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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ring theory

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ring theory'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Ring theory"

1

Baker, Ron. "Ring theory." New Scientist 217, no. 2898 (2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)60045-7.

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Goldman, Michael A. "Ring theory." Nature 432, no. 7018 (2004): 674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432674b.

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Matson, John. "Ring Theory." Scientific American 308, no. 2 (2013): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0213-15a.

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Xue, Zeqi. "Group Theory and Ring Theory." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2386, no. 1 (2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2386/1/012024.

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Abstract Group theory is an important theory in abstract algebra. A ring is a kind of algebraic system with two operations (addition and multiplication). It has a deep relationship with groups, especially with the Abelian group. In this essay, the ring and the residual class ring will be talked about. Firstly, this passage is aim to talk about some basic knowledge about the ring which will let readers have a basic understanding of a ring. Then this passage will discuss the residual class ring and subring of the residual class ring of modulo. Some concepts about the ring are also mentioned, such as the centre of the ring, the identity of the ring, the classification of a ring, the residual class ring, the field and the zero divisors. The definitions of mathematical terms mentioned before are stated, as well as some examples of the part of those terms are given. In this passage, there are also some lemmas which are the properties of ring and subring. Future studies of rings and subrings can focus on the application of physics.

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Kozhukhov, I. B. "Technique of semigroup ring theory: Regular semigroup rings." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 95, no. 4 (1999): 2317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02169100.

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Formanek, Edward. "Book Review: Ring theory." Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 20, no. 2 (1989): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0273-0979-1989-15762-5.

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Michel, F. Curtis. "Planetary Ring: Another Theory." Physics Today 40, no. 10 (1987): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2820253.

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Rota, Gian-Carlo. "Dimensions of ring theory." Advances in Mathematics 71, no. 1 (1988): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-8708(88)90074-6.

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Elleaume, P. "Storage ring FEL theory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 237, no. 1-2 (1985): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(85)90326-2.

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Richardson, Jeremy O. "Ring-polymer instanton theory." International Reviews in Physical Chemistry 37, no. 2 (2018): 171–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144235x.2018.1472353.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ring theory"

1

Farina, John Dominic. "Stability properties in ring theory." Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3237384.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed December 8, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90).

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Samman, M. S. "Topics in seminear-ring theory." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.661551.

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The idea of a seminear-ring was introduced in [8], as an algebraic system that can be constructed from a set <I>S</I> with two binary operations : addition + and multiplication ., such that (<I>S</I>, +) and (<I>S</I>, .) are semigroups and one distributive law is satisfied. A seminear-ring <I>S</I> is called distributively generated (d.g.) if <I>S</I> contains a multiplicative subsemigroup (<I>T</I>, .) of distributive elements which generates (<I>S</I>, +). Unlike the near-rings case for which a rich theory has already been developed, very little seems to be known about seminear-rings. The aim of this dissertation consists mainly of two goals. The first is to generalize some results which are known in the theory of near-rings. The second goal of this thesis appears mainly in the last 6 chapters in which we obtain some results about seminear-rings of endomorphisms. In chapter 1, the definitions and basic concepts about seminear-rings are given; e.g. an arbitrary seminear-ring can be embedded in a seminear-ring of the form <I>M</I>(<I>S</I>). Fröhlich [1], [2] and Meldrum [5] have given some results concerning free d.g. near-rings in a variety <I>V</I>. In chapter 2, we generalize some of these results to free d.g. seminear-rings and we can prove the existence of free (<I>S,T</I>)-semigroups on a set <I>X</I> in a variety <I>V</I>. In section 2.4, we prove a theorem which asserts that not every d.g. seminear-ring has a faithful representation. This would generalize the result which was given by Meldrum [5] for the near-ring case. Chapter 3 gives an overview of strong semilattices of near-rings and of rings. In this context we show that a strong semilattice of near-rings is a seminear-ring while a strong semilattice of rings is a near-ring. Chapter 4 is designed to be a preparatory chapter for the remaining part of the thesis. It explains the main plan which will be followed in all the last 6 chapters. It also includes some basic ideas and results which are of great use in the remaining work.

