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1
Green, B. T., K. D. Welch, J. W. Keele, T. G. McDaneld, and J. A. Pfister. "1767 Resistance to toxic plants: The right animal at the right time in the right pasture." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-1767.
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Ho, C. K. M., D. P. Armstrong, L. R. Malcolm, and P. T. Doyle. "Evaluating options for irrigated dairy farm systems in northern Victoria when irrigation water availability decreases and price increases." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 9 (2007): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06313.
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A case study and spreadsheet modelling approach was used to examine options for two dairy farms in northern Victoria that would enable them to maintain profit, or ameliorate a decline in profit, under changes in irrigation water availability and price. Farm 1 obtained 43% of estimated metabolisable energy requirements for the milking herd from supplements, had a predominantly spring-calving herd, and used mainly owner/operator labour. Farm 2 obtained 54% of estimated metabolisable energy requirements for the milking herd from supplementary feeds, had a split-calving herd, and used owner/operator and employed labour. When long-term allocation of irrigation water declined from 160% to 100% water right (WR), the ‘base farm’ system for both farms was maintained by purchasing temporary water. At a water price of $35/ML and allocation of 160% WR, the operating profit of Farms 1 and 2 was AU$52 000 and $315 000, respectively. This declined to $30 000 and $253 000 at a water availability of 100% WR. In response to changes in water availability and/or price, Farm 1 could purchase more supplements (a mix of grain and fodder) or replace some irrigated perennial pasture with irrigated annual pasture. Purchasing more supplements was not as profitable as buying irrigation water on the temporary market in the long term. At an irrigation water allocation of 130% WR, a water price of $35/ML and assumed response to extra supplement of 1.4 L milk/kg, operating profit was $24 000 compared with $44 000 when the base farm system was maintained by purchasing temporary water. At an allocation of 100% WR, increased supplement use was not profitable as a long-term option, unless exceptionally high responses in milk production to extra supplement were achieved. For this farm, converting an area of perennial pasture to annual pasture slightly increased operating profit compared with maintaining the base farm system when water availability decreased or price increased. The options analysed for Farm 2 involved converting some of the irrigated annual pasture to perennial pasture and, associated with this, additional options of reducing the area of maize grown or reducing the amount of nitrogen fertiliser applied to perennial pasture. Farm 2 had already implemented significant farm system changes to deal with reduced irrigation water availability in recent years, including increased supplementary feeding and growing annual pastures and maize. Hence, the options analysed for Farm 2 focused more on whether less significant changes would be more profitable. Converting 16 ha of annual pasture to perennial pasture, and growing 2.2 ha less maize appeared to be marginally more profitable than both the base farm system and the option of reducing nitrogen fertiliser use on the perennial pasture (operating profit $295 000 v. $291 000 or $292 000 at a water allocation of 130% WR and price of $35/ML). Reductions in irrigation water availability or increases in water price would need to be substantial to make the option of growing more perennial pasture and less maize unattractive. While the maize and annual pasture dry matter yield per megalitre of water were higher than for perennial pasture, the costs associated with harvesting, storing and feeding maize and annual pasture meant they were unlikely to be more profitable than a productive perennial pasture.
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Costa, Carolina Marques, Ana Beatriz Graciano da Costa, Gustavo de Farias Theodoro, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel, Juliana Caroline Santos Santana, Francisco Carlos Camargo, and Emizael Menezes de Almeida. "The 4R management for nitrogen fertilization in tropical forage: A review." NOVEMBER 2020, no. 14(11):2020 (November 10, 2020): 1834–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.11.p2646.
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Most of the tropical soils that are intended for pastures are degraded or are at a certain stage of degradation. In this context, the use of nitrogen fertilization increases the quantity as well as the quality of the fodder produced and also accelerates growth, tillering, leaf production, and consequently, expansion of the aerial region and the root system. The present review of the literature aims to determine how the control of the source, location, time, and the application of a right dose of nitrogen fertilizer influences and benefits the entire ecosystem in tropical pastures with the correct use of 4R management, along with increasing the forage yields in these areas. The results showed that in tropical pastures, the recommended N dose varies with the cultivar used and the expected forage production and ranges from 50 to 500 kg N ha–1 year–1, irrespective of division in grazing cycles, with distribution in the entire pasture area
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Ekumankama, O. O. "MANAGING NATURAL PASTURE FOR SMALL RUMINANTS: THE CASE OF ALLEY FARMING IN IKWUANO AREA OF ABIA STATE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 26 (March 11, 2021): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v26i1.3031.
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Natural pasture for small ruminants must be sustained, enhanced, and where it has been diminished or destroy, restored, if animal production must contribute meaningfully to national food security. In Eastern Nigeria, farming system, such as bush fallow, are generally based on shifting cultivation. Unfortunately, agricultural lands are relatively scarce, thereby resulting to shortened fallow periods and thus, widespread diminishing and destruction of natural pasture. The urgency of managing deficient and scarce natural pasture in this environment is widely recognized. Not only is this essential for small ruminants’ feeding, but a dynamic animal sector is a key to achieving food security. The paper argues therefore, that alley farming is the right approach to managing deficient and scarce natural pasture, since it is the most promising alternative to traditional slash-and-burn shifting cultivation. Ikwuano Local Government Area of Abia State was used as the study area. The results show that there is a pressing need for alley farming promotion. Small holders’ access to this technology would aid in revolutionizing animal production in Nigeria. This paper advocates for policies that will incorporate alley farming into production recommendations transferred to small farmers.
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Avetov, N. A., A. G. Koptelov, N. I. Lozbenev, D. A. Solovyov, and E. A. Shishkonakova. "Ecological and agricultural assessment of the state of forage lands of boreal river floodplains in the oil-producing region (case study in the floodplain of the Kolva River, Usinsky district, Komi Republic)." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 118 (March 25, 2024): 188–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2024-118-188-230.
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Floodplain forage lands of the Pechora basin (Usinsky district of the Komi Republic) are experiencing a complex anthropogenic impact associated with both agricultural activity and pollution with petroleum products coming with flood waters. An ecological and agricultural assessment of the soil-vegetation cover of the Kolva floodplain used as hayfield (right-bank part) and pasture (left-bank part) was carried out. Soil combinations of the main part of the surveyed floodplain include alluvial sod, sod-meadow and meadow soils. Morphological signs of gley formation in meadow soils are observed in the lower part of the soil profile and are expressed moderately. Soils are characterized generally by favorable agrochemical and morphological properties, with the exception of areas subjected to pasture digression. The vegetation cover of the central and near-river part of the floodplain massif of the right bank is mainly represented by legume-cereal-grass communities formed both in inter-ridge depressions and on flat ridges. On the high floodplain of the left bank, legume-cereal-grass meadows, grass-clover and tufted hairgrass meadows are common, horsetail–butterbur, clover-cereal and cereal communities are common in the near-river part of the left bank. Despite the relatively high productivity and the presence of valuable forage species of cereals and legumes, the qualitative characteristics of hay deviate from optimal ones due to the participation of low-nutritious, unattractive, weedy and poisonous species in the herbage. On the pasture, as a result of pasture digression, there is a decrease in species diversity with the dominance of tufted hairgrass and low-value species of various grasses. In the most disturbed areas, the total projective vegetation coverage is reduced to 50%. The soil cover of the studied territory of the Kolva floodplain is currently not contaminated with hydrocarbons, with the exception of a few spots of petroleum products with a total area of 6 m2. The effect of oil pollution on the vegetation cover of the Kolva floodplain is not manifested. Background values of the content of petroleum products in soils are slightly higher in the left-bank part compared to the right-bank part.
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Filatova, S., and O. Sergeeva. "Plant potential and ecological and economic suitability of reindeer pastures on the right bank of the Norilsk River." Genetics and breeding of animals, no. 1 (May 18, 2023): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31043/2410-2733-2023-1-65-74.
