Academic literature on the topic 'Right to water – European Union countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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Habro, Irina, and Mykhailo Solomko. "Development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union." European Historical Studies, no. 18 (2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2021.18.01.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union. Today environmental diplomacy has become an important way for states to promote their course of environmental diplomacy, to protect their environmental rights and interests, to promote their own economic and environmental development. The most striking example of the application of green diplomacy on a regional and global scale is the environmental policy implemented by EU member states. Within the EU there is a huge number of environmental programs for the development of renewable energy sources, protection of flora and fauna, as well as combating pollution of water and land resources. To implement its own environmental diplomacy, the EU has adopted a number of important regulations, which are analyzed in the article. The most thorough legal act in the field of environmental diplomacy was Council Directive 85/337 / EEC of 1985 on the assessment of the effects of public and private projects on the environment. This directive reflects the EU’s desire to draw the attention of government agencies and the public to environmental issues and to encourage their collective solution. EU environmental diplomacy is carried out through diplomatic missions, missions, delegations, as well as at the individual level. It involves European politicians and officials who are able to influence international public opinion, employees of foreign ministries and diplomatic missions. The EU also involves third countries as partners to discuss the most pressing environmental issues and their future solutions: climate change, biodiversity conservation, soil depletion, forest and water resources, and renewable energy. Environmental protection is one of the priority areas for European integration. States wishing to join the EU must meet its environmental standards and implement key principles of environmental legislation. It is noted that the EU countries are trying to transfer the economy to clean technologies and diplomatically encourage others to take measures to improve the environmental situation.
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Voegeli, Guillaume, Ludovic Gaudard, Franco Romerio, and Werner Hediger. "Framework for Decision-Making Process in Granting Rights to Use Hydropower in the European Context." Water 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070930.
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The European electricity landscape is facing an ambivalent situation between: (1) common market platforms; and (2) national and subnational jurisdictions, which impose their specific rules on energy sectors. This particularly affects hydropower, as the latter faces inequalities in the procedures needed for the attribution of water rights. Besides jurisdictional disparities, the European Union requires this attribution to follow competitive processes and the integration of sustainable development goals for energy projects, while other countries connected to the European grid such as Switzerland and Norway still know different procedures and requirements. Therefore, this article addresses concerns regarding the lack of harmonization of water regimes in Europe. Imposing a common jurisdiction to countries connected to the European grid would be politically very challenging. Our approach overcomes this challenge by proposing a process adaptable to specific local rules and allows a comparison of water rights attribution procedures. In this frame, we propose a nine-step process, based on three goals: (1) to enhance competitive access by ensuring the highest rent transfer related to water rights; (2) to prioritize projects closer to sustainability goals; and (3) to ensure the efficiency of the process itself.
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Krayev, Vyacheslav M., Alexey I. Tikhonov, and Irina Kuzmina-Merlino. "Perspectives for the Use of Hydrogen Energy in European Countries." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 1439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i03.053.
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The most actual environmental problems in the XXI century are the following: global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions, energy production at coal, oil and power plants, air pollution, water pollution and waste recycling. Other environmental problems can be added to this short list, but the authors solve a specific task of promoting the idea of a promising “green” energy that will help humanity in conservation and development. European Union (EU) countries are planning to solve the main environmental challenges for the transition to low-carbon electricity by 2050. In many countries in the world every year there are more and more supporters of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide CO2, nitrogen oxides NO and NO2 and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In recent years, EU has been consistently pursuing its own policy in the field of environmental protection, carrying out large-scale environmental measures. In Germany, United Kingdom (UK) and other European countries, a number of environmental initiatives are already gaining the status of state policy, which is being formalized in laws and regulations. Russian Federation acts on the world market as a leading country that produces and supplies significant energy resources not only to Europe, but also to many countries in the Asia-Pacific region. It is clear that the competitive stability of Russian energy companies significantly depends on the situation on the world energy market, but with the right strategy, Russia can actively influence the state of the entire energy market. With a confident leadership position, provided with significant natural, technological and human resources, Russian Federation has undeniable advantages over other energy-producing countries. It is Russia that can become the main supplier of clean energy for all other countries of the world, where tougher environmental requirements for energy generation are being cultivated. The authors of the study are considering the possibility of producing environmentally friendly hydrogen in Russia based on renewable energy sources (RES). The performed analysis shows the undeniable advantages of Russia in the export of hydrogen to other European countries.
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Schoukens, Hendrik. "Granting Legal Personhood to Nature in the European Union: Contemplating a Legal (R)evolution to Avoid an Ecological Collapse? (Part 1)." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 15, no. 3-4 (January 31, 2018): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01503005.
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Over the past decade, the debate on Rights of Nature as a promising novel discourse within the ever-changing context of environmental governance has gained considerable traction. An increasing number of countries, amongst whom New Zealand and Ecuador, has moved to explicitly grant legal personhood to nature, with some national courts following suit. Underlying this trend is the need to correct the prevailing instrumentalist approach to nature, which sees nature merely as an object. For now, the idea of giving certain procedural and substantive rights to nature has passed relatively unnoticed in the European Union (eu), which prides itself over its set of progressive environmental directives and regulations. This paper, which is published in two parts, posits that a rights-based approach to nature might be relevant for the eu as well, seeing that anthropocentric frames are still permeating many of the eu’s environmental strategies. Having conducted an in-depth case-law analysis of a string of relevant decisions of the Court of Justice of the eu as regards the procedural and substantive underpinnings of Rights of Nature, it is argued that some of the most well-known eu environmental directives, such as the Habitats Directive and the Water Framework Directive, can effectively be used as a catalyst on a path towards a more ecocentric approach to eu environmental governance. That said, the lack of standing for nature in its own right before eu courts, which is at the forefront of the first part of this article, remains one of the most prominent legal obstacles on the road towards a more rights-based approach to nature conservation. In the remainder of this article, it is argued that introducing a rights-based approach through the adoption of a new directive might sound appealing yet would ultimately be unable to comprehensively implement the rationale underpinning Rights of Nature. Seeing that a reform of the eu Treaties in light of a more rights-based approach towards nature appears unlikely for now, the first, concrete manifestations of nature’s rights in the eu will probably be seen at Member States’ level.
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Pajtić, Bojan. "The right to environmental protection in Serbia: Between ethics of good intention and ethics of responsibility." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 55, no. 4 (2021): 1063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns55-30732.
