riparian attributes at different scales with linear regression and redundancy analyses. Spiders and carabids were most associated with local riparian attributes. In contrast, aquatic macroinvertebrates were strongly influenced by the extent of riparian vegetation in a riparian band upstream (100–300 m). These findings demonstrate the value of quantifying GIS-based metrics of riparian cover over larger spatial scales into assessments of the efficacy of riparian management as a complement to more detailed local scale riparian assessments in situ. Our findings highlight the value of even small patches of riparian vegetation in an otherwise extensively disturbed landscape in supporting biodiversity of both terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates and emphasize the need to consider multiple spatial scales in riparian management strategies which aim to mitigate human impacts on biodiversity in stream-riparian networks.
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Dieterich, Michael, Thomas Woodcock, Kenneth Adams, and Timothy Mihuc. "Indirect Effects of Forest Management on Riparian Zone Characteristics in the Adirondack Uplands of New York." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.4.273.
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Abstract Riparian zones are transitional areas between streams and adjacent terrestrial habitats, and they typically have vegetation communities distinct from both. To identify possible effects of forest management within a watershed on riparian plant community structure and riparian zone width,understory vegetation was sampled in three managed and three unmanaged (Forest Preserve) watersheds (250ߝ550 ha) in the Adirondack Park, New York, at three lateral distances (2, 7, and 12 m) from the stream (n = 6). Abundance of herbs was greater at Preserve sites, althoughrichness was not affected by land use. Abundance and richness both decreased with distance from the stream within each land use type, and this decrease was less steep at Forest Preserve sites. Abundance of saplings was greater under management, and saplings did not respond to distance fromthe channel. Binary discriminant analysis demonstrated differences in herb community composition between land uses, although this difference decreased with increasing proximity to the channel. Although none of the riparian areas in this study have been directly logged, this study shows thatindirect effects of management in a watershed (e.g., increased light and evapotranspiration) can alter the riparian herbaceous community, increase the density of saplings, and narrow the riparian zone of small upland streams. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):273–279.
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Rohde, Melissa M., John C. Stella, Dar A. Roberts, and Michael Bliss Singer. "Groundwater dependence of riparian woodlands and the disrupting effect of anthropogenically altered streamflow." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 25 (June 14, 2021): e2026453118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026453118.
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Riparian ecosystems fundamentally depend on groundwater, especially in dryland regions, yet their water requirements and sources are rarely considered in water resource management decisions. Until recently, technological limitations and data gaps have hindered assessment of groundwater influences on riparian ecosystem health at the spatial and temporal scales relevant to policy and management. Here, we analyze Sentinel-2–derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; n = 5,335,472 observations), field-based groundwater elevation (n = 32,051 observations), and streamflow alteration data for riparian woodland communities (n = 22,153 polygons) over a 5-y period (2015 to 2020) across California. We find that riparian woodlands exhibit a stress response to deeper groundwater, as evidenced by concurrent declines in greenness represented by NDVI. Furthermore, we find greater seasonal coupling of canopy greenness to groundwater for vegetation along streams with natural flow regimes in comparison with anthropogenically altered streams, particularly in the most water-limited regions. These patterns suggest that many riparian woodlands in California are subsidized by water management practices. Riparian woodland communities rely on naturally variable groundwater and streamflow components to sustain key ecological processes, such as recruitment and succession. Altered flow regimes, which stabilize streamflow throughout the year and artificially enhance water supplies to riparian vegetation in the dry season, disrupt the seasonal cycles of abiotic drivers to which these Mediterranean forests are adapted. Consequently, our analysis suggests that many riparian ecosystems have become reliant on anthropogenically altered flow regimes, making them more vulnerable and less resilient to rapid hydrologic change, potentially leading to future riparian forest loss across increasingly stressed dryland regions.
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Lee, Junga, Byoung-Suk Kweon, Christopher D. Ellis, and Sang-Woo Lee. "Assessing the Social Value of Ecosystem Services for Resilient Riparian Greenway Planning and Management in an Urban Community." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093261.
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Ecosystem services depend on the interrelation between people and the environment, and people are increasingly recognizing the social value of ecosystem services. Based on humans needs related to the values of ecosystem services, riparian greenways, properly planned and managed for resiliency, could provide great opportunities for social ecological change and transformation toward sustainability. We focus on the ecosystem service values of such greenways based on resilience in urban communities. The purpose of this study is to assess the social value of ecosystem services for resilient riparian greenway planning and management based on a survey of residents living near the Yangjaecheon riparian greenway in Gwacheon, South Korea. First, cluster analysis was performed with data from 485 completed surveys to identify different groups of respondents. Importance-performance analysis (IPA) was then applied to develop planning and management guidance for the riparian greenway based on group characteristics. Two distinct groups were identified: the Strong Social Value of Ecosystem Services group and the Neutral Social Value of Ecosystem Services group. Different distributions were found between the two groups based on gender and residency period, and significant differences were also found for age and familiarity with the riparian greenway. The results show what each group perceived to be important and how well the riparian greenway met their expectations regarding ecosystem services. These results indicate the perceived value of ecosystem services on the basis of the group characteristics, helping establish the direction for resilient riparian greenway planning and management approaches.