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Purpose: identification of plant potential, ecological and economic suitability of deer pastures of the forest-tundra zone located in the zone of anthropogenic influenceMaterial and methods. Ground geobotanical survey of the vegetation cover of deer pastures was carried out by route method in accordance with the method of geobotanical studies. The ecological and economic value of each type of pasture was determined based on the data of the ecological and economic classification of deer pastures in the north.Results. 25 species of reindeer pastures are described on the right bank of the Norilsk River in the northwestern part of the Putorana Plateau. On the basis of signs of uniformity in the structure of vegetation (proximity of species composition, similarity of vertical and horizontal structures), they are combined into 4 types: tundra, swamps, shrubs and light forests. Tundra (30.9%) and shrub (27.6%) types of pastures dominate. The most important feature is the active participation in the structure of phytocenoses of shrubs (Betula nana s. str, Salix glauca s. str, S. lanata s. str.) and shrubs (Ledum palustre. Vaccinium uliginosum s. str, V. vitis-idaea s. str.). Green fodder is most nutritious in the first half of summer. The nutritional value of fruticose lichens does not change during the year. Reindeer pastures with lichen cover and high (from 5 to 12 o-days/ha) reindeer capacity during the snowy period occupy insignificant (24.3%) areas. Basically, these are willow and dwarf dwarf shrub-lichen tundras and larch sparse forests of dwarf-shrub moss-lichen. The participation of lichens in the ground cover of plant communities does not exceed 25–35%. The following lichen species have been recorded: Cladonia arbuscula, C. stellaris, C. rangiferina, C. cornuta, C. deformis, C. mitis, Cetraria cucullata, and C. islandica. The most widespread species of the genus Cetraria: Cetraria islandica and C. cucullata, with a clear advantage of the latter. The main forage species of the genus Cladonia (Cladonia arbuscula, C. stellaris, C. rangiferina) are not widely distributed. Pastures with a high (from 9 o-days/ha to 14 o-days/ha) reindeer capacity in the summer, early autumn and late spring periods prevail in the study area. Basically, these are communities of shrub and marsh types. Shrubs (Salix glauca s. str, S. lanata s. str., S. hastata, Betula nana s. str.), shrubs (Salix reticulata, Vaccinium vitis-idaea s. str.) and forbs (species of the genera Petasites, Pedicularis, Astragalus, Hedysarum, Equisetum, Bistorta).
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Williams, Gordon Terrell. "Cost-effective landscape revegetation and restoration of a grazing property on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales: 65 years of change and adaptation at ‘Eastlake'." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 6 (2017): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17110.
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This paper describes the restoration of woody vegetation on my family’s grazing property, ‘Eastlake’ (1202 ha) on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. We commenced revegetating ‘Eastlake’ in 1981 to reverse the loss of native tree cover due to New England dieback and improve shelter for livestock and pastures to increase farm profitability. We treated the revegetation program as a long-term business investment and, apart from a 5-year period of overseas employment, have allocated annual funding in the farm business plan ever since. Our decision was based on the benefits of shelter to livestock and pasture production. Once we began revegetation, aesthetics, amenity and the positive impact on the capital value of the farm became important motivations. More recently, increasing the farm’s biodiversity and resilience, and conserving native flora and fauna, have also motivated us. Our strategy is to link upland areas of remnant timber with ridgeline corridors of planted vegetation to maximise shelter, minimise pasture production losses and provide dispersal corridors for fauna and wildlife habitat. Initially, we planted introduced species of tree and shrub, but now we revegetate mainly with native species, as well as fencing off remnant timber to encourage natural regeneration and direct seeding understorey species (mainly acacias) in degraded remnants and elsewhere. Our target is to increase the area of fenced-off and planted timber cover from 8% to 10% over the next few years, which will take the proportion of total effective timber cover from ~8% in 1980 to 18% of the property. The key lessons are to: (1) plan, prepare, plant the right tree or shrub in the right place for the right purpose, and post-planting care (the ‘4 Ps’); (2) integrate revegetation into the whole-farm business plan; (3) finance the work slowly over time with the aid of a spatial farm plan; and (4) adapt to changing circumstances, values and understanding. Research is required to help farmers understand the role of on-farm biodiversity in contributing to the health of the farm business, owner–managers and their families and the farm environment, as well as to regional economies, communities, landscapes and society more generally.
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Ostermann, D. Kelly, Amalesh Dhar, and M. Anne Naeth. "Native and Dryland Pasture Seed Mixes Impact Revegetation 12 Years after Pipeline Construction in Southern Alberta." Land 12, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040921.
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Activities associated with agriculture, grazing, and the energy industry have altered large tracts of native rangeland in North America. Pipelining causes intense local disturbance by removal of vegetation and alterations to soil horizons. Following a disturbance, reclamation is required to return the land to equivalent land capability. Revegetation is usually by seeding native and/or agronomic (non-native, dominant) species. This study investigated the long-term effects of native and dryland pasture (91% non-native species) seed mixes, grazing, and right-of-way (RoW) treatments on revegetation of native rangeland in southeastern Alberta. Native seed mixes were more successful at enhancing seeded vegetation cover than dryland pasture seed mixes. Grazing had a significant impact only on the survival of non-native grasses. The seed mix did not significantly affect total, native, non-native, annual, or perennial forb cover. Total forb cover was significantly higher on the trench with the dryland pasture seed mix than all other RoW treatments (storage, work). This long-term study suggests that native seed mixes can result in successful revegetation of reclamation following pipeline construction.
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Prevorčnik, Simona, and Andrzej Falniowski. "A twist of nature: a left-handed Bythinella schmidti (Küster, 1852) (Caenogastropoda: Bythinellidae)." Natura Sloveniae 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/ns.20.2.25-31.
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As most extant snails, Bythinella schmidti is characterised by dextral (right-handed) coiling of the shell. Nevertheless, a small sinistral (left-handed) individual from the spring on a mountain pasture was sampled, together with its larger dextral conspecifics. In our report on this first case of sinistrality within the superfamily Truncatelloidea, we discuss its shell abnormalities and provide a review on chirality in snails.
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Umar, Abdullahi, and Muhammmad Nuraddeen Danjuma. "Examining the State of Pastoral Resources under Common Property Regime, and Pastoralists Accessibility in Drylands of Niger and Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v2i2.435.
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Pastoralism faces changes in Nigeria and Niger. This raised the call for interrogating the two countries’ stewardship of pastoral resources. The objectives of this study were to examine state of pastoral resources and make comparison on how legal and institutional, frameworks determine access to these resources in the drylands of Niger and Nigeria. Cropland, land under permanent meadows and pasture and forests lands data for Niger and Nigeria for 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 were downloaded from UN Food and Agricultural Organisation website. Seven communities namely: Abalak, Dakoro and Gaya (in Niger) and Augei, Dakingari, Gummi and Wurno (in Nigeria) were purposively selected and pastoralists were interviewed and/or observed. Descriptive statistics was employed in data analysis. We found that croplands in the two countries have significantly expanded. These expansions might have benefited from forestland depletion but not from land under permanent meadows and pastures (LUPMP) especially in Niger. LUPMP has increased in area in the two Countries. Pastoralists in Niger abhor privatization of pastoral resources. They also demand more access to pasture. In Nigeria, encroachment of pastoral resources by farmers, private ranches and mining, scarce and decaying infrastructure, lack of tenure right to pastoral resources are some of the problem’s pastoralists face. We conclude that agricultural intensification, through its conversion of other forestlands, threatens livestock production more essentially in Niger than in Nigeria and recommend that pastoral resources need to be prioritized by Governments as a regional strategy for communities’ livelihood enhancement and conflict prevention mechanism.
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Sales, Maykel Franklin Lima, Mário Fonseca Paulino, Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho, Marlos Oliveira Porto, Victor Rezende Moreira Couto, and Pedro Veiga Rodrigues Paulino. "Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40, no. 2 (February 2011): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982011000200026.
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The objective of this work was to determine macromineral requirements by Zebu steers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with concentrate. It was used 24 non-castrated steers, at an average age of 7 months and at initial average weight 180 kg. Eight control animals were slaughtered for determining initial body composition. The 16 remaining animals were divided in four four-animal plots, in a complete random design. Each plot received mineral mixture or supplements at the levels 0.75; 1.50 or 2.25 kg/animal/day. The right half-carcass of eight animals, two per group, was dissected in muscle, fat and bones and all body constituents were weighted for determination of empty body weight and body composition. Net requirements of calcium and phosphorus for an animal at 400 kg body weight were 11.13 g and 5.40 g, respectively. To estimate dietary requirements of maintenance and after, sum them to dietary requirements for gain in order to obtain total dietary requirements, it was adopted endogenous losses and bioavailability present in literature for each mineral macroelement. Total dietary requirement for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium for a 400-kg BW animal with 1.0-kg daily weight gain were 34.59; 17.36; 7.82; 5.19 and 41.11 g/day, respectively. Macromineral requirements by beef cattle under pasture supplementation are similar to those recommended by BR-Corte for beef cattle in feedlots.
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OSMAN, A. E., and F. BAHHADY. "Livestock production on Mediterranean grassland in relation to residual phosphate." Journal of Agricultural Science 134, no. 4 (June 2000): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007686.
