Academic literature on the topic 'Ring'

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Journal articles on the topic "Ring"

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Seirafi, Marjan, Jean-Francois Trempe, Veronique Sauve, Guennadi Kozlov, Marie Menade, Bhushan Nagar, and kalle Gehring. "Structure of parkin reveals the mechanism of autoinhibition." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331409161x.

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Mutations in the gene park2 that codes for a RING-In-Between-RING (RBR) E3 ubiquitin ligase are responsible for an autosomal recessive form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Compared to other ubiquitin ligases, the parkin protein exhibits low basal activity and requires activation both in vitro and in cells. Parkin is a 465-residue E3 ubiquitin ligase promoting mitophagy of damaged mitochondria. Parkin has two RING motifs RING1 and RING2 linked by a cysteine- rich in-between-RING (IBR) motif, a recently identified zinc-coordinating motif termed RING0, and an N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl). It is believed that parkin may function as a RING/HECT hybrid, where ubiquitin is first transferred by the E2 enzyme onto parkin active cysteine and then to the substrate. Here, we report the crystal structure of full-length parkin at low resolution. This structure shows parkin in an auto-inhibited state and provides insight into how it is activated. In the structure RING0 occludes the ubiquitin acceptor site Cys431 in RING2 whereas a novel repressor element of parkin (REP) binds RING1 and blocks its E2-binding site. The ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl) binds adjacent to the REP through the hydrophobic surface centered around Ile44 and regulate parkin activity. Mutagenesis and NMR titrations verified interactions observed in the crystal. We also proposed the putative E2 binding site on RING1 and confirmed it by mutagenesis and NMR titrations. Importantly, mutations that disrupt these inhibitory interactions activate parkin both in vitro and in cells. The structure of the E3-ubiquitin ligase provides insights into how pathological mutations affect the protein integrity. Current work is directed towards obtaining high-resolution structure of full-length parkin in complex with E2 and substrates. The results will lead to new therapeutic strategies for treating and ultimately preventing PD.
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Yeston, J. "Ring of Rings." Science 331, no. 6023 (March 17, 2011): 1366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.331.6023.1366-c.

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Sauvé, Véronique, and Kalle Gehring. "Deciphering the activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314091633.

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Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for some autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson's disease. Even though parkin is a RING-type E3 ligase, it uses a hybrid RING/HECT mechanism for its activity. The crystal structures of full-length and the RING0-RING1-In-Between-RING-RING2 module of parkin reveal a conformation of parkin in which its E2 binding site is too far from its catalytic cysteine for the transfer of ubiquitin [1]. Many intramolecular interactions occur between the different RING domains, as well as with a repressor element, which, with RING0, are unique to parkin. Mutations of residues involved in those interactions lead to an increase of parkin activity. This suggests that parkin adopts an auto-inhibited state in basal conditions. Therefore, under stress-response conditions, parkin needs to undergo molecular rearrangements, modulated by post-translational modification and/or interactions with other proteins, to become active. The phosphorylation of serine 65 in the Ubl domain of parkin by Pink1, a kinase also found mutated in some Parkinson's patient, was shown to increase the activity of parkin. Recent publications have demonstrated that ubiquitin is also phosphorylated by Pink1 and, furthermore, that phosphorylated ubiquitin could activate parkin [2,3]. We have used different techniques of structural biology and protein-protein interactions to further characterize the interaction of phosphorylated ubiquitin with parkin. This work provides insight into the mechanism of activation of parkin and that causes Parkinson's disease.
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Korsunsky, Boris. "Ring, Ring, Ring…(A4)." Physics Teacher 43, no. 4 (April 2005): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1888094.

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Lewis, Kathleen, and Christine Olah. "Ring! Ring!" AJN, American Journal of Nursing 109 (November 2009): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000362017.62752.60.