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Nel, Lyndre. "Riparian conservation management needs habitat quality mapping." Columella : Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 2 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18380/szie.colum.2020.7.2.15.
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Riparian habitat quality has a significant influence on the water quality of rivers, primary resources for urban and agricultural use. River water quality deteriorates where normal ecological functioning is disrupted by harmful impacts from nearby land-use types. Important rivers are typically managed and protected by government-led conservation programs. These programs often lack a key tool for efficient conservation management, habitat quality mapping. The Berg River, an important water source in South Africa, was used as a case-study to assess how habitat quality mapping could broaden the current scope of river conservation programs. The river faces threats from nearby urban settlements, industrial areas, mining, encroachment, and agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to develop habitat quality and habitat degradation maps for a section of the Berg River to assess the value that mapping holds for conservation managers and spatial planners. InVEST modelling software and ArcGIS was used to produce these habitat quality maps based on land-use/land-cover and threat impact data. The resulting maps showed several specific locations of heavily threatened and degraded riparian habitat that had not specifically been included in current government conservation management or spatial planning. Habitat quality mapping is an important tool that conservation managers and spatial planners can use to successfully address habitat degradation and protection while facing resource limitations, such as lack of funding. Oversight of degraded riparian habitats will lead to further decreases in river water quality, adversely affecting human welfare and local economies.
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Zube, Ervin H., and David E. Simcox. "Arid lands, riparian landscapes, and management conflicts." Environmental Management 11, no. 4 (August 1987): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01867660.
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Glenn, Edward P. "Riparian Areas, Functions and Strategies for Management." Environmental Science & Policy 6, no. 6 (December 2003): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2003.08.003.
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Barrington, Mack, Donald Wolf, and Ken Diebel. "ANALYZIIG RIPARIAN SITE CAPABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37, no. 6 (December 2001): 1665–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03668.x.
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Sullivan, Kathleen. "An Alternative View of Riparian Area Management." Journal of Forestry 92, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/92.4.29.
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Timm, Raymond K., Robert C. Wissmar, John W. Small, Thomas M. Leschine, and Gino Lucchetti. "A Screening Procedure for Prioritizing Riparian Management." Environmental Management 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-2980-z.
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Bodie, J. R. "Stream and riparian management for freshwater turtles." Journal of Environmental Management 62, no. 4 (August 2001): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0454.
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Benjankar, Rohan, Hyoseop Woo, and Takashi Asaeda. "Riparian vegetation processes – Knowledge, modeling and management." Journal of Hydro-environment Research 30 (May 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jher.2020.04.001.
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Atkinson, Samuel F., and Matthew C. Lake. "Prioritizing riparian corridors for ecosystem restoration in urbanizing watersheds." PeerJ 8 (February 4, 2020): e8174. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8174.
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Background Riparian corridors can affect nutrient, organic matter, and sediment transport, all of which shape water quality in streams and connected downstream waters. When functioning riparian corridors remain intact, they provide highly valued water quality ecosystem services. However, in rapidly urbanizing watersheds, riparian corridors are susceptible to development modifications that adversely affect those ecosystem services. Protecting high quality riparian corridors or restoring low quality corridors are widely advocated as watershed level water quality management options for protecting those ecosystem services. The two approaches, protection or restoration, should be viewed as complementary by watershed managers and provide a foundation for targeting highly functioning riparian corridors for protection or for identifying poorly functioning corridors for restoration. Ascertaining which strategy to use is often motivated by a specific ecosystem service, for example water quality, upon which watershed management is focused. We have previously reported on a spatially explicit model that focused on identifying riparian corridors that have specific characteristics that make them well suited for purposes of preservation and protection focused on water quality. Here we hypothesize that focusing on restoration, rather than protection, can be the basis for developing a watershed level strategy for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds. Methods The model described here represents a geographic information system (GIS) based approach that utilizes riparian characteristics extracted from 40-meter wide corridors centered on streams and rivers. The model focuses on drinking water reservoir watersheds that can be analyzed at the sub-watershed level. Sub-watershed riparian data (vegetation, soil erodibility and surface slope) are scaled and weighted based on watershed management theories for water quality, and riparian restoration scores are assigned. Those scores are used to rank order riparian zones –the lower the score the higher the priority for riparian restoration. Results The model was applied to 90 sub-watersheds in the watershed of an important drinking water reservoir in north central Texas, USA. Results from this study area suggest that corridor scores were found to be most correlated to the amount of: forested vegetation, residential land use, soils in the highest erodibility class, and highest surface slope (r2 = 0.92, p < 0.0001). Scores allow watershed managers to rapidly focus on riparian corridors most in need of restoration. A beneficial feature of the model is that it also allows investigation of multiple scenarios of restoration strategies (e.g., revegetation, soil stabilization, flood plain leveling), giving watershed managers a tool to compare and contrast watershed level management plans.