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Available pasture, liveweight gain, milk yield and supplementary feeding of Awassi sheep were monitored for four seasons (1991/92 to 1994/95) on pasture fertilized with superphosphate between 1984 and 1990. The experimental plots received three rates of phosphate (0, 25 and 60 kg P2O5/ha) annually, but no application after September 1990. The experiment was grazed at low (1·1 sheep/ha per year) and high (2·3 sheep/ha per year) stocking rates. The experimental site was typical of communally owned grasslands within the cereal zone of west Asia, where cropping is not possible because of shallow, stony soil and steep slopes. Plots with residual phosphate contained significantly more herbage and supported heavier animal liveweights, especially in the first two seasons. Milk yield and lamb production were greater and the need for supplementary feeding was reduced due to increased herbage. The results suggest that benefits of residual phosphate on pasture and livestock production can be considerable and should be included when assessing the value of applying fertilizer to degraded marginal lands in west Asia. Provided that the stocking rates remain within the range tested in the study, the pasture would suffer no harm. However, the higher stocking rates now practiced in the spring under communal grazing might severely limit flowering and seed-set. The property right to own or use the grazing land is seen as a key factor, deserving attention from governments in west Asia in order to apply new technologies to improve degraded marginal lands.
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Lusebrink, Vija B. "Visual Imagery: Its Psychophysiological Components and Levels of Information Processing." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 6, no. 3 (March 1987): 205–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/q6jp-x6cw-mkah-fa0h.
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The patterns of the psychophysiological components of visual imagery were investigated for three simple verbally-presented imagery stimuli, the letter P, pencil, and pasture, and the control stimulus go blank. The stimuli were assumed to represent different codes and levels of information processing based on McGuigan's model of neuro-muscular circuits. The responses shown by the EOG of horizontal and vertical eye movement activity, the EMG of lip and covert right arm movement, and to a lesser degree, the EEG of alpha activity in the right occipital area differentiated among the three stimuli and also the control stimulus. The results are seen as supporting the concept of images as mental phenomena with differential psychophysiological patterns involving peripheral and central stores of information processing.
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Linehan, C. J., D. P. Armstrong, P. T. Doyle, and F. Johnson. "A survey of water use efficiency on irrigated dairy farms in northern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02234.
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Water use efficiency (WUE) in irrigated dairy systems has been defined, in this paper, as the amount of milk (kg milk fat plus protein) produced from pasture per megalitre of water (irrigation plus effective rainfall). A�farm survey was conducted for the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons in the Goulburn Irrigation System (GIS) and Murray Irrigation System (MIS) when the irrigation water allocated to irrigators in the GIS was low (100–120% of water right compared with the MIS which was 130 and 200% of water right). These data were analysed in conjunction with information collected on the same farms in the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons when the irrigation water allocated to irrigators in both systems was above 150% of water right (Armstrong et al. 1998, 2000). The aim of the survey was to determine if the management decisions made by dairy farmers in seasons of low irrigation water allocations had an impact on WUE.Milk production averaged across the 2 irrigation systems increased significantly over the 5-year period (57 540–75 040 kg milk fat + protein per farm). Over the same period the amount of irrigation water applied (GIS�7.6 ML/ha, MIS 9.2 ML/ha) and the milking area (GIS 72 ha, MIS 73 ha) remained constant. The amount of concentrates fed per cow (GIS 650–1100 kg DM, MIS 480–860 kg DM) and per farm (GIS 119–228 t DM, MIS�72–157 t DM) increased, but pasture consumption (GIS 8.9–9.5 t DM/ha, MIS 9.1–9.7 t DM/ha) did not increase significantly over the survey period. Therefore, the increase in milk production appeared to come primarily from an increase in supplementary feeding rather than an increase in pasture consumption, resulting in no significant change in WUE in either system (GIS 66 kg milk fat + protein/ML, MIS 61 kg milk fat + protein/ML).The survey results indicate that despite varying water allocations in the 2 major irrigation systems in northern Victoria, milk production on farms in both systems increased while changes in WUE could not be detected by the methods used. This suggests tactical options to increase WUE in response to short-term changes in water allocation were either difficult to implement or not a priority in a business sense.
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Cowley, Robyn A., Mark H. Hearnden, Karen E. Joyce, Miguel Tovar-Valencia, Trisha M. Cowley, Caroline L. Pettit, and Rodd M. Dyer. "How hot? How often? Getting the fire frequency and timing right for optimal management of woody cover and pasture composition in northern Australian grazed tropical savannas. Kidman Springs Fire Experiment 1993–2013." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 4 (2014): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj14030.
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A long-term (1993–2013) experiment in grazed semiarid tropical savannas in northern Australia tested the impact of varying the frequency (every 2, 4 and 6 years) and season (June – EDS versus October – LDS) of fire compared with unburnt controls on woody cover and pasture composition, in grassland and open woodland. Over an 18-year period, woody cover increased by 4% (absolute) in the woodland even with the most severe (i.e. frequent, late dry season) fire treatments. With less severe or no fire, woody cover increased by 12–17%. In the grassland, woody cover remained static when subjected to LDS fires every 2 or 4 years, but increased by 3–6% under other fire treatments, and by 8% when unburnt. Major shifts in understorey species composition occurred at both sites regardless of fire regime. The effect of fire on herbage mass and composition was compounded by higher grazing after fires. The herbage mass of perennial grasses declined and that of annual grasses and forbs increased following early or frequent fires. Brachyachne convergens, Gomphrena canescens and Flemingia pauciflora increased in response to fire while Aristida latifolia and Heteropogon contortus decreased. Four-yearly LDS fire provided the most effective management of woody cover and pasture composition. Although EDS fire is recommended for biodiversity management and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in wet tropical savannas, on grazed pastoral land, it can promote woodland thickening and pasture degradation. Optimal fire management, therefore, depends on vegetation type, land use and the prevailing seasonal timing and frequency of fire.
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Kabuldinov, Ziyabek, Gabit Kenzhebaev, Saule Tulbassiyeva, and Samat Zhumatay. "The mass famine of 1808 in the younger Kazakh Zhuz and their transition to the right bank of the Urals." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2024, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202401statyi06.
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This article examines the events in the Younger Zhuz bordering with Russia, when a terrible famine began at the beginning of the 19th century. The famine was caused by the reduction of pasture lands and tsarism banned the Kazakhs from wandering on the right bank of the Irtysh. On May 23, 1808, two royal decrees were issued, according to which the transition of the adult Kazakhs and their children to the inner part of the Russian Empire was regulated. Then the lives of tens thousands of residents of the Younger Zhuz were saved. The article is written on the basis of rare archival materials extracted mainly from the Orenburg State Archive.
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McDowell, R. W., W. Catto, and T. Orchiston. "Can the application of rare earth elements improve yield and decrease the uptake of cadmium in ryegrass-dominated pastures?" Soil Research 53, no. 7 (2015): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15073.
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Rare earth elements (REEs) have been linked to increases and decreases in plant growth and the uptake of biotoxic metals such as Cadmium (Cd). We hypothesised that under the right soil and climatic conditions the application REEs to soil may improve yield of ryegrass-dominated pasture and inhibit Cd uptake in foliage. A soil survey measuring REEs concentrations in soils from across New Zealand showed that REEs were enriched in Volcanic compared with Sedimentary-derived soils, and in soils used for dairying compared with those used for sheep and beef. From a range of REEs applied to ryegrass with and without N, lanthanum (La) showed minor yield improvement under glasshouse conditions, but only for Sedimentary (not Volcanic) soils low in REE concentration and at 40% available soil moisture or less. A similarly mixed yield response occurred in a field trial. Decreases in the Cd concentration of ryegrass (mg kg–1) only occurred in the harvests after application (40% at 20 kg La ha–1 for one soil) and did not translate into an annual effect. We conclude that there was insufficient evidence to recommend the use of La (screened from a range of REEs as the most promising) to increase annual dry matter yield or decrease Cd uptake from ryegrass-dominated pastures.
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Kuchler, Patrick Calvano, Margareth Simões, Rodrigo Ferraz, Damien Arvor, Pedro Luiz Oliveira de Almeida Machado, Marcos Rosa, Raffaele Gaetano, and Agnès Bégué. "Monitoring Complex Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems at Regional Scale in Brazil: A Big Earth Observation Data Approach." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071648.
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Due to different combinations of agriculture, livestock and forestry managed by rotation, succession and intercropping practices, integrated agriculture production systems such as integrated crop–livestock systems (iCL) constitute a very complex target and a challenge for automatic mapping of cropping practices based on remote sensing data. The overall objective of this study was to develop a classification strategy for the annual mapping of integrated Crop–Livestock systems (iCL) at a regional scale. This strategy was designed and tested in the six agro-climatic regions of Mato Grosso, the largest Brazilian soybean producer state, using MODIS satellite time-series images acquired between 2012 and 2019, ground data with heterogeneous distribution in space and time and a Random Forest classifier. The results showed that: 1. the use of unbalanced training samples with a class composition close to the real one was the right classifier training strategy; 2. the use of a single training database (pooling samples from different years and regions) to classify each region and year individually proved to be robust enough to provide similar classification accuracies in comparison to those based on the use of a database acquired for each region and for each year. The final hierarchical classification overall accuracy was 0.89 for Level 1, the cropping pattern level (single and double crops DC); 0.84 for Level 2, the DC category level (integrated system iCL soy-pasture/brachiaria, soy-cotton and soy-cereal); 0.77 for Level 3, the iCL level (iCL1 soy-pasture and iCL2 soy-pasture mixed with corn). The F-scores for DC, iCL and iCL1 cropping systems presented high accuracy (0.89, 0.85 and 0.84), while iCL2 was more difficult to classify (0.63). This approach will next be applied across the entire Brazilian soybean corridor, leading to an operational tool for monitoring the adoption of sustainable intensification practices recognized by Brazil’s Agriculture Low Carbon Plan (ABC PLAN).
