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Journal articles on the topic 'Right to food Ethiopia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Ethiopia: The Environmental Aspects of Policy and Practice in the Ethiopian Floriculture Industry." Environmental Policy and Law 50, no. 4-5 (March 12, 2021): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-200239.

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The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country’s economy, the industry’s unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment.

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Tura, Husen Ahmed. "Linking Land Rights and the Right to Adequate Food in Ethiopia: Normative and Implementation Gaps." Nordic Journal of Human Rights 35, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18918131.2017.1312860.

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3

Lightbourne, Muriel. "Organization and Legal Regimes Governing Seed Markets and Farmers' Rights in Ethiopia." Journal of African Law 51, no. 2 (September 25, 2007): 285–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855307000319.

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AbstractIn 2005 the government of Ethiopia prepared many proclamations, regulations and guidelines dealing with biosafety, traditional knowledge and plant breeders' rights, with a view to implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Cartagena Protocol to the CBD on Biosafety (CPB), and to joining the World Trade Organization. In the course of the lengthy negotiations of the Food and Agriculture Organization International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the Ethiopian government decided not to include coffee in the list, annexed to the treaty, of plants covered by the multilateral system of facilitated germplasm flows. The purpose of this paper is to analyse these texts and the potential bargaining power of Ethiopia regarding coffee germplasm transactions, after a rapid description of the general context of seed production and seed markets in Ethiopia. It concludes that policies aimed at improving germplasm and final product quality, and rewarding farmers for their contribution in this process, are paramount.

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Aragie, Emerta A., Jean Balié, and Cristian Morales -Opazo. "Food price spikes: Is a cereal export ban the right response for Ethiopia?" Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 3 (April 15, 2020): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727020915207.

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Following the price hikes of 2007–2008 and 2010–2011, many governments in low-income countries implemented food export bans. While several studies investigate the macroeconomic impacts of such bans on large net exporters of grains, only very few country case studies have examined the economy-wide and distributional effects combined. Further, there is a lack of rigorous studies that explicitly analyse cereal export bans as policy responses to external price shocks and their net combined effects, both in the immediate and in the short run. This article evaluates this situation for the case of Ethiopia, a net food-importing country. We find that international price shocks not only do affect domestic prices but could also considerably suppress domestic food production and supplies. A cereal export ban can help stabilize domestic food prices but cannot fully erase the price hike. We, however, note that the ban further discourages domestic cereal production and reduces rural households’ welfare.

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Birhanu, Tarik Taye, and Amare Worku Tadesse. "Food Insecurity and Mental Distress among Mothers in Rural Tigray and SNNP Regions, Ethiopia." Psychiatry Journal 2019 (June 19, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7458341.

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Access to safe and adequate food is a basic human right under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Globally, more than 870 million people consume less calories than they require, which can lead to disabling physical and mental health outcomes. This study was designed to investigate the association between household food insecurity and mental distress among mothers in the Tigray and SNNP regions of Ethiopia. A community based cross-sectional survey was completed on a total of 2,992 households. A linear multiple regression model was used to study the association between food insecurity and mental distress. More than half of the study participants, 57.9%, were experiencing food insecurity. The prevalence of mental distress among the mothers was 39%. Food insecurity was significantly associated with mental distress after controlling for socioeconomic covariates. Integrating screening and management of mental distress would result in a better health status of the mothers and those under their care.

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Moreda, Tsegaye. "The right to food in the context of large-scale land investment in Ethiopia." Third World Quarterly 39, no. 7 (April 26, 2018): 1326–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1460199.

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Mohamed, Abduselam Abdulahi. "Pastoralism and Development Policy in Ethiopia: A Review Study." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.562.

