Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rimu'

Saltwater Forest is a Dacrydium cupressinum-dominated lowland forest covering 9000 ha in south Westland, South Island, New Zealand. Four thousand hectares is managed for sustainable production of indigenous timber. The aim of this study was to provide an integrated analysis of soils, soil-landform relationships, and soil-vegetation relationships at broad and detailed scales. The broad scale understandings provide a framework in which existing or future studies can be placed and the detailed studies elucidate sources of soil and forest variability. Glacial landforms dominate. They include late Pleistocene lateral, terminal and ablation moraines, and outwash aggradation and degradation terraces. Deposits and landforms from six glacial advances have been recognised ranging from latest Last (Otira) Glaciation to Penultimate (Waimea) Glaciation. The absolute ages of landforms were established by analysis of the thickness and soil stratigraphy of loess coverbeds, augmented with radiocarbon dating and phytolith and pollen analysis. In the prevailing high rainfall of Westland soil formation is rapid. The rate of loess accretion in Saltwater Forest (ca. 30 mm ka⁻¹) has been low enough that soil formation and loess accretion took place contemporaneously. Soils formed in this manner are known as upbuilding soils. The significant difference between upbuilding pedogenesis and pedogenesis in a topdown sense into an existing sediment body is that each subsoil increment of an upbuilding soil has experienced processes of all horizons above. In Saltwater Forest subsoils of upbuilding soils are strongly altered because they have experienced the extremely acid environment of the soil surface at some earlier time. Some soil chronosequence studies in Westland have included upbuilding soils formed in loess as the older members of the sequence. Rates and types of processes inferred from these soils should be reviewed because upbuilding is a different pedogenic pathway to topdown pedogenesis. Landform age and morphology were used as a primary stratification for a study of the soil pattern and nature of soil variability in the 4000 ha production area of Saltwater Forest. The age of landforms (> 14 ka) and rapid soil formation mean that soils are uniformly strongly weathered and leached. Soils include Humic Organic Soils, Perch-gley Podzols, Acid Gley Soils, Allophanic Brown Soils, and Orthic or Pan Podzols. The major influence on the nature of soils is site hydrology which is determined by macroscale features of landforms (slope, relief, drainage density), mesoscale effects related to position on landforms, and microscale influences determined by microtopography and individual tree effects. Much of the soil variability arises at microscales so that it is not possible to map areas of uniform soils at practical map scales. The distribution of soil variability across spatial scales, in relation to the intensity of forest management, dictates that it is most appropriate to map soil complexes with boundaries coinciding with landforms. Disturbance of canopy trees is an important agent in forest dynamics. The frequency of forest disturbance in the production area of Saltwater Forest varies in a systematic way among landforms in accord with changes in abundance of different soils. The frequency of forest turnover is highest on landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained Organic Soils. As the abundance of better-drained soils increases the frequency of forest turnover declines. Changes in turnover frequency are reflected in the mean size and density of canopy trees (Dacrydium cupressinum) among landforms. Terrace and ablation moraine landforms with the greatest abundance of extremely poorly-drained soils have on average the smallest trees growing most densely. The steep lateral moraines, characterised by well drained soils, have fewer, larger trees. The changes manifested at the landform scale are an integration of processes operating over much shorter range as a result of short-range soil variability. The systematic changes in forest structure and turnover frequency among landforms and soils have important implications for sustainable forest management.

The interest of cars as a hobby has been increasing over a long period of time and is continously growing stronger. There is also professional business garages that offer help to enthusiasts. This even though modern cars is getting more and more complicated to work at and give a personal touch. But one thing that still is as easy to change now, as it was 80 years ago, is to replace the wheels. Furthermore, the vast majority of car enthusiast agree to that "the weels makes the car". That means a great deal of the car´s feeling lies in the rims. The car scene is, as many other interests, depending on fashion and constantly demanding news because the customers always strive to be unique.

Os conceitos e técnicas que envolvem a caracterização dos bosques de mangue são amplamente conhecidos e utilizados em diversas pesquisas, teses e relatórios técnicos elaborados para distintas finalidades, seja com o intuito de identificar e descrever o bosque, acompanhar a evolução de impactos ou ainda apontar áreas prioritárias para o gerenciamento ambiental. Entretanto há uma grande carência de informações sobre como o manguezal é estudado para efeito de elaboração de EIA/RIMA. Assim, com o objetivo de identificar qual a abordagem utilizada nesses documentos para análise de áreas de mangue e registrar se os mesmos adotam os conceitos e técnicas usuais de pesquisa para esse ecossistema, o presente estudo consiste em uma revisão de oito EIA/RIMA referentes a regiões litorâneas do Estado de São Paulo. Como não existe um procedimento técnico que propicie a discussão do estudo dos manguezais no contexto da elaboração de EIA/RIMA, foi necessário delinear um procedimento de investigação que se adequasse a presente proposta. Os levantamentos de informações contidas nos EIA/RIMA basearam-se na metodologia recomendada para estudo dos manguezais. Os diagnósticos foram classificados quanto a natureza dos dados apresentados em primários e secundários, e quanto a sua tipologia em qualitativos ou quantitativos. Nos prognósticos foram identificadas e comparadas as bases empíricas e/ou conceituais usadas, bem como os tipos de monitoramento e medidas mitigadoras propostas. Verificou-se que os diagnósticos dos manguezais são predominantemente baseados em dados primários e secundários qualitativos, ou seja, a ocorrência de medidas de campo são raras. Os prognósticos caracterizam-se basicamente pelo uso de medidas qualitativas. Somente um EIA/RIMA apresentou proposta de monitoramento em área de manguezal.

Las insignias digitales son representaciones visuales de una competencia, habilidad o conocimiento adquiridos por una persona. Su utilidad práctica es otorgar visibilidad a estas características gracias a su difusión en plataformas en línea, además de almacenar y publicar datos y evidencias acerca del logro representado. Esta nueva tecnología puede transformar los procesos de acreditación y evaluación en contextos educativos y corporativos, al proveer de información específica acerca del desempeño de los participantes en actividades formativas o laborales, de tal forma que cualquier decisión sobre la asignación de recompensas, premios y reconocimientos sea tomada en base a méritos debidamente reconocidos. En el presente estudio se llevó a cabo una revisión exploratoria de las experiencias de implementación de sistemas de insignias digitales en programas de educación continua profesional, con la finalidad de describir las principales tendencias utilizadas durante el diseño de dichos sistemas. Se pudo determinar que en los programas revisados, existió mayor énfasis en aplicar principios relacionados con el reconocimiento y evaluación del aprendizaje, situación que concuerda con el interés de los participantes en que los logros obtenidos tengan una mayor visibilidad y utilidad para sus intereses profesionales. De todas formas se hace necesario ofrecer mayor información sobre los potenciales beneficios de las insignias digitales para promover la utilización de esta tecnología a una escala mucho mayor.
Tesis

Cette these a pour objet de decrire les aspects generaux et particuliers de la rime dans la poesie d'aragon. Notre analyse faite dans un souci d'inventaire technique et non stylistique, - qui n'est pas exhaustive-, presente et classe de nombreux exemples d'associations lexicales et phoniques pour illustrer la technique d'aragon en matiere de rime : qualite phonique et enri- chissement de la rime ; disposition de rimes ; alternances ; for- mule strophique ; procedes divers de renouvellement de la rime. Notre methode d'etude systematique permet de reveler les di- verses attitudes d'aragon par rapport aux poetiques anciennes, clas- siques et modernes, ainsi que la part d'imitation et de creation, en relation etroite avec les "circonstances" politiques, litteraires et personnelles. Elle pourrait contribuer a une approche d'ordre stylistique concernant les effets de la rime aux niveaux linguis- tique, phonetique, musical et litteraire
A description of the general and specific aspects of aragon's approach to rhyme constitutes the aim of this thesis. Our nonexhaustive analysis was made with the aim of presenting a technical and non-stylistic inventory, and presents and classifies many examples of lexical and phonic associations by way of illustrating aragon's technique in relation to rhyme : acoustic quality and the enriching of the rhyme, the arrangement of the rhymes, alternation, stanza type, and diverses strategies for the renewal of the rhyme. Such a systematic method of examination will afford and insight into aragon's stance compared to that of ancient, classical or modern poets. It will also bring out the role played by imitation and creation, wich is closely coupled with political, literary and personal occurences. It may well contribute to an approach at the stylistic level concerning rhyme effects, linguistics, phonetics, musicality and literature