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AY, Yasin, İbrahim KARA, Hüseyin ANASIZ, Cemalettin AYDIN, Cengiz KÖKSAL, Nuray KAHRAMAN AY, and H. Mete ALP. "Results of De Vega Annuloplasty and Tricuspid Ring Annuloplasty Using by Mitral Annuloplasty Ring in the Treatment of Functional Tricuspid Insufficiency." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 32, no. 5 (2012): 1354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-28008.

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Zelenin, K. N., and V. V. Alekseev. "Ring-ring tautomerism." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 28, no. 6 (June 1992): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00529339.

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Farrell, W. M., W. S. Kurth, D. A. Gurnett, A. M. Persoon, and R. J. MacDowall. "Saturn's rings and associated ring plasma cavity: Evidence for slow ring erosion." Icarus 292 (August 2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.022.

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Al-Ezeh, H. "Two properties of the power series ring." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 11, no. 1 (1988): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171288000031.

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For a commutative ring with unity,A, it is proved that the power series ringA〚X〛is a PF-ring if and only if for any two countable subsetsSandTofAsuch thatS⫅annA(T), there existsc∈annA(T)such thatbc=bfor allb∈S. Also it is proved that a power series ringA〚X〛is a PP-ring if and only ifAis a PP-ring in which every increasing chain of idempotents inAhas a supremum which is an idempotent.
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Singh, Surjeet. "Over-rings of an (HNP)-ring." Colloquium Mathematicum 50, no. 1 (1985): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/cm-50-1-53-60.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ring"

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Sutton, Phil J. "Saturn's turbulent F ring." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18475.

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As our abilities to utilise high performance computing to theoretically probe many astrophysical systems increases, a genuine need to relate to real systems becomes ever more important. Here, Saturn s rings can be used as a nearby laboratory to investigate in real time many astrophysical processes. One such system is the narrow F ring and its interaction with its inner shepherd moon Prometheus. Through numerical modelling and direct observations of the in-situ spacecraft Cassini we find new and exciting dynamics. These might help explain some of the asymmetries witnessed in the distribution of embedded moonlets and azimuthal ring brightness known to exist within the F ring. Spatially we find asymmetry in the Prometheus induced channel edges with regards to density, velocity and acceleration variations of ring particles. Channel edges that show fans (embedded moonlets) are also the locations of highly localised increases in densities, velocity and acceleration changes where opposing edges are considerably less localised in their distribution. As a result of the highly localised nature of the velocity and acceleration changes chaotic fluctuations in density were witnessed. However, this could seek to work in favour of creating coherent objects at this channel edge as density increases were significantly large. Thus, density here had a greater chance of being enhanced beyond the local Roche density. Accompanied with these dynamics was the discovery of a non-zero component to vorticity in the perturbed area of the F ring post encounter. By removal of the background Keplerian flow we find that encounters typically created a large scale rotation of ~10,000 km^2. Within this area a much more rich distribution of local rotations is also seen located in and around the channel edges. Although the real F ring and our models are non-hydrodynamical in nature the existence of a curl in the velocity vector field in the perturbed region could offer some interesting implications for those systems that are gas rich.
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Vosswinkel, Michael. "Ring expansion and ring opening of heteroaromatic nitrenes." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968868576.

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Gattrell, William Thomas. "Aziridines : stereocontrol of ring-making and ring-breaking." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30090.