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Pastoralism is a culture, livelihoods system, extensive use of rangelands. It is the key production system practiced in the arid and semi-arid dryland areas. Recent estimates indicate that about 120 million pastoralists and agro-pastoralists life worldwide, of which 41.7% reside only in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Pastoralists live in areas often described as marginal, remote, conflict prone, food insecure and associated with high levels of vulnerability. Pastoral communities of Ethiopia occupy 61% of the total land mass and 97% of Ethiopian pastoralists found in low land areas of Afar, Somali, Oromiya, and SNNPR. In spite pastoral areas have significance role in national economy, yet very little consideration was given to pastoral development and policy makers often neglect them, focusing on the interests of agriculture and urban people. The constitution of Ethiopia gives pastoral communities the right to free land grazing, fair use of natural resources, have market access and receive fair price, and not displaced from their own lands. However, pastoralists have faced new problems in recent years, including competition for water and pasture; unrepresented in socio-economic and political activities, ethnic based conflicts, poverty, and uneven drought and climate changes. The government of Ethiopia began large scale efforts to develop the pastoral areas and initiated different projects, but pastoral development policies and strategies seem to be state centrally-driven. In Ethiopia the current nature of pastoralism and pastoral communities’ life style is changing. Therefore, government needs to develop policies and strategies which are based on local customs and practical knowledge.

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Mengistie, Belay Tizazu. "Consumers’ Awareness on Their Basic Rights and Willingness to Pay for Organic Vegetables in Ethiopia." Journal of Socioeconomics and Development 3, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31328/jsed.v3i1.1278.

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In developing countries, widely reported incidents of dangerous levels of pesticides in food have stimulated the demand for organic food, a movement to choose organic agriculture. It also makes more people have desires to consume chemical free foods. This study, therefore, assessed the consumers’ awareness of their eight basic rights and willingness to pay for organic vegetables in Ethiopia. The data were collected from 200 respondents (consumers) from Addis Ababa and 80 smallholder vegetable farmers at Ziway and Meki through a combination of random and purposive sampling procedures using a structured interview and were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results show that vegetable producers used a lot of chemicals, but not in a safe way or at the optimum level. The findings also show that the overall degree of consumers’ awareness on the eight consumer rights is low. Furthermore, willingness to pay premium prices about 5-50% to obtain organic products, which can be viewed as the cost of investment in human health, is encouraging. There is a need to target agricultural policies relating to handling practices and for public health policies to be more differentiated in promoting food safety. Informing consumers about unique characteristics of organic production methods, the strict inspection and required third party certification might be a promising strategy to develop the market for organic vegetables in Ethiopian urban centers. JEL Classification: D18, Q10, Q18

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Tura, Husen Ahmed. "Achieving zero hunger: implementing a human rights approach to food security in Ethiopia." Third World Quarterly 40, no. 9 (June 2, 2019): 1613–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1617630.

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Bewket Zeleke, Liknaw, Mengistu Welday Gebremichael, Yohannes Mehretie Adinew, and Kelemeu Abebe Gelaw. "Appropriate Weaning Practice and Associated Factors among Infants and Young Children in Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9608315.

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Background. The right nutrition from the start of a pregnancy to the child’s second birthday has a profound impact on the future health, wellbeing, and success of a child. This can be achieved through proper maternal nutrition during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding, and appropriate weaning practice. Objective. This study was aimed at assessing appropriate weaning practice and associated factors among infants and young children aged 6–23 months in Feres Bet Town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 351 children aged 6–23 months. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with appropriate weaning practice. Results. Nearly quarter (23.9%) of mothers have practiced appropriate weaning. Proportion of children who started consumption of weaning food timely and met the recommended dietary diversity was 61.5% and 43.9%, respectively. Child age [AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio): 7.04], husband’s occupation [AOR: 6.85], and maternal weaning advice [AOR: 4.38] were positively associated with appropriate weaning practice, while family size [AOR: 0.28] showed negative association. Conclusion. Appropriate weaning practice was found to be low. Health education at community level and one-on-one advice for mothers in health institutions are highly recommended to improve appropriate weaning.

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Hailemichael, Aklilu, and Berhanu Gebremedhin. "Marketing, consumption and their determinants in village poultry production in four states of Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 60, no. 17 (2020): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19085.