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Park, Se-Rin, Suyeon Kim, and Sang-Woo Lee. "Evaluating the Relationships between Riparian Land Cover Characteristics and Biological Integrity of Streams Using Random Forest Algorithms." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063182.
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The relationships between land cover characteristics in riparian areas and the biological integrity of rivers and streams are critical in riparian area management decision-making. This study aims to evaluate such relationships using the Trophic Diatom Index (TDI), Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index (BMI), Fish Assessment Index (FAI), and random forest regression, which can capture nonlinear and complex relationships with limited training datasets. Our results indicate that the proportions of land cover types in riparian areas, including urban, agricultural, and forested areas, have greater impacts on the biological communities in streams than those offered by land cover spatial patterns. The proportion of forests in riparian areas has the greatest influence on the biological integrity of streams. Partial dependence plots indicate that the biological integrity of streams gradually improves until the proportion of riparian forest areas reach about 60%; it rapidly decreases until riparian urban areas reach 25%, and declines significantly when the riparian agricultural area ranges from 20% to 40%. Overall, this study highlights the importance of riparian forests in the planning, restoration, and management of streams, and suggests that partial dependence plots may serve to provide insightful quantitative criteria for defining specific objectives that managers and decision-makers can use to improve stream conditions.
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Pusey, Bradley J., and Angela H. Arthington. "Importance of the riparian zone to the conservation and management of freshwater fish: a review." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02041.
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The relationship between freshwater fish and the integrity of the riparian zone is reviewed with special emphasis on the fauna of northern Australia. Linkages between freshwater fish and riparian zone processes are diverse and important. The riparian zone occurs at the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and it may, therefore, regulate the transfer of energy and material between these systems, as well as regulating the transmission of solar energy into the aquatic ecosystem. Riparian influences on light quantity, quality and shade in streams are discussed and predictions are made about the likely impacts associated with changes in light quality. Increased rates of transfer of thermal energy between the atmosphere and the aquatic environment in the absence of an intact riparian zone may potentially disrupt reproduction by desynchronizing the thermal regimen from regional factors, such as the flow regimen, as well as having direct effects on mortality rates, body morphology, disease resistance and metabolic rates. Impacts associated with changes in light quality range from increased egg and larval mortality due to increased ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation and a decreased ability to discriminate between potential mates to increased conspicuousness to predators. Increased insolation and proliferation of exotic pasture grasses, an increasing threat in northern Australia, are shown to have a range of impacts, including changes in habitat structure, food-web structure and the facilitation of invasion by exotic fish species. The interception of terrestrial sediments and nutrients by the riparian zone has important consequences for stream fish, maintaining habitat structure, water clarity and food-web structure. Coarse organic matter donated to the aquatic environment by the riparian zones has a large range of influences on stream habitat, which, in turn, affect biodiversity and a range of process, such as fish reproduction and predation. Terrestrial matter is also consumed directly by fish and may be a very important source of energy in some Australian systems and under certain circumstances. Attention to the linkages between fish and riparian systems is essential in efforts to rehabilitate degraded stream environments and to prevent further deterioration in freshwater fish populations in northern Australia.
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Saklaurs, Mārcis, Stefānija Dubra, Līga Liepa, Diāna Jansone, and Āris Jansons. "Vegetation Affecting Water Quality in Small Streams: Case Study in Hemiboreal Forests, Latvia." Plants 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101316.
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Riparian forests are important ecosystems located along the margins of freshwaters. Riparian zones provide many ecosystem services, such as nutrient modification, erosion and temperature control, leading to improvements in water quality in adjacent water ecosystems. In many areas, riparian forest management is restricted to improve adjacent water quality. The potential influence of forest management on water quality of small streams was assessed by analysing species composition and structural diversity in riparian forests. We collected data in riparian forests along 15 streams in the eastern Baltics (Latvia) with different water quality classes. We used detrended correspondence analysis and indicator species’ analysis to determine relationships between woody plants and understory vegetation. We also used ADONIS and ANOSIM analysis to determine possible factors that affect species composition. Our results suggested that water quality is affected by ground vegetation, which in turn was altered by stand density and total yield. Site-specific decision making in management is required in riparian forests to ensure the required conditions in the streams, because species composition differs between sites, dominant tree species and stand parameters (density, total yield, stand age). Introduction of Betula pubescens Ehrh. in coniferous stands is favourable to ensure litter fall quality and provide shade for streams during summer.