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Merisi, Piercarlo. "Ring equivalences from Morita theory." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307287.

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Richardson, Jeremy O. "Ring-polymer approaches to instanton theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243641.

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Inspired by the success of the ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) method, we derive a transition-state-theory version (RPTST) with a dividing surface which is, in general, conical in ring-polymer space. It is explained why this conical form is a good approximation to the optimal dividing surface and therefore why centroid-based quantum transition-state theories are inaccurate for asymmetric barriers at low temperatures. The geometry of the ring-polymer transition state is found to describe a finite-difference approximation to the semi-classical instanton trajectory (a classical periodic orbit of length βħ on the inverted potential). Based on this, a new practical method for locating multidimensional instantons is proposed, by computing saddle points on the ring-polymer surface, and a derivation for the reaction rate constant based on the "ImF" premise using the ring-polymer formalism is shown to be far simpler than in previous instanton approaches based on functional determinants. The resulting expression is based only on the ring-polymer potential at the transition-state and its Hessian, and is applied to evaluate the rate in a number of polyatomic systems. We show that a free-energy version of the ImF instanton theory is related to RPTST and thereby provide an explanation for why RPMD produces accurate results for thermal reaction rates in the deep-tunnelling regime and demonstrate how it can be made more efficient and systematically improved. From this, we also explain why RPMD is seen to underestimate the rates of symmetric reactions and overestimate the rates of asymmetric reactions. We also present a ring-polymer instanton derivation of a theory for calculating tunnelling splittings leading to another new practical method, which owing to its simple form, is easily extended to determine the entire tunnelling-splitting pattern of molecular clusters with two or more degenerate wells. This method is applied to the water dimer, trimer, and octamer, and shown to be in good overall agreement with experiment and to provide a deeper understanding of the tunnelling pathways.

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Duncan, A. J. "Two topics in commutative ring theory." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234124.

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Hedenlund, Alice. "Galois Theory of Commutative Ring Spectra." Thesis, KTH, Matematik (Avd.), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183512.

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This thesis discusses Galois theory of ring spectra in the sense of John Rognes. The aim is to give a clear introduction that provides a solid foundation for further studies into the subject. We introduce ring spectra using the symmetric spectra of Hovey, Shipley and Smith, and discuss the symmetric monoidal model structure on this category. We deﬁne and give results for Galois extensions of these objects. We also give examples involving Eilenberg-Mac Lane spectra of commutative rings, topological K-theory spectra and cochain algebras of these. Galois extensions of ring spectra are compared to Ga-lois extensions of commutative rings especially relating to faithfulness, a property that is implicit in the latter, but not in the former. This is proven by looking at extensions of cochain algebras using Eilenberg-Mac Lane spectra. We end by contrasting this to cochain algebra extensions using K-theory spectra, and show that such extensions are not Galois, using methods of Baker and Richter.<br>Denna uppsats behandlar Galoisutvidgningar av ringspektra som först introducerade av Rognes. Målet är att ge en klar introduktion för en sta-bil grund för vidare studier inom ämnet. Vi introducerar ringspektra genom att använda oss av symmetris-ka spektra utvecklade av Hovey, Shipley och Smith, och diskuterar den symmetriskt monoidiala modelstrukturen på denna kategori. Vi deﬁnierar och ger resultat för Galoisutvidgningar av dessa objekt. Vi ger också en mängd exempel, som till exempel utvidgningar av Eilenberg-Mac Lane spektra av kommutativa ringar, topologiska K-teorispektra och koked-jealgebror. Galoisutvidgningar av ringspektra jämförs med Galoisutvidgningar av kommutativa ringar, speciellt med avseende pa˚ trogenhet, en egenskap som ¨ar en inneboende egenskap hos den senare men inte i den förra. Detta visas genom att betrakta utvidgningar av kokedjealgebror av Eilenberg-Mac Lane spektra. Vi avslutar med att jämföra detta med kokedjealgebrautvidgningar av K-teorispektra och visar att sådana inte är Galois genom att använda metoder utvecklade av Baker och Richter

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Whelan, E. A. "Symmetry conditions in ring and module theory." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374275.