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Context It is widely recognised that village poultry play important roles nutritionally, economically and socio-culturally in developing countries such as Ethiopia where the sector makes up the largest portion of the national poultry meat and egg production. The importance of socioeconomic environment for improving the contribution of village poultry to household income and diets is receiving little attention in research and development. Aims The present study examined whether and to what extent household, flock, institutional and infrastructural factors enable or constrain village poultry marketing and consumption. Methods The results of the study are based on analysis of data drawn from a cross-sectional survey of 5004 households conducted in four regions of Ethiopia. On the basis of the type of dependent variable, probit and ordinary least squares regression models and marginal effects were used to determine whether and how much the aforementioned factors affect household involvement in marketing or consumption of village poultry. Key results Flock size per household highly significantly and positively affected poultry selling. Majority of the households (82%) sold their poultry primarily for covering planned household expenses. Male-headed households had a lower likelihood of selling poultry and an increased mean number of birds consumed, than did female-headed households. A lower probability of selling poultry was associated with an increasing household-asset ownership and an increasing distance to a market town. Participation in training increased poultry consumption per household. Conclusions Our empirical results showed that factors related to household characteristics, flock size, infrastructure and institutional services affected marketing and consumption of household poultry. Household attributes are important to identify and target the right groups for poultry research and development, and market infrastructure and institutional services have to be developed for improving opportunities of smallholders to better benefit from poultry marketing or consumption. Implications Finally, along with technical efforts to increase production, sustainability and nutritional and economic impacts could be improved if research and development interventions were to holistically take into account the socioeconomic and institutional context under which poultry-producing households operate.

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Nagy, Henrietta, Ahmed Abdulkadr, and György Neszmélyi. "Crossbreed Cattle: Assessment and Challenges of Breeding in Selected Districts of Tigray and Afar Regional States, Ethiopia." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 3 (October 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2020.3.8.

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The practice of animal husbandry has played an important role in enhancing sustainable development and improving food security of the community. However, the contribution of this sector towards the national as well as regional economy is very small. The focus of this research is to identify the main reasons why rural farmers do not own rear crossbreed cattle. The data obtained reveals that the majority of the rural communities dont have the right knowledge about the importance of crossbreed cattle in terms of their high yield. Some of the rural residents who are aware said they have limited financial access to afford crossbreed cattle. Besides, the respondents replied that the lack of appropriate feed and its high consumption is another reason, although the output gained from crossbreed cattle is quite high compared to the indigenous animals. Therefore, with the available livestock resource in Ethiopia it is recommended to increase the awareness of importance of crossbreed cattle, and government should also focus on creating favorable conditions to access to financial resources and feed for cattle. Solving the main bottlenecks will assure sustainable development and enable to meet the growing demand of the region. In addition to this, the income disparities between farmers and other self and government employed resident can be minimized.

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Grant, Evadné, and Onita Das. "Land Grabbing, Sustainable Development and Human Rights." Transnational Environmental Law 4, no. 2 (March 24, 2015): 289–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102515000023.

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AbstractIncreasing investment in agricultural land by global corporations and investors from wealthy developed nations in poorer, less developed countries has significant human rights and environmental impacts. Proponents of such land deals argue that they provide opportunities for improvements in agricultural practices and generate employment, which will benefit economic growth in host countries. However, there is growing evidence that the phenomenon known as ‘land grabbing’ displaces poor and vulnerable populations and damages the environment, which in turn exacerbates poverty and food insecurity. This article explores the impact of land grabbing in Ethiopia and examines the human rights and sustainable development frameworks within which land grabbing takes place. The article argues that a human rights approach is fundamental to reconcile the sustainable development imperatives of economic development and environmental protection in the context of land grabbing. It advocates an integrated human rights and sustainable development approach as a holistic framework for assessing the impact of land grabbing and for the development of policy and regulatory responses.

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Wosene Minwagaw, Gizachew, and Wubalem Gobie Ejigu. "Determinants of Seed Distribution System: The Case of Womberma District, North West Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (June 4, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3656320.