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Introdução: A influência da síndrome metabólica sobre a hemodinâmica renal de pacientes não diabéticos tem sido pouco estudada. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar parâmetros metabólicos e renais em portadores de síndrome metabólica antes e após perda ponderal. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 35 indivíduos portadores de SM, antes e após três meses de prescrição de dieta hipocalórica, visando redução mínima de 5% do peso corporal. No período basal, bem como após o período de dieta, foram avaliados: glicose de jejum e 2 horas após 75 g de glicose, insulina, ácido úrico e perfil lipídico. Dentre os parâmetros renais foram avaliadas a microalbuminúria e a depuração de creatinina antes e após sobrecarga protéica aguda para avaliação da reserva funcional renal. Resultados: Foram constituídos dois grupos: pacientes que atingiram a meta de perda de peso (grupo respondedor, n=14) e pacientes que não perderam peso (grupo não respondedor, n=21). No grupo respondedor, houve redução da microalbuminúria de 109±123,2 mg/24h (mediana=163 mg/24h) para 10±6,1 mg/24 h (mediana=11 mg/24h), no período basal e após perda de peso, respectivamente (p=0,01). No período basal, a depuração da creatinina foi 122±66,5 ml/min e 117±45,0 ml/min, antes e após sobrecarga protéica aguda (p=0,443). Após perda de peso, estes valores foram 93±35,6 ml/min e 96±41,7ml/min, antes e após sobrecarga protéica aguda, respectivamente (p=0,776). Após perda de peso, além da redução da depuração da creatinina (122±66,5 ml/min vs 93±35,6 ml/min (p=0,001), foram observados aumento dos níveis de HDL colesterol de 43±11,7 para 52±10,8 (p=0,039), redução dos níveis de triglicérides de 189±79,4 mg/dl para 142±77,8 mg/dl (p=0,031), dos níveis de ácido úrico de 5±1,2 mg/dl para 4 ± 1,1 mg/dl (p=0,057) e do HOMA-IR, de 3,0±2,12 para 1,6±0,66, respectivamente (p=0,057). No grupo não respondedor, a microalbuminúria foi de 78±79 mg/24 h (mediana=174 mg/24 h) e 78±86 mg/24 h (mediana=97 mg/24 h), no período basal e após três meses (p=0,99). A depuração da creatinina no período basal foi 102±29,9 ml/min e 96±24,2ml/min, antes e após sobrecarga protéica aguda, respectivamente (p=0,125). Após intervenção, a depuração da creatinina antes e após sobrecarga protéica aguda foi 98±31,8 ml/min e 86±31,1 ml/min, respectivamente (p=0,355). De modo oposto ao grupo respondedor, neste grupo a depuração da creatinina não se modificou ao longo do estudo (102±29,9 ml/min vs 98±31,8 ml/min) (p=0,95). Da mesma forma, os parâmetros metabólicos como HDL colesterol (43±8,4 vs 41±9,8 mg/dl), triglicérides (206±98,0 vs 224±140,5 mg/dl), ácido úrico (5±0,9 vs 5±1,2 mg/dl) e HOMA-IR (3,4±2,8 vs 2,3±2,6) foram semelhantes no período basal e após três meses. Conclusão: Na mostra estudada, indivíduos não diabéticos portadores de síndrome metabólica apresentavam elevada prevalência de microalbuminúria e hiperfiltração glomerular, alterações estas atenuadas pela perda ponderal.
Introduction: Studies concerning the influence of the metabolic syndrome on renal hemodynamics in non-diabetic patients are scarce. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate metabolic and renal parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome before and after weight loss. Material and methods: Thirty five patients with metabolic syndrome were evaluated before and after 3 months on a hypocaloric diet in order to achieve at least 5% of body weight loss. At baseline as well as after 3 months on diet, samples for fasting glucose, glucose 2 hours after a 75g oral glucose load, insulin, uric acid and lipid profile were collected. Among renal parameters, microalbuminuria and creatinine clearance were measured before and after acute protein overload to estimate the renal functional reserve. Results: Two groups were constituted: patients that reached the goal of weight loss (responder group, n=14) and patient that did not lose weight (non-responder group, n=22). In the responder group, there was reduction of the microalbuminuria from 109±123.2 mg/24h (median=163 mg/24h) to 10±6.1 mg/24 h (median=10.4 mg/24h), in the basal period and after weight loss, respectively (p=0.01). The creatinine clearance was 122±66.5 ml/min, in the basal period and 117±45.0ml/min, after acute protein overload (p=0.443). After weight loss, these values were 93±35.6 ml/min and 96±41.7ml/min, before and after acute protein overload, respectively (p=0.776). After weight loss besides the significant reduction on basal creatinine clearance (122±66.5 ml/min vs 93±35.6 ml/min) (p=0.001), there were increase in HDL cholesterol levels from 42.8±11.7 to 51.8±10.8 (p=0.039), and reduction in triglycerides levels from 189±79.4 mg/dl to 142±77.8 mg/dl (p=0.031), uric acid from 5±1.2 mg/dl to 4±1.1 mg/dl (p=0.057) and HOMA-IR, from 3.0±2.1 to 1.6±0.7, in the baseline and after weight loss, respectively (p=0.057). In the non-responder group, microalbuminuria was 78±79 mg/24 h (median=174 mg/24 h) and 78±86 mg/24 h (median=97 mg/24 h), in the baseline and after three months (p=0.99). The baseline creatinine clearance was 102±29.9 ml/min and 96±24.2ml/min (p=0.125) before and after acute protein overload, respectively. After 3 months, creatinine clearance before and after acute protein overload were 98±31.8 ml/min and 86±31.1 ml/min, respectively (p=0.355). Differently from responders, in non-responders group, the baseline creatinine clearance did not modify throughout the study (102±29.9 ml/min vs 98±31.8 ml/min) (p=0.95). In the same way, the metabolic parameters, HDL cholesterol (43±8.4 vs. 41±9.8 mg/dl), triglycerides (206±98.0 vs. 224±140.5 mg/dl), uric acid (5±0.9 vs. 5±1.2 mg/dl) and HOMA-IR (3.4±2.8 vs. 2.3±2.6) were similar at the baseline and after 3 months on hypocaloric diet. Conclusion: Non-diabetic individuals with metabolic syndrome presented high prevalence of microalbuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration, which were attenuated by weight loss.

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The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate the dialogue between the romantic poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798, and its transcreation – concept proposed by Haroldo de Campos – in the homonymous song released by the heavy-metal group Iron Maiden. Based on three levels of analysis of both texts, according to Fredric Jameson dialectical critic, this interpretation will make evident or clear, in the very first moment, which elements of the poem are approached or neglected in Steve Harris’ adaptation, leader, founder and main songwriter of the British group; simultaneously, a comparison between the form of the texts will be made to list important elements such as rime and meter, verses and stanzas, fable, “characters”, and others. In the second moment, the analysis must point out how nature and religion, illustrated in elements such as the sea, rain, snow, fog and mist, Sun and Moon, wind and breeze, beautiful or slimy living things, prayers, sin and “shrieve” made critics such as Franca Neto, John Lowes, Alexander Silva and Tania Asnes to interpret the poem as imaginative, subjective or religious, connected to what Fredric Jameson calls strategies of containment. The third level of reading will bring up the History hidden under the surface of the work of arts, or in other words, an social-aesthetical reading or an “political interpretation of the literary texts” (JAMESON, 1992, p. 15) supported specially in the concepts of mediation – “the establishment of relationships between, say, the formal analysis of a work of art and its social ground, or between the internal dynamics of the political state and its economic base” (ROBERTS, 2000, p. 78, 79), verifying acts socially symbolic revealed in a final analysis.
O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar o diálogo entre o poema romântico The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, de Samuel Taylor Coleridge, publicado originalmente em 1798, e sua transcriação – conceito proposto por Haroldo de Campos – na música homônima do grupo de heavy-metal Iron Maiden. A análise dos textos se dá em três níveis, de acordo com a crítica dialética de Fredric Jameson. Em primeira instância, a análise evidenciará quais elementos do primeiro são abordados ou negligenciados na releitura de Steve Harris, líder, fundador e principal compositor do grupo britânico; simultaneamente, caberá uma comparação entre a forma dos textos, elencando elementos fundamentais da estrutura como rima e métrica, versos e estrofes, fábula, “personagens”, entre outros. Num segundo momento, a análise deverá salientar como a natureza e a religião, a partir de elementos como mar, chuva, neve, névoa, Sol e Lua, ventos e brisas, criaturas divinas belas ou assustadoras, orações, pecado e absolvição levaram críticos como Franca Neto, John Lowes, Alexander Silva e Tania Asnes interpretaram o poema como imaginativo, subjetivo ou religioso, prendendo-se àquilo que Fredric Jameson denomina estratégias de contenção. Traremos à tona a História oculta por debaixo da superfície das obras a fim de ampliar nossa leitura ao plano estético-social ou, segundo proposto por Fredric Jameson em “O Inconsciente Político”, uma “interpretação política dos textos literários” (JAMESON, 1992, p. 15) apoiada especialmente nos conceitos de mediação – “relações entre a análise formal de uma obra de arte e seu chão social” (JAMESON, 1992, p. 35), verificando atos socialmente simbólicos a serem revelados à luz de uma análise final.