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Utrilla, Victor, Miguel Brizuela, and Andres Cibils. "Riparian Habitats (Mallines) of Patagonia." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 1 (March 2005): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053295088.
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Riparian-like habitats of arid Patagonia (Argentina), known locally as mallines, play a key role in providing forage for domestic herbivores and adequate habitat for native wildlife. Because these systems are driven by localized abundant water availability, their forage production can be of an order of magnitude higher than that of the surrounding dryland and, when properly managed, can considerably improve livestock and sheep production. Unfortunately, improper grazing management has caused extensive degradation of soils and vegetation of these habitats in the past. Until recently, very few local studies had addressed questions related to the complexities of ungulate–plant interactions in relation to sustainable management of this critical grazing resource. Fortunately, this trend is changing rapidly and since the early 90s there have been a number of grazing studies with sheep and cattle, investigating animal responses to controlled-grazing management systems. Many of the results of this research have been published locally and are not readily accessible. In this article, the authors review much of this research and provide a synthesis of the current state of knowledge regarding the functioning and grazing management of riparian-like habitats of Patagonia.
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Efthimiou, Georgios, Athanasios Papadopoulos, Manthos Trichias, and Eleni Andrianopoulou. "Ecological Evaluation and Sustainable Management of the Riparian Forest in Central Greece." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 78, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.78.4.31174.
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The aim of this research is the ecological evaluation of the trees of a riparian peri-urban park, with measurement, inventory and processing of qualitative and quantitative variables of trees (Dendometry) in the riparian forest of the river Karpenissiotis in Central Greece. Each tree is recorded in relation to its species (structural elements) including the diameter at breast height (DBH), the height (H), the ruggedness coefficient (H/D), the height of the crown (Hk), the length of the crown (Lk), the diameter of the crown (Dk), the order of the crown, the order of vitality, the tendency of evolution, the position of the trunk, the shape of the crown, the problems in the space of the roots, the crown, pruning, insect infestations, fungi, and runoff. From the statistical analysis and processing of the measurements, assessment was made of the condition of their health and stability; and necessary measures are proposed in order to significantly improve the ecological conditions of a riparian forest. Thus, the main problems presented by the forest species of trees concerned mainly the sloping, crooked and serpentine trunks, asymmetrical crown shape, insect and fungal infestations. The riparian peri-urban plane forest studied is dominated by trees, which are classified as remaining, normally growing with long asymmetrical crowns with a moderate health status and moderate stability. For the sustainable management and sustainable development of the riparian forest, measures are proposed which are necessary for the forest protection of the trees including their health and safe growth.
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Saklaurs, Mārcis, Agnese Anta Liepiņa, Didzis Elferts, and Āris Jansons. "Social Perception of Riparian Forests." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 9302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159302.
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Riparian forests are ecotones that differ from the surrounding landscapes, delineating the transition from terrestrial ecosystems into aquatic ones. Riparian forest management has been recognized as a possible method for promoting several ecological functions. In order to develop a sustainable and resilient relationship between river riparian forests and society, it is necessary to analyze the sociocultural dimension of riparian zones. The aim of this study was to assess the social perceptions of riparian forests. A total of 734 respondents (61% woman), inhabitants from the region of Latvia, where there is a rather dense network of streams, were surveyed. Respondents represented various education levels, ages, and economic backgrounds. Riverine forests tend to be a less popular option for recreation compared with other types of forests. The most popular activities were walking and swimming. “Forest and water bodies” was not among the main topics that respondents were concerned about. Regarding rivers and riparian forests, the obstructed movement of fish to spawning grounds was recognized as the most important problem, but the least concerning was the reduction of water tourism and fishing opportunities. Dynamic river basin and river bank management could be a possible solution to restoring eligible locations for recreational activities, at least along some parts of rivers, and for improving the state of riparian ecosystems simultaneously.
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Zaimes, George N., and Valasia Iakovoglou. "Assessing Riparian Areas of Greece—An Overview." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010309.