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Bread wheat also known as common wheat is one of the most important crops for food security and job opportunities for many smallholders as well as the urban population in Ethiopia. Farmers obtain seed from both formal and informal seed distribution systems. The informal seed sector in the study area is the major supplier of seed for many crops grown in the Womberma district. However, access to the formal seed sector was limited for the farmers. Hence, this study initiated to analyze seed distribution system and determinants of smallholder farmers in selecting seed of bread wheat distribution system in the study areas. The primary data was collected through distributing research questionnaires for the seed distribution systems of bread wheat. The study was based on the data collected from 150 households by using the multistage probability sampling method. The survey result shows that the contribution of public companies for supplying improved bread wheat seed was only 33% whereas 100% of producers confirmed that sources of bread wheat seed were from farm saved and local market which were uncertified leading to production deterioration. In line with these, conducted focus group and key informants confirmed that the major problems of formal seed distribution system were lack of timely supply, price fluctuation, limited quantity, and lack of certified seed suppliers while those of the informal seed distribution system were adulteration, high price, low quality, unable to get the right amount, and lack of timely supply, which concluded that the distribution system was inefficient. The econometrics model was used to analyze determinants of selection in seed distribution system of bread wheat in the study areas. Hence, the result of logit model shows that the level of education, access to credit, household income, extension services, and seed quality significantly and positively influenced farmers’ selection of formal seed distribution system while distance to the nearest seed distribution area influenced negatively the selection of formal seed distribution system in the study areas. Therefore, any concerned bodies should give more attention to establish for farmers formal seed distribution systems of bread wheat seed so as to increase production and productivity of bread wheat in the study areas.

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“Beraki, W. H., F. F. Bonavia, T. Getachew, R. Schmerold, and T. Tarekegn. "The Adola Fold and Thrust Belt, southern Ethiopia: a re-examination with implications for Pan-African evolution." Geological Magazine 126, no. 6 (November 1989): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800006944.

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AbstractThe Adola Fold and Thrust Belt of Ethiopia is a late- Precambrian, north–south trending belt of volcanic-sedimentary and ophiolite–like units overlying ‘basement rocks’ (gneisses and granitic gneisses). Detailed structural analysis and data from microfabrics have documented two thrusting events (D1, D5) and three folding phases (F2, F3, F4). All deformations have affected both the rocks of the Adola Fold and Thrust Belt and the ‘older basement’. The structural history is recorded as follows: (1) formation of ductile shear zones (Dl); (2) progressive development of recumbent folds (F2); (3) a superimposed north-south trending, tight to isoclinal, upright penetrative folding phase (F3), which imparted the dominant structure of the region; (4) F3 was later gently affected, at right angles to F3, by the last folding event (F4). Metamorphic conditions during this deformational cycle reached highest greenschist to medium amphibolite facies conditions. Close to major thrust contacts imbrication produced metamorphic discontinuities. Marked retrograde metamorphism in narrow horizons indicates a continuation of minor movements along the major thrusts, postdating the metamorphic peak. Evidence of a second thrusting/faulting episode (D5) is only recorded at the mesoscale. This latter event was accompanied by very low to low grade metamorphic conditions. In accepting the previously reported age of 1030±40 Ma for the volcanic–sedimentary unit of the Adola Fold and Thrust Belt, and the interpretation of these units as an immature island arc, a possibly early Pan-African oceanic accretion is postulated.

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Yusufe, Mawardii, Ali Mohammed, and Neela Satheesh. "Effect of Duration and Drying Temperature on Characteristics of Dried Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Cochoro Variety." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2017-0005.

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Abstract The objective of the present study was to standardise the duration and temperatures of the conventional oven drying methods for best physical and sensory characteristics of dried tomato. The experiment consisted of two factor factorial design (3*2) with three levels of drying temperature (70°C, 80°C and 90°C) and two levels of drying duration (7 and 8 hours) with three replications. An improved and high yielding variety (Cochoro) of tomato released in 2007 for processing and widely grown in Ziwai (Maki), Ethiopia was used. Prior to drying, individual tomato fruits were washed and sliced into uniform thickness (8mm); then, the slices were placed on to the drying trays in a single layer to facilitate uniform drying in hot air oven set at predetermined temperatures per the respective treatments. Data were collected on different physical and sensory attributes and analysed using SAS software (version 9.2). The results showed that titratable acidity, total soluble solids and water absorption capacity were significantly (p≤0.001) increased due to the interaction of degree of temperature and duration of oven drying. In contrast, pH and water activity decreased as the drying temperature and duration increased. Drying at 70°C for 7 hours produced dried tomatoes with the highest sensorial acceptability and physical attributes while higher temperatures (80, 90°C) and longer duration (9 hours) significantly detract the quality of dried tomato. Hence, it is possible to add value and preserve tomatoes through oven drying at the right temperature and optimum duration.

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Wario, Hussein T., Hassan G. Roba, Mareike Aufderheide, and Brigitte Kaufmann. "Reproductive performance and herd growth potentials of cattle in the Borana pastoral system, southern Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 57, no. 1 (2017): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15215.