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The paper focuses on formal and practical problems in the field of environmental protection, which occur as a consequence of omissions of the legislative and executive authorities in Serbia. The text analyzes the positive legislation and compliance of domestic legal regulations with international declarations and conventions ratified by our country (from the Stockholm Declaration and the Council of Europe Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Dangerous Activities to the Environment to the Rio Declaration), as well as with European Directives (EU Directive on Industrial Emissions) and Regulations (Regulation No. 525/2013 on monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and reporting on other information relevant to climate change). The candidacy for equal membership in the European family of nations obliges the Serbian Parliament and the Government to make additional efforts in the direction of harmonizing our law with the European one. The paper takes a de lege ferenda approach, so the author explains the need to amend a number of laws, such as the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, the Law on Strategic Environmental Assessment, the Law on Fees for the Use of Public Goods and the Law on Budget system, as well as the enactment of the Law on Climate Change and the Serbian Civil Code as soon as possible (in which dilemmas that hinder the subjects of law in using the environmental lawsuit as an instrument of environmental protection should be resolved). An unacceptable deviation from one of the fundamental principles established by the Rio Declaration was pointed out, which brings with it a number of structural problems and the inability of both the Green Fund institutions and a number of organizations that focus on ecology. The consequences of the discrepancy between the intentions proclaimed by the Constitution of Serbia and the National Strategy of Serbia for the accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union from 2005 on the one hand and the absence of adequate legislative and executive activities in environmental protection, on the other hand, are obvious in the reports of the European Commission and the European Environment Office, as well as in the health risk and increased mortality of a large number of citizens of Serbia and other European countries, due to harmful emissions that cause pollution of air, water and soil in our country. In addition to the proposals for changes in the formal framework in the field of environmental protection, the paper points out the need to use those mechanisms of civil protection, such as environmental lawsuits (established by the Law on Obligations 1978), which is, by its nature, actio popularis and in that sense accessible to the widest range of subjects. The defense of the standards established by the Kyoto Protocol and the Basel Convention would, through the extensive use of this procedural instrument, be placed not only in the hands of representatives of the legislature and the executive, but also, the judiciary (conditionally, of course, because courts can decide only initiate a civil action, but not on its own initiative).
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BROŽIČ, LILIANA. "DARFUR PEACEKEEPERS, REVIEW." POSAMEZNIK, DRŽAVA, VARNOST/ INDIVIDUAL, STATE, SECURITY, VOLUME 2021/ISSUE 23/4 (November 30, 2021): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.4.rew2.
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In 2021, the French publishing house L'Harmattan published a monograph entitled Darfur peacekeepers the African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur (AMIS) from the perspective of a Hungarian military advisor. The author of the 234-page monograph is Janos Besenyo. In addition to the author's preface and the conclusion, the monograph includes six substantive chapters. In the first chapter entitled Geography and history of Darfur, the author presents the geography, climate, flora and fauna, major cities, economy, infrastructure, different nationalities, ethnic groups and religions, and the history of Darfur. In the second chapter, entitled AMIS, he focuses on the African Union's mission in Sudan I (AMIS I), in which he presents the causes of the Darfur conflict, its outbreak and the African Union’s engagement in the conflict with the African Union's mission in Sudan. This is followed by a chapter entitled AMIS II, which presents the history, structure and operation following the decision to engage additional civilian and military observers, soldiers, police officers and additional financial and other resources. The fourth chapter presents a new mission called AMIS II E or AMIS III, which is also the title of the chapter. The letter E in the acronym stands for the word “enhanced,” which implicated the enhanced character of military presence in this mission. This chapter is composed of a subchapter entitled The Foreshadow of the Fall and the additional engagement of the United Nations, followed by the UN and African Union mission in Darfur, known as UNAMID. In the fifth chapter, entitled The Support Mission of the European Union, and its four substantive subchapters, the author presents several phases of the European Union's participation in the mission led by the African Union. Chapter six, entitled Hungarian Experience, describes Hungarian experiences from the missions in Darfur. Hungary first deployed its military observer to Darfur in 2004. Hungary's involvement in the mission in Africa seems unusual, as it was the only one of all the participating countries that had no colonial history, economic or any other interests in this part of the world, and at the same time had no previous experiences. The monograph has only one drawback, and that is the fact that it is not scientific. However, this is at the same time its advantage. Besenyo was an officer in the Hungarian Armed Forces for 31 years and was deployed in Darfur in the second half of 2005. He was strongly marked by his personal experience as a peacekeeper. Ever since, he has been devoting much attention to Africa-related security topics. His return from the mission of the African Union, the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and other organisations in Darfur coincided with his doctoral studies. Both of these activities have achieved the same effect as two rivers, which merge at the confluence and gain a lot of power and speed as their flow continues. After completing his military career, the author of the monograph being a prolific writer and restless researcher became actively involved in the academic environment as a university professor at the Obuda University in Budapest. In 2019, the Africa Research Institute was established within Doctoral School of Safety and Security Sciences, University of Óbuda, headed by Assistant Professor Besenyo, PhD. Considering the amount and quality of publications on the African continent, the institute is clearly very successful. From a European point of view, Africa is a very distant continent; however, the developments in that region and their results are increasingly affecting all of us in the European Union and beyond. The migration flow, which brought many African migrants to the shores of the Mediterranean over the last decade and peaked in 2015, has significantly changed and affected all the countries along their way, especially those that migrants had chosen as their target countries. Since everyone should have the right to live at home in peace, in their own way, with their family, it would be right that they are enabled to do so. Unfortunately, climate change, water scarcity, disease, poverty, differences in culture, religion, political order and natural resources, but sometimes only individuals or smaller associations, lead to various frictions, conflicts or even genocide, as was the case in Darfur. In such cases, the international humanitarian community and various security and other organizations are usually involved to assist the helpless population. In his monograph, Besenyo presented the full breadth and magnitude of international humanitarian efforts, but also the harsh reality where all those who want to help are exactly where they need to be, but despite all their efforts, they are completely powerless. I recommend Darfur Peacekeepers to be read by all those who care about the future of all of us and our descendants, but especially by those who have the opportunity and ability to influence the security of the country, the society and the individual. The content of the book provides an invaluable insight into the experience of a military officer. It is a valuable learning resource for all of us, but especially for members of the armed forces, police and civilian institutions that lead or support the activities within international missions.
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Konstantinov, Boyan. "Human Rights and the WTO: Are They Really Oil and Water?" Journal of World Trade 43, Issue 2 (April 1, 2009): 317–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2009013.
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It is remarkable how many critiques of the approach of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to human rights include the phrase: ‘WTO should ?’. In many cases WTO actually ‘shouldn’t’ because even if it ‘would’ it ‘couldn’t’. With the exception of the Dispute Settlement Procedures (DSP) the WTO does not really have an independent institutional decision–making power. It is nevertheless true that this international forum of free trade has remained remarkably conservative regarding human rights even after the end of ‘the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) years’ and the establishing of the WTO. Many scholars accuse the WTO of organizational isolationism and advocate for overcoming this practice. Criticism focuses especially on the apparent non–responsiveness of the organization to human rights issues – despite the huge impact free trade has on such matters – and unwillingness to discuss human rights, or cooperate with international agencies that protect them. In present days, the International Bill of Rights is commonly recognized as a human rights standard. Human rights are mainstreamed in the EU body of law, as well as soft law documents such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and the UN Agenda for Development. Recently, they are incorporated in the organizational statues and programme methodologies of institutions such as the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The WTO seems to stay away from this process. We aim to explore the reasons for this conservative attitude of the WTO towards human rights, while trying to establish historical parallels with the gradual adoption of human rights as core standards in other international entities such as the European Union. We attempt to tackle the relationship between WTO membership and the human rights situation in its Member States and the possible implications that continuing admission of non–democratic countries – e.g., Russia – might have. We also explore the understanding of some scholars that human rights are ‘seeping into the WTO system’ – and briefly analyze some examples that could illustrate this process.
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TIUTIUNNYK, H. O. "DEVELOPMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT OF MARICULTURE IN UKRAINE: IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE." Economic innovations 24, no. 2(83) (June 20, 2022): 158–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2022.24.2(83).158-184.