This honors thesis includes both an honors research report and a business plan created through the McGuire Center for Entrepreneurship. The honors research report was done individually and the business plan was done through a team. The honors research report details the social benefit that our company offers the communities we serve through gang prevention. Our venture company, G-Fabrications, creates a new opportunity for young low income Hispanics to create a positive identity for themselves in order to stay out of gangs. This report details why people join gangs, how G-Fabrications can prevent gang development, and finally how G-Fabrications will further benefit society in the future. The business plan was created by the G-Fabrications management team which includes Lee Klein, Josh Klein, Tim Relinski, and Colleen Quirk. The individual roles of each member of the team can be found on the next page. Although each member had specific roles in the group, everyone participated jointly in the creation of our final product. Our business plan describes G-Fabrications venture concept, current competition, competitive advantages, target markets, marketing strategies, and necessary finances in order to prove to investors that our business model is feasible.

The use of virtualized environments continues to grow for efficient utilization of the available compute resources. Hypervisors virtualize the underlying hardware resources and allow multiple Operating Systems to run simultaneously on the same infrastructure. Since the hypervisor is installed at a higher privilege level than the Operating Systems in the software stack it is vulnerable to rootkits that can modify the environment to gain control, crash the system and even steal sensitive information. Thus, runtime integrity measurement of the hypervisor is essential. The currently proposed solutions achieve the goal by relying either partially or entirely on the features of the hypervisor itself, causing them to lack stealth and leaving themselves vulnerable to attack. We have developed a performance sensitive methodology for identifying rootkits in hypervisors from System Management Mode (SMM) while using the features of SMI Transfer Monitor (STM). STM is a recent technology from Intel and it is a virtual machine manager at the firmware level. Our solution extends a research prototype called EPA-RIMM, developed by Delgado and Karavanic at Portland State University. Our solution extends the state of the art in that it stealthily performs measurements of hypervisor memory and critical data structures using firmware features, keeps performance perturbation to acceptable levels and leverages the security features provided by the STM. We describe our approach and include experimental results using a prototype we have developed for Xen hypervisor on Minnowboard Turbot, an open hardware platform.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas UAB „RIMI Lietuva“ vartotojų lojalumas ir jį formuojantys veiksniai. Darbe susikoncentruota į tokius probleminius klausimus: kas skatina vartotojus būti lojaliais, kas formuoja jų lojalumą, ką prekybos tinklas gali padaryti, siekdamas pritraukti vartotojus. Teorinėje darbo dalyje apibrėžiama vartotojų lojalumo samprata, analizuojami jo matavimo metodai, išskiriamos vartotojų lojalumo stadijos, pagrindiniai vartotojų lojalumą sąlygojantys veiksniai, įvertinama lojalumo programų svarba, vartotojų lojalumo formavime. Empirinėje darbo dalyje pristatomas pasirinktas tyrimo metodas, pagrindžiamas tyrimo instrumentas, pristatomas empirinio tyrimo organizavimas. Apklausus 110 respondentų, įvertintas „RIMI“ Arena vartotojų lojalumas, identifikuoti jį formuojantys ir galintys paskatinti veiksniai.
The Bachelor's paper analyses consumer loyalty and its formative elements in UAB “RIMI Lietuva”. The problem under research is characterized by the following questions: what makes consumers to be loyal, what determinates their loyalty, what the store net can do to attract the consumers. The concept of a consumer loyalty defined, its measurement methods analyzed, consumer loyalty levels and the main elements that determinates consumer loyalty marked, the importance of loyalty schemes in consumer loyalty formulation evaluated in the theoretical part. The method and the instrument chosen of the research introduced and motivated, the organization of empirical method represented in empirical part of the paper. After the survey of 110 respondents, the consumer loyalty of “RIMI” Arena supermarket was evaluated, the elements that forms and could determinate consumer loyalty were identified.

Multi-piece wheels or rims used on large vehicles such as trucks, tractors, trailers, buses and off-road machines have often been known for their dangerous properties because of the large number of catastrophic accidents involving them. The main causes for these accidents range from dislocation of the rim components in the assembly, mismatch of the components, manufacturing tolerances, corrosion of components to tires. A finite element analysis of a two-piece rim design similar to one manufactured by some of the prominent rim manufacturers in the USA is undertaken. A linear static deformation analysis is performed with the appropriate loading and boundary conditions. The dislocation of the side ring with respect to the rim base and its original designer intent position is established using simulation results from ANSYS and actual rim failure cases. Reliability of the multi-piece rims is analyzed using the failure data provided by the rim manufacturers in connection with a lawsuit (Civil Action No. 88-C-1374). The data was analyzed using MINITAB. The effect of an OSHA standard (1910.177) on servicing multi-piece rims was studied for change in failure patterns of different rims. The hazard functions were plotted and failure rates were calculated for each type of rim. The failure rates were found to be increasing suggesting that the standard had minimal effect on the accidents and failures. The lack of proper service personnel training and design defects were suggested as the probable reasons for the increasing failure rates.

L'improvisation chantée en ottava rima est une tradition poétique populaire encore vivante dans les régions de l'Italie centrale. Mon étude sur cette tradition orale, et sur sa poétique, recherche les types de relations émergeant entre les participants pendant les interactions conventionnalisées qu'ils co-construisent dans leurs performances dialogiques. J'analyse les aspects procéduraux des compétitions poétiques et les patterns stylistiques exhibés par la praxis de l'exécution. Je réexamine cette pratique culturelle me focalisant sur le contexte ethnographique limité à la zone de la Maremme toscane. Un rapprochement s'établit ainsi entre les formes d'improvisation dialogique de cette région et les échanges de la langue parlée, qui met en évidence la nature sociale de cet art verbal. Je propose de lui attribuer un statut de communication 'solennelle', qui reconduit une jurisprudence de l'interaction en face-à-face, et cela sous un double aspect: la rencontre avec l'Autre et l'agonistique. Je décris comment les traits de l'expression, chantée-versifiée-rimée, gouvernent les procédures de transaction de la parole et la planification pragmatique de l'interaction selon des régimes précis. Je démontre que la virtuosité individuelle des poètes «adversaires» doit s'accommoder avec un cadre complexe, expressif et praxéologique, qui joue un rôle d'intermédiaire, et dont les propriétés systémiques se règlent sur un modèle spécifique d'éthique du dialogue. Je suggère enfin une relation possible entre cette tradition orale et l'activité socioéconomique de la transhumance pratiquée par les communautés des bergers se déplaçant de l'Apennin vers la Maremme toscane
The ottava rima improvisation is a folk tradition which has survived in the regions of central Italy. In my studies about this tradition and its poetics, I research the type of social relationships emerging between the participants through the highly conventional interactions they build during their performances. The 'procedural aspects of poetic competition and the stylistic patterns displayed in the actual performance are also analysed. This practice of poetic folk art, is re-examined in the limited ethnographic context of the Tuscan Maremma area. I try to establish a link between the poetic forms of dialogic improvisation, observable in this region, and the exchanges which occur in spoken language, so as to draw attention to the social nature of this traditional poetic art. I propose to attribute to it the status of "solemn" communication which maintains a jurisprudential model of face-to-face verbal interaction involving two activities: the encounter and the adversarial confrontation with the Other. I describe how the forms of expression, sung-versified-rhymed, seem to govern the procedures of speech transaction and how the pragmatic planning of conflictual interaction follows precise regimes. I also demonstrate how the opponent poets' individual virtuosity must negotiate according to a complex framework -both expressive and praxeologic-and its mediating role; its built-in properties reveal a specifically ethical model inherent to dialogue. Finally, I suggest a possible relationship between this oral tradition and the socio-economic activity of transhumance practiced by the communities of shepherds who moved from the Apennines to the Tuscan Maremma

I detta utvecklingsarbete har vi valt att fokusera på språkstimulering i förskolan. Vårt mål var att barnen skulle utveckla medvetenhet om språkets form genom att använda oss av rim och ramsor. Arbetet med rim i varierande former är bra enligt tidigare forskning, då det bidrar till ett lustfyllt lärande och utvecklat den språkliga medvetenheten. Vi har genomgående i detta arbete valt att göra aktiviteterna konkret genom att använda oss av bilder och föremål, då barngruppen har varit flerspråkig. Vi genomförde åtta aktiviteter tillsammans med en grupp på tio barn, och alla aktiviteter observerades genom videofilmning. Resultatet visar på att det är viktigt som förskollärare att tänka på hur aktiviteterna kan utvecklas och anpassas till den barngrupp som finns framför en samt under hur lång tid aktiviteterna genomförs.