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(S)-3-Amino-2-(1-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylprop-1-yl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one (Q*NH2) was prepared from (L)-tert-leucine and its 3-acetoxyamino derivative (Q*NHOAc) used to aziridinate a range of alkenes. In the presence of titanium (IV) tert-butoxide, Q*NHOAc was found to convert styrene, indene, butadiene and tert-butyl acrylate with complete diastereoselectivity into the corresponding N-Q* substituted aziridines in good yield; aziridination of methyl acrylate and -methylstyrene was also highly diastereoselective. In the absence of titanium (IV) tert-butoxide, aziridination proceeded with poor diastereoselectivity in every case. The quinazolinone (Q*) ring has proved to be invaluable in directing or assisting the course of ring-opening of the N-(Q*) aziridines produced above. Thus Q* as a substituent on nitrogen was found to be sufficiently electron-withdrawing to activate the aziridine ring towards attack by nucleophiles in the absence of acid. The C-4 carbonyl oxygen of the quinazolinone (Q*) was found to participate in the aziridine ring-opening under some conditions with the result that retention of configuration was found in the alcohol product; evidence for this participation was obtained by exchange of the Q* carbonyl for a thione when the ring-opening was carried out in the presence of hydrogen sulphide. The two N-invertomers of the indene-derived aziridine were separately ring-opened by hydrogen chloride with very different stereochemistry, mediated by the Q* group. Finally, the sense of regioselectivity in the ring-opening of the methyl acrylate-derived aziridine can be changed by forming a lactone tether between the aziridine and Q* rings before ring-opening.
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Coe, Samuel. "Phyllostictine A ring assembly via ring closing metathesis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/67101/.

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This thesis describes work focused on the chemical synthesis and herbicidal activity of the natural product phyllostictine A, a molecule of unique structure and unknown mode of action. Chapter 1 serves to introduce the natural product and describe the known activity of the natural product. Furthermore, it discusses literature methods for the construction of a-methylene-b-lactams, a key component of phyllostictine A. Chapter 2 describes work towards the construction of the macrocyclic rings found in phyllostictine A. As a result a-methylene-b-lactams have been shown, for the first time, to participate in RCM reactions. Formation of 11- and 12-membered trisubstituted membered rings was possible, however, the nature of the nitrogen substituent has a large impact. For example, 12-membered rings 124, 130 were formed in 37% yield when a para-methoxyphenyl group was utilised, while simple ethyl substitution could only achieve yields of 20%. Boc protected lactam 169 produced only linear dimer 170. The synthesis of tetrasubstituted alkenes via RCM was attempted with lactam 145, however, resulted in an unexpected rearrangement product. Not only was the RCM sensitive to the nitrogen substituent but also the size of ring being formed. For example, 11-membered rings produced significant amounts of the 22-membered dimers 89 and 87. Throughout the RCM reactions performed in this thesis held a preference for the Z-alkene. The trend was confirmed both by NMR shift analysis and X-ray crystallography. Chapter 3 describes work towards the synthesis of 4,4-disubstituted a-methylene-b-lactam subunit of phyllostictine A. Three methods: epoxide rearrangement, carbonylation of methyleneaziridines and carbonylation of 2-bromo-allyl-propenes were explored. Chapter 4 describes the herbicidal activity of phyllostictine A against the single celled algae C. reinhardtii. ED50 data was obtained for phyllostictine A against C. reinhardtii for the first time. Furthermore, it was shown to be comparable to the commercial herbicide glyphosate. Six novel a-methylene-b-lactams synthesised in Chapter 2 were tested for herbicidal activity against C. reinhardtii which has enabled us to develop preliminary structure-activity relationships.
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EPLEE, ROBERT EUGENE JR. "SPOKES IN SATURN'S B RING: DYNAMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DEDUCED FROM VOYAGER SATURN RING IMAGES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184056.