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Topicality. The UN Summit on Global Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identifies the need to address poverty and hunger, human rights, and long-term protection of the planet and its natural resources. The development of the economy should be aimed both at a single goal and to represent a multifunctional system that covers their achievements in an interdependent set. Building a blue economy in the context of sustainability is crucial not only for the Summit's global goal of 14 " Life below water", but also for the goals of resources, poverty, health, justice and prosperity. This is especially true of island and coastal states, where the seas and oceans provide daily life, livelihoods, economic opportunities in poverty and food shortages. Sustainable development of mariculture can provide significant potential for increasing revenues and contributions of the industry to the national economy. With the right approach to location, development, management and regulation, the mariculture industry can bring economic, environmental and social benefits. Mariculture as a highly productive industry based on sustainable development practices is the key to food and environmental security, a sustainable seafood supply chain and significant socio-economic benefits for coastal areas. For the effective development of mariculture, as for any economic sector, a stable basis is needed as an institutional support, which in Ukraine, unfortunately, is not characterized by a high enough level. The current state of affairs, trends and identified problems actualize the purpose of scientific research. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to assess the institutional support for the development of mariculture in Ukraine and study international experience in this field in the context of its implementation in national practice. The main objectives of the study are: to study the features of the theoretical and applied basis of the development of the mariculture system in the domestic and international context, in order to identify opportunities for implementation of international experience in Ukraine; to analyze the domestic institutional context of mariculture development and the legal framework for mariculture development in countries with long traditions of marine organisms and in countries where this industry did not previously exist; to develop conclusions on the current state of institutional support and recommendations for the development of mariculture in Ukraine on the basis of compliance with international requirements and justify the possibility of their implementation. Research results. The scientific novelty of the study is that the author proposed the definition of "mariculture", an algorithm for the development of institutional support of mariculture in Ukraine based on the implementation of international norms and principles (subjective, object and spatial sphere) based on the experience of the European Union. world leaders in the development of mariculture and countries with a short tradition of growing marine organisms or where this industry did not previously exist. Conclusion. A detailed interpretation of mariculture based on the characteristics of the industry presented in the texts of the existing legal framework of Ukraine, European Union countries, world leaders in mariculture, dictionaries and works of prominent Ukrainian and foreign scientists. An algorithm for the development of institutional support for mariculture in Ukraine has been developed.
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Khamidulina, Kh Kh, E. V. Tarasova, A. S. Proskurina, A. R. Egiazaryan, I. V. Zamkova, E. V. Dorofeeva, E. A. Rinchindorzhieva, S. A. Shvykina, and E. S. Petrova. "ON THE NEED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYGIENIC STANDARDS (MACs) IN THE WATER AND AIR OF THE WORKING AREA FOR PERFLUOROOCTANOIC ACID IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Toxicological Review, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-5-21-31.
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Currently, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has no hygienic standards in the air of the working area and objects of the human environment in the Russian Federation. By the decision of the Stockholm Convention SC-9/12, PFOA, its salts and derivatives are included in Part I of Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants in 2019 (with exceptions for possible use). The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade included PFOA, its salts and derivatives in the list of potential candidates for inclusion in Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention at the next meeting COP10 in 2021. The use of this chemical on the territory of the Russian Federation entails water and air pollution. Industrial emissions and waste water from fluoropolymer production, thermal use of materials and products containing polytetrafluoroethylene, biological and atmospheric degradation of fluorotelomer alcohols, waste water from treatment facilities are the sources of the release of PFOA into the environment. Analysis of international databases has showed that PFOA is standardized in the air of the working area in Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. In the countries of the European Union, as well as the USA and Canada, the issue of PFOA standardizing in drinking water is being now actively under discuss. Taking into account the high toxicity and hazard of the substance and the serious concern of the civil society of the Russian Federation, the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing requested the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances to develop MACs for perfluorooctanoic acid in the air of the working area and water as soon as possible. The MACs for PFOA have been proposed using risk analysis: 0,005 mg/m3, aerosol, hazard class 1 – in the air of the working area and 0,0002 mg/L, the limiting hazard indicator – sanitary-toxicological, hazard class 1 – in the water.
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Fomin, S. "Multi-vector Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan as an Important Means of Solving the Socio-economic Problems of the Country." Problems of World History, no. 16 (December 16, 2021): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-16-8.
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The article elucidates the internal problems of Uzbekistan among which one should mention the problem of poverty, mass unemployment, shortage of arable land and water resources, serious ecological problems. To a high degree these problems have been caused by a rapid growth of population. Uzbekistan tries to solve these problems by means of liberal market reforms and the multi-vector foreign policy developing political, economic and trade relations at the same time with different countries, in particular with China, the USA, the EU, Turkey, South Korea, Russia and other countries-members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It was shown that volumes of trade of Uzbekistan with the Western countries as well as the level of Western investments remain at least now not high. The conclusion is drawn that for the USA Uzbekistan presents the interest mainly in geopolitical, military and strategic aspects, especially now after the US troops left Afghanistan. The EU is more than the USA interested in developing the trade and economic relations with Uzbekistan. The new agreement between Uzbekistan and the EU on enlarged partnership and cooperation will create more favorable conditions for economic cooperation and trade, growth of European investments into economy of Uzbekistan. Nevertheless it seems that the factor of geographic remoteness of Uzbekistan from Europe will not make it possible for the EU countries to occupy the same place in external economic links of Uzbekistan as the countries-neighbours such as China, Russia and other countries-members of the EAEU. It is shown that China is the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. China considers Uzbekistan as the important transit country with transport corridors indispensable for transportation first of all of Chinese goods to the countries of Europe and other regions of the world. The Chinese investments into economy of Uzbekistan are constantly growing. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in particular Russia and Kazakhstan, is also the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. Besides, Russia is the biggest labour market for millions of Uzbek migrant workers. Within the EAEU the common labour market was created, migrant workers who are citizens of the countries-members of the EAEU enjoy the social rights of the country of stay and may freely move over territories of the countries-members of the EAEU. This fact is especially important for Uzbekistan which is interested in improving living conditions of its migrant workers. Besides, as the facts show, the economic integration within the EAEU does not prevent the governments of the countries-members of the EAEU from developing intensive political and economic relations with different countries. Taking into account the complex of acute socio-economic, ecological and demographic problems facing Uzbekistan it seems that in the future one cannot completely exclude the possibility of membership of Uzbekistan in the EAEU especially if such a membership does not prevent the Uzbek government from pursuing the multi-vector foreign policy. The parliament of Uzbekistan approved the decision to obtain the status of observer at the EAEU. The EAEU granted this status to Uzbekistan in December 2020.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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Zhou, Jia Lei. "EU water law : the right balance between environmental and economic considerations?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637070.
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SCHULTE-CLOOS, Julia. "European integration and the surge of the populist radical right." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63506.