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The pastoral communities in the Borana rangelands of southern Ethiopia mainly rely on cattle (Bos indicus) for their livelihoods. The reproductive performance of cattle is affected by environmental variability and mobility practices that affect fodder availability. This study was conducted to investigate the reproductive performances and herd growth potentials of cattle reared in three ecologically varied zones of Golbo, Malbe and Dirre in the Borana rangelands with different levels of mobility constraints. Using the progeny history technique we gathered life histories of 95, 44, and 138 breeding females and their 411, 203, and 448 calves from the pastoral zones of Golbo, Malbe and Dirre, respectively. The average number of breeding females per household showed a declining trend over the past 10 years. The age at first calving was 53 ± 1 (mean ± s.e.), 52 ± 2 and 56 ± 1 months for the cows from Golbo, Malbe and Dirre, respectively. The mean calving interval was 18. ± 0 for Golbo, 17 ± 0 for Malbe and 19 ± 0 for Dirre. The average number of calves per cow was 3.8 ± 0.1 and was highest in Golbo. Dirre had the lowest calving rate and higher calf mortality than Malbe and Golbo. A simulation of herd growth showed that in Golbo and Malbe the average number of females were 100% higher after 20 years than in Dirre. It is concluded that reduced pastoral mobility that affected resource access across ecological zones can compromise the reproductive performance and hence the growth potential of cattle populations. These findings underscore the importance of policy frameworks such as those by the African Union that call for upholding of pastoral land rights and enabling of mobility practices.

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Gebremichael, A., B. Bekele, and B. Tadesse. "Evaluation of the effect of sorghum-legume intercropping and its residual effect on yield of sorghum in yeki woreda, sheka zone, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v9i2.45412.

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The imbalance between the crop production and population growth is currently the major issue in southern Ethiopia. To feed the growing population, increasing the production of food through growing more crop types in the same field as an intercropping is the right strategy. The current study was aimed at evaluating the effect of sorghum-legume intercropping and its residual effect on yield of sorghum. The land equivalent ratio was calculated for sorghum intercropped with pigeon pea and cowpea. Intercropping sorghum with pigeon pea and cowpea increases the land productivity as its Land Equivalent Ratio is greater than 1. In both cases, the land equivalent ratio is greater than 1 indicating the benefits of intercropping. The residual effect of sorghum intercrop with legumes was evaluated on the yield of sorghum. Although there was no statistically significance differences on yield and yield component of sorghum, sorghum planted on the plot of pigeon pea and cowpea sole has 44.6% and 27.8% yield advantage relative to sorghum alone respectively. Planting sorghum under sorghum-cowpea intercropped condition increase the yield of sorghum by 41.8%. The result also shows 74.0% sorghum yield change was observed when planted after intercropped condition of sorghum with pigeon pea. The productivity of sorghum also increases when planted on the plot of sole legume. The current finding in general shows that legume crops contributed to the yield of sorghum either intercropped with legume or grown up using residual contribution of legumes after a year. Therefore, for maximum sorghum production farmers in the area should plant either as intercrop or after residual effect of legumes. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 9(2): 62-66, December 2019

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Kebede, Yohannes, Zewdie Birhanu, Diriba Fufa, Yimenu Yitayih, Jemal Abafita, Ashenafi Belay, Abera Jote, and Argaw Ambelu. "Myths, beliefs, and perceptions about COVID-19 in Ethiopia: A need to address information gaps and enable combating efforts." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0243024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243024.