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Riparian areas, especially in the Mediterranean, offer many ecosystem services for the welfare of society benefits from their sustainable management. This study presents different tools used to assess riparian areas of Greece and their results. Riparian areas with different land-uses/vegetation covers along streams or torrents were assessed. The assessment tools were visual protocols, bioindicators, geographic information systems (GIS), vegetation indices, and a model. These tools differ in scale, accuracy, and difficulty of implementation. The riparian areas had Low and Moderate quality in Greece because of agricultural activities and hydrologic alterations. Vegetation appeared more important for the integrity of riparian areas than stream flow (perennial or intermittent). In addition, territorial variables (distance from dam and sea) were more influential compared to climatic variables. Visual protocols and GIS were effective for preliminary assessments. GIS can be applied at a greater scale but was less accurate than the protocols. Bioindicators can provide more cost-effective monitoring than physicochemical water variables. Finally, vegetation indices and models can be used for larger spatial and temporal scales, but require specialized personnel. Overall, riparian areas of Greece seem to be degraded, and monitoring would contribute to the development of a database on riparian areas that should form the basis for sustainable management plans in Greece.
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Aarons, Sharon R., and Cameron J. P. Gourley. "The role of riparian buffer management in reducing off-site impacts from grazed dairy systems." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170511000548.
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AbstractAgriculture in general and intensive animal production in particular can degrade the environment, especially as a consequence of the overuse of nutrients. Intensively grazed dairy systems, defined by the presence of foraging animals in the landscape, are often considered a more benign approach to dairy production with perceived smaller impacts due to the reduced requirement for manure disposal. However, grazing dairy cows contribute nutrients and pathogens in excreta, and sediment through landscape deformation. These impacts can dramatically increase in parts of the farm such as feeding, watering and sacrifice areas, laneways and night paddocks where animals are concentrated and spend a disproportionate amount of time. Other practices such as the disposal of dairy shed or dairy factory effluent and cultivation of fodder crops can also pollute the environment. A common approach to reduce nutrient, pathogen and sediment losses from dairy farms is to establish buffer zones in riparian areas that act as an interface between upland land use and waterways. This is generally done by fencing riparian areas to exclude stock and revegetating with understory and overstory species, with the aim of increasing infiltration, trapping sediment and decreasing contaminant losses from upland pastures. However, poorly designed and managed riparian areas may themselves contribute to further environmental degradation. Rarely is an integrated approach, including factors such as animal behavior and dairy farm management practices, as well as an analysis of landscape and riparian hydrology used in developing riparian management recommendations for individual farms. This paper reviews the threats posed by intensively grazed dairy systems, approaches to improve riparian zone management and recommends future research needs.
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Teply, Mark, Dale McGreer, Dennis Schult, and Patrick Seymour. "Simulating the Effects of Forest Management on Large Woody Debris in Streams in Northern Idaho." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/22.2.81.
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Abstract Existing models for simulating large woody debris (LWD) loads of forest streams were adapted for forest conditions in northern Idaho. Effects of riparian management prescriptions implemented for streams within a habitat conservation planning area for bull trout and other sensitive species were evaluated based on riparian and instream LWD conditions observed along 58 randomly selected stream segments. A wood budgeting system presented by Welty et al. (2002. Riparian aquatic interaction simulator (RAIS): A model of riparian forest dynamics for the generation of large woody debris and shade. For. Ecol. Manage. 162:299–318) was employed through use of observed starting instream LWD loads and generalized depletion rates. LWD recruitment estimates were based on locally relevant growth and yield simulators, taper equations, and adjustments for tree fall directional bias. LWD loading, expressed as the number of qualifying pieces per 1,000 ft of stream, was examined under two scenarios: a no-harvest scenario and a harvest scenario. Results indicated no significant difference in the frequency distribution of simulated LWD loading between the no-harvest and harvest scenarios over a 100-year prediction period. Examination of our assumptions indicated that LWD loading was likely underestimated and less variable than would be expected. However, these assumptions had equal effects on each scenario, enabling us to confidently interpret the effects of timber harvest. The nature and extent of riparian forest harvesting evaluated in this simulation is similar to levels being considered elsewhere in the region. Therefore, simulation techniques demonstrated here could be applied elsewhere in the region for evaluating the potential effects of riparian management on fisheries resources.
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Sun, Rong, Xiaojie Luo, Xiangyu Meng, and Yan Wang. "Spatial pattern of riparian plants along stream order among mountain rivers in China." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (March 28, 2018): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.047.
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Abstract The streams in a watershed form a hierarchical network system. From the perspective of the river continuum, this classification system is the result of gradual increase in traffic. This study analyzed the riparian species richness, diversity and environmental factors along a six-order hierarchical mountain river in the Donghe watershed, China. A total of 34 sampling sites were sampled to study the spatial distribution of riparian plants among different stream orders. The results showed: Environmental factors among stream orders had significant differences. Among stream order, species richness showed remarkable differences. The species richness rose firstly and dropped afterwards except for tree species richness; tree species richness decreased while stream order increased. The same is true for shrub quadrat species richness. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Simpson dominance and Pielou uniformity showed significant difference among stream orders; Shannon-Wiener diversity rose firstly then dropped afterwards. For integrated environmental factors and community characteristics, we found the changes of stream orders had a significant impact on riparian habitats and riparian vegetation. Further analysis showed that riparian vegetation experienced different types and degrees of disturbance in different stream orders. This meant that a hierarchical management strategy should be applied to riparian vegetation management.