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The two Voyager spacecraft discovered small-scale, radially-extended features in the central region of Saturn's B Ring. These "spokes" are "clouds" of submicron-size ice grains which are electrostatically levitated above the ring plane and which appear to travel about Saturn in Keplerian orbits (Smith et al., 1981, Science 212, 163-191). This research project is a study of the dynamical and physical properties of spokes as deduced from Voyager Saturn ring images. An analysis of the orbital motion of two dynamically-anomalous spokes, in particular, has set limits on the charge-to-mass ratios of spoke particles at various times during their dynamical evolution. These two spokes have charge-to-mass ratios of at least -60 ± 3 C kg⁻¹ while corotating with Saturn, and charge-to-mass ratios of no more than -22 ± 2 C kg⁻¹ while orbiting Saturn at Keplerian velocities. Additionally, charge decay on the grains of these spokes, caused by solar UV photoemission, has allowed a lower limit of 0.10 ± 0.03 μm to be placed on the range of radii for spoke particles. In a study of spoke photometry, a single-scattering analysis of the 0.470-μm phase function for spokes has set a mean radius for the dominant scatterers (at this wavelength) of 0.22 ± 0.02 μm. Also, a multispectral analysis of spokes has determined the spectral index of the size distribution for spoke particles to be 2.1 ± 0.2. These dynamical and physical properties of spokes have been combined with theoretical explanations of spoke activity to develop a phenomenological model of spoke formation and evolution. The transport of angular momentum within the rings due to the radial motion of spoke grains is shown to be the most significant effect of spoke activity on the dynamical evolution of the B Ring, as was predicted by Goertz et al. (1986, Nature 320, 141-143). The radial mass transport velocity due to highly-charged spokes is -1 x 10⁻⁹ m s⁻¹. The subsequent spreading time for the B Ring is 600 million years, which is significantly less than the 4.6 billion-year age of the solar system.
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Hadziselimovic, Adin. "Ring Simulator." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1098.

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This report is about a Thesis for Degree of Bachelor of Science at Linköping University. It describes design of equipment which makes it possible to measure signal and noise quality during data transmission via Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, ADSL. The measuring instrument is HP 4934A Transmission Impairment Measuring Set. The equipment was supposed to be used for testing of ADSL systems within Solectron Sweden AB. In fact, the equipment stands for virtual Plain Old Telephone Service, POTS. That is why it simulates all three states that may come up. The states are following:"on hook", ringing,"off hook"(speech transmission). There is a control unit in the design. It changes between different circuit connections to get one of the states. You have to use a computer for control of the equipment. The computer commands are sent to equipment via its serial port via RS232 to the control unit. The equipment is driven with 48 Vdc.

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Маlenchyk, Т. V., and А. V. Bulashenko. "Ring Counters." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67632.

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For the construction of ring counters, all types of shift registers can be used. The most simple is a ring counter on D flip-flops. In the circuit, four flip-flops are closed in the ring by feedback from the output of the last flip-flop to the input of the first flip-flop. Counting pulses are fed to the clock inputs of all triggers. On this basis, all ring counters are synchronous. By the pulse of the initial setting, the first trigger is set to, the rest to.
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Thießen, Friedrich, and Sebastian Liebold. "Der Ring." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-133479.

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Prothero, John. "Ring Width and Ring Diameter as Functions of Ring Number in Suppressed Maples and Oaks." Tree-Ring Society, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262379.

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Phipps showed that the cross-sectional area of successive tree rings in suppressed red maples and chestnut oaks, sampled at three-foot intervals above the base, is approximately constant. I show that this invariance in cross-sectional area is consistent with ring width varying as the inverse square root of ring number and with mean ring diameter and trunk diameter each scaling as the square root of ring number. These results may be useful in formulating growth rules for tree trunks of selected species, under constant environmental conditions, in terms of a single independent variable. For example, if elastic similarity holds, trunk height is proportional to the two-thirds power of trunk diameter. This relation implies that trunk height scales as the cube root of ring number. Thus, trunk height and trunk diameter may, in principle, both be expressed in terms of one independent variable, ring number.
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Riat, D. P. S. "The ring opening polymerization of ring strained cyclic ethers." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9785/.