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Defence date: 2 July 2019Examining Board: Professor Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor Elias Dinas, European University Institute; Professor Liesbet Hooghe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Professor Kai Arzheimer, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
Does European integration contribute to the rise of the radical right? This dissertation offers three empirical contributions that aid understanding the interplay between political integration within the European Union (EU) and the surge of the populist radical right across Europe. The first account studies the impact that the European Parliament (EP) elections have for the national fortune of the populist right. The findings of a country fixed-effects model leveraging variation in the European electoral cycle demonstrate that EP elections foster the domestic prospects of the radical right when national and EP elections are close in time. The second study demonstrates that the populist radical right cannot use the EP elections as a platform to socialise the most impressionable voters. The results of a regression discontinuity analysis highlight that the EP contest does not instil partisan ties to the political antagonists of the European idea. The third study shows that anti-European integration sentiments that existed prior to accession to the EU cast a long shadow in the present by contributing to the success of contemporary populist right actors. Relying on an original dataset entailing data on all EU accession referenda on the level of municipalities and exploiting variation within regions, the study demonstrates that those localities that were most hostile to the European project before even becoming part of the Union, today, vote in the largest numbers for the radical right. In synthesis, the dissertation approaches the relationship between two major current transformations of social reality: European integration and the surge of the radical right. The results highlight that contention around the issue of European integration provides a fertile ground for the populist radical right, helping to activate nationalistic and EU-hostile sentiments among parts of the European public.
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Shi, Feng. "Principles of European Union water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1944040.
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Li, Wen Jing. "Water governance in a changing climate : adaptation strategy of EU water law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586411.
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Shibata, Imana Gimena Yuu <1988>. "The Right to Water in the European Union: A Critical Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7694/1/Thesis_Yuu_Shibata_.pdf.
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Clean water has always been an indispensable good to life, human health and dignity, and it is a precondition for survival. Yet, its formal recognition as human right to water has been a recent event. This situation was the result of considering water as freely available as the air to breath. The situation is changing due to water scarcity and water stress problems affecting the overall globe. Many reasons causing this situations can be found. For example, population growth, climate change and the global water consumption patterns are the most known causes. In this way the international society felt the necessity of acting on this vital good. In order to tackle the issue, the international community has started working on water problems from two perspectives. On one hand, there is the environmental law perspective that basically concerns the quality of the water sources, its protection and maintenance. On the other hand, there is the human rights law perspective. Compared to the environmental law perspective, this one can be taken as a new approach that has been introduced to the traditional water law to the end of guaranteeing good quality of drinking water to everyone. To the end of understanding the process of recognition and implementation of the human right to water either at international level or at EU level, this doctoral thesis has been developed as follows: The first chapter will consist on the international dimension of the right to water, the second and the third chapter will focus on the EU water law and its policy, and finally, the fourth chapter will consist on a comparative analysis of the right to water at the international level and at the EU level, taking into account the results obtained in the previous chapters.
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Shibata, Imana Gimena Yuu <1988>. "The Right to Water in the European Union: A Critical Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7694/.
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Clean water has always been an indispensable good to life, human health and dignity, and it is a precondition for survival. Yet, its formal recognition as human right to water has been a recent event. This situation was the result of considering water as freely available as the air to breath. The situation is changing due to water scarcity and water stress problems affecting the overall globe. Many reasons causing this situations can be found. For example, population growth, climate change and the global water consumption patterns are the most known causes. In this way the international society felt the necessity of acting on this vital good. In order to tackle the issue, the international community has started working on water problems from two perspectives. On one hand, there is the environmental law perspective that basically concerns the quality of the water sources, its protection and maintenance. On the other hand, there is the human rights law perspective. Compared to the environmental law perspective, this one can be taken as a new approach that has been introduced to the traditional water law to the end of guaranteeing good quality of drinking water to everyone. To the end of understanding the process of recognition and implementation of the human right to water either at international level or at EU level, this doctoral thesis has been developed as follows: The first chapter will consist on the international dimension of the right to water, the second and the third chapter will focus on the EU water law and its policy, and finally, the fourth chapter will consist on a comparative analysis of the right to water at the international level and at the EU level, taking into account the results obtained in the previous chapters.
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Smith, Jason Matthew. "Extreme Politics: An Analysis of the State Level Conditions Favoring Far Right Parties in the European Union." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4177/.
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Three models are developed to analyze the state level conditions fostering the rise of far right parties in the European Union in the last two decades. The political background of these parties is examined. This study offers a definition for far right parties, which combines several previous attempts. The research has focused on the effects of the number of the parties, immigration, and unemployment on support for the far right in Europe. Empirical tests, using a random effects model of fifty elections in eight nations, suggest that there are political, social, and economic conditions that are conducive to electoral success. Specifically, increases in the number of "effective" parties favor the far right, while electoral thresholds serve to dampen support. Immigration proves to be a significant variable. Surprisingly, changes in crime and unemployment rates have a negative effect on support for the far right. Suggestions for future research are offered.
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Shoemaker, Melissa K. "A house divided evolution of EU asylum policy after the Bosnian war /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4508.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 279. Thesis director: Janine Wedel. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 10, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 223-278). Also issued in print.
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Fan, Yin. "Experiences of European Union Countries in Water Pollution Control System and Their Inspirations to China." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32806.
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Along with the rapid development of industry and agriculture, growth of population, improvement of urbanization level, China has been confronted with increasingly serious deficiency and pollution of water resource. In order to deal with the challenge as well as reduce waste discharge, it is necessary to strengthen all the possible efforts in controlling water pollution. Therefore, the control and management of water pollution is of vital significance to the development of national economy and social society, which is worth doing research on academically and practically. Water pollution management, in a sense, results from the urbanization and cosmopolitanization process. In this aspect, the European countries have acquired a lot of successful experience in water pollution control, which provides plenty of useful knowledge and reference for China’s ongoing efforts in water pollution control. This thesis, by taking a comparative analysis approach, looks into the European countries’ experience of water pollution control, makes evaluations on their managerial strategies, system and methods. Then it reviews China’s efforts on water pollution control, and analyzes the current situation of China’s water management, especially the water pollution control system of Huaihe River Basin, and as a result puts forward suggestions to improve China’s water pollution control system such as verification of property rights of water resources, enhancement of legal framework, investment and taxation policy preference, technological improvements, public participation and prevention measures.www.ima.kth.se
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Gruni, Giovanni. "The right to food and trade law in the external relations of the European Union with developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fce4f71-8f64-4c8f-ac9b-a21a52c02a96.
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The European Union has exclusive competence to negotiate trade agreements with third countries. Using this competence the European Commission developed an extensive policy to conclude free trade agreements with numerous countries around the world. These agreements include regulation of the import and export of food products and also involve developing countries prone to hunger and malnutrition. This thesis investigates the recent trade agreements between the European Union and developing countries from the perspective of the human right to adequate food. This thesis demonstrates that the clauses on import and export of food products of such agreements limit the capacity of the developing countries involved to realise the right to food of their citizens. This outcome does not take into account the normative content of the right to food as contained in international human rights law and is dismissive of the references to human rights contained in European Union funding treaties and in the previous agreements between the European Union and developing countries. This thesis also demonstrates that this outcome is mainly an autonomous policy decision of the European Union and its trade partners independent from the obligations of World Trade Organization law. The thesis concludes with several proposals of reform to conciliate the external trade objectives of the European Union with the human right to adequate food.
Books on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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Rosemary, Byrne, Noll Gregor, and Vedsted-Hansen Jens, eds. New asylum countries?: Migration control and refugee protection in an enlarged European Union. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2002.
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Hailbronner, Kay. Immigration and asylum law and policy of the European Union. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
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Academic Network for Legal Studies on Immigration and Asylum Law in Europe, ed. Reforming the common European asylum system: The new European refugee law. Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
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P, Boeles. European migration law. 2nd ed. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Intersentia, 2014.