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Popescu, Cristina, Mihaela Oprina-Pavelescu, Valentin Dinu, Constantin Cazacu, Francis Burdon, Marie Forio, Benjamin Kupilas, et al. "Riparian Vegetation Structure Influences Terrestrial Invertebrate Communities in an Agricultural Landscape." Water 13, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020188.
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Stream and terrestrial ecosystems are intimately connected by riparian zones that support high biodiversity but are also vulnerable to human impacts. Landscape disturbances, overgrazing, and diffuse pollution of agrochemicals threaten riparian biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. We assessed how terrestrial invertebrate communities respond to changes in riparian vegetation in Romanian agricultural catchments, with a focus on the role of forested riparian buffers. Riparian invertebrates were sampled in 10 paired sites, with each pair consisting of an unbuffered upstream reach and a downstream reach buffered with woody riparian vegetation. Our results revealed distinct invertebrate community structures in the two site types. Out of 33 invertebrate families, 13 were unique to either forested (6) or unbuffered (7) sites. Thomisidae, Clubionidae, Tetragnathidae, Curculionidae, Culicidae, and Cicadidae were associated with forested buffers, while Lycosidae, Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Tettigoniidae, Formicidae, and Eutichuridae were more abundant in unbuffered sites. Despite statistically equivocal results, invertebrate diversity was generally higher in forested riparian buffers. Local riparian attributes significantly influenced patterns in invertebrate community composition. Our findings highlight the importance of local woody riparian buffers in maintaining terrestrial invertebrate diversity and their potential contribution as a multifunctional management tool in agricultural landscapes.
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Pu, Ge, Lindi J. Quackenbush, and Stephen V. Stehman. "Identifying Factors That Influence Accuracy of Riparian Vegetation Classification and River Channel Delineation Mapped Using 1 m Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 4645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224645.
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Riparian vegetation delineation includes both the process of delineating the riparian zone and classifying vegetation within that zone. We developed a holistic framework to assess riparian vegetation delineation that includes evaluating channel boundary delineation accuracy using a combination of pixel- and object-based metrics. We also identified how stream order, riparian zone width, riparian land use, and image shadow influenced the accuracy of delineation and classification. We tested the framework by evaluating vegetation vs. non-vegetation riparian zone maps produced by applying random forest classification to aerial photographs with a 1 m pixel size. We assessed accuracy of the riparian vegetation classification and channel boundary delineation for two rivers in the northeastern United States. Overall accuracy for the channel boundary delineation was generally above 80% for both sites, while object-based accuracy revealed that 50% of delineated channel was less than 5 m away from the reference channel. Stream order affected channel boundary delineation accuracy while land use and image shadows influenced riparian vegetation classification accuracy; riparian zone width had little impact on observed accuracy. The holistic approach to quantification of accuracy that considers both channel boundary delineation and vegetation classification developed in this study provides an important tool to inform riparian management.
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Woodward, Brian D., Paul H. Evangelista, Nicholas E. Young, Anthony G. Vorster, Amanda M. West, Sarah L. Carroll, Rebecca K. Girma, et al. "CO-RIP: A Riparian Vegetation and Corridor Extent Dataset for Colorado River Basin Streams and Rivers." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7100397.
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Here we present “CO-RIP”, a novel spatial dataset delineating riparian corridors and riparian vegetation along large streams and rivers in the United States (U.S.) portion of the Colorado River Basin. The consistent delineation of riparian areas across large areas using remote sensing has been a historically complicated process partially due to differing definitions in the scientific and management communities regarding what a “riparian corridor” or “riparian vegetation” represents. We use valley-bottoms to define the riparian corridor and establish a riparian vegetation definition interpretable from aerial imagery for efficient, consistent, and broad-scale mapping. Riparian vegetation presence and absence data were collected using a systematic, flexible image interpretation process applicable wherever high resolution imagery is available. We implemented a two-step approach using existing valley bottom delineation methods and random forests classification models that integrate Landsat spectral information to delineate riparian corridors and vegetation across the 12 ecoregions of the Colorado River Basin. Riparian vegetation model accuracy was generally strong (median kappa of 0.80), however it varied across ecoregions (kappa range of 0.42–0.90). We offer suggestions for improvement in our current image interpretation and modelling frameworks, particularly encouraging additional research in mapping riparian vegetation in moist coniferous forest and deep canyon environments. The CO-RIP dataset created through this research is publicly available and can be utilized in a wide range of ecological applications.