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McCurdy, James D., J. Scott McElroy, and Michael L. Flessner. "Differential Response of FourTrifoliumSpecies to Common Broadleaf Herbicides: Implications for Mixed Grass-Legume Swards." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00093.1.
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Clovers are commonly included as utility plants within mixed grass swards, such as pastures and roadside right-of-ways. As such, they provide supplemental nitrogen, quality forage, and insect habitat. Yet weed control within mixed swards is often hampered by the lack of selective herbicides that are tolerated by clovers. Differential tolerance of legumes to common row-crop and pasture herbicides has previously been reported, yet little information is available that is specific to clover species. Herbicide injury of clover is often inconsistent, hypothetically due to differential species tolerance. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted with the objective of testing differential tolerance amongst four clover species. Our experiments suggest varying tolerances amongst clover species and common broadleaf herbicides. Only imazaquin control differed due to species; however, treatment by clover interactions were further demonstrated due to variable reductions in clover height. Imazaquin, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and triclopyr height reductions differed due to clover species. Differential clover response to herbicide treatment should be an important consideration when managing mixed grass–clover swards and should be accounted for in future research. On a more practical level, our experiments demonstrate a range of herbicides that effectively control clover species, including atrazine, dicamba, clopyralid, 2,4-D, triclopyr, metsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron. However, results suggest that 2,4-DB, imazethapyr, and bentazon are candidate herbicides for weed control in scenarios in which clover is a desirable crop.
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Wright, I. A., and N. I. Malmakov. "Sheep productivity in private flocks in Kazakstan." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007171.
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During the Soviet era, state or collective farms on the rangelands of Kazakstan moved livestock between winter, spring, summer and autumn pastures in different ecological zones. By the end of the Soviet era, livestock production was still based partly on the traditional migratory system, but had become heavily dependent on supplementary winter feed over the harsh winters. When the majority of former state and collective farms became cooperatives in the mid 1990s, they retained the same management structure, but individuals became members of the cooperatives or had the right to a share of the assets (e.g. livestock, machinery, access to land) and become private farmers. Many individuals, who remained cooperative members and are not private farmers, still keep private livestock. There are, in addition, an increasing number of private farmers. Most flock owners cannot now afford to follow a four-season migratory system of sheep management nor to obtain sufficient winter feed of good quality. Small-scale flock owners with less than about one hundred sheep lack the resources (e.g. family labour, transport) to move animals the long distance between the different pastures. There has been a large decrease in sheep numbers and there is now excess pasture in all ecological zones, as many sheep now spend the whole year within 10 km of the home village or private farm. However they need to be supplied with winter fodder since the vegetation ceases to grow in autumn and is often covered in snow from December to March. The aim of the present study was to determine current management practices and their effects on sheep productivity.
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Song, Shuang, Tonghai Liu, Hai Wang, Bagen Hasi, Chuangchuang Yuan, Fangyu Gao, and Hongxiao Shi. "Using Pruning-Based YOLOv3 Deep Learning Algorithm for Accurate Detection of Sheep Face." Animals 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12111465.
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Accurate identification of sheep is important for achieving precise animal management and welfare farming in large farms. In this study, a sheep face detection method based on YOLOv3 model pruning is proposed, abbreviated as YOLOv3-P in the text. The method is used to identify sheep in pastures, reduce stress and achieve welfare farming. Specifically, in this study, we chose to collect Sunit sheep face images from a certain pasture in Xilin Gol League Sunit Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, and used YOLOv3, YOLOv4, Faster R-CNN, SSD and other classical target recognition algorithms to train and compare the recognition results, respectively. Ultimately, the choice was made to optimize YOLOv3. The mAP was increased from 95.3% to 96.4% by clustering the anchor frames in YOLOv3 using the sheep face dataset. The mAP of the compressed model was also increased from 96.4% to 97.2%. The model size was also reduced to 1/4 times the size of the original model. In addition, we restructured the original dataset and performed a 10-fold cross-validation experiment with a value of 96.84% for mAP. The results show that clustering the anchor boxes and compressing the model using this dataset is an effective method for identifying sheep. The method is characterized by low memory requirement, high-recognition accuracy and fast recognition speed, which can accurately identify sheep and has important applications in precision animal management and welfare farming.
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Kurhak, Volodymyr, Larysa Kolomiiets, Anton Tkachenko, Ivan Senyk, and Svitlana Stotska. "Selection of perennial grasses for an extended pasture in the autumn period." Scientific Horizons 27, no. 5 (April 5, 2024): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor5.2024.88.
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The relevance of the study lies in the fact that until recently the reaction of various types of perennial grasses to the terms of alienation of herbage in the last cycle of use has not been clarified, which hinders the development and implementation of technology for creating perennial agrophytocoenoses in the continuous pasture system with an extended grazing period for meat livestock in the late autumn period. The purpose of the study was to select the best perennial grasses for late autumn alienation of herbage in the system of an extended continuous pasture for meat breeds of cattle in the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. The results of long-term research on the features of the development of the yield of aboveground biomass, the chemical composition of feed, the stability of certain types of grasses depending on the time of alienation of aboveground biomass in total for all cycles of use and in the last cycle in the autumn period are presented. The highest productivity (at the level of 0.60-0.95 t/ha of dry weight) of all types of grasses in the last (autumn) cycle of use is provided when the green mass is alienated on October 1. When alienated at a later date, the collection of dry mass from 1 ha decreases, while the quality of feed worsens due to a decrease in the content of crude protein and an increase in the concentration of crude fibre to the limits that do not meet the zootechnical norm of feeding cattle and the requirements of DSTU for green feed. Studies have identified the best single-species agrophytocoenoses of grasses, which include smooth brome, cocksfoot grass, and intermediate wheatgrass. On average, for 2008-2015, in the sum of all three cycles of use, they provide a productivity of 6.52-7.19 t/ha of dry weight when applying N120. The results of these studies can be used in the development of recommendations for the creation of continuous pasture with an extended period of grazing grass with meat livestock in the autumn period, which reduces the cost and increases the competitiveness of livestock products
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Hill, MJ. "Direct drilling tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) into kikuyu and paspalum pastures." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850806.
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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were direct-drilled into paspalum and kikuyu pastures at Camden (1980-83) and Bega (1 982) in New South Wales. Prior to sowing, pastures were either slashed or slashed and sprayed with herbicide. In 1980, paraquat (0.28 kg a.i./ha) and glyphosate (0.5 kg a.i./ha) were compared with slashing-only at a March sowing. In 1982 and 1983, glyphosate only was compared with slashing, and grasses were sown on four occasions at 5-week intervals from late January or mid- February to early June. Seedlings were counted and weights of individual seedlings were measured at about 5 weeks after sowing, and pasture yield and species composition were measured 10 weeks after sowing, at the end of winter, and on selected plots, in winter in the following year. In 1980, plant density and dry matter yield at the first harvest of prairie grass and tall fescue was better from plots treated with glyphosate than from those treated with paraquat or slashed-only. However, plant density and dry matter yield of ryegrass was unaffected by preparation. In 1982 and 1983, plant densities 5 weeks after sowing increased with the use of glyphosate, and with later sowing. Prairie grass was least sensitive to sowing time establishing similar populations of between 50 and 150 seedlings/m2 from February to May. Tall fescue only established satisfactory seedling populations (50 to 200 seedlings/m2) at April and May-June sowings with glyphosate; it required suppression of competition, and low temperatures for faster growth than kikuyu and paspalum. The use of glyphosate reduced total pasture production during the first 10 weeks from 5 to 3 t/ha, but the contribution of sown grasses was increased. Winter production was greatest from sowings in March and April. Italian ryegrass always produced significant quantities of dry matter at the first cut and in winter; tall fescue was never productive in the first year. Persistence of prairie grass and tall fescue from 1982 sowings until 1983 was good, and highest tiller densities of 300-400 and 800 tillers/m2 respectively occurred from April sowings with glyphosate. Between June and September 1983, prairie grass and tall fescue from these plots produced about 3 and 2 t/ha of dry matter respectively. As seedling vigour declined from Italian ryegrass to prairie grass to tall fescue, conditions required for successful establishment became more stringent. Persistence and production of perennials was excellent if sown at the right time to encounter favourable temperatures, and competition was suppressed. Mixtures thus established need to be assessed on a paddock scale under grazing to determine their final viability.