This thesis describes the application of Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) to the internal flows within turbomachines. In particular, the work sought to investigate whether LES could give an improved predictive tool for flows through a turbine rim seal where other methods of modelling turbulence give disappointing results for the simulation of hot annulus gas ingestion into the rim seal cavity. The applicability of LES to flow regimes within a rotor-stator cavity were investigated with reference to two experimental studies, those of Daily & Nece [1] and of Itoh et al. [2]. LES simulations were run using the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT and the Rolls-Royce CFD code HYDRA. Both gave good agreement for the velocity field even when the boundary layer was not fully resolved. HYDRA was then used to simulate a turbine rim seal cavity with external flow through an annulus with NGV and rotor blades, modelled using a small sector with periodic boundary conditions in the circumferential direction. LES was found to predict higher levels of ingestion than Unsteady Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations at a number of different values of cavity throughflow. This resulted in better, but not close, agreement with the experiments of Gentilhomme [3]. The sensitivity of the LES to changes in the size of the sector and to the resolution of the CFD grid were investigated. A larger sector simulation, corresponding to 40°, gave almost identical results to those on the smaller sector, 13.3°. Refinement to the CFD grid did lead to different results, particularly in the annulus flow, though critically the prediction of ingestion in the stator boundary layer was largely unaffected.

Il lavoro si propone di dare l’edizione critica e commentata della produzione poetica volgare di Baldassar Castiglione e Cesare Gonzaga. Esso ricostruisce dettagliatamente la fortuna e la tradizione dei testi, indagando il contesto storico e geografico in cui le liriche dei due mantovani furono diffuse. Sono affrontati problemi attributivi, con l’espunzione di un testo apocrifo assegnato dalla vulgata a Castiglione, e la pubblicazione di diversi inediti. Il corpus totale delle rime extravaganti si attesta così a 32 componimenti, comprese le sei poesie che compongono la piccola silloge dedicata ad Elisabetta Gonzaga dai due cugini. I testi con tradizione multipla sono dotati di due fasce di apparato, di tipo negativo, in cui si raccolgono le varianti di tradizione, rispettivamente sostanziali e grafico-morfologiche. Il commento discute i rari casi in cui è possibile attribuire le varianti redazionali all’autore. Seguono le ottave pastorali del "Tirsi". Il commento ai testi, attraverso il reperimento di modelli e luoghi paralleli, oltre ad illustrare la progressiva adesione alla rigorosa imitazione petrarchesca (da Rvf e Trionfi) proposta dal Bembo, mostra il rapporto dei due autori con la poesia cortigiana contemporanea.
The paper aims to give a critical and annotated edition of vernacular poems by Baldassar Castiglione and Cesare Gonzaga. It reconstructs in detail the history of the circulation and tradition of the poems, and it examinates the historical and geographical context in which the texts were copied and spread. Attribution problems are discussed, an apocryphal poem is expunged from Castiglione’s corpus, unpublished texts are published. The whole corpus is composed of 32 texts, including the little collection of six lyric poems dedicated to Elisabetta Gonzaga. The negative apparatus is divided into two parts, where text variants and morphological differences between the witnesses are shown. Lyric poems are followed by the eclogue ‘Tirsi’. A commentary is provided, where models and parallel places are illustrated, aiming to highlight how the two poets pursued a faithful imitation of Petrarch poetry, following Pietro Bembo’s teachings, and showing their debts with the XVth Century court poetry.

The aim of this research is to propose a new, culturally contextualized image of Matteo Bandello through the concurrent analysis of his main two works, Le quattro parti de le novelle and Alcuni fragmenti de le rime, and with close reference to his less well known productions both in Italian and in Latin so as to stress their connections in the light of Bandello's narrative development. A correct reading of the narrative elements in the Rime helps us to rethink the general view of this canzoniere, which has often been marginalized by critics, and to show the links with the Novelle, which are analysed both on a structural level - the epistles - and on a narrative level - the tales. In these two works Bandello entwined the fictional plot and the historical events of that period in order to communicate to the readers his experience as both courtier and author. At the heart of his works there is the Renaissance conception of varietas, which is interpreted in an original way thanks to a new idea of plurality and fragmentation. Matteo Bandello was able to unify truth and variety, thematic verisimilitude and structural verisimilitude. Rime and Novelle, by virtue of an alternation of history and autobiography, are in fact both characterized by a rediscovery of ancient values and by an autonomous creation of a new identity. The links of these works of Bandello with the past are here connected with a detailed comparison with the features of Bandello's contemporary narrative prose. The thesis thus proposes to see Matteo Bandello as a European intellectual in terms of his impact, biography and success. Bandello's cultural legacy allows the modern reader to rediscover the origins and the roots of a shared idea about story- telling.

Sputter initiated Resonance Ionisation Spectroscopy (SIRIS) was used to perform trace analysis for a number of elements in various matrices. The system consisted of a reflection time of flight (ToF) mass spectrometer combined with a duoplasmatron primary ion source which was coupled to a Nd:YAG pumped dye laser. External electronics were constructed to synchronise precisely the timing of the laser pulse, primary ion source and dual channel plate detector. The present set-up allowed the utilisation of the simplest of all ionisation routes, namely the one-colour, two-photon RIS schemes. The elements titanium, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, iron and tin were photo-ionised in the 290-300 nm and 280-290 nm range. Various resonances for these elements were obtained providing valuable information on efficient RIS routes, which could be used in trace analysis. The sensitivity of the RIMS technique was demonstrated by the detection of 15 ppm of iron in a nickel host, with an ultimate detection limit of less than 5ppb. Trace detection of potentially toxic elements such as iron and aluminium in brain homogenate tissue was demonstrated for samples, with concentrations of 100 ppm of aluminium and 400 ppm of iron: detection was possible without isobaric interferences. These elements have been linked to the neurological disorders of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonian dementia. In a separate application, the detection of 480 ppm of tin in an insulator of silicone gum is shown, demonstrating the diverse range of samples which can be analysed using RIMS. A brief review of the theoretical modelling for ion sputtering and the process of resonance ionisation is given, including the benefits and limitations of the various methods.

Nella ricerca condotta sulle Osservazioni muratoriane alle Rime petrarchesche, si è tentato di mettere in luce la ‘scienza del commento’, ad esse sottesa, cui contribuivano gli snodi teorici, l’accertamento filologico, le strategie argomentative, i debiti esegetici. Tra difesa e riforma della poesia, il commento muratoriano si pone infatti, in piena età arcadica, al vertice della coniunctio tra esigenza conoscitiva e visione morale. Il «buon cammino» del Muratori, passando per le vie del Petrarca, sanciva di fatto una superiore giurisdizione letteraria, a cui rimettere come ad un foro esterno, censure e difese: colpisce, infatti, il suo vaglio tecnico-argomentativo delle Rime del Petrarca, valutate secondo concordanze, rinvii a commenti storici, connessioni intertestuali, analogie contenutistiche e stilistiche, struttura metrica, uso delle immagini di fantasia e loro mescidazione rispetto al verosimile. È insomma l’idea di un commento ‘ben proporzionato’, situato oltretutto in una zona di percorrenza mista, tra riuso e canonizzazione (come dimostra la sua ricezione nelle storiografie letterarie della seconda metà del XVIII secolo), diviso tra attenzione all’usus scribendi dell’autore e appelli collaborativi al lettore, quello che, grazie al Muratori, in piena età arcadica, riporterà al centro il petrarchismo: un petrarchismo potenziato, promosso ad insegnamento attivo e a sistema storicocritico che il buon gusto ridisegnava secondo nuove coperture normative ed esigenze metodologiche, ordinandolo, secondo uno stilema tipico della riflessione filosofico-religiosa muratoriana, ad una ‘regolata lettura’.

Questo lavoro si presenta come un’indagine pluridisciplinare fra metrica,linguistica,letteratura e didattica, in cui la rima n’è l’oggetto e il filo conduttore. Attraverso questa ricerca si tenta di mostrare la capacità della rima di costituire un ponte fra espressione e contenuto, di allargare così il bagaglio non solo linguistico del fruitore, ma anche quello conoscitivo. Partendo dall’ambito linguistico e metrico, si analizza in prima istanza, l’apporto pratico che la rima ha avuto nell’evoluzione delle lingue volgari indoeuropee, per poi diventare il mezzo più semplice e istintivo per strutturare il verso poetico. Si passa così da un contesto folklorico ad uno colto, percorrendo tutti i secoli della nostra storia letteraria. Nella seconda parte la materia metrica cede il posto a quella didattico – pedagogica, e il passaggio è facilitato dalla poesia novecentesca che rimette in discussione il ruolo della rima, e la vede come il mezzo perfetto d’associazione fra parole, non solo di suono, ma anche di senso. A questo risponde la teoria del “binomio fantastico” di cui si avvale Gianni Rodari per creare le sue filastrocche, ed educare divertendo i suoi alunni. La rima con la sua omofonia finale, col suo accostamento casuale, concentra l’attenzione del bambino su di se e lo fa entrare a contatto col mondo delle parole, con la potenza della lingua.