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Gkiatas, G., I. Kasapidis, P. Koutalakis, V. Iakovoglou, A. Savvopoulou, I. Germantzidis, and G. N. Zaimes. "Enhancing urban and sub-urban riparian areas through ecosystem services and ecotourism activities." Water Supply 21, no. 6 (April 16, 2021): 2974–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.114.
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Abstract Riparian ecosystems in urban environments are usually degraded. Their sustainable management can reduce water pollution, mitigate climate change while providing recreation opportunities. This study assessed the current condition of the streams/torrents and their riparian areas in the city of Drama in Greece. In addition, practices to improve their functionality and enhance community awareness were recommended. A spatial database of the wider urban setting including suburbs and rural areas (weather, land cover, soils, roads, protected areas, riparian areas, etc.) was developed within GIS. The datasets were then inputted in a hydrologic model to simulate the water balance and stream discharge in the main urban streams and torrents. Field measurements of stream water discharge, and vegetation and stream channel conditions were undertaken using two visual protocols. The results of the protocols indicate that most streams/torrents and their riparian areas are of low ecological quality. Nature-based solutions were recommended to improve their ecological quality. In addition, the implementation of Eco-Routes was recommended to enhance the awareness of their importance and to promote their sustainable management. Overall, the urban streams/torrents and riparian ecosystems of Drama are degraded and innovative management practices should be implemented to conserve them and feature their ecosystem services.
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Cockerill, Kristan M., and Jonathan H. Titus. "Bridging Disciplines with the Riparian Area Management Project." Applied Environmental Education & Communication 3, no. 3 (July 2004): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15330150490485958.
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Auble, G. T. "Great Basin Riparian Ecosystems: Ecology, Management, and Restoration." Restoration Ecology 13, no. 1 (March 2005): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2005.00br2.x.
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Zanetti, Caroline, and Nelly Liency. "Riparian Vegetation Management: Reconciling Environmental and Anthropogenic Issues." American Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 3, no. 2 (2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajese.20190302.11.
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Oles, Kristin M., Dave A. Weixelman, David F. Lile, Kenneth W. Tate, Laura K. Snell, and Leslie M. Roche. "Riparian Meadow Response to Modern Conservation Grazing Management." Environmental Management 60, no. 3 (June 2, 2017): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0897-1.
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Zaimes, George N., Valasia Iakovoglou, Dimitrios Syropoulos, Dimitrios Kaltsas, and Dimitrios Avtzis. "Assessment of Two Adjacent Mountainous Riparian Areas along Nestos River Tributaries of Greece." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091284.
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The riparian areas of the Mediterranean are unique but face many pressures from anthropogenic and climate change impacts. They have very rich and diverse plant communities as a result of the dynamic fluvio-geomorphologic conditions of the Mediterranean streams. In this study, the riparian areas of two adjacent mountainous tributaries (Arkoudorema and Vathirema) of the Nestos River were studied. To assess the condition of riparian areas holistically, diverse measurements are required. This is why fluvio-geomorphologic (in the field and with GIS), vegetation (surveys and visual protocols) and ground-dwelling insect (pitfall traps and indices) measurements were taken along an elevational gradient. The results of all three methodologies draw to similar conclusions, with Vathirema sub-watershed riparian areas being in better condition than Arkoudoreama. This was expected, since Vathirema has less anthropogenic pressures. In addition, the riparian areas in higher elevations were in better condition for the same reason. To implement integrated water resources management plans, fluvio-geomorphologic and biological (e.g., vegetation and insects) datasets are required to provide a holistic view on the watershed and riparian area conditions. For the studied sub-watersheds, we recommend these measurements to continue, to record the current anthropogenic pressures and based on this information to suggest best management practices that will secure long-term sustainability.
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Anderson, Paul D., and Nathan J. Poage. "The Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study: A large-scale silviculture experiment informing riparian management in the Pacific Northwest, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 316 (March 2014): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.055.
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Filippi, Anthony M., İnci Güneralp, Cesar R. Castillo, Andong Ma, Gernot Paulus, and Karl-Heinrich Anders. "Comparison of Image Endmember- and Object-Based Classification of Very-High-Spatial-Resolution Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Narrow-Band Images for Mapping Riparian Forests and Other Land Covers." Land 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020246.