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Chin, Melanie Soo, and m. chin@cqu edu au. "Towards a Reinterpretation of the Radical Theory of Associative Rings Using Base Radical and Base Semisimple Class Constructions." Central Queensland University. Computer Science, 2004. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20050411.102928.

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This research aims to refresh and reinterpret the radical theory of associative rings using the base radical and base semisimple class constructions. It also endeavours to generalise some results about ideals of rings in terms of accessible subrings. A characterisation of accessible subrings is included. By applying the base radical and base semisimple class constructions to many of the known results in established radical theory a number of gaps are uncovered and closed, with the goal of making the theory more accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students and mathematicians in related fields, and to open up new areas of investigation. After a literature review and brief reminder of algebra rudiments, the useful properties of accessible subrings and the U and S operators independent from radical class connections are described. The section on accessible subrings illustrates that replacing ideals with accessible subrings is indeed possible for a number of results and demonstrates its usefulness. The traditional radical and semisimple class definitions are included and it is shown that the base radical and base semisimple class constructions are equivalent. Diagrams illustrating the constructions support the definitions. From then on, all radical and semisimple classes mentioned are understood to have the base radical and base semisimple class form. Subject to the constraints of this work, many known results of traditional radical theory are reinterpreted with new proofs, illustrating the potential to simplify the understanding of radical theory using the base radical and base semisimple class constructions. Along with reinterpreting known results, new results emerge giving further insight to radical theory and its intricacies. Accessible subrings and the U and S operators are integrated into the development. The duality between the base radical and base semisimple class constructions is demonstrated in earnest. With a measure of the theory presented, the new constructions are applied to examples and concrete radicals. Context is supported by establishing the relationship between some well-known rings and the radical and related classes of interest. The title of the thesis, Towards a Reinterpretation of the Radical Theory of Associative Rings Using Base Radical and Base Semisimple Class Constructions, reflects the understanding that reinterpreting the entirety of radical theory is beyond the scope of this work. The conclusion includes an outlook listing further research that time did not allow.

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Stecher, Thomas. "Benchmark studies of ring polymer molecular dynamics rate theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609229.

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Immormino, Nicholas A. "Clean Rings & Clean Group Rings." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1374247918.

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Books on the topic "Ring theory"

1

Commutative ring theory. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Bueso, Jose Luis, Pascual Jara, and Blas Torrecillas, eds. Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100908.

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van Oystaeyen, Freddy M. J., ed. Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0076306.

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Rowen, Louis Halle. Ring theory. Academic Press, 1988.

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Rowen, Louis Halle. Ring theory. Academic Press, 1991.

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Rowen, Louis Halle. Ring theory. Academic Press, 1988.

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Khattar, Dinesh, and Neha Agrawal. Ring Theory. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29440-2.

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Gabber, Ofer, and Lorenzo Ramero. Almost Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b10047.

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Houston, Evan, Paul-Jean Cahen, Marco Fontana, and Salah-Eddine Kabbaj. Commutative Ring Theory. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421924.

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Fontana, Marco, Paul-Jean Cahen, Douglas L. Costa, and Sarah-Eddine Kabbaj. Commutative Ring Theory. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421917.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ring theory"

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Dougherty, Steven T. "Ring Theory." In Algebraic Coding Theory Over Finite Commutative Rings. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59806-2_2.

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Lauderdale, Lindsey-Kay. "Ring Theory." In Mathematics in Cyber Research. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429354649-15.