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Background The endeavor to tackle the spread of COVID-19 effectively remains futile without the right grasp of perceptions and beliefs presiding in the community. Therefore, this study aimed to assess myths, beliefs, perceptions, and information gaps about COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Methods An internet-based survey was conducted in Ethiopia from April 22 to May 04, 2020. The survey link was promoted through emails, social media, and the Jimma University website. Perceptions about COVID-19 have considered the World Health Organization (WHO) resources and local beliefs. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20.0. Classifications and lists of factors for each thematic perception of facilitators, inhibitors, and information needs were generated. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was executed to assist categorizations. Standardized mean scores of the categories were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A significant difference was claimed at p-value <0.05. Results A total of 929 responses were gathered during the study period. The EFA generated two main categories of perceived facilitators of COVID-19 spread: behavioral non-adherence (55.9%) and lack of enablers (86.5%). Behavioral non-adherence was illustrated by fear of stigma (62.9%), not seeking care (59.3%), and hugging and shaking (44.8%). Perceived lack of enablers of precautionary measures includes staying home impossible due to economic challenges (92.4%), overcrowding (87.6%), and inaccessible face masks (81.6%) and hand sanitizers (79.1%). Perceived inhibitors were categorized into three factors: two misperceived, myths (31.6%) and false assurances (32.9%), and one correctly identified; engagement in standard precautions (17.1%). Myths about protection from the virus involve perceived religiosity and effectiveness of selected food items, hot weather, traditional medicine, and alcohol drinking, ranging from 15.1% to 54.7%. False assurances include people’s perception that they were living far away from areas where COVID-19 was rampant (36.9%), and no locally reported cases were present (29.5%). There were tremendous information needs reported about COVID-19 concerning protection methods (62.6%), illness behavior and treatment (59.5%), and quality information, including responses to key unanswered questions such as the origin of the virus (2.4%). Health workers were perceived as the most at-risk group (83.3%). The children, adolescents, youths were marked at low to moderate (45.1%-62.2%) risk of COVID-19. Regional, township, and access to communication showed significant variations in myths, false assurances, and information needs (p <0.05). Conclusions Considering young population as being at low risk of COVID-19 would be challenging to the control efforts, and needs special attention. Risk communication and community engagement efforts should consider regional and township variations of myths and false assurances. It should also need to satisfy information needs, design local initiatives that enhance community ownership of the control of the virus, and thereby support engagement in standard precautionary measures. All forms of media should be properly used and regulated to disseminate credible information while filtering out myths and falsehoods.

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Lerner, Daniel Grandisky, Helder Marcos Freitas Pereira, Maria Sylvia Macchione Saes, and Gustavo Magalhães de Oliveira. "When Unfair Trade Is Also at Home: The Economic Sustainability of Coffee Farms." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031072.

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This paper addresses the issue of unfair trade practices, investigating the drivers of the differences between farm-gate and free-on-board (FOB) prices in the most important Arabica coffee producing countries worldwide: Brazil, Guatemala, Colombia, Honduras, Peru, and Ethiopia. Our study looks at those differences taking into account the literature on governance in agri-food chains, with a focus on each country’s domestic market. We performed panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) estimates in ICO and World Bank data, covering the period from 2007 to 2016. In the paper we analyze (i) property rights as a proxy of transaction costs, once it brings more transparency and support to negotiations; (ii) access to electricity as a proxy of supporting infrastructure in communication and information activities, and (iii) quality of roads and quality of ports as proxies of transportation infrastructure. Our results show that heterogeneity in institutions and infrastructure are key in explaining the differences between farm-gate and FOB prices. The transaction costs derived from institutional failures and infrastructure gaps, lead to the use of intermediaries in the coffee supply chain, and this reduces the margin for coffee farmers. Actions that aim to reduce these inefficiencies bring more transparency and lower transaction costs, thereby directly contributing to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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Clay, Daniel C., Daniel Molla, and Debebe Habtewold. "Food aid targeting in Ethiopia." Food Policy 24, no. 4 (August 1999): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9192(99)00030-5.

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22

Aredo, Dejene. "Famine and food security in Ethiopia." Agricultural Economics 13, no. 1 (October 1995): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1995.tb00375.x.

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23

WINER, NICHOLAS. "Agriculture and Food Security in Ethiopia." Disasters 13, no. 1 (March 1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1989.tb00691.x.

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24

Madeley, John. "Villagization and food output in Ethiopia." Land Use Policy 3, no. 3 (July 1986): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(86)90058-x.

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25

Tadesse, Getaw, and Gerald Shively. "Food Aid, Food Prices, and Producer Disincentives in Ethiopia." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91, no. 4 (November 2009): 942–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2009.01324.x.

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26

Fikre, Lemessa Ocho, Berecha Yadessa Gezahegn, Mitiku Abdissa Fikadu, and Eneyew Bekele Adugna. "Why does food insecurity persist in Ethiopia? Trends, challenges and prospects of food security in Ethiopia." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2017): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2017.0846.