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The kinetics and mechanisms of the ring-opening polymerization of oxetane were studied using cationic and coordinated anionic catalysts. The cationic initiators used were BF30Et2!/ethanol, BF30Et2!/ethanediol and BF30Et2/propantriol. Kinetic determinations with the BF30Et2/diol system indicated that a 1: 1 BF3:0H ratio gave the maximum rate of polymerization and this ratio was employed to detenmne the overall rates of polymerization. An overall second-order dependence was obtained when the system involved ethanediol or propantriol as co-catalyst and a 3/2-order dependence with ethanol, in each case the monomer gave a first-order relationship. This suggested that two mechanisms accounted for the cationic polymerization. These mechanisms were investigated and further evidence for these was obtained from the study of the complex formation of BF30Et2 and the co-catalysts by 1H NMR. Molecular weight studies (using size-exclusion chromatography) indicated that the hydroxyl ion acted as a chain transfer reagent when the [OH] > [BF3]. A linear relationship was observed when the number average molecular weight was plotted against [oxetane] at constant [BF3:0H], and similarly a linear dependency was observed on the BF3:0H 1:1 adduct at constant oxetane concentration. Copolymerization of oxetane and THF was carried out using BF30Et2/ethanol system. The reactivity ratios were calculated as rOXT = 1.2 ± 0.30 and rTHF = 0.14 ± 0.03. These copolymers were random copolymers with no evidence of oligomer formation. The coordinated anionic catalyst, porphinato-aluminium chloride [(TPP)AICl], was used to produce a living polymerization of oxetane. An overall third-order kinetics was obtained, with a second-order with respect to the [(TPP)AICl] and a first-order with respect to the [oxetane] and a mechanism was postulated using these results. The stereochemistry of [(TPP)AlCl] catalyst was investigated using cyclohexene and cyclopentene oxide monomers, using extensive 1H NMR, 2-D COSY and decoupling NMR techniques it was concluded that [(TPP)AlCl] gave rise to stereoregular polymers.
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Books on the topic "Ring"

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Ringu: Ring. 3rd ed. Tōkyō: Kadokawa Shoten, 1995.

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Ringu: Ring. Tōkyō: PHP Kenkyūjo, 2010.

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Robinson, Jeri. Ring ring ring .... [London?]: Jeri Robinson, 1992.

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Gurbin, Emily. The ring of rings. Summerland, B.C: Valley Pub., 2001.

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Kysor, Kenneth. Let the rings ring. [Cattaraugus County, N.Y: K. Kysor, 1989.

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Kanc, Shimon. Ring nokh ring: Eseyen. Tel-Aviv: Farlag Y.L. Perets, 1990.

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Kanc, Shimon. Ring nokh ring: Eseyen. Tel-Aviv: Farlag Y.L. Perets, 1990.

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Commutative ring theory. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Repchuk, Caroline. Ring-a-ring o' roses. Bath: Parragon, 2003.

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B, Rohmer Robert, and Walley Glynne, eds. Ring. London: HarperCollins, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ring"

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West, R. "Ring-Ring and Chain-Ring Interconversion." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 75–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch44.

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Bunting, R. K. "Ring-Ring and Ring-Chain Interconversions." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 96–97. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch57.

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Allcock, H. R. "Organocyclophosphazenes: Ring-Ring and Ring-Polymer Interconversions." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 154–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145326.ch80.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Ring." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 634. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10064.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Ring." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 634. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10065.

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Kaliski, Burt. "Ring." In Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, 1049–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_431.

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Weik, Martin H. "ring." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1495. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16402.

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von Praun, Christoph, Christoph von Praun, Jeremy T. Fineman, Charles E. Leiserson, Efstratios Gallopoulos, Marc Snir, Michael Heath, et al. "Ring." In Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, 1741. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09766-4_2373.

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Ducas, Léo, and Alain Durmus. "Ring-LWE in Polynomial Rings." In Public Key Cryptography – PKC 2012, 34–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30057-8_3.

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Krylov, Piotr A., Alexander V. Mikhalev, and Askar A. Tuganbaev. "Ring Properties of Endomorphism Rings." In Algebra and Applications, 99–134. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0345-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ring"

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BIRKENMEIER, GARY F., JAE KEOL PARK, and S. TARIQ RIZVI. "RING HULLS OF EXTENSION RINGS." In Proceedings of the 4th China-Japan-Korea International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701671_0002.

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Kerr, Thomas, and Jordan Nielson. "Dynamic Seal Test Rig: O-Ring Leakage and Sliding Friction Measurements." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-82221.