El Cobre como Proceso Productivo Primario de nuestra Economía Doméstica posee perspectivas de desarrollo muy por sobre el resto de las actividades económicas presentes en nuestro territorio. Su importancia vital en el ingreso de recursos Capitales para el desarrollo de nuestra economía interna, su posicionamiento global como plataforma de conocimiento específico y exportable, genera inmejorables condiciones para el desarrollo de experticias en materias atingentes a la producción y al proceso de extracción. La necesidad de crear nuevos puestos de trabajo que satisfagan los requerimientos de fuerza laboral, para alcanzar de manera óptima la producción proyectada por la política de expansión de la División Andina, a través del Proyecto PDA fase 1 genera necesidades de albergue para aquellos trabajadores que ingresen a dichos puestos. Desde esta perspectiva, se necesita una respuesta de calidad, que fomente la sustentabilidad medioambiental, y que responda a los constantes cambios tecnológicos en que nos vemos inmersos como sociedad, reflejados en parte en los nuevos requerimientos que el individuo necesita para alcanzar la confortabilidad plena en el habitar; repercutiendo así en mayores niveles de producción individual que se reflejan posteriormente en buenos resultados para la empresa. A partir de lo anterior, generar una solución arquitectónica a un ámbito requerido por el negocio minero, parece de vital importancia. La participación de la disciplina arquitectónica en un ámbito de tal relevancia para el contexto nacional y la creación de infraestructura especializada y procesos estandarizados para enfrentar la problemática de asentamientos móviles bajo Condiciones Extremas influye directamente en la concreción de sus proyectos manteniendo y desarrollando estándares de calidad que posibilitan y facilitan la vida del trabajador en condiciones adversas y de dificultad, presentes, no sólo en el emplazamiento geográfico del campamento, si no también en los regimenes de trabajo traducidos en el sistema de turnos.

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Ao investigarmos as representações sociais que as mulheres vitimas de violência conjugal, pertencentes às classes populares constroem sobre a violência sofrida e quais as estratégias de enfrentamento/reação a este fenômeno, partimos de um estudo qualitativo com dez mulheres, sendo cinco participantes de grupos organizados e cinco que denunciaram seus agressores na Delegacia Especializada de Defesa e Apoio à Mulher. Ao analisarmos as representações sociais destas mulheres sobre violência, constatamos duas representações: uma que busca justificar a violência como natural e inerente às relações entre os sexos e outra minoritária, que compreende a violência como fruto do sistema patriarcal. Quanto às reações e enfrentamentos à violência, estes se dão em dois níveis: em nível privado, quando as mulheres não denunciam a violência, mas contam as violências sofridas para familiares e amigos, bem como se separam dos maridos ou companheiros agressores e em nível público, quando denunciam as agressões na delegacia, mesmo com a intenção de apenas dar um susto no agressor. Uma outra forma pública de enfrentamento à violência se dá através do engajamento em movimentos de mulheres que contribui para o fortalecimento da organização e o combate à violência contra a mulher encorajando-as para a denúncia. Ressaltamos, que seja qual for a forma de enfrentamento à violência, as mulheres não são cúmplices da violência, e sim vítimas, pois detêm uma parcela de poder infinitamente menor que os homens

La tesi que es presenta té un doble objectiu: descriure la composició i la dinàmica pigmentària de les poblacions bentòniques, i així mateix descriure les poblacions d'algues que es troben en el riu, analitzant la seva dinàmica i relacions ecològiques amb els factors medio-ambientals.

Han estat determinats un total de 357 tàxons a la flora d'algues del riu Ter. La major part d'ells són diatomees (60.5%), mentre que clorofícies, cianofícies, rodofícies, xantofícies, euglenals i crisofícies són, en ordre decreixent, menys abundants. La major part de les espècies observades són bentòniques, i alguna d'elles planctònica. De manera circumstancial també s'han trobat organismes pertanyents a altres grups d'organismes (bacteris, fongs) que sovintegen en els mateixos ambients.

La clorofil.la dominant en les comunitats del bentos és la clorofil.la A. Les formes de degradació de la clorofil.la observades en les poblacions del Ter són clorofil.les i feofòrbids, mentre que les feofitines són quasi inexistents. Els continguts de clorofil.la a activa són màxims a la primavera i a l'estiu, i mínims a l'hivern. En el riu, aquests valors són més elevats sota dels embassaments i a la desembocadura, i tenen el seu valor més baix en les estacions de capçalera del Ter i del Freser. Sembla existir una estreta relació entre els valors de clorofil.la que s'observen en el riu i la mineralització de les aigües i el cabal.

Els valors de la biomassa en el riu i la seva evolució longitudinal han estat estudiats durant dos moments de màxima concentració de clorofil.la a, a la primavera i a l'estiu. La biomassa (g C/m2) és més important a la primavera que a l'estiu. Mentre que a la primavera la biomassa i la quantitat de clorofil.la a estan afavorides per la temperatura i l'augment del fotoperíode, a l'estiu es dóna un estancament de les poblacions i, a més, els nutrients poden actuar com a limitants.

A les capçaleres del Ter i del Freser, així com en molts dels afluents, es troben poblacions incrustants ben constituïdes, formades principalment per cianofícies i clorofícies, d'aspecte i composició diferent segons les variacions en la mineralització de l'aigua, la disponibilitat de nutrients, la intensitat del corrent i de la llum. Aquestes incrustacions desapareixen quan el grau d'eutròfia de les aigües és important. La composició química elemental de les incrustacions sembla dependent de la composició mineralògica i química dels indrets sobre els quals es disposen. Molt sovint sobre d'aquestes incrustacions creixen poblacions de diatomees i clorofícies, allí on el corrent no ho impedeix.

És posible distingir diversos tipus de poblacions en el fitobentos del riu Ter: les que ocupen ambients subaeris (fonts, regalims), les de les capçaleres del Ter i del Freser (principalment incrustants i Hydrurus), les de capçaleres silíciques de muntanya mitjana (amb poblacions incrustants poc desenvolupades i abundància de diatomees), les de capaçalera en aigües netes i carbonatades (amb formacions incrustants molt desenvolupades), les que es troben en estacions de muntanya baixa i aigües alcalines (principalment Cladophora i diatomees), les que habiten en les aigües poc ràpides i poc mineralitzades de l'eix del riu (diatomees dels gèneres Navícula, Nitzschia i Gomphonema), i les que poden resistir condicions d'elevada mineralització i fins i tot de poI.lució (variación simplificada de la població anterior).

A la desembocadura del riu Ter, i en algun altre tram del riu, es forma una comunitat fitoplanctònica força pobra, que registra una forta influència del bentos i una certa escassedat d'elements genuïnament planctònics.

L'estudi de la dinàmica de les poblacions de diatomees en nou punts de l'eix del riu, durant un cicle anual, ha posat de manifest que la mineralització de les aigües i la poI.lució són els factors més determinants en la distribució de les espècies. Les poblacions de la part superior del riu són de baixa diversitat, i a mesura que incrementa la mineralització de les aigües van guanyant en complicació. L'aparent linealitat que generaria l'increment de la mineralització aigües avall es trenca a causa de l'aparició de focus de poI.!ució, que actuen simplificant les poblacions i afavorint unes poques espècies resistents. Els embassaments actuen millorant la qualitat de les aigües i afavoreixen una altra comunitat diferent a la d'aigües amunt.

Així mateix, s'han comparat les poblacions de diatomees de l'eix del riu Ter amb les que es troben en l'eix del Llobregat. La flora dels dos rius és molt semblant, però les poblacions difereixen en la seva composició específica. Mentre que a les capçaleres dels rius són anàlogues, les del tram mig i baix són força diferents, principalment a causa de l'efecte depurador i renovador dels embassaments en el Ter i de l'aparició de sals en el Llobregat.

També s'ha estudiat la dinàmica en un punt de la conca del Ter, el riu Gurri, en un tram d'aigües netes i molt mineralitzades. En aquest indret s'ha detectat una flora extraordinàriament diversa (125 tàxons), formada principalment per diatomees. Durant el període d'estudi s'ha observat una successió en les poblacions a mesura que el cabal és menys important (a conseqüència de l'estiatge) i augmenten les quantitats de clorurs en solució, i que s'ha traduït en una substitució progressiva (des de l'hivern a l'estiu) d'espècies d'aigües mineralitzades per altres d'aigües salabroses.

La mesura de les distàncies paramètriques, referides a la distància geogràfica real entre les estacions, pot ser utilitzada per a descriure les discontinuïtats que es produeixen en el riu. La distància entre les estacions i l'alteració de la seva seqüència natural són manifestacions dels canvis que s'hi han produït. Hem aplicat aquesta mesura a les poblacions de diatomees de l'eix del riu. S'observa que experimenten un canvi molt important entre les estacions de capçalera i les del tram mig, I en aquestes la discontinuïtat és molt més suau; a partir de la ciutat de Girona, les diferències tornen a ser molt importants.