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Milieurecht, Belgische Vereniging voor, ed. La directive 2000/60/CE du 23 octobre 2000 établissant un cadre pour une politique communautaire dans le domaine de l'eau: Droit européen, droit interne, droit comparé = De richtlijn 2000/60/EG van 23 oktober 2000 tot vaststelling van een kader voor communautaire maatregelen betreffende het waterbeleid : Europees recht, intern recht, vergelijkend recht = Directive 2000/60/EC of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy : European law, Belgian law, comparative law. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2005.
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Frank, Hendrickx, and Castro Catarina, eds. Employment privacy law in the European Union. Antwerpen: Intersentia, 2002.
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The reception of asylum seekers under international law: Between sovereignty and equality. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014.
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Angenendt, Steffen. Gibt es ein europäisches Asyl- und Migrationsproblem?: Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten der asyl- und migrationspolitischen Probleme und der politischen Strategien in den Staaten der Europäischen Union. Bonn: Europa Union, 2000.
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Creating property rights: Law and regulation of secondary trading in the European Union. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012.
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Pichler, Johannes W. The next big thing: Making Europe ready for the citizens' initiative. Mortsel: Intersentia, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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Naef, Tobias. "The Restrictive Effect of the Legal Mechanisms for Data Transfers in the European Union." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 115–230. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19893-9_3.
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AbstractThe right to data protection in Article 8 CFR has an extraterritorial dimension, which requires continuous protection for personal data that is essentially equivalent to the protection guaranteed within the EU. This right to continuous protection of personal data is an unwritten constituent part of the right to data protection in Article 8 CFR. Primary Union law in Article 16(2) TFEU instructs the European Parliament and the Council to establish rules relating to the protection of individuals regarding the processing of their personal data. This mandate also extends to the extraterritorial dimension of the right to data protection. Accordingly, Chapter V GDPR sets out the system for the transfer of personal data from the EU to third countries. The first section of this chapter defines the legal concept of “data transfers” and introduces the three legal mechanisms for the transfer of personal data in Chapter V GDPR (Sect. 3.1). The following sections address the three legal mechanism and their role in guaranteeing the right to continuous protection for personal data. Each section entails a fundamental rights analysis for the transfer of personal data on the basis of a legal mechanism in Chapter V GDPR. The second section is dedicated to data transfers based on adequacy decisions for third countries following Article 45 GDPR (Sect. 3.2). The third section is dedicated to data transfers based on the instruments providing appropriate safeguards in Article 46 GDPR such as standard data protection clauses and binding corporate rules (BCRs) (Sect. 3.3). Finally, the fourth section is dedicated to data transfers subject to contract-based and consent-based derogations in Article 49 GDPR (Sect. 3.4).
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Poli, Eleonora. "European Economic Governance and Rising Sovereignism." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy, 241–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_15.
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AbstractEuropeans have experienced a variety of challenges in recent years. The rise of sovereignism is one of them. Against this backdrop, this chapter analyses the link between the economic crises and the development of right-wing populist parties. It assesses that while the European economic governance, through a set of mechanisms and institutions, acquired a renovated economic and financial equilibrium, it failed to deal with other salient imbalances concerning wage and fiscal policies across European Union (EU) member countries allowing sovereign parties to gain more legitimacy.
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Bertolini, Alessio, and Daniel Clegg. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in the UK." In IMISCOE Research Series, 419–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_26.
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AbstractImmigration policies and immigrants’ rights to social protection in the UK have evolved dramatically over the past few decades, due to changing immigration flows, the UK’s membership of the European Union (EU) and participation in the European Single Market, and increasing anti-immigration sentiment, which culminated with the decision to leave the EU in January 2020. In this chapter, we argue that, at present, access to social protection is hierarchically structured depending on the interplay of three key variables: benefit type, immigration status and residency status. British citizens residing in the UK and immigrants with a permanent leave to remain have access to full social protection. So do generally European Economic Area (EEA) immigrants with the right to reside, though the precise basis of the right to reside is important in determining the types of benefits the person is entitled to. Migrants with a temporary leave to remain are excluded from most non-contributory benefits, as generally are British citizens living abroad, though those residing in EEA countries and those residing in a country with which the UK has a social security agreement are still entitled to a limited range of benefits. Many changes in access to social protection, especially as regards EEA immigrants in the UK and British nationals living in the EEA, are likely to stem from the UK leaving the EU, though these changes are currently being negotiated and, at present, no definitive post-Brexit regulatory framework is available.
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Kampa, Eleftheria. "Policy Framework for Hydropower Mitigation." In Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99138-8_1.
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AbstractHydropower is at the cross-road of different policies on renewable energy, climate change, water and nature. Knowledge of current policies and regulations at different levels is crucial for understanding the framework conditions for more sustainable hydropower. This chapter examines the role of policy in planning and implementing mitigation actions for European hydropower. The overarching framework is set by European Union legislation in particular the Water Framework Directive, EU policies on nature/biodiversity and the EU agenda for energy and climate. All these different policies should be taken into account in a balanced way considering synergies and trade-offs. EU policies are complemented by national legislation that sets the regulatory framework for hydropower mitigation measures in each country. The impacts of hydropower for which mitigation is most commonly required by legislation are the disruption of upstream fish migration and the modification of flow conditions. Supported by a policy analysis of eight European countries, this chapter shows that recent changes in environmental legislation and societal pressure have reduced permit duration for hydropower plants. Further, the Water Framework Directive and national policy revisions have triggered modifications in authorisation procedures for hydropower at the benefit of implementing mitigation measures.
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Mikoš, Matjaž, Nejc Bezak, Joao Pita Costa, M. Besher Massri, Inna Novalija, Mitja Jermol, and Marko Grobelnik. "Natural-Hazard-Related Web Observatory as a Sustainable Development Tool." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 83–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_5.
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AbstractUsing the Internet and wealth of data and knowledge available on the Web, so-called web observatories have been developed in the last decade—in very different fields of use. The article discusses the use of such observatories to support the implementation of sustainable development at different scales. The focus is on landslides as risk to society, and since they are related to water and soil, a web-based observatory on natural hazards, including landslides, can draw upon water- and soil-related observatories that are used worldwide as a sustainable development tool. A new landslide observatory may support major global initiatives to adapt to climate change. The Observatory’s vision, structure and use can be built upon the experiences gathered by developing a global water observatory for smart water management, using Artificial Intelligence tools. UNESCO Chair on Water-related Disaster Risk Reduction of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, and the UNESCO International Research Institute on Artificial Intelligence at the Institute Jožef Stefan, Slovenia, have joined efforts and knowledge to develop a new global web observatory (tentatively first as the Landslide Observatory) to be used by different stakeholders when implementing global climate adaptation policies and relevant European Union strategies. The information gathered on the internet is structured, and shown using geolocators for different regions and/or countries. For interpretation of world-wide web data, landslide expert knowledge is used.
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"Legal protection of the right to water in the European Union." In The Right to Water, 141–56. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203152102-16.
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Sonmez, Yontem. "The European Union." In Regional Economic Integration and the Global Financial System, 73–87. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7308-3.ch007.