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27

Ahmed Tura, Hussein. "Indigent’s Right to State Funded Legal Aid in Ethiopia." International Human Rights Law Review 2, no. 1 (2013): 120–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00201004.

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This article examines the extent to which state-funded legal aid in criminal cases is recognized and implemented in Ethiopia. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) Constitution and human rights treaties to which Ethiopia is a party recognize an indigent’s right to defense counsel at state expense where the interests of justice so require. However, on the basis of available data collected from the courts, the police stations and prisons, this article finds that the implementing institutions, such as the Office of Public Defenders, are not operating effectively and moreover the public generally lacks legal awareness. These impediments have in turn contributed to a number of indigent accused being tried and convicted without the benefit of legal advice and representation at different stages of proceedings. It has also been found that almost all unrepresented accused have committed serious errors in said proceedings. In addition, lack of legal aid affects the overall justice system since the indigent cannot defend themselves against trained prosecutors armed with state power. In this article it is argued that in order for Ethiopia to implement an indigent’s right to state-funded legal aid, an independent legal aid agency must be established, which should be responsible for the administration of legal aid.

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28

Peltier, Linda J., P. Alston, and K. Tomasevski. "The Right to Food." Human Rights Quarterly 9, no. 1 (February 1987): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/761949.

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29

Alston (Hrsg.), Philip, and Katarina Tomasevski (Hrsg.). "The Right to Food." Verfassung in Recht und Übersee 19, no. 4 (1986): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0506-7286-1986-4-502.

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30

Meyer, Michael A. "The right to food." International Review of the Red Cross 27, no. 259 (August 1987): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400026048.

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31

Meyer, Michael A. "The right to food." Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja 12, no. 82 (August 1987): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0250569x00012425.

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32

Farmer, Michial. "“Never the Right Food”." Religion and the Arts 19, no. 1-2 (2015): 84–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685292-01901005.

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Flannery O’Connor’s first novel, Wise Blood, and John Updike’s second, Rabbit, Run, both deal with the convergences and divergences of the physical and material worlds. Both feature characters who are driven by instinctual longings for or away from divinity, and both feature complicated relationships between their characters and the gods they seek and flee. But the conclusions drawn by these two novels are contradictory. O’Connor’s Hazel Motes, in his desperate attempt to escape from God’s call, ends up performing a painful bodily penance and presumably finds God present in his suffering. Updike’s Harry Angstrom, on the other hand, does his best to find God’s active presence in the world but ends up alienated from that presence, subsumed in the physical world in which he seeks it. This paper seeks an answer for this divergence in endings.

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Ganry, Jacky. "The right to food, the right to fruits." Fruits 66, no. 2 (March 2011): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2011024.

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34

Ayenew, Melak Mesfin. "The Dynamics of Food Insecurity in Ethiopia." International Journal of System Dynamics Applications 4, no. 4 (October 2015): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsda.2015100102.

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This paper assesses the dynamics of food insecurity in Ethiopia and tests policy options and scenarios that could alleviate the problem in the future. The study assess food security based on the pillars; food availability, access to food and stability. A System Dynamics model is designed which integrate population, market and food production sectors and is used to analyze past and future developments. Model results show that both the food supplies and the purchasing power of the population were insufficient for ensuring the required daily calorie intake of the population. Land degradation contributed considerably to the poor average productivity of the land. Policy analyses show that policy options such as land rehabilitation and capacity building for skilled use of agricultural land, and inputs need to be combined carefully to account for their different implementation times. Scenarios on average rainfall and food expenditure show that the food production and the purchasing power of the population are considerably influenced by erratic rainfall and economic growth respectively.

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35

Etana, Dula, and Degefa Tolossa. "Unemployment and Food Insecurity in Urban Ethiopia." African Development Review 29, no. 1 (March 2017): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12238.

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36

Knippenberg, Erwin, Dean Jolliffe, and John Hoddinott. "Land Fragmentation and Food Insecurity in Ethiopia." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 102, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajae.12081.

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37

Cohen, John M., and Nils-Ivar Isaksson. "Food production strategy debates in revolutionary Ethiopia." World Development 16, no. 3 (March 1988): 323–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(88)90001-0.

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38

Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew, and Nicolas Gerber. "Aspirations and food security in rural Ethiopia." Food Security 9, no. 2 (March 11, 2017): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0654-6.