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GILTRAP, D. L., and A. J. R. GODFREY. "The effects of spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions from grazed pastures on the sampling distribution of chamber measurements." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 2 (June 9, 2015): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859615000519.
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SUMMARYChamber sampling is a common method for measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. However, for grazed pastures, the patchy nature of urine deposition results in very high levels of spatial variability in N2O emissions. In the present study, the behaviour of the sample mean was examined by simulating a large number (9999) of random N2O chamber samples under different assumptions regarding the underlying N2O distribution. Using sample sizes of up to 100 chambers, the Central Limit Theorem did not apply. The distribution of the sample mean was always right-skewed with a standard deviation varying between 12·5 and 135% of the true mean. However, the arithmetic mean was an unbiased estimator and the mean of the sample mean distribution was close to the true mean of the simulated N2O distribution. The properties of the sample mean distribution (variance, skewness) were affected significantly by the assumed distribution of the emission factor, but not by distribution of the urine patch concentration. The geometric mean was also investigated as a potential alternative estimator. However, although its distribution had lower variance, it was also biased. Two methods for bias correcting the mean were investigated. These methods reduced the bias, but at the cost of increasing the variance. Neither of the bias-corrected estimators were consistently better than the arithmetic mean in terms of skewness and variance. To improve the estimation of N2O emissions from a grazed pasture using chambers, techniques need to be developed to identify urine patch and non-urine patch areas before sampling.
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Harrison, Matthew T., Karen M. Christie, Richard P. Rawnsley, and Richard J. Eckard. "Modelling pasture management and livestock genotype interventions to improve whole-farm productivity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensities." Animal Production Science 54, no. 12 (2014): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14421.
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Livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions form the largest proportion of emissions from agriculture. Here we seek intervention strategies for sustainably intensifying the productivity of prime lamb enterprises without increasing net farm emissions. We apply a biophysical model and an emissions calculator to determine the implications of several interventions to a prime lamb farm in south-eastern Australia. We examine the effects of lamb liveweight or age at sale, weaning rate, maiden ewe joining age, genetic feed-use efficiency, supplementary grain feeding according to green pasture availability, soil fertility and botanical composition. For each intervention, stocking rates were optimised to the lesser of a minimum ground cover threshold or a maximum supplementary grain feeding threshold. Total animal production of the baseline farm was 478 kg clean fleece weight plus liveweight (CFW+LWT)/ha.annum and ranged from 166 to 609 kg CFW+LWT/ha.annum for interventions that replaced existing pastures with annual ryegrass or increased soil fertility respectively. Annual GHG emissions intensity of the baseline farm was 8.7 kg CO2-e/kg CFW+LWT and varied between 7.7 and 9.2 kg CO2-e/kg CFW+LWT for interventions that reduced maiden ewe joining age or increased sale liveweight, respectively. Stocking rate primarily governed total animal production, and in many cases production drove emissions, so interventions that increased production did not always reduce emissions intensity. Indeed, replacing existing perennial ryegrass/subterranean clover mixed pastures with perennial legume swards caused large reductions in both production and emissions, and interventions that increased soil fertility via phosphate addition caused large increases in production and emissions; as a consequence, both strategies had little effect on emissions intensity. Implementing several beneficial interventions simultaneously further increased production and reduced emissions intensity relative to implementing individual interventions alone. Baseline production increased by 61% by increasing soil fertility, improving feed-use efficiency and reducing the joining age of maiden ewes, while baseline emissions intensity was reduced by 17% by improving feed use efficiency, reducing the joining age of maiden ewes and supplementary grain feeding. We demonstrate that imposing several strategies on existing sheep farming systems simultaneously is more conducive to sustainable agricultural intensification than is imposing any single intervention alone, provided individual strategies were beneficial in their own right. The best strategies for both sustainably increasing production and reducing emissions intensity are those that decouple the linkage between production and emissions such as interventions that shift the balance of the flock away from adults and towards juveniles while holding average annual stocking rates constant.
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Gunaev, Evgeniy. "State Land Fund of Chornye Zemli (Kalmykia), 1930s: Analyzing Selected Sources on Establishment and Use." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 4, no. 20 (December 30, 2021): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2021-4-20-119-140.
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Goals. The article aims to examine newly identified archival sources on the establishment and use of Chornye Zemli state land fund in 1930s Kalmykia, including the issue of land allocation for farms from neighboring regions of South Russia for pastoral livestock breeding. Results. The paper analyzes resolutions and official correspondence between central authorities of the USSR, RSFSR, Kalmyk ASSR, krais and oblasts adjacent to Kalmykia. The work shows the early 1930s witnessed that Chornye Zemli (Russ. ‘Black Lands’) started gaining a special status as a pasture territory of interregional significance. This status was completely consolidated by Resolution of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars of 17 June 1936 no. 1054 which granted farms of neighboring regions from the south of the RSFSR and Georgian SSR a right to receive grazing plots in Chornye Zemli of Kalmykia for long-term free use — for a period of 15 years.
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Riera-Sigala, Tomas, Nelson H. uerta-Leidenz, Argenis Rodas-González, Margarita Arispe Zubillaga, and Nancy C. Jerez Timaure. "Assessing the impact of Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbreeding and postmortem technologies on the eating quality of loins from pasturefinished young bulls." Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal 30, no. 3 (July 25, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53588/alpa.300310.
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This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of Brahman crossbreeding and postmortem technologies (electrical stimulation and vacuum aging) on eating quality of loins from pasture-finished bulls. Fifty yearling bulls representing five Brahman-influenced types (n = 10 each): Brahman (BRAH), F1-Angus (F1ANG), F1-Chianina (F1CHI), F1-Romosinuano (F1ROM), and F1-Simmental (F1SIM) were supplemented on pasture until reaching a desirable conformation at a suitable live weight of ca. 480 kg. All carcasses were classified as “Bullocks” according to U.S. standards. Carcass’s right sides were subjected to high-voltage electrical stimulation (ES) while the left sides were not stimulated (NOES). Longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks from ES and NOES carcasses were allotted either to the vacuum aging control treatment for 2 d (NOAGING) or 10 d (AGING). LL steaks were evaluated for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and sensory traits by trained panelists. No differences in WBSF, juiciness, or flavor ratings were detected among breed types (P > 0.05). Sensory ratings for tenderness-related traits varied little with breed type (P < 0.05). Steaks from F1ANG received higher ratings for muscle fiber tenderness, overall tenderness, and amount of connective tissue, and differed (P < 0.05) from those of F1ROM and F1SIM which received the lowest ratings. Bullock loins were more responsive to ES+AGING in WBSF reduction and desirable tenderness ratings than other postmortem treatments (P < 0.05) by reaching a greater proportion (72%) of “tender” (WBSF < 40.1 N) steaks than AGING (48%), ES (36%), and NOES-NOAGING (24%) samples (P < 0.01). Tenderness of bullock loin steaks is marginally improved by crossbreeding; therefore, the application of ES+AGING is necessary to ensure a higher proportion of tenderloin steaks.
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Francis, Ben, Tyron Venn, Tom Lewis, and Jeremy Brawner. "Case Studies of the Financial Performance of Silvopastoral Systems in Southern Queensland, Australia." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020186.
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There is considerable uncertainty surrounding the future availability of hardwood timber from state-owned native forests in southern Queensland. The timber industry is becoming increasingly reliant on private native forests, where much is on properties primarily managed for beef cattle grazing. Historically, these forests have been periodically high-grade harvested without silvicultural treatment or cleared to increase pasture production where landholders have the right to do so. This study compares these traditional forest management practices at four case study properties against silvopastoral system alternatives. Merchantable timber, pasture and cattle production was estimated for each management scenario with a native forest silvicultural treatment response model. The net present value of each scenario was estimated over a 20-year management period. For all case study properties, the worst-performing forest management scenario was to clear forest for grazing. Investment in silvopastoral systems in southern Queensland was found to be financially attractive, particularly when silvicultural treatments were implemented in year zero to increase timber production. Silvicultural treatments increased the mean annual increment of merchantable timber over 20 years by an average of 1.3 m3/ha/year relative to the scenario where no management was performed in year zero. Forest management scenarios with silvicultural treatments had better financial performance than scenarios without silvicultural treatment. However, long payback periods and sovereign risk are serious impediments to silvopastoral system adoption in southern Queensland. If these concerns can be overcome, private native forests have the potential to be sustainably managed to improve the financial performance of farms, improve regional employment and income generation, supply Queensland’s future hardwood timber needs, and increase carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation on private land.