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In spite of the recent rise in Euroscepticism across most of Europe, owing to the recent Eurozone crisis and reflected by the European Parliament elections of May 2014 where far-right parties gained strength, there is little evidence to suggest that the enlargement of the EU will soon stop. The membership negotiations have started with Turkey, Iceland, Serbia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In terms of both economic and physical size, Turkey is more influential than the rest of the candidate countries. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to provide some background information on the progress of each candidate and potential candidate country on the way to EU accession and compare them with the current EU28 members in order to emphasize the main similarities and the differences. Finally, a literature survey of the economic implications of a potential Turkish EU membership is also provided as a case study.
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Beckwith, Karen. "Becoming Prime Minister." In Women and Leadership in the European Union, 173–92. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896216.003.0010.
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How do women rise to political executive leadership of European Union member states? Are there gendered pathways in EU countries that advance women to positions of executive power? Using 17 cases in 12 countries, the chapter examines the pathways of political party, region, and “newness” of country that led women to prime ministerships in EU member countries. Comparing two cases from the United Kingdom, the chapter further analyzes women’s strategic behavior within specific political openings in their parties’ leadership that precede becoming prime minister. The chapter finds that, for the EU, left-wing and right-wing political parties are equally unlikely to advance women as prime ministers, and newly formed countries, regardless of region, are not more likely to have female prime ministers than are established countries. The chapter confirms that female prime ministers continue to be rare in EU member states, generally serve less than a full term of office, and leave office at a relatively young age. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the connections between women’s prime ministerial leadership and their post-prime-ministerial political experience in EU institutions.
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Marcelle, Gillian M. "A Feminist Agenda for Reducing the Gender Digital Divide." In Global Information Technologies, 3126–48. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-939-7.ch221.
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There is little shared understanding of the term “digital divide,” but this has not prevented the international community from investing a great deal of effort in projects that aim to reduce the digital divide by reducing disparities in access to information and communication technologies (ICT) (European Commission High Level Group, 1997; International Telecommunication Union [ITU], 1984, 2003; United Nations Economic and Social Commission [UN ECOSOC], 2000). The divergent rate at which ICT diffuses—the digital divide—is a reflection of broader socioeconomic divides, many of which exist within societies. The divide between men and women, rich and poor, young and old, urban and rural, literate and non-literate, also manifests itself in the digital world of media, computers, telecommunications, Internet, and jobs in software production. Information and communication flows carried by ICT are increasingly becoming an integral factor in international, institutional, and political processes. Lack of access to ICT therefore impacts on opportunities for developing countries’ economic growth, wealth distribution, social empowerment, and development. It is the digital divide which largely prevents the equal sharing of knowledge worldwide and leads to “information and knowledge poverty” among certain groups. If only a select number of countries, and within them certain groups, reap the benefits of ICT while others continue to lag behind, the digital divide will continue to grow and the virtuous cycle that ICT can create will not be enjoyed by many (Millward-Oliver, 2005). There is little acknowledgment and even less acceptance that gender constitutes an important influence in the structure of the “digital divide.” At first glance, this failure to admit context may seem strange and out of step with common sense. Why should gender relations, such an important and pivotal element of social structure, that is known to influence differentiated access to financial resources, employment opportunities, education and training, water and sanitation, health care, legal status, and enjoyment of human-rights not affect access to and control of ICT? This article will explore some of the key factors that lead to gender blindness in the digital divide debate and articulate a strategic response
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Schininá, Guglielmo, and Geertrui Lanneau. "Migration and mental health care in the European Union." In Oxford Textbook of Migrant Psychiatry, edited by Dinesh Bhugra, Oyedeji Ayonrinde, Edgardo Juan Tolentino, Koravangattu Valsraj, and Antonio Ventriglio, 343–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198833741.003.0040.
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This chapter analyses legal and factual aspects of the provision of mental health care for migrants in the European Union (EU), framing migrants’ access to mental health care within the wider contexts of migration in the EU, the EU’s policies for migrants’ integration and access to health care, and EU policies on mental health care for all. The rates of various psychiatric disorders may vary across migrant groups and host populations. The issue of how services can be made more accessible for migrants is to be considered within the context of the provision of mental health care for all in the EU, where mental disorders are a serious public health concern. Various gaps are identified, and various options are suggested that policymakers and healthcare professionals can take into account, bearing in mind facts and figures of migration in Europe—with a particular focus on migration from non-EU countries—and the consideration of mental health care as a right for all migrants.
Conference papers on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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TURCZAK, Anna. "THE VOLUME OF WOOD FOREST RESOURCES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.035.
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The contributions of forests to the well-being of humankind are extraordinarily vast and far-reaching. They are an important element in mitigating climate change. The aim of the paper is to determine the influence of particular factors on the diversity of the European Union countries in terms of the amount of wood forest resources compared with the country size. Two factors affecting the variable have been analysed in the paper: 1) the growing stock per 1 hectare of forest area and 2) the quotient of the forest area and the land area without inland water. Those two independent variables are directly proportional to the dependent variable, thus the higher the growing stock density and the higher the forest cover, the bigger the amount of wood forest resources of the analysed country. The causal analysis allowed to answer the question how the two factors affect the variable considered in the twenty eight countries, namely, what the direction and the strength of their influence are. The logarithmic method was used to carry out the causal analysis. The average results obtained for the entire European Union were compared with those received for each country separately and, on this basis, final conclusions were drawn. Data for 2005, 2010 and 2015 have been used for all needed calculations.
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Urbane, Marta. "The Future of the Employee’s Right to Disconnect in the European Union and Latvia." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002285.
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The right to disconnect refers to a worker's right to be able to disconnect from work and refrain from engaging in work-related electronic communication, like emails and other messages, during non-work hours and holidays. The Latvian Labor Law does not directly determine the right to disconnect from digital devices, however, such rights arise from certain legal norms. Examples of the provisions of the Labor Law relate to the general rules on rest periods and breaks in work. The recent research results of remote work during Covid-19 pandemic conducted by the author show that for 69.3% of respondents working remotely possibility to disconnect from digital devices outside working hours (when the assigned work tasks have been completed) is extremely crucial. If the rights to disconnect are not explicitly regulated, the risk of disbalance between work and private life is at stake. The increase in workload during the emergency caused by COVID-19 was indicated by 42.7% of respondents in Latvia. That shows that another problem of lack of regulation of rights to disconnect could be unpaid overtime. The research shows that 14.7% of respondents were not paid for overtime work when working from home. The practice shows a critical need for sustainable and predictable changes in the legal system to protect employees’ rights and thus ensure stable employment in general in Latvia. It was also recently decided by Employment Committee MEPs that EU countries must ensure that workers are able to exercise the right to disconnect effectively. Some of the member states in the European Union have recently implemented the right into their legal system (Portugal, Spain, France), but each member state takes a different approach. That means that discussion is no longer if there is a need to implement the “right to disconnect” in national legal acts, but how to implement the right efficiently not only at a national level but at the EU level as well.The goal of the research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the legal status of the “right to disconnect” in the legal system of the European Union and Latvia. In order to reach the goal, the author is using various scientific research methods. The paper is based on a quantitative research method and analytical, comparative, case law analysis method to provide valid conclusions on the current role of the “right to disconnect” in Latvia and the European Union. The author also offers recommendations on how to implement the “right to disconnect” efficiently to avoid violation of employees’ rights and ensure a sustainable work environment.In the result, the author has concluded that the biggest impediment of the employee's right to disconnect is the lack of clear legislative preconditions that would encourage businesses to preserve employees' freedom to disconnect, resulting in a more sustainable working environment - both in the office and remotely.Finally, the author concludes that there is a need to adjust regulation in Latvia to meet the needs of widespread use of remote work. The author also concludes that a significant role to protect employees’ right to disconnect is for governmental authorities to explain the right to disconnect to employees and employers.