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Ara, Pere. "Stable range of aleph-nought-continuou regular rings." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100909.

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Awami, Mohamed A., and F. Van Oystaeyen. "On filtered rings with noetherian associated graded rings." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100910.

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Beattie, Margaret. "Duality theorems for group actions and gradings." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100911.

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Brungs, H. H. "Chain rings and valuations." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100912.

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Busque, Claudi. "Directly finite ℵ0-complete regular rings are unit-regular." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100913.

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Caenepeel, S. "Cancellation theorems for projective graded modules." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100914.

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Cauchon, G. "Centraliseurs dans les anneaux de polynomes differentiels formels et leurs corps de fractions." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100915.

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Cedó, Ferran. "Regular group algebras whose maximal right and left quotient rings coincide." In Ring Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0100916.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ring theory"

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Jain, S. K., and S. Tariq Rizvi. "Ring Theory." In Biennial Ohio State-Denison Conference 1992. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814535816.

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Zhang, Y. B., S. Darmawan, T. Mei, and D. H. Zhang. "Temporal coupled mode theory in ring-bus-ring configuration." In 2010 OSA-IEEE-COS Advances in Optoelectronics and Micro/Nano-Optics (AOM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aom.2010.5713512.

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Peikert, Chris, Oded Regev, and Noah Stephens-Davidowitz. "Pseudorandomness of ring-LWE for any ring and modulus." In STOC '17: Symposium on Theory of Computing. ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3055399.3055489.

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Wang, An, and Haiming Xie. "Coupled fiber ring interferometer array: theory." In Wuhan 91, edited by Brian Culshaw and Yanbiao Liao. SPIE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.50067.

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Sato, Masahisa. "The work of Tachikawa on Ring Theory in the world." In 5th China–Japan–Korea International Ring Theory Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818331_0002.

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Hijriati, N., S. Wahyuni, and I. E. Wijayanti. "Morita Theory on f-representations of rings." In The Eighth China–Japan–Korea International Symposium on Ring Theory. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811230295_0010.

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BABA, YOSHITOMO. "ON COLOCAL PAIRS." In 5th China–Japan–Korea International Ring Theory Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818331_0014.

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Mori, Izuru. "On the Classification of Decomposable Quantum Ruled Surfaces." In 5th China–Japan–Korea International Ring Theory Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818331_0011.

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Smith, Patrick F. "Rings and Modules with n-acc." In 5th China–Japan–Korea International Ring Theory Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818331_0012.

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Oshiro, Kiyoichi. "MANABU HARADA - THE MAN AND HIS WORK." In 5th China–Japan–Korea International Ring Theory Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812818331_0001.

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Reports on the topic "Ring theory"

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Marks, S. Use of the Halbach perturbation theory for the multipole design of the ALS storage ring sextupole. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/88791.

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Jackson, Gary M. Warden's Five-Ring System Theory: Legitimate Wartime Military Targeting or an Increased Potential to Violate the Law and Norms of Expected Behavior? Defense Technical Information Center, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425331.

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van Deusen, Paul C., and Jennifer Koretz. Theory and Programs for Dynamic Modeling of Tree Rings from Climate. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-70.

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Emre, Erol. On a Theory of Control for Linear Systems Over Rings and Nonlinear/Time-Varying Systems. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada162680.

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Stromer, Bobbi, Anthony Bednar, Milo Janjic, et al. Trace explosives detection by cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41520.

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We built three successive versions of a thermal decomposition cavity ring-down spectrometer and tested their response to explosives. These explosive compound analyzers successfully detected nitroglycerine, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythryl tetranitrate, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). We determined the pathlength and limits of detection for each, with the best limit of detection being 13 parts per trillion (ppt) of TNT. For most of the explosive tests, the peak height was higher than the expected value, meaning that peroxy radical chain propagation was occurring with each of the explosives and not just the peroxide TATP.