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Abstract Sliding seals play a critical role in the dynamic sealing of a wide-variety of machinery applications. There are many type of sliding seals, such as segmented carbon ring, O-ring, or bellows; and are used as sealing elements in hydraulic rod and piston seals, as well as secondary sealing elements in mechanical and dry-gas seals. Motion between the dynamic and static parts of the machine is most often lubricated by the process fluid, and therefore has leakage. This paper presents a new test rig capable of measuring leakage and friction force of annular sliding seals for a range of sealing pressures (0–24.8 MPa), temperatures (20–700 C), gasses, and motion. The rig is capable of large linear motions and high frequency dynamic motion. The large linear motion replicates piston movement or shaft thermal growth and the dynamic excitation matches the typical vibration response from a spinning shaft. Currently, there is little available information in the literature on the leakage performance of dynamic O-rings at high pressures, especially for gas sealing. The paper presents experimental results from two different material, 150 mm diameter, O-rings at sealing pressures up to 70 bar (1,000 psi) in CO2. The rings were tested for large ranges of motion, up to 4 mm. Two different durometer FKM O-rings (70 and 90) were compared to a 70 durometer BUNA O-ring. The softer rings exhibited superior leakage performance, and similar friction forces. The BUNA O-ring performed slightly better at sealing (10–20%) then the similar hardness Viton ring.
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Burkhardt, Helmut. "LHeC Ring-Ring Option." In Proceedings of the XVI International Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Topics. Amsterdam: Science Wise Publishing, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3360/dis.2008.231.

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Ferrarese, Andre, Daniel López Martínez, and Markus Keuerleber. "Steel Ring Pack for High Speed Large Bore Applications." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81115.

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The continuous focus on improving engine efficiency and fulfilling new emissions legislations in high speed large bore (HSLB) applications is demanding higher performance of cylinder power cell. Regarding piston rings, this can be translated into the need for increased wear and scuff resistance in conjunction with low friction. However, there is no room to jeopardize the engine performance in terms of lube oil control and combustion gas sealing (i.e. blow-by). The reduction in ring friction is linked with three main factors: reduction of ring tangential load, reduction of ring axial width and use of low friction coefficient materials. To enable load and axial width reduction the use of a steel ring pack becomes almost mandatory. The structural strength of steel is needed in the narrower cross-section which at the same time requires good resistance to temperature and loads. For better wear resistance and lower friction coefficient the use of improved materials is important on all three rings in the pack. The improved performance of nitriding treatment and CrN PVD coatings will be presented. Results indicate a potential ring friction reduction of more than 30% combined with wear improvements of up to 50% depending on the engine operation. Evaluations of rig and engine tests are presented supporting the technical case.
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Graves, B., S. Patterson, J. Betts, R. Waldo, G. Hunting, and W. Duncan. "HYLTE ring risk reduction demonstration - Ring fabrication status for 1/4 ring and full ring." In 31st Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2000-2494.

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6

Funkhouser, Thomas A. "RING." In the 1995 symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/199404.199418.

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7

Bieneman, Jason. "Lower Compression Ring and Oil Control Ring Changes for Modern Diesel Engines." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19175.

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The operating environment for piston rings in modern diesel engines continues to become more severe. Engine manufacturers are not only making changes to the engine to meet the government mandated emissions standards, but at the same time they are increasing both engine efficiencies and specific power levels. In order to meet these performance demands, Peak Cylinder Pressures (PCP) are increasing and piston compression heights are being reduced. These changes require significant upgrades to the Power Cylinder Unit (PCU), including piston and piston ring pack, as historic solutions no longer provide the robustness required for the next generation high output diesel engines. Much attention has already been paid to improving top compression ring technology [1]. This paper will instead focus on how the lower compression ring and oil control ring are impacted by these increasing demands; as well as how design changes to these rings can help the engine manufacturers meet their performance goals. Changes to ring base material, ring face coatings, and running surface geometries will be explained along with a brief discussion about the influence of the ring’s boundary conditions and the changes that are simultaneously being made to surrounding components. These recommendations will be supported with bench test, simulations using the MIT ring pack code [2], and engine test results using numerous MDD/HDD engines.
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Tomanik, Eduardo, and Andre Ferrarese. "Low Friction Ring Pack for Gasoline Engines." In ASME 2006 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2006-1566.