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Riparian forests are critical for carbon storage, biodiversity, and river water quality. There has been an increasing use of very-high-spatial-resolution (VHR) unmanned aircraft systems (UAS)-based remote sensing for riparian forest mapping. However, for improved riparian forest/zone monitoring, restoration, and management, an enhanced understanding of the accuracy of different classification methods for mapping riparian forests and other land covers at high thematic resolution is necessary. Research that compares classification efficacies of endmember- and object-based methods applied to VHR (e.g., UAS) images is limited. Using the Sequential Maximum Angle Convex Cone (SMACC) endmember extraction algorithm (EEA) jointly with the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classifier, and a separate multiresolution segmentation/object-based classification method, we map riparian forests/land covers and compare the classification accuracies accrued via the application of these two approaches to narrow-band, VHR UAS orthoimages collected over two river reaches/riparian areas in Austria. We assess the effect of pixel size on classification accuracy, with 7 and 20 cm pixels, and evaluate performance across multiple dates. Our findings show that the object-based classification accuracies are markedly higher than those of the endmember-based approach, where the former generally have overall accuracies of >85%. Poor endmember-based classification accuracies are likely due to the very small pixel sizes, as well as the large number of classes, and the relatively small number of bands used. Object-based classification in this context provides for effective riparian forest/zone monitoring and management.
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McClain, Michael E., and Rosa E. Cossío. "The use of riparian environments in the rural Peruvian Amazon." Environmental Conservation 30, no. 3 (September 2003): 242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892903000237.
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River margins are valued for agriculture in the western Amazon because of their fertile soils and level surfaces. Riparian forests along river margins also provide valuable ecosystem services by protecting water quality and providing resources to aquatic organisms. Because inhabitants of the region rely on these aquatic resources, riparian deforestation may have unintended negative feedbacks on the health and well-being of rural communities. A survey of 79 households of mixed cultural background investigated how riparian environments were used, what mechanisms were in place for their conservation, and how local people valued them. Corn, beans and peanuts were cultivated preferentially in riparian areas, complementing the manioc and plantains grown on upland soils. People valued riparian areas for their ecosystem services and generally left a protective buffer of forest along rivers. Both the agricultural and ecological values of riparian areas may be preserved through proper management.
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Luke, Stacey H., Nancy J. Luckai, Janice M. Burke, and Ellie E. Prepas. "Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest and linkages with water quality in streams." Environmental Reviews 15, NA (December 2007): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a07-001.
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Riparian areas in the Canadian boreal forest represent the transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We review factors that influence riparian vegetation communities and the associated interactions with boreal streams. Regional and local drivers (e.g., climate, edaphic factors, and natural disturbances) that affect upland boreal vegetation also operate in riparian areas. However, the proximity of riparian areas to the stream channel not only modifies some of these drivers, but it means that the stream itself becomes a driver of riparian vegetation dynamics. For example, hydrological disturbances like flooding and ice scour affect soil texture and alter successional pathways, sometimes completely denuding streambanks of vegetation. Even in riparian areas unaffected by such catastrophic disturbances, saturated soil conditions can influence riparian forest composition and nutrient cycling. Saturated soils support lower mineralization rates, therefore organic layers store relatively more carbon and nitrogen than adjoining upland soils, and primary productivity is generally lower. Saturated soils also have implications for the ability of the riparian area to “buffer” streams from inputs of water and nutrients. For example, reducing conditions in riparian soils could be the sites for nitrate removal from groundwater by denitrification. Spatial variation in weather, soils, vegetation cover, slope, accumulation of organic matter, geographic location, and relief undoubtedly add to the complexity of understanding the role of riparian systems in Canada’s vast boreal forest. However, the opportunity to identify patterns relating to riparian areas will assist in our understanding and management of these multifaceted systems.
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Fernández, Romina Daiana, Sergio Javier Ceballos, Ana Lucía González Achem, Margarita del Valle Hidalgo, and Hugo Rafael Fernández. "Quality and Conservation of Riparian Forest in a Mountain Subtropical Basin of Argentina." International Journal of Ecology 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4842165.
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The aims of this work were to describe the conservation status of riparian forests located in a mountain subtropical basin of Tucumán province, Argentina, and assess how the quality of riparian forests is related with altitude, plant species richness, proportion of exotic species, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in adjacent rivers. Composition and species richness of riparian forests were studied at 16 sites located along an altitudinal gradient and TSS was determined from water samples collected in each site. In order to evaluate conservation status of riparian forests, we calculated an index of Quality of Yungas Riparian Forests (QBRy). We recorded 90 plant species at all sites, from which 77% were native. QBRy index was mainly associated with altitude and varied from riparian forests with good preservation or slightly disturbed to those with extreme degradation. At lower altitude, forests were more disturbed, more invaded by exotic plant species, and closer to urban and cropped areas. QBRy was not correlated with species richness or TSS. Like other riparian forests of Argentina, plant species invasion increased their degradation; therefore, future studies should focus on native riparian forests conservation and on the management of invasive plant species, which affect their quality.