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Mogaka, Hezron. "Effects of Regenerative Agriculture Technologies on the Productivity of Cowpea in the Drylands of Embu County, Kenya." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(1).190.198.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an important indigenous multi-purpose crop grown in arid and semiarid areas of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The cowpea has nutritional and economic value, especially for smallholder farmers in dry lands. However, poor farming practices have declined cowpea productivity over the years. Low soil nutrient replenishment exacerbates the situation, leading to low soil fertility. Uptake of regenerative agriculture (RA) technologies is critical to building more resilient ecosystems that improve soil fertility and agricultural productivity while mitigating climate change effects. This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of the uptake of RA technologies on the productivity of cowpea in the dry lands of Embu County, Kenya. A survey involving 400 farming households was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and a stochastic log-linearized Cobb-Douglas production function were used for the data analysis. The study results showed that RA technologies commonly used by farming households were: cereal-legume intercrop, mulching, minimum tillage, crop rotations, pasture cropping, organic agriculture, and compost manure. The findings also revealed that inputs, farm size, labour cost, and used manure amount positively influenced cowpea productivity. The results also showed that cereal-legume intercrop, crop rotations, pasture cropping, and organic agriculture significantly influenced cowpea productivity, while minimum tillage showed a negative relationship. Therefore, the current study's results recommend that the uptake of RA technologies should be scaled to scale up cowpea productivity in dry lands. The study contributes to determining appropriate technologies for cowpea production in arid and semiarid areas. These results will help the government, policymakers, and other inventors to make the right decisions while disseminating or introducing innovations in dry areas.
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DZHIBILOV, SERGEY M. "IMPROVING DEGRADED MOUNTAIN SLOPES WITH DISCING." Agricultural engineering, no. 6 (2022): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2022-6-38-42.
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Lack of small-sized maneuverable serial discator samples for shallow contour areas of mountain meadows and pastures contributed to the development of mini-discator sample to operate on mountain slopes on soils of diff erent texture. The authors analized the constructive parameters of working elements - discs (the distance between adjacent discs, the curvature radius of discs, and the disc diameter) and their location on the frame of a mini-discator. Based on the Feng Shou-180 mini-tractor, they developed a laboratory prototype of a small-sized modular unit of a mini-discator for soil cultivation (discing). The machine is applicable to soils of diff erent mechanical composition located in the mountain zone of the North Caucasus on the hillside areas of forage lands with a slope of up to 12°. The designed laboratory prototype of a mini-discator is a hinged construction with single-row arrangement of nine spherical disks mounted on individual racks at an angle to the movement axis. There is a device to prevent clogging of the cutting discs and a device to adjust the pressure on the ground. The machine can also be fi tted with press rollers. The design can be switched from the right-left-hand to left-right-hand slope operation when turning. The technical tests of the laboratory prototype were carried out at the SKNIIGPSKH mountain facilities in the village of Dargavs, RNO-Alania, at the altitude of 1540 m above sea level and a slope inclination of up to 15°. The performance tests of the laboratory sample modular unit of the mounted mini-discator for meadow and pasture soil treatment in the mountain zone and technical examination of the scientifi c documentation were carried out in accordance with GOST 33687-2016 and GOST 33687-2015. The developed and manufactured laboratory sample gives prerequisites for designing a serial sample of the machine. The application of the modular unit of the minidiscator will ensure the reduction of degradation processes of sloping areas, increase the yield of forage lands, enhance the resistance to water and wind erosion, and increase the environmental sustainability and effi ciency of grassland farming.
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Volkova, V. V., T. N. Isayenko, L. A. Grechushkina-Sukhorukova, E. N. Seliverstova, and V. V. Hrapach. "The current state of flora in the vicinity of the village of Aigursky." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 022016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/2/022016.
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Abstract Monitoring of the species of dry steppe biocenosis on the right bank of the Aygurka River in the Stavropol Territory showed that there are 151 species of herbaceous plants belonging to 112 genera from 32 families, of which 11 are rare species of the regional Red Data Books. The projective cover of the biocenosis was 50-90%, with a plant height of 10-60 cm. In the study area, anthropogenic load (pasture farming, agriculture) led to the impoverishment and destruction of natural zonal steppes. There is a change in the positions of the zonal dominants of perennials to one-biennials. The share of fodder plants decreases to 48%, medicinal plants - 11%, melliferous plants - 7%, ruderal plants - 13%, and the share of synanthropic vegetation increases to 21%. There is not a large number of shrubs and semi-shrubs (4%), but there is no tendency towards afforestation. Cenopopulations of rare plants, mainly with a full age spectrum.
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Werema, Chacha W., Linda J. Laven, Kristina R. Mueller, and Richard A. Laven. "Evaluating the Effect of Preventative Trimming on Distance from the Sole Surface to the Distal Phalanx Using Ultrasonography for Lameness Prevention in Pasture-Based Dairy Cows." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020077.
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One common management strategy used to reduce the risk of lameness is prophylactic claw trimming. However, in pasture-based cattle, there is a concern that the immediate reduction in sole thickness resulting from sole trimming will lead to medium-to-long-term reductions in sole thickness, which may increase the risk of lameness. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on sole thickness and trimming in pasture-based cows. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trimming on sole thickness over the medium-to-long term, as estimated using the ultrasound-measured distance from the external claw sole surface to the distal phalanx (DDP) and of DDP on the interval between calving and increased locomotion scores. A total of 38 cows were randomly selected from a 940-cow spring calving dairy farm in the North Island of New Zealand; 18 were allocated to the ultrasound hoof-trimming group and 20 were allocated to the ultrasound non-trimming group. Starting in May 2018, at the end of the 2017/18 lactation, ultrasound measurements of DDP of the right hind hoof were made on all 38 cows, and the hindlimbs of the trimming group cows were trimmed by an experienced professional hoof trimmer using the five-step Dutch method. This was repeated in October 2018 (early lactation) and May 2019 (late lactation). After calving, the cows were locomotion scored fortnightly until the end of lactation using the 4-point (0–3) scale DairyNZ system. The effect of DDP on the interval between calving and the first locomotion scores ≥1 and ≥2 was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, and the association between trimming and DDP was explored using linear mixed models. The results suggest that DDP has no effect on the time to locomotion scores ≥1 or ≥2, although the wide confidence intervals of the latter suggest that more data are needed before any definitive conclusions can be drawn. The study failed to find any clinically important impact of prophylactic trimming on DDP. This is likely related to the finding that cows with the highest DDP at the first trimming were identified by the hoof trimmer as those needing the most trimming. The results of this study thus suggest that if the Dutch five-step method is properly applied, it is unlikely to affect sole thickness over the short-to-medium term in pasture-based cattle.
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Martens, Didier. "Un disciple tardif de Rogier de la Pasture: Maître Johannes (alias Johannes Hoesacker?)." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 114, no. 2-4 (2001): 79–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501701x00406.
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AbstractThe triptych which has hung above the main altar of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception at Maria-ter-Heide (Brasschaat, near Antwerp) since the nineteenth century unfolds a highly unusual iconographical programme. The representation on the central panel is a 'Holy Kinship' with Saint Anne; the left and right shutters show a 'Tree of Jesse', and the 'Kinship of Effra and Ismeria' respectively. This unusual combination of themes, and the coat of arms of the abbey at Tongerlo on the staff of the kneeling donor on the left shutter, enable us to identify the triptych from an old description, predating 1615, of the art treasures in the abbey at Tongerlo. As early as 1888 canon Van Spilbeek was able to demonstrate on the basis of two entries in the abbey's ledgers that the retable was made around 1513-1515. It was commissioned by the then abbot of Tongerlo, Antonius Tsgrooten. The painter's name appears on both bills of payment of 1513-1515. He was called Johannes, and he was married to Marie Hoesacker. His apparent lack of a surname might intimate that he was a foundling. Hitherto, the triptych in Maria-ter-Heide was the only known work by 'Johannes'. The author suggests that he also painted the monumental triptych with scenes from the lives of Christ and Mary which has been on loan to the museum at Àvila since 1971 from the Provincial Council. In 1968 Karel G. Boon attributed this work to an anonymous North-Netherlandish painter. According to Boon the same artist painted two wings with John the Baptist and Saint Agnes (Paris, private collection) and a 'Baptism of Christ' (Madrid, private collection). 'Johannes' could be the maker of these three works. What is more, the painter of the triptych in Maria-ter-Heide could be credited with two retable wings which have been in the Museo de Santa Cruz in Toledo since the 19608. Their subjects are 'Saint Andrew with Saint Francis' and 'Saint James with Saint Antony of Padua'; on the back of these panels is a 'Visitation'. Judging by the numerous figures he borrowed from Rogier van der Weyden, 'Johannes' seems to have been fascinated by the great Brussels master. His interest in Van der Weyden's art and the fact that he worked for the abbot of Tongerlo suggest that he was active in Brabant. The Dutch elements which Boon claimed to recognise on the Àvila triptych are quite inconspicuous, proving how dangerous it is to determine an artist's provenance solely on the basis of aesthetic impressions. The iconographic programme on the triptychs in Maria-ter-Heide and Avila and the retable wings in Toledo is highly unusual. This indicates that they were not made for the open market on the painter's own initiative, but were ordered specially. Perhaps 'Johannes' ability to convert such iconographic programmes into pictures was one of the reasons for his success a success which, in view of the presence of two of his works in Castile, assumes an international dimension.