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Lower emissions, reduced friction and low lubricant oil consumption are the main drivers for new gasoline engines. In terms of piston ring pack, the trend is to reduce ring tangential load and width. On the other hand, the main concern is to have proper ring conformability and lube oil control. This work presents the comparison of a baseline ring pack with a low friction pack in terms of friction, blow-by control and lube oil consumption. Besides ring width and tangential load reductions, evaluations of ring materials are also carried out. Narrow compression rings, 1.0 and 0.8 mm, were engine tested. PVD top ring was also tested and showed about 10% friction reduction compared to the usual Gas Nitrided one. 3-piece 1.5 mm oil rings were compared with the usual 2.0 mm ones. Being more flexible, the narrower oil rings can have same conformability with reduced tangential load. Friction was measured in the mono-cylinder SI Floating Liner engine at 5 operational conditions. Effect of cylinder roughness on friction is discussed by reciprocating bench tests. Compared with a typical 1.2/1.2/2.0 mm SI ring pack, the proposed 1.0/1.0/1.5 mm pack brought about 28% reduction in ring friction in the tested conditions, which would mean in about 1% of fuel savings in urban use.
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Lee, A. S. T., D. K. Hunter, D. G. Smith, and D. Marcenac. "Routing in WDM rings and multi-ring networks." In IEE Colloquium on Multiwavelength Optical Networks: Devices, Systems and Network Implementations. Day Two. IEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19980507.

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Clark, Torin K., Michael Krieg, and Kamran Mohseni. "Flow Visualization for Pulsatile Vortex Ring Actuators." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68030.

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Formation and evolution of vortex rings produced from pulsatile vortex ring thrusters are studied using flow visualization techniques. A vortex ring thruster consists of a cavity with an orifice at one end and an oscillating plunger at the opposite end which periodically creates a volume change in the cavity forcing a jet emission of fluid through the orifice into the surrounding reservoir. The ratio of the cylindrical jet length to its diameter, known as the stroke ratio, is a primary factor in the vortex ring formation characteristics. Flow visualization is employed in order to measure the translational velocity of the leading vortex ring for the range of stroke ratios of 2.96–5.92. The velocity time history of the vortex rings is studied with the results comparing well with theoretical approximations. Additionally vortex ring dimensions, including semimajor axis, semiminor axis, the ratio of these dimensions, and core to core radius, are considered. Also the volume of the vortex ring atmosphere is studied. The variations of these parameters with respect to stroke ratio, time, and distance from the orifice are investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Ring"

1

Ratcliff, Blair N. Imaging rings in ring imaging Cherenkov counters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808694.

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2

Tepikian, S., M. Blaskiewicz, C. Montag, and S. Peggs. An electron storage ring proposal for the Ring-Ring eRHIC project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1240706.

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3

Aschenauer, E. C., S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, M. Brennan, A. Fedotov, W. Fischer, V. Litvinenko, et al. Report of the eRHIC Ring-Ring Working Group. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224786.

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4

Bulos, Fatin, Bill T. Tomlin, and J. Weaver. Damping Ring Kickers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1122489.

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Zhang S. Y. SNS Ring BPM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157247.

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Lucey, George, and Louis Jasper. Vortex Ring Generator. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada351056.

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Shaftan, Timur. Ultracold Storage Ring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1898597.

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Cheng, W., L. Wang, H. Li, H. van Helvoort, and J. Dong. MPLS-TP Shared-Ring Protection (MSRP) Mechanism for Ring Topology. RFC Editor, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8227.

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Pinayev, Igor, and Y. Hu. Storage Ring Current Monitor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1480938.

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Pinayev, Igor. Storage Ring Current Monitor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1525388.

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