Les imatges del riu són molt diferents en cada època de l'any. Aquesta diferència pot ser avaluada utilitzant la derivada de la distància paramètrica respecte de l'espai. Mentre que a l'hivern i a l'estiu el riu té discontinuïtats molt marcades, a la primavera i a la tardor tendeix a ser més lineal. Aquesta diferència estacional en l'estructura de les poblacions pot relacionar-se amb les variacions corresponents de cabal (molt lligat en el Ter amb la velocitat del corrent) al llarg de l'any, excepte a l'estiu en què, precisament a causa del descens de cabal, predomina la influència de les condicions locals.

Els canvis i discontinuïtats són a la vegada processos temporals I espacials estretament relacionats. La dinàmica de les poblacions de diatomees en una unitat de temps és equivalent als canvis locals de les poblacions menys els canvis que es donin a causa de l'arrossegament. En alguns casos, es pot trobar que existeix una estreta relació entre els canvis espacials de les poblacions i els d'algun paràmetre conservatiu, com la conductivitat, que pot ser utilitzat per les diatomees com a traçador, pernletent aleshores efectuar una aproximació al funcionament de les poblacions en aquell tram del riu.
ChlorophylI composition and dynamics has been described during a nine-month period, and their relationships with the physicochemical parameters have been analyzed. Later, the biomass of benthic algal assemblages has also been recorded during two particularly productive periods in the river, that is, spring and summer. At the same time, the benthic algal assemblages have been studied with detail. Three hundred and fifty-seven algal taxa have been recorded in the whole basin, in which mainly are diatoms. Fifty five of them are new floristic records for the Catalonian regions. All the possible habitats for algal development have been studied, but emphasis has been made in the benthic ones. Encrusting algal assemblages have been observed to develop in the springs and upper stretches of all the no polluted tributaries. Some different algal assemblages, linked to their respective environments are easily distinguishable: the siliceous-headwater assemblage, the species belonging to hard, middle mountains streams, the species inhabiting sub-aerial environments, those preferring moderately high salinity conditions in the middle stretch of the river, and those tolerant to high salinity conditions and pollution conditions. Phytoplankton is poorly developed in the river, and it is restricted to the mouth zone and some other impounded areas. In one hard-water stream site a particular, high diverse algal assemblage has been observed, and its dynamics described. The diatom assemblages in the main stretch of the river Ter is also compared with some others developed in the river Llobregat: reservoirs in the Ter strikingly determinant in the assemblage distribution, while salt mines and pollution are correspondently very important in the Llobregat. At last, discontinuities in the diatom assemblages have been measured using the parametric distances of the scores of a PCA. From the spatial and temporal components that determine the diatom assemblages distribution, it is possible to know, in some stretches of the river, their population dynamics.

Improvement of cancer treatments is a priority health issue. One approach is to use multivalent scaffolds to prepare drug delivery systems in order to make anti-cancer agents more specific to their target tumours. The aim of this thesis was to design a lectin specific drug delivery system through the preparation of a series of calix[4] sugars suitable for binding with the cell membrane asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R). Chapter 1 describes the background to this work and focuses on the synthetic methods available for the synthesis and derivatisation of calixarenes with particular emphasis on the preparation of calix[4]sugars. Chapter 2 describes investigations into the incorporation of amino sugars at the upper-rim of calix[4]arene for the synthesis of a series of linked calix[4]sugars. The synthesis of the key intermediate tetra carboxylic acid functionalised calix[4]arene is discussed in detail.

The research in this thesis depicts aspects in the area of resorcin[4]arenes upper rim functionalization and presents the importance of this type of structures. The first chapter covers past and present literature regarding general background and synthetic approaches towards building these cage-like cyclic oligomers, and discusses the possible applications as synthetic enzymes. Chapter two is separated into two main research areas; (i) preparation of a series of monofunctionalized substrates, attaching on each ring desired groups, such as: amines, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, alcohols, boronic acids, and (ii) design and synthesis of multifunctionalized resorcin[4]arenes, where we aimed to couple two or more of the mentioned functional groups on each aromatic unit. In the first part of chapter two, two main strategies for upper rim functionalization are reported; (i) at the phenolic OH, reactions that take place almost quantitative, excepting the Buchwald-Hartwig amination (yield 43-94 %, depending on the primary amine used), and (ii) at the ortho position, where, although the unsatisfying yields, some new compounds were successfully synthesized and characterised. The second part of chapter two details the attempts to multifunctionalize each aromatic unit, using the same methodologies applied to the preparation of the monofunctionalized precursors. The step was found to be challenging due to steric hindrance and low reactivity of the monosubstituted derivatives, and, despite applying longer time, higher temperature and/or pressure, the targeted structures were unsuccessful. Chapter three includes the experimental data for all the compounds mentioned in chapter two, with chapter four containing some NMR spectra and crystal structure additional information.

The first detailed investigation of Maldivian rim island development and reef-to-island connectivity is presented. Study sites were selected on windward and leeward rim aspects of Huvadhu Atoll, and analyses were undertaken at a millennial, contemporary and near-future temporal scales. At millennial temporal scales, contrasting models of island development were presented for the windward and leeward sites. Marked between-site differences were found in the timings of island initiation (2,800-2,000 cal. yr. B.P. and 4,200-3,600 cal. yr. B.P. at the windward and leeward sites respectively). Hence, sea-level does not represent the sole control upon island formation. The period of island initiation and heightened mobility occurred during the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand. Future sea-level rise may thus reactivate the process regime responsible for reef island initiation, potentially inducing further island building and/or heightened island mobilisation. Contemporary analyses highlighted the homogeneity of the sediment reservoir across marine, beach and island sediments. Specifically, sand-grade coral was dominant across all samples within both sites (>50%). The most likely source of sand-grade coral is excavator parrotfish, which was consistent with ecological survey-based estimates of sediment production (excavator parrotfish accounted for 72.8% and 68.2% of sediment production at the windward and leeward sites). The highest sediment production rates were found within the lagoonward environments (59.4% and 75.4% at the windward and leeward sites), which is consistent with the more recent lateral lagoonward mode of island building. With regard to near-future analyses, the apparent recent areal expansion of seagrass beds demonstrated the capacity of ecological changes to cause shifts in sediment production budgets (contributing an additional ~243 tonnes yr-1 of sediment on the leeward rim platform). In addition, significant increases in benthic sediment mobility were found at both study sites under sea-level rise scenarios. Increases in mobility were markedly larger in magnitude at the leeward site than at the windward site. A challenge for the adaptive capacity of atoll nations is thus to acknowledge this atoll-scale diversity in future management strategies.

Gas turbines are one of the most widely-used power generating technologies in the world today. In the face of climate change and continued global financial pressures placed on industries, one of the biggest challenges facing engine designers is how to continually improve turbine efficiencies. Rim seals are fitted in gas turbines at the periphery of the wheel-space formed between rotor discs and their adjacent casings. These seals reduce the ingestion of hot gases that can cause catastrophic damage to some of the most highly stressed components in the engine. In gas turbine engines this ingestion is principally caused by circumferential pressure asymmetries in the mainstream annulus, radially outward of the rim seal. A superposed sealant flow, bled from the compressor, is used to reduce or, at the limit, prevent ingestion. As the use of this sealing air can reduce the cycle efficiency, it is important to know how much flow is required to prevent ingestion and to understand the associated fluid dynamics and heat transfer when ingestion occurs. This thesis presents experimental results from a specifically designed research facility which models an axial turbine stage with generic, but engine-representative, rim seals. The test section featured stator vanes and symmetrical rotor blades. Measurements of pressure, CO2 gas concentration and swirl ratio are used to assess the performance of different seal designs. Although the ingestion through the rim seal is a consequence of an unsteady, three-dimensional flow field, and the cause-effect relationship between pressure and the sealing effectiveness is complex, the experimental data is shown to be successfully calculated by simple effectiveness equations developed from a theoretical orifice model. Effectiveness data were collected at the design condition for a datum radial-clearance single seal, and compared with a double overlap equivalent and a further derivative with a series of radial fins. The benefit of using double rim seal configurations was demonstrated, where the ingested fluid was shown to be predominately confined to the outer wheel-space between the two sets of seals. The radial fins increased the level of swirl in this outer wheel-space, rotating the captive fluid with near solid body rotation. This improved the attenuation of the pressure asymmetry which governs the ingress, and improved the performance of the inner geometry of the seal. A criterion for ranking the performance the different seals was proposed, and a performance limit was established for double seals, in which the inner seal is exposed to rotationally induced ingress only. Experiments were also performed at off-design conditions, where the effect on ingress of varying the flow coefficient (CF) was demonstrated for both under-speed and over-speed conditions. The correlated effectiveness curves were used to predict the required levels of sealant flow to prevent ingestion, and the variation with CF was in mainly good agreement with the theoretical curve for combined ingress, which covers the transition from rotationally induced to externally induced ingress. Departure of the measured values from the theoretical curve occurred at very low values of CF for all the seals tested. This was attributed to flow separation at large deviation angles between the flow and the symmetric turbine blades. The effectiveness measurements determined from gas concentration were then used to establish a new effectiveness based on pressure. A hypothetical location on the vane platform was assumed to exist where the measured pressures would ensure consistency between the two definitions. Experimental measurements for a radial clearance seal showed that as predicted, the normalised pressure difference across the seal at this location was linearly related to the pressure difference at an arbitrary location on the vane platform. When compared to the original concentration effectiveness measurements, good agreement was found with the values of effectiveness determined by the theoretical pressure model. It was shown in principle how parameters obtained from measurements of pressure and concentration in a rig could be used to calculate the sealing effectiveness in an engine. The design of a novel 1.5-stage facility, complete with representative turned rotor blades, is then described. The rig experimentally models hot gas ingestion in a downstream, as well as an upstream wheel-space. The methodology behind the design process was outlined, and details were given on the proposed design operating conditions. Experience gained from conducting experiments in the previous facility heavily influenced the design of the new rig. The instrumentation capabilities have been summarised and an explanation of the intended measurements given.