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39

Durevall, Dick, Josef L. Loening, and Yohannes Ayalew Birru. "Inflation dynamics and food prices in Ethiopia." Journal of Development Economics 104 (September 2013): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.05.002.

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40

Munro-Hay, Stuart. "Äthiopien und seine Nachbarn: Ethiopia and its Neighbours." Aethiopica 6 (January 20, 2013): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.6.1.389.

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41

Berhanu Lakew, Tekeste, and Hossein Azadi. "Financial Inclusion in Ethiopia: Is It on the Right Track?" International Journal of Financial Studies 8, no. 2 (May 2, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs8020028.

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It is important to evaluate the impact of Ethiopia’s financial inclusion strategy since it has been launched in 2014. Accordingly, this paper assesses the extent to which the target has been met. The main aim of this study is to measure the success or failure of Ethiopia’s financial inclusion in comparison with other countries in East Africa. Using secondary data, this study revealed that Ethiopia’s financial inclusion is not as successful as other East African countries. This study also found that Ethiopians prefer informal saving clubs rather than formal financial organs. This preference, combined with unemployment and low income, is the barrier to the financial inclusion strategy. Based on the findings, identifying and addressing root causes should be done by removing distance, cost, credit, and documentation barriers. Moreover, the findings showed that access to public transit can also expand the reach of formal financial institutions by encouraging more people to physically access financial institutions. This study recommended access to formal financial organs as a core to financial institutions. Access to formal financial organs should be boosted through increasing financial institutions. Educating individuals about their financial circumstances were also recommended so that people can increase their formal saving uptake. This paper also recommended that the government develop regulatory guidelines for the functioning of financial institutions. The main outcome, therefore, is that financial institutions could be more transparent and predictable, reduce costs, and simplify the rules for entering the market.

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Marcus, David. "Famine Crimes in International Law." American Journal of International Law 97, no. 2 (April 2003): 245–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3100102.

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Some of the worst human rights catastrophes of the twentieth century were famines created or manipulated by governments. In 1932 at least five million Ukrainians starved to death, while hunger was largely unknown across the border in Russia.The Soviet government imposed disastrous grain quotas on the Ukraine, then let its own citizens literally collapse in the streets while it exported grain to further its “revolutionary” objectives.The Ethiopian famine of 1983-1985, preserved in popular memory as a natural disaster of biblical proportions, most fiercely struck those parts of the country that harbored irredentist movements. In a stunning, but telling, rejoinder to international pity for the purportedly hapless Ethiopian government, the Ethiopian foreign minister told a U.S. chargé d’affaires that “food is a major element in our strategy against the secessionists.” Since 1994, more than two million out of a population of twenty-two million in North Korea have starved to death, while South Koreans, affected by similar weather patterns, have remained completely untouched by famine. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), trying to distribute aid earmarked for famine victims, have watched helplessly as the government callously interfered and have arrived at the conclusion that “the authorities are deliberately depriving hundreds of thousands of truly needy Koreans of assistance.”

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43

Ferrière, Nathalie, and Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann. "Does Food Aid Disrupt Local Food Market? Evidence from Rural Ethiopia." World Development 76 (December 2015): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.07.002.

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44

Swaminathan, M. S. "Food: A Basic Human Right." Indian Journal of Human Development 7, no. 2 (July 2013): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703020130211.

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45

Shatrugna, V., and R. Srivatsan. "The right to food security." BMJ 345, dec10 1 (December 10, 2012): e8273-e8273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e8273.

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46

Swinnen, Johan. "The Right Price of Food." Development Policy Review 29, no. 6 (October 5, 2011): 667–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2011.00552.x.

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47

Glaser, John A. "Right to food and agrofuels." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2009): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-008-0192-1.

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48

George, Susan. "Food as a human right." Food Policy 11, no. 1 (February 1986): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(86)90054-0.

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49

Kloos, Helmut. "Peasant Irrigation Development and Food Production in Ethiopia." Geographical Journal 157, no. 3 (November 1991): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635503.

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50

Quisumbing, Agnes R. "Food Aid and Child Nutrition in Rural Ethiopia." World Development 31, no. 7 (July 2003): 1309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(03)00067-6.

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