Academic literature on the topic 'Ringling Bros'

Marketing strategies today often rely on creating an emotional connection to the brand through personalizing or humanizing the business. This article explores how both the American Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey and the British Bertram Mills Circus used this strategy in the early twentieth century to encourage audiences to attend their circus rather than any other. John Ringling and Bertram Mills may best be remembered for totemic images but their celebrity was constructed through a reiterative performance process. In this article Kate Holmes examines the shifts in their representation performed in press, publicity, and anecdote to explore how each iteration of their public identity functioned to publicize their respective circuses at significant points. She also explores how these circus celebrity identities, focused on achieving financial success for a commercial enterprise, activated and perpetuated national self-identities linked to class. Kate Holmes, who has previous experience as a qualified marketer, recently completed a PhD in Drama at the University of Exeter. Her research on circus performance has been published in Early Popular Visual Culture and is forthcoming in Stage Women, a collection of essays on early twentieth-century female performers.

On peut dire que depuis ses débuts, vers les 1870, le cirque américain a connu des périodes où il aspirait au grand art et où il empruntait au théâtre des artistes, des techniques et la dramaturgie. Ce n’est qu’en 1975, lorsque des artistes ont abandonné l’idéal américain de la grandeur pour adopter le modèle européen de la piste simple que ce mouvement a connu son véritable essor. Le Big Apple Circus, le Pickle Family Circus, le Cirque du Soleil et Circus Flora ont réussi à théâtralisé le cirque américain. Même le géant du cirque à trois pistes, le Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey, a commencé à donner à ses spectacles une allure plus théâtrale. Le Midnight Circus, Circus Sarasota ainsi que Barnum’s Kaleidoscape, entre autres, ont continué à trouver de nouvelles façons d’allier le cirque et le théâtre. Des écoles de cirque ont été fondées afin de fournir aux nouveaux cirques des artistes formés aux nouvelles techniques. Tous visent à faire évoluer le cirque vers la forme d’art à laquelle il a toujours aspiré.

Citrus is a rapidly expanding fruit crop in Panama with a planted area of approximately 14,000 ha, with the crop destined for both table and juice industries for local and foreign markets. Chiriqui Province in extreme western Panama borders Costa Rica and grows 4,300 ha of citrus that consists primarily of Valencia and navel oranges with the remainder grown throughout other provinces. Some plants in commercial groves in Potrerillos and Boquete in Chiriqui Province were found with leaf (chlorotic spots or rings), stem (necrosis), and fruit (localized ringlike or depressed lesions) symptoms similar to those caused by Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV) (3). In Potrerillos, wood samples about 3 years old were identified in two of the citrus groves, indicating that the infection was established on or before 1996. The mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) was collected in all leprosis-infected or suspected groves in both Potrerillos and Boquete. CiLV is known to be transmitted by B. obovatus Donnadieu and B. phoenicis in Argentina and Brazil, respectively (3). To confirm the presence of this virus, 20 samples (12 from Boquete [B] and 8 from Potrerillos [P]) of leaf and fruit lesions were fixed in a modified Karnovsky solution and sent to Brazil for electron microscopic examination of thin sections. In 8 samples (2 from B and 6 from P) cytopathic effects were found characterized by a dense viroplasm in the cytoplasm and short, bacilliform particles (50 to 60 × 100 to 110 nm) in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, features similar to those reported by Colariccio et al. (1). In 6 samples (5 from B, and 1 from P), the cytopathic effects were similar to those observed in Orchid fleck virus (OFV)-infected cells (2), with an intranuclear, electron lucent viroplasm and short, rodlike particles (40 to 50 nm × 100 nm) either within the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, as also previously reported for a sample of CiLV in Brazil (4). The symptomatology, presence of the mite vector, characteristic cytopathic effects, and presence of virions are considered to be evidence that CiLV is present within a 100 km2 area of Potrerillos and 25 km2 of Boquete in Chiriqui Province. This is the first report of the presence of CiLV in Central America, suggesting that the virus has spread northward from South America. References: (1) A. Colariccio et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 20:208, 1995. (2) Y. Doi et al. AAB/CMI Description of Plant Viruses No. 183, 1977. (3) S. M. Garnsey and C. M. Chagas. 2000. Pages 57–58 in: Compendium of Citrus Diseases, 2nd Ed. L. W. Timmer et al, eds. APS Press, St.Paul, MN. (4) E. W. Kitajima et al. Virology 50:254, 1972.