One of the most important problems facing gas turbine designers today is the ingestion of hot mainstream gases into the wheel-space between the turbine disc and its adjacent casing. A rim seal is fitted at the periphery and a superposed sealant flow is used to prevent ingress. The aim of this PhD research was to design a new rotor-stator testing facility, from which both flow physics and future heat transfer characteristics in relation to ingress could be measured and analysed, along with a detailed investigation into the sealing characteristics of turbine rim-seals there from. The rig was constructed as an engine representative model of a gas turbine wheel-space, from which data correlations could tentatively be scaled and applied to actual engine design. The novel testing facility was designed in great detail for both sealing effectiveness research and to investigate the thermal effects of hot gas ingress; insight never previously achieved. An extensive commissioning process was undertaken to ensure that the correct, albeit benign, fluid-dynamic conditions were created inside the single stage turbine rig. Effectiveness data are presented for single-clearance rim-seals in a variety of ingress conditions from which a fundamental understanding is developed for both rotationally-induced and externally-induced ingress. A newly developed orifice model is validated against the experimental data, resulting in theoretical predictions of the sealing effectiveness characteristics of various rim-seals. It is suggested that these predictions could be scaled to engine representative conditions where they could act as a future design tool for secondary air system engineers. The theory is then extended to the application of double clearance-seal configurations, whereby the beneficial aspects are shown both theoretically and experimentally, leading on to the suggestion of a possible optimisation process resulting in an ultimate double seal. It is postulated that this would be the highest performance that can ever be achieved with a double clearance configuration.

This thesis focuses on the ingress problem in rotor-stator system in turbines with the primary emphasis on numerical methods. The first part of this dissertation implemented a newly-developed orifice model for externally-induced (EI) ingress into a non-commercial one-dimensional (1D) flow network solver. The massflow functions of the EI ingress model are solved with an iterative procedure with inner and outer loop iterations. The comparison of this model against a standard procedure where the fluid exchange is modelled with multiple branches was in good agreement despite a diverging behaviour at high sealing effectiveness. An extrapolation method was developed to extrapolate the sealing parameter Φmin from one Mach number regime to another. This procedure, which uses the linear saw-tooth model for EI ingress, showed good agreement with the computed values of Φmin over the investigated subsonic range. It was proposed to use this method to scale the experimentally determined Φmin value obtained at incompressible test rig conditions to a geometric similar engine at compressible conditions. The effect of aerodynamic off-design conditions (varying flow coefficient, CF ) and their impact on ingress in rotor-stator systems was investigated with transient CFD computations. Pressure measurements behind the trailing edge of the vane showed a linear variation of the non-dimensional pressure coefficient with flow coefficient. This behaviour was confirmed numerically with the exception of a diverging behaviour with an increase of Cp at low values of CF . This effect could be isolated and associated with the rotor blade at large deviation angles. Various rim-seal concepts were numerically investigated with the intent to minimise the ingress levels in the wheel-space of a high pressure turbine. These concepts were experimentally tested at the ingress facility of the University of Bath and confirmed predicting the ranking order of these seals by the numerical investigation. An optimised rim-seal design was developed from this study which addresses the root cause of the EI ingress by attenuating the tangential pressure variation; the new rim-seal reduced the sealing parameter Φmin by about 40% compared a the baseline case. A numerical study investigated several rotor endwall concepts with the objective to minimise the mixing loss associated with the interaction of the egress with the mainstream flow. A 3D concept with leading edge feature along with an incorporated egress channel within the endwall reduces not only the interaction loss but also losses associated to secondary flows, (i.e. horse show vortex and cross passage flow), without negatively impacting the ingress levels of the upstream located wheel-space.

A tese abordou questões relacionadas à economia da saúde, particularmente à visão econômica dos transplantes renais. Foi conduzida uma análise de custo-utilidade para verificar qual tratamento, transplante renal ou hemodiálise, possui menor razão de custo por anos de vida ajustados por qualidade. O resultado obtido corrobora as evidências internacionais, as quais indicam o transplante renal como estratégia mais custo-efetiva. No caso deste estudo, a razão de custo-utilidade para o transplante renal e hemodiálise foi de R$ 18.161,00/AVAQ e R$ 40.872,00/AVAQ, respectivamente. Apesar de o transplante renal ser uma estratégia dominante, a escassez de órgãos impede que essa estratégia seja amplamente utilizada, reduzindo, assim, os ganhos de eficiência na alocação dos recursos escassos. Nesse contexto, também foi alvo desta tese a questão da escassez de órgãos. Pelo levantamento feito, há tendência de aumento do desequilíbrio entre demanda e oferta de órgãos, visto que a primeira cresce rapidamente, enquanto a segunda mostra pequena tendência de crescimento. Assim, alternativas para contornar esse problema foram analisadas, especialmente as relacionadas a mudanças institucionais na lei de doação de órgãos. Entre elas, foi argüido que a lei de consentimento presumido seria a opção mais factível, por não ferir o pressuposto do altruísmo. Objetivando estimar quanto seria o eventual incremento na doação de órgãos por doador cadáver devido à lei de consentimento presumido, fez-se uso do ferramental da econometria da saúde, aplicando, para uma amostra de 34 países ao longo de cinco anos, o método de regressão quantílica para dados de painel. Os resultados obtidos nessa aplicação indicam que há benefício na adoção da lei de consentimento presumido, que tem um efeito positivo sobre a taxa de doação de órgãos, em torno de 21-26%, comparada à lei de consentimento informado.
The thesis broaches questions related to health economics, particularly the economic vision of renal transplants. A cost-utility analysis was conducted to assess which treatment, renal transplant or hemodialysis, has a lower cost rate per quality-adjusted life years. The result obtained corroborates the international evidence, which indicates renal transplant as the most cost effective strategy. In the case of this study, the cost-utility ratio for renal transplant and hemodialysis was US$ 11,157/QALY and US$ 25,110/QALY, respectively. In spite of renal transplant being the dominant strategy, the scarcity of organs hinders this strategy to be widely used, reducing in this way, the efficiency gain in the allocation of scarce resources. Within this context, the organ shortage was also a target issue of this thesis. Through the survey performed, there is a tendency towards the increase of unbalance between the demand and supply of organs, being that the first grows rapidly while the second shows small tendency towards growth. Within this context, the investigation target of this thesis was to look into possible alternatives to by-pass this problem, especially those related to institutional changes in the organ donation law. Among them, it was argued that the law of presumed consent would be the most feasible option, since it does not harm the presupposition of altruism. With the object of estimating what would be the eventual increase in organ donation, per cadaveric donor, due to the law of presumed consent, the health econometric tool of quantile regression method for panel data was used, applied to a sample of 34 countries during a five-year period. The results obtained in this application indicate that there is benefit in adopting the law of presumed consent, which has a positive effect on the organ donation rate, around 21 – 26%, compared to the law of informed consent.