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Lewan. PR-389-114503-R01 Leak Prevention in CO2 Pipeline Valves and Launches By Correct Seal Material Selection. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010086.

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Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI) required guidelines for pipeline valve stem seals in CO2 rich applications such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In particular, guidance was needed to ascertain when standard O-rings may be used, when a switch to rapid gas decompression (RGD) resistant O-rings is recommended and when O-rings should be replaced by more robust energized lip seals and/or by more robust seal materials. The guidelines would interface with both NORSOK M 710 Rev. 3 and ISO 23936-2, and give specific details on procedures, steps and decisions that have to be taken when attempting to qualify seals for dense phase CO2 use. In order to develop these guidelines, two well established sealing compounds having proven RGD resistance were selected for study, along with two materials which were not known for their RGD resistance. RGD testing was performed on housed O-rings of each compound using 4 different gas compositions that cover an appropriate range of field conditions for CO2 applications.

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Lewan. PR-389-114503-R02 Leak Prevention in CO2 Pipeline Valves and Launches by Correct Seal Material Selection. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010537.

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PRCI required guidelines for pipeline valve stem seals in CO2 rich applications such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In particular, guidance was needed to ascertain when standard O-rings may be used, when a switch to rapid gas decompression (RGD) resistant O-rings is recommended and when O-rings should be replaced by more robust energized lip seals and/or by more robust seal materials. The guidelines would interface with both NORSOK M 710 Rev. 3 and ISO 23936-2, and give specific details on procedures, steps and decisions that have to be taken when attempting to qualify seals for dense phase CO2 use. In order to develop these guidelines, well established sealing compounds having proven RGD resistance were selected for study, along with materials which were not known for their RGD resistance. RGD testing was performed on housed O-rings of each compound using CO2 rich applications. The previous Phase I of the project was carried out with a decompression rate of 20 bar/min over 8 RGD cycles. In this Phase II of the project more severe 70 and 127 bar/min rates were used. Also for the 20 bar/min rates the number of RGD cycles was increased to 50 to see how robust the seal materials could be.

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KHAIRALLAH, Sara, and EL HARROUDI Tijani. Delayed coloanal anastomosis technique in the management of low-lying rectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0002.

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Review question / Objective: Is there a difference in terms of post-operative events between delayed and immediate coloanal anastomoses in the management of rectum carcinoma? Condition being studied: Rectal carcinoma. Eligibility criteria: We defined the lower rectum as any rectal tumor located within 6cm of the anal margin or within 2cm of the upper edge of the sphincter ring.- All scientific articles published or not published between 01/1985 and 09/2021 that aim to demonstrate the postoperative, oncological and functional results of ACAD in the curative treatment of adenocarcinoma of the lower rectum or rectal cancer including the lower rectum.- Scientific articles that discuss case series treated with ACAD in different benign or malignant pathologies, but where patient data and results of this procedure are well individualized in patients operated on rectal adenocarcinoma. - Abstracts of conference sessions, theses or unpublished articles (grey literature) with complete data, allowing their extraction and processing in our review.Translated with http://www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version).

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Beavers. L52015 Seam Weld Integrity of New High Strength Steels. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011163.

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There is a concern that there may be areas of low toughness in the seam welds of submerged arc welded linepipe. These are typically associated with the Coarse Grained Heat Affected Zone (CGHAZ), and manifest themselves through low values obtained in Charpy impact and CTOD tests. Although this problem is not new, there has been renewed concern amongst linepipe users and manufacturers with the introduction of higher strength grades (X80 and upwards). A study was carried out using typical parameters for X70 and X100 grade material to investigate the structural performance of low toughness seam welds. Two-dimensional elastic T stress solutions for cracked flat strips can be used for constraint based analyses of long axial pipeline defects. Constraint based analysis has predicted the experimental ring tension results in X70 and X100 material with acceptable accuracy. Analysis of a range of surface breaking and buried defects has shown that low toughness levels in the HAZ are unlikely to adversely affect the integrity of high strength linepipe.