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Paim, Fernanda, Antonio Pereira de Souza, Valdomiro Bellato, and Amélia Aparecida Sartor. "Selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in fipronil-treated cattle raised on natural pastures in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 20, no. 1 (March 2011): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612011000100003.
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An examination of a selective control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and consequent cost reduction was carried out in two areas of native pasture in the municipality of Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, from May 2007 to April 2009. Forty cattle were divided into two groups of 20 animals each (conventional and selective control groups). At 14-day intervals female ticks larger than 4.5 mm found on the right flank of cattle bodies were counted, and these results multiplied by two. Fipronil 1 mg.kg-1 pour on was then administered for tick control. In the conventional group all the cattle were treated when tick count averaged more than 40 female ticks per animal while in the selective group only animals parasitized by more than 40 ticks were treated with acaricide. Every 28 days the cattle's weight was checked for cost-effective analysis. The conventional group required an additional 20 doses of fipronil compared with the selective one. There was no statistically significant differences regarding weight gain in both groups.
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Lawn, R. J., Hang T. T. Vu, L. M. Bielig, and A. Kilian. "Genetic compatibility among morphotypes of Vigna lanceolata and implications for breeding improved cultivars." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 7 (2016): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16014.
Full textAbstract:
As well as being part of the wider gene pool of cultivated species such as mungbean and cowpea, Vigna lanceolata Benth. is of agronomic interest as a potentially useful species in its own right. It is widely adapted across northern Australia from the coast to inland desert regions, and possesses attributes that make it potentially suited as a ley, cover crop or pasture legume in seasonally arid tropical environments. The species comprises several morphotypes that variously differ in their broad geographic distribution, life cycle, habit, edaphic adaptation and/or amphicarpy. In order to assess the potential for breeding improved cultivars, eight representative accessions were hybridised in a complete diallel cross and the viability and fertility of the resultant hybrid progeny evaluated. Of the 56 parental combinations in the diallel, 33 resulted in healthy F1 hybrid plants, and of these, nine were at least partly self-fertile. Six of these combinations were the reciprocal crosses between three of the perennial, tuberous-rooted, amphicarpic morphotypes. Another two were the reciprocal crosses between the two annual morphotypes. The patterns of relatedness among accessions indicated by the cross-pollination studies were broadly supported by DArT molecular marker analyses, and suggested that there has been some genetic differentiation within the V. lanceolata complex. Although the process of speciation remains far from complete, the levels of genetic compatibility between some morphotypes would be inadequate to enable a breeding program to draw easily on the full range of genetic diversity within V. lanceolata. Two plausible breeding options are suggested. The first is the development of perennial, tuberous-rooted, amphicarpic ideotypes suited perhaps as pasture or understorey legumes, drawing on selected accessions from the three perennial morphotypes, where there was sufficient genetic compatibility and which collectively have wide geographical spread. The second is an annual, freely seeding, fibrous-rooted, amphicarpic ideotype suited perhaps for use as a self-regenerating ley legume, drawing on selected accessions from the two annual morphotypes.
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Kang, Chung Hae. "Commons under the Common Law and the Governance Structure of the Park." LAW RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHUNGBUK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 33, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.34267/cblj.2022.33.2.89.
Full textAbstract:
‘Commons’ under the common law does not yet have an established legal definition, but it is understood that in addition to natural objects such as land, forests, and rivers, it includes manufacturing devices or organizations such as physical public spaces (parks, etc.), cooperatives, and trusts for future generations. Even before the concept of commons in English and American law was established, the collective common law norms of communities that dominate life in the region, especially in rural areas, already existed, and it was partially confirmed as legislation in the British Forest Charter in 1217. During the colonial period, the United States operated a commons based on the primitive British law of joint ownership of land and livestock. the Boston Common, America's first park, originated from a common pasture.
However, Commons is declining amid the flow of the expansion of powers of emperors, kings, and nobles, the enclosure movement in the era of the Industrial Revolution, and the expansion of private property rights. However, in 1990, Elinor Ostrom has shown through empirical research that the governance structure of the commons is still working well today beyond the medieval era. Beyond the power of both the market and the bureaucratic state on which the present park laws is based, it is necessary to rebuild Commons principles and to apply that principles to the park laws. And it will rebuild a cooperative relationship between individuals, strengthen the network of individuals who are park users, and reorganize them the right to access and use to the park.
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Burnip, G. M., J. M. Kean, and A. K. Pathan. "A pragmatic approach to delimiting incursions." New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (January 8, 2014): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5760.
Full textAbstract:
When incursions of exotic organisms are first detected Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) investigators normally assess the spatial extent of populations to evaluate whether eradication is a viable option However delimitation of the entire risk area typically requires substantial effort and cost Collaboration between MPI and Better Border Biosecurity researchers led to the realisation that a quantified geographic distribution of the exotic organisms population is not necessarily required to determine eradication viability The question is not where in the landscape is the organism present but the more manageable is the organism present across such a widespread area that eradication is not feasible This pragmatic approach focuses on getting the delimitation question right and narrows the scope of investigative actions to something achievable This approach informed response option development when the Australian pasture tunnel moth (Philobota sp) incursion was first detected in New Zealand in 2010 and for the eucalyptus leaf beetle (Paropsisterna beata) detected in 2012 Further details of this approach have been published in Kean JM Burnip GM Pathan A 2014 Detection survey design for decision making during biosecurity incursions In Jarrad FC LowChoy SJ Mengersen K ed Biosecurity Surveillance Quantitative Approaches ISBN 9781780643595 CAB International
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Bolormaa, D., and B. Batbuyan. "Grassland management: case study of vegetation characteristics and grazing systems in Mongolia plateau." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v15i2.554.
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Mongolian Plateau is an important component of the Eurasian steppe biological communities, located in the eastern inland plateau in Central Asia. Results of pearson correlation analysis of biomass, coverage, litter, perennial grasses proportion and excellent forages proportion showed aboveground biomass had positive correlation with litter, perennial grasses and excellent forages proportion (P < 0.05)in main types in Mongolian Plateau. According to the investigation of soil and vegetation basic characteristics, proportion of grasses in Mongolia, and Inner Mongolian steppe is similar, respectively Buriad. The optimization for grassland vegetation refreshment and pasture animal husbandry becomes complex due to self-frangibility and severe damage of typical grassland ecosystem. The traditional patterns of movement remained in Mongolia where the open access grazing systems allows having long distance of movement and using large grazing land. While in Buriatia with kolkoz and Inner Mongolia under the private property right the grazing area is limited. The Eastern Mongolia still holds the traditional nomadic herding and seasonally grazing grassland utilization ways which has not change in a wide range of grassland degradation yet. The research results shows indicate that high benefit of management pattern should be on the basis of nomadic system.Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.15(2) 2015; 100-105
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Reichardt, W., H. Warzecha, E. Gernand, H. Hartung, and B. Eckert. "Erhebungen zum Hämpigmentgehalt, zu Reflexionswerten sowie zum Fettsäurenmuster des intramuskulären Fettes vom <i>Musculus longissimus dorsi</i> (M.l.d.) Thüringer Rinder in Abhängigkeit von Mastform und Rassetyp." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 2 (October 10, 2002): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-111-2002.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Investigations into the haem pigment content, reflection results as well as into the fatty acid pattern of the intramuscular fat of the Musculus longissimus dorsi (M.l.d.) Thuringian cattle, dependent on fattening system and genotype Haem pigment content, the reflection in visible range and the fatty acid pattern of intramuscular fat (imf) from minced musculus longissimus dorsi (m.l.d.) at the 8th / 9th dorsal vertebra of the right half of the carcass were determined in 35 cattle groups with bulls, steers and heifers, representing 19 different genotypes. The cattle were fattened indoors and/or outdoors at eight farms in Thuringia. The mean values of the haem pigment content varied between the animal groups from 6.3 to 13.1 mg/g fresh meat. A clearly lower variation was found in the maxima of reflectance at 415, 545 and 580 nm. The fatty acid composition of the imf was determined mainly by the fattening system. Fattening on pasture favoured high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as a ratio of n6- to n3-fatty acids of < 10. The imf-content was positive correlated to the proportion of C18:1 and monounsaturated fatty acids (R = 0.4** / 0.5**) as well as negative to the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (R = −0.7**).
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Marques, Lucas Cerqueira, Mônica Ceneviva-Bastos, and Lilian Casatti. "Progressive recovery of a tropical deforested stream community after a flash flood." Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia 25, no. 2 (June 2013): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2179-975x2013000200002.