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Tucak, Ivana, and Anita Blagojević. "COVID- 19 PANDEMIC AND THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO ABORTION." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18355.
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The COVID - 19 pandemic that swept the world in 2020 and the reactions of state authorities to it are unparalleled events in modern history. In order to protect public health, states have limited a number of fundamental human rights that individuals have in accordance with national constitutions and international conventions. The focus of this paper is the right of access to abortion in the Member States of the European Union. In Europe, the situation with regard to the recognition of women's right to abortion is quite clear. All member states of the European Union, with the exception of Poland and Malta, recognize the rather liberal right of a woman to have an abortion in a certain period of time after conception. However, Malta and Poland, as members of the European Union, since abortion is seen as a service, must not hinder the travel of women abroad to have an abortion, nor restrict information on the provision of abortion services in other countries. In 2020, a pandemic highlighted all the weaknesses of this regime by preventing women from traveling to more liberal countries to perform abortions, thus calling into question their right to choose and protect their sexual and reproductive rights. This is not only the case in Poland and Malta, but also in countries that recognize the right to abortion but make it conditional on certain non-medical conditions, such as compulsory counselling; and the mandatory time period between applying for and performing an abortion; in situations present in certain countries where the problem of a woman exercising the right to abortion is a large number of doctors who do not provide this service based on their right to conscience. The paper is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part of the paper is to consider all the legal difficulties that women face in accessing abortion during the COVID -19 pandemic, restrictions that affect the protection of their dignity, right to life, privacy and right to equality. In the second part of the paper particular attention will be paid to the illiberal tendencies present in this period in some countries of Central and Eastern Europe, especially Poland. In the third part of the paper, emphasis will be put on the situation in Malta where there is a complete ban on abortion even in the case when the life of a pregnant woman is in danger.
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Wysocki, Pawel. "FUNCTIONING AND LEGAL REGULATIONS OF PERPETUAL USUFRUCT RIGHT IN POLAND IN RELATION TO SIMILAR RIGHTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b22/s9.031.
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Uslu, Kamil. "The Evaluation of the Energy Resources of Exclusive Economic Zones in Eastern Mediterranean." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02348.
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The Eastern Mediterranean has attracted new attention on the gas potential in the world. In fact, overseas research in the eastern Mediterranean waters began in the late 1960s with a number of wells opened by Belpetco. With the overseas production of the region in recent years, it has entered the world agenda. However, these discoveries have triggered additional conflicts between the states on the establishment of sovereign rights and the limitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In 2009, a large amount of energy was produced in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The resulting supply, economic line in the westward movement, between Cyprus and Turkey, Turkey would reach out to EU countries. Arish-Ashkelon, which supplies gas to Israel, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, has been identified as a pipeline. The other line is the Arab Gas Pipeline. The cooperation with the implementation of the line was met and accepted. But the Syrian civil war has postponed this view for now. When Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, the Sea of Levantine made the European Union a sea border for all practical purposes. In the early 2000s, Cyprus and Turkey's EU membership expectancy, could boost optimism about the possibility of a breakthrough. Turkey should not be admitted to the EU has prevented the solution of the Cyprus problem. Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) and made clear that the agreement with the International Exclusive Economic Zone reached 200 Mile limits. The energy source derived from the region, the future of both Turkey and the TRNC will be able to improve the economic well-being. Thus, will contribute to peace in the region.
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Muszyński, Robert, and Katarzyna Kocur-Bera. "Opportunities and Barriers to the Development of Poland in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources as Compared to the European Union." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.604.
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Today, almost all of civilisation is based on energy. To a large extent, energy is being continuously acquired from non-renewable raw materials deposited in the Earth’s crust. Renewable sources provide alternative, infinite energy resources, particularly solar radiation, wind power and water movement. The Paris Agreement envisages the complete abandonment of fossil fuels by the year 2050 for all EU Member States. From a technical point of view, a complete transition to renewable energy sources (RES) is very difficult to achieve. In the case of Poland, the way to 100% RES is longer and more complex than in most EU countries. The main purpose of the conducted analysis was to thoroughly assess the possibilities for obtaining energy from inexhaustible sources as well as the benefits of various procedures in order to develop an optimal set of solutions. The aim of the presented study is to indicate the possibilities for the development of construction investments in the field of renewable energy sources that have an inseparable impact on spatial management. To achieve this aim, the method of research of the available literature and legislation was applied.
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Kamber, Krešimir, and Lana Kovačić Markić. "ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18363.
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On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization announced the Covid-19 (coronavirus) to be a pandemic. To combat the pandemic, many countries had to adopt emergency measures and some of these measures have affected the judicial system, especially the functioning of courts. The pandemic has been characterised as far as the judiciary is concerned by complete or partial closure of court buildings for the parties and for the public. It is clear that the functioning of national judicial systems has been severely disrupted. This limited functioning of courts impacted the individuals’ right to a fair trial guaranteed, in particular, under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this article is to examine the manner of the administration of justice during the Covid pandemic and its impact on the due process guarantees. Focus is put on the extent to which different Covid measures, in particular remote access to justice and online hearings have impacted the guarantees of the right to a fair trial and the due process guarantees in general, notably in detention cases. In this connection, the article provides a comparative overview of the functioning of the European legal systems during the pandemic. It also looks into the way in which the two European courts – the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union functioned, as well as the way in which the Croatian courts, including the Constitutional Court, organised their work during the pandemic. The article then provides an insight into the issue of online/remote hearings in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and in the Croatian Constitutional Court’s case-law. On the basis of this assessment, the article identifies the differences in the use of remote/online hearings between and within jurisdictions. In conclusion, the article points to some critical considerations that should be taken into account when devising the manner in which any Covid pandemic experience with the administration of justice (notably with regard to remote/online hearings) can be taken forward.
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Tavits, Gaabriel. "Protection of the Weaker Party – to Whom is Labour Law Still Applicable?" In The 8th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.8.2.33.
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National law is affected by a number of different international regulations and agreements. International agreements provide for rules aimed at harmonizing certain requirements and understandings that different countries should follow. In labour relations, international standards are set at two different levels – on the one hand, by the International Labour Organization (ILO), and on the other by regional standards – by the Council of Europe and the directives and regulations adopted by the European Union. All these international rules have important implications for national labour law. However, such international norms do not provide a clear personal scope – that is, it is not clearly defined to whom such international norms apply. Although the various international rules do not directly define the persons to whom those norms apply, – the implementation of international rules remains a matter for national law. Thus, the concept of both employee and employment relationship is shaped by national law. The exception here is the European Union, where the European Court of Justice has given an autonomous meaning to the concept of worker (particularly in the context of freedom of movement for workers). Although the concept of a worker and of an employment relationship has been developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union, Member States retain the right to define the employment relationship in accordance with the law in force in the respective Member State. The main factor in shaping employment relationships is the employee's dependence on the person providing the work, and the person providing the work also has an obligation to pay remuneration for the work performed. Although the scope of those rules is defined differently by different international rules, the characteristics generally applicable to the definition of an employee and the employment relationship are similar to those used in national law.
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Ivanov, Metodi. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT POLICY AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s23.098.