Nessa dissertação foram analisados os Relatórios de Impacto Ambiental Rima de Belo Monte (PA) e das Centrais Eólicas de Guajirú, Mundaú e Estrela , no litoral cearense. Essa análise foi feita com o objetivo de se levantar os impactos que foram negligenciados pelos estudos de forma demonstrar que independentemente da natureza, localização e dimensão os empreendimentos elétricos compartilham uma lógica em comum de como eles se relacionam com a sociedade e ambiente, nos quais estão inseridos. Para isso, além dos Rimas foram usadas fontes secundárias e se realizou entrevistas semiestruturadas com representantes das comunidades atingidas pelas Centrais Eólicas de Trairi a única central eólica desse complexo que não foi considerada nesse estudo foi a de Flecheiras I que se encontra distante das comunidades, o que inviabiliza o levantamento de fontes primárias para a análise. A escolha desses casos se deveu à natureza, dimensão e localização diferentes dos empreendimentos, além da disponibilidade de Rimas das centrais eólicas do Ceará, já que pela dimensão reduzida dos empreendimentos eólicos em muitos estados brasileiros não há a necessidade da elaboração desse tipo de documentos. Para se atingir os objetivos propostos o trabalho se dividiu em duas partes, nas quais se pontuam e se analisam os impactos em cada um dos Rimas dos casos analisados, para em seguida, na conclusão, serem relacionados de forma a evidenciar a existência de uma lógica de posicionamentos. Dentre os impactos analisados percebe-se uma sistemática de exclusão de grupos populacionais, como os ribeirinhos, grupos indígenas em Belo Monte, e as comunidade circunvizinhas em Trairi. Além dessas exclusões, foi percebida a presença de lacunas metodológicas em relação aos levantamentos dos impactos em relação a fauna. Nessa fase da análise foram encontrados problemas nos levantamentos em relação as populações de quirópteros morcegos , em Trairi, e de quelônios, em Belo Monte. A partir dessa análise percebeu- se que há um expediente de negligenciamento dos impactos sobre a fauna, já que se verificou falhas metodológicas que impedem que se cheguem a conclusões em linha com o verificado em estudos que consideraram de um número de indivíduos maior. Isso pode ser verificado no caso dos impactos sobre a ictiofauna, no qual o Rima de Belo Monte considera espécies de peixes que só são encontradas em outras regiões do Brasil o que acaba inflando o número de espécies encontradas no rio Xingu. Outro ponto que se levanta é em relação ao patrimônio arqueológico que em todos os casos analisados sofrem de ausência de ações mitigatórias e deficiências na metodologia usada. Posto isso, podemos pontuar que apesar da natureza, localidade e dimensão diferente os casos analisados apresentam características semelhantes no tratamento da sociedade e ambiente que excluem e negligenciam impactos visando a redução de possíveis custos de mitigação e facilitação na obtenção das licenças necessárias para a instalação e operação dos empreendimentos.
In this dissertation, the Environmental Impact Reports Rima of Belo Monte (PA) and the wind energy power plants of Guajirú, Estrela and Mundaú, were analyzed in the Ceará coast. This analysis was done with the aim of raising the impacts that were neglected by studies to demonstrate that regardless of the nature, location and dimension of electrical ventures share a common logic of how they relate to society and environment, in which they are inserted. In addition to the Rimas, secondary sources were used, and was carried out with a few structured interviews with representatives of the communities affected by the Trairi the only wind central of this complex which was not considered in this study was that of Flecheiras I that is distant from the communities, which makes it impossible to survey primary sources for analysis. The choice of these cases was due to the different nature, size and location of the ventures, as well as the availability of Rimas from the wind power plants of Ceará, since by the reduced size of the wind farms in many Brazilian states there is no need for the elaboration of that type of documents. To achieve the proposed goals the work was divided in two parts, in which they score and analyse the impacts on each of the Rimas of the analyzed cases, then, in conclusion, to be related in order to highlight the existence of a logic of positioning. Among the impacts analyzed a systematic exclusion of population groups, such as the beiradeiros, indigenous groups in Belo Monte, and the surrounding community in Trairi. In addition to these exclusions, there was a perceived presence of methodological gaps in relation to the withdrawals of the impacts on fauna. At this stage, problems were encountered in the surveys of the populations of Chiroptera bats in Trairi, and turtles in Belo Monte. From this analysis it has been realized that there is a expedient disregard of the impacts on the fauna, since there has been a methodological flaw that prevents it from reaching conclusions in line with the verified studies that have considered a number of larger individuals. This can be verified in the case of the impacts on the Ichthyofauna, in which the Rimas of Belo Monte considers fish species that are only found in other regions of Brazil, which ends up inflating the number of species found in the Xingu River. Another point that arises is relative to the archaeological heritage that in all cases analyzed on the absence of Mitigating actions and deficiencies in the methodology used. With that, we can punctuate that despite the nature, locale and different dimension the analyzed cases have similar characteristics in the treatment of society and environment that exclude and neglect impacts aiming at reducing possible mitigation costs and facilitation in obtaining the necessary licenses for the installation and operation of the enterprises.

En aquesta tesi s’exposa l’evolució de com ha estat vist l’ós al llarg de la història al continent europeu i s’analitzen les representacions festives tradicionals entorn la seva figura folklòrica més emblemàtiques dels Pirineus Orientals, Centrals i Occidentals: les Festes de l’Ós d’Arles de Tec, de Prats de Molló i de Sant Llorenç de Cerdans (Catalunya Nord), el Ball de l’Óssa d’Encamp (Andorra), el Carnaval de Bielsa (Aragó) i els Carnavals d’Ituren i Zubieta (País Basc). “Els balls de l’ós” són representacions de teatre popular de carrer que pertanyen als anomenats “balls parlats” profans, lúdics i burlescs ubicats al cicle festiu de les “mascarades hivernals”. Són unes manifestacions festives típiques als Pirineus, als Alps, als Carpats i a altres poblacions de l’Europa rural. Els testimonis més representatius se celebren per Cap d’Any, la Candelera o la fi del Carnaval. Generalment es desenvolupen al llarg d’un passacarrer que acostuma a iniciar-se als afores de la població i clou a la plaça de la vila. Essencialment escenifiquen una lluita entre l’home i l’ós –imatge elaborada a partir del domador d’óssos zíngar– recolzada en arguments de temàtica heroica que narren la cacera de l’ós, i que sovint alimenten el mite del salvatge que ha de ser civilitzat. L’espectacularitat d’aquests balls és generada per diversos grups de mascarats que fan soroll i empaiten a l’audiència, principalment les noies. Resulten ser unes representacions del despertar i la mort de l’ós carregades de sentits rituals que els balls més
En esta tesis se expone la evolución de como ha sido visto el oso a lo largo de la història en el continente europeo y se analizan las representaciones festivas tradicionales torno a su figura folclórica más emblemáticas de los Pirineos Orientales, Centrales y Occidentales: las Fiestas del Oso de Arles de Tec, de Prats de Molló y de San LLorenç de Cerdans (Cataluña Norte), el Baile de la Osa de Encamp (Andorra), el Carnaval de Bielsa (Aragón) y los Carnavales de Ituren y Zubieta (País Vasco). "Los bailes del oso" son representaciones de teatro popular de calle que pertenecen a los llamados "bailes hablados" profanos, lúdicos y burlescos ubicados en el ciclo festivo de las "mascaradas invernales". Son unas manifestaciones festivas típicas en los Pirineos, los Alpes, los Cárpatos y en otras poblaciones de la Europa rural. Los testimonios más representativos se celebran en Nochevieja, la Candelaria o el fin del Carnaval. Generalmente se desarrollan a lo largo de un pasacalle que suele iniciarse en las afueras de la población y cierra en la plaza de la villa. Esencialmente escenifican una lucha entre el hombre y el oso -imagen elaborada a partir del domador de osos zíngar- apoyada en argumentos de temática heroica que narran la caza del oso, y que a menudo alimentan el mito del salvaje que debe ser civilizado. La espectacularidad de estos bailes es generada por varios grupos de enmascarados que hacen ruido y persiguen a la audiencia, principalmente las chicas. Resultan ser unas representaciones del despertar y la muerte del oso cargadas de sentidos rituales que los bailes más hablados utilizan para hacer sátira de costumbres y un repaso
The current thesis explores the evolution on the views about the bear along Europe’s history and analyzes the most significant traditional festive representations around it in the Pyrenees: Festes de l’Ós in Arles de Tec, de Prats de Molló i de Sant Llorenç de Cerdans (Northern Catalonia), Ball de l’Óssa in Encamp (Andorra), Carnival in Bielsa (Aragon), Ituren and Zubieta (Basque Country). Bear dances are folkloric theater plays belonging to the so-called “spoken dances”, that is, versified. They are profane, fun and burlesque, placed in the festive cycle of the “winter masquerades”, typical to the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Carpathians and other rural areas in Europe. Their most significant representations take part around New Years’ Eve, Candlemas or the end of Carnival. They generally take the form of a passacaglia starting in the town’s outskirts and ending up at its main square. They essentially portray a fight between man and bear – an elaborated representation from the Gipsy bear tamer – supported by heroic narratives of a bear hunt, contributing to the myth of the wild and its need for civilization. Dances are spectacular for there are different masked groups making noise and chasing the audience, basically female. They end up being representations of the bear’s own awakening and death, full of ritual meanings, used as a means of satire and cutting review of last year’s highlights.