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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, James Giovannoni, and Edna Pesis. Unravelling the Mode of Action of Ripening-Specific MADS-box Genes for Development of Tools to Improve Banana Fruit Shelf-life and Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592116.bard.

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Abstract:

Fruit deterioration is a consequence of a genetically-determined fruit ripening and senescence programs, in which developmental factors lead to a climacteric rise of ethylene production in ethylene-sensitive fruits such as tomato and banana. Breeding of tomato with extended fruit shelf life involves the incorporation of a mutation in RIN, a MADS-box transcription factor participating in developmental control signalling of ripening. The RIN mode of action is not fully understood, and it may be predicted to interact with other MADS-box genes to execute its effects. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate conservation of ripening control functions between banana and tomato and thus, the potential to genetically extend shelf-life in banana based on tools developed in tomato. The specific objectives were: 1. To increase the collection of potential RIN-like genes from banana; 2. To verify their action as developmental regulators; 3. To elucidate MADS-box gene mode of action in ripening control; 4. To create transgenic banana plants that express low levels of endogenous Le-RIN- like, MaMADS- gene(s). We have conducted experiments in banana as well as in tomato. In tomato we have carried out the transformation of the tomato rin mutant with the MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 banana genes. We have also developed a number of domain swap constructs to functionally examine the ripening-specific aspects of the RIN gene. Our results show the RIN-C terminal region is essential for the gene to function in the ripening signalling pathway. We have further explored the tomato genome databases and recovered an additional MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening. This gene has been previously termed TAGL1 but has not been functionally characterized in transgenic plants. TAGL1 is induced during ripening and we have shown via RNAi repression that it is necessary for both fleshy fruit expansion and subsequent ripening. In banana we have cloned the full length of six MaMADS box genes from banana and determined their spatial and temporal expression patterns. We have created antibodies to MaMADS2 and initiated ChI assay. We have created four types of transgenic banana plants designed to reduce the levels of two of the MaMADS box genes. Our results show that the MaMADS-box genes expression in banana is dynamically changing after harvest and most of them are induced at the onset of the climacteric peak. Most likely, different MaMADS box genes are active in the pulp and peel and they are differently affected by ethylene. Only the MaMADS2 box gene expression is not affected by ethylene indicating that this gene might act upstream to the ethylene response pathway. The complementation analysis in tomato revealed that neither MaMADS1 nor MaMADS2 complement the rin mutation suggesting that they have functionally diverged sufficiently to not be able to interact in the context of the tomato ripening regulatory machinery. The developmental signalling pathways controlling ripening in banana and tomato are not identical and/or have diverged through evolution. Nevertheless, at least the genes MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 constitute part of the developmental control of ripening in banana, since transgenic banana plants with reduced levels of these genes are delayed in ripening. The detailed effect on peel and pulp, of these transgenic plants is underway. So far, these transgenic bananas can respond to exogenous ethylene, and they seem to ripen normally. The response to ethylene suggest that in banana the developmental pathway of ripening is different than that in tomato, because rin tomatoes do not ripen in response to exogenous ethylene, although they harbor the ethylene response capability This study has a major contribution both in scientific and agricultural aspects. Scientifically, it establishes the role of MaMADS box genes in a different crop-the banana. The developmental ripening pathway in banana is similar, but yet different from that of the model plant tomato and one of the major differences is related to ethylene effect on this pathway in banana. In addition, we have shown that different components of the MaMADS-box genes are employed in peel and pulp. The transgenic banana plants created can help to further study the ripening control in banana. An important and practical outcome of this project is that we have created several banana transgenic plants with fruit of extended shelf life. These bananas clearly demonstrate the potential of MaMADS gene control for extending shelf-life, enhancing fruit quality, increasing yield in export systems and for improving food security in areas where Musaspecies are staple food crops.

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