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The environmental management system should be considered as part of the overall management system. This involves looking at the organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining environmental policy. Basic principles and requirements of the environmental management system are aimed at identifying, researching, controlling and reviewing the factors influencing the environment, which allow businesses and public organizations to formulate policies and objectives aimed at protection of the environment. By introducing an environmental management system, organizations simultaneously declare, declare their commitment and guarantee to society as a whole that they are genuinely committed to solving environmental problems. European environmental policy is based on the principle of precautionary measures, preventive action and the elimination of pollution at source, as well as on the principle of "polluter pays". The European Union has the power to take action on all matters of environmental policy such as air and water pollution, waste management and climate change. Although some powers are limited as a result of the principle of subsidiarity and the requirement for unanimous agreement in the Council on fiscal issues, issues related to urban and spatial planning, land use, quantitative management of water resources, choice of energy sources and the structure of energy supply. The purpose of this article is to present specific features of environmental management policy and its impact on regional development in developing countries.
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Briza, Ilze, and Anita Pipere. "Clinical Training in Nursing Study Programs in Latvia and Europe." In 15th International Scientific Conference "Rural Environment. Education. Personality. (REEP)". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Engineering. Institute of Education and Home Economics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/reep.2022.15.001.
Full textAbstract:
As a result of the Bologna Process, European countries have been operating common basic requirements for nursing education (NE) programmes for several years. In 2021, reforms have also taken place in Latvia to ensure the effective development of professionals within higher education, who would become autonomous medical staff with a bachelor (Bch) education. Despite the different approaches of each European Union (EU) Member State to implementation of NE programmes, the unifying element is a scope of clinical training, which under EU legislation is at least half of the total scope of study programme. According to the research, these essential requirements have had a positive impact on the development of NE across Europe. Latvian higher education institutions (HEIs) have taken over the positive experience of Europe and have aligned the scope of clinical training with the requirements of regulatory enactments. A HEI has the right to organise clinical training at its discretion, thereby creating an unequal scope of this training in certain parts of the study programme. Some HEIs implement this process as internships, while others integrate it into study courses, supplementing the theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired in simulation rooms with the acquisition of competencies in the clinical environment (CE). However, despite the organizational differences, the unifying element of these programmes remains the total scope of studies in the CE. The NE programmes in Europe also differ in the use of the term for clinical training. Notwithstanding the designation of this peculiar study form, it is always implemented in a CE. The presented research aims to look at the essence of clinical studies and the usability of the corresponding terms in a framework of study process in a CE, as well as to analyse the differences in the scope of this study form in Bch programmes in nursing in Latvia and Europe. The document analysis method, examining 17 research papers for their compliance with international regulatory enactments, shows that clinical training, nothwithstanding different terminology, is a key component of NE in a high-quality CE. The comparison of Bch’s level nursing studies (NS) at Vilnius University (Lithuania), Riga Stradiņš University (Latvia), Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences (Germany), University of Barcelona (Spain), and Daugavpils University (Latvia) indicates that they generally comply with internationally recognized requirements for the acquisition of the nursing profession.
Reports on the topic "Right to water – European Union countries"
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Lažetić, Marina. Migration, Extremism, & Dangerous Blame Games: Developments & Dynamics in Serbia. RESOLVE Network, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/wb2021.1.
Full textAbstract:
The rapid arrival of hundreds of thousands of migrants into the European Union (EU) from the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa beginning in 2015 coincided with an increase in support for anti-immigrant rhetoric and the far-right in many European countries. A substantial number of these migrants came to the EU through what became known as the “Balkan Route” a major transit land route cutting through the Western Balkans. In 2016, however, the Route officially “closed,” leaving many of those people attempting to reach Europe effectively stranded within the Balkans. In 2020, for example, approximately 7,000 migrants and refugees were present within the borders of Serbia at any given time. This presence of migrants within the Balkans did not go unnoticed and, in some cases, even spurred increased activity within and mobilization among far-right actors opposed to their presence in the region. Exploring this phenomenon, this report focuses on dynamics surrounding migration and responses to it from the far-right in Serbia, one of the countries on the Balkan Route.
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Kira, Beatriz, Rutendo Tavengerwei, and Valary Mumbo. Points à examiner à l'approche des négociations de Phase II de la ZLECAf: enjeux de la politique commerciale numérique dans quatre pays d'Afrique subsaharienne. Digital Pathways at Oxford, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/01.
Full textAbstract:
Realities such as the COVID-19 pandemic have expedited the move to online operations, highlighting the undeniable fact that the world is continuing to go digital. This emphasises the need for policymakers to regulate in a manner that allows them to harness digital trade benefits while also avoiding associated risk. However, given that digital trade remains unco-ordinated globally, with countries adopting different approaches to policy issues, national regulatory divergence on the matter continues, placing limits on the benefits that countries can obtain from digital trade. Given these disparities, ahead of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Phase II Negotiations, African countries have been considering the best way to harmonise regulations on issues related to digital trade. To do this effectively, AfCFTA members need to identify where divergencies exist in their domestic regulatory systems. This will allow AfCFTA members to determine where harmonisation is possible, as well as what is needed to achieve such harmonisation. This report analyses the domestic regulations and policies of four focus countries – South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Senegal – comparing their regulatory approaches to five policy issues: i) regulation of online transactions; ii) cross-border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection; iii) access to source code and technology transfer; iv) intermediary liability; and v) customs duties on electronic transmissions. The study highlights where divergencies exist in adopted approaches, indicating the need for the four countries – and AfCFTA members in general – to carefully consider the implications of the divergences, and determine where it is possible and beneficial to harmonise approaches. This was intended to encourage AfCFTA member states to take ownership of these issues and reflect on the reforms needed. As seen in Table 1 below, the study shows that the four countries diverge on most of the five policy issues. There are differences in how all four countries regulate online transactions – that is, e-signatures and online consumer protection. Nigeria was the only country out of the four to recognise all types of e-signatures as legally equivalent. Kenya and Senegal only recognise specific e-signatures, which are either issued or validated by a recognised institution, while South Africa adopts a mixed approach, where it recognises all e-signatures as legally valid, but provides higher evidentiary weight to certain types of e-signatures. Only South Africa and Senegal have specific regulations relating to online consumer protection, while Nigeria and Kenya do not have any clear rules. With regards to cross border data flows, data localisation, and personal data protection, the study shows that all four focus countries have regulations that consist of elements borrowed from the European Union (EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In particular, this was regarding the need for the data subject's consent, and also the adequacy requirement. Interestingly, the study also shows that South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria also adopt data localisation measures, although at different levels of strictness. South Africa’s data localisation laws are mostly imposed on data that is considered critical – which is then required to be processed within South African borders – while Nigeria requires all data to be processed and stored locally, using local servers. Kenya imposes data localisation measures that are mostly linked to its priority for data privacy. Out of the four focus countries, Senegal is the only country that does not impose any data localisation laws. Although the study shows that all four countries share a position on customs duties on electronic transmissions, it is also interesting to note that none of the four countries currently have domestic regulations or policies on the subject. The report concludes by highlighting that, as the AfCFTA Phase II Negotiations aim to arrive at harmonisation and to improve intra-African trade and international trade, AfCFTA members should reflect on their national policies and domestic regulations to determine where harmonisation is needed, and whether AfCFTA is the right platform for achieving this efficiently.