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AIM: In this study, we evaluated and compared community attributes from a tropical deforested stream, located in a pasture area, in a period before (PRED I) and three times after (POSD I, II, and III) a flash flood, in order to investigate the existence of temporal modifications in community structure that suggests return to conditions previous to the flash flood. METHODS: Biota samples included algae, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fish assemblages. Changes in stream physical structure we also evaluated. Similarity of the aquatic biota between pre and post-disturbance periods was examined by exploratory ordination, known as Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling associated with Cluster Analysis, using quantitative and presence/absence Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients. Presence and absence data were used for multivariate correlation analysis (Relate Analysis) in order to investigate taxonomic composition similarity of biota between pre and post-disturbance periods. RESULTS: Our results evidenced channel simplification and an expressive decrease in richness and abundance of all taxa right after the flood, followed by subsequent increases of these parameters in the next three samples, indicating trends towards stream community recovery. Bray-Curtis similarity coefficients evidenced a greater community structure disparity among the period right after the flood and the subsequent ones. Multivariate correlation analysis evidenced a greater correlation between macroinvertebrates and algae/macrophytes, demonstrating the narrow relation between their recolonization dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite overall community structure tended to return to previous conditions, recolonization after the flood was much slower than that reported in literature. Finally, the remarkably high flood impact along with the slow recolonization could be a result of the historical presence of anthropic impacts in the region, such as siltation, riparian forest complete depletion, and habitat simplification, which magnified the effects of a natural disturbance.
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Yifter, Teklay, Yury Razoumny, and Vasiliy Lobanov. "Deep Transfer Learning of Satellite Imagery for Land Use and Land Cover Classification." Informatics and Automation 21, no. 5 (September 28, 2022): 963–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/ia.21.5.5.
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Deep learning has been instrumental in solving difficult problems by automatically learning, from sample data, the rules (algorithms) that map an input to its respective output. Purpose: Perform land use landcover (LULC) classification using the training data of satellite imagery for Moscow region and compare the accuracy attained from different models. Methods: The accuracy attained for LULC classification using deep learning algorithm and satellite imagery data is dependent on both the model and the training dataset used. We have used state-of-the-art deep learning models and transfer learning, together with dataset appropriate for the models. Different methods were applied to fine tuning the models with different parameters and preparing the right dataset for training, including using data augmentation. Results: Four models of deep learning from Residual Network (ResNet) and Visual Geometry Group (VGG) namely: ResNet50, ResNet152, VGG16 and VGG19 has been used with transfer learning. Further training of the models is performed with training data collected from Sentinel-2 for the Moscow region and it is found that ResNet50 has given the highest accuracy for LULC classification for this region. Practical relevance: We have developed code that train the 4 models and make classification of the input image patches into one of the 10 classes (Annual Crop, Forest, Herbaceous Vegetation, Highway, Industrial, Pasture, Permanent Crop, Residential, River, and Sea&Lake).
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Martin, Warren K., David Eldridge, and Patricia A. Murray. "Bird assemblages in remnant and revegetated habitats in an extensively cleared landscape, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110110.
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Extensive loss and degradation of native vegetation in the agricultural landscape of inland south-eastern Australia has resulted in significant losses in bird diversity and abundance. Native vegetation continues to be lost through the attrition of paddock trees, which constitute a large component of the remaining vegetation. The planting of native trees and shrubs is being undertaken as a means of halting the loss of biodiversity. However, the effectiveness of revegetation activities is still being assessed. A study in the Wagga Wagga area of New South Wales was undertaken to examine the relative value of remnant vegetation, farm plantings, paddock trees, and pasture for bird diversity. Species richness was highest in remnant vegetation, and was similar in planted vegetation and paddock trees. Relative abundance was similar across these three vegetation types. Species composition differed among all vegetation types, with planted and paddock tree sites having predominantly different sub-sets of the bird assemblage characteristic of remnant vegetation. The protection of remnant vegetation is essential for the conservation of the region’s avifauna, but plantings and paddock trees also have important values for birds. However, plantings and paddock trees support different bird assemblages and complement each other. While important in their own right, the current plantings of native vegetation should not be considered as off-setting the continued loss of paddock trees. Retention of the avifauna of the Wagga Wagga area would be assisted if remnant vegetation and paddock trees were protected and integrated with appropriately designed revegetation.
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Heckman, Joseph R. "Securing fresh food from fertile soil, challenges to the organic and raw milk movements." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (November 29, 2017): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000618.
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AbstractIn recent decades, a diverse community of dairy farmers, consumers and nutrition advocates has campaigned amidst considerable government opposition, to secure and expand the right of individuals to produce, sell and consume fresh unprocessed milk, commonly referred to as ‘raw milk’. This advocacy shares important parallels with battles fought in the organic food movement over the past century. Both the raw milk and organic food movements originated with farmers and consumers who sought to replace industrialized food production and processing practices with more traditional ones. Both movements equate the preservation of natural integrity in farming and food handling with more wholesome, nutritious food and environmental conservation. Both movements have had to work diligently to overcome a false perception that their practices are anachronistic, notably with regard to productive output of organic agriculture and the safety of fresh unprocessed milk. There is also the failure of opponents to acknowledge a growing body of scientific evidence for health benefits associated with drinking of fresh unprocessed milk. The raw milk movement has the potential to economically benefit family farmers, much as organic agriculture has done. Building soil fertility, a foundational principle of organic farming, would benefit from having numerous small pasture-based dairies spread across the land providing fresh unprocessed milk. Agricultural universities and the Cooperative Extension System could seize a real leadership opportunity by promoting and participating in this reinvention of dairy farming, and restoring the ecology of this traditional food and farming system.
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Nason, Vundi. "Management of Climate Changes in Turkana County, Kenya." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 4, no. 6 (June 1, 2024): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2023v04i06.0340.
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This study dealt with management of climate changes in Turkana County, Kenya. The study used the descriptive design. The target population was 200 household-heads identified from Loima and Turkwel Wards. A sample of 60 household-heads was randomly drawn to participate in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data while an interview collect the quantitative data. The study concluded that pastoralist communities relied on traditional interventions to cope with effects of climate change. Practiced traditional interventions include migration of people and livestock to other areas presumed to be having more supply of pasture and water and livelihood diversification. Inter-community conflicts over grazing right is the key factor that hindered the implementation of climate change interventions. Other hindering factors include migration of people and livestock, politicians’ exploitation of the pastoralist communities and food insecurity. Experienced challenges include cultural values, illiteracy, lack of trust between facilitators and the community, wrong approach and interventions being done by strangers. The study recommends that development agencies need to work in collaboration with communities to develop and implement interventions against climate change. Pastoral communities need to access relevant information on climate change through attending seminars, workshops and public meetings. Relevant stakeholders should help the pastoralist communities to overcome their unique challenges through community-based seminars and workshops. Finally, the government and other development agencies should focus on the development of pastoralist communities in the country by investing in adult education to reduce illiteracy.
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Mohamed, Abduselam Abdulahi. "Pastoralism and Development Policy in Ethiopia: A Review Study." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (November 6, 2019): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i4.562.
Full textAbstract:
Pastoralism is a culture, livelihoods system, extensive use of rangelands. It is the key production system practiced in the arid and semi-arid dryland areas. Recent estimates indicate that about 120 million pastoralists and agro-pastoralists life worldwide, of which 41.7% reside only in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Pastoralists live in areas often described as marginal, remote, conflict prone, food insecure and associated with high levels of vulnerability. Pastoral communities of Ethiopia occupy 61% of the total land mass and 97% of Ethiopian pastoralists found in low land areas of Afar, Somali, Oromiya, and SNNPR. In spite pastoral areas have significance role in national economy, yet very little consideration was given to pastoral development and policy makers often neglect them, focusing on the interests of agriculture and urban people. The constitution of Ethiopia gives pastoral communities the right to free land grazing, fair use of natural resources, have market access and receive fair price, and not displaced from their own lands. However, pastoralists have faced new problems in recent years, including competition for water and pasture; unrepresented in socio-economic and political activities, ethnic based conflicts, poverty, and uneven drought and climate changes. The government of Ethiopia began large scale efforts to develop the pastoral areas and initiated different projects, but pastoral development policies and strategies seem to be state centrally-driven. In Ethiopia the current nature of pastoralism and pastoral communities’ life style is changing. Therefore, government needs to develop policies and strategies which are based on local customs and practical knowledge.
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Radkau, Joachim. "Nature and Power." Social Science History 37, no. 3 (2013): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200014243.
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Nature and Poweris to be understood not only ashuman power against naturebut also aspower by naturein the sense of Michel Foucault'sbiopouvoir(biopower) or Francis Bacon's “Naturae non imperator nisi parendo” (Only by obeying nature may we dominate nature). The fragile human attempts to get power over nature and by nature have a long history, reaching back over millennia until prehistoric times, and much of world history may be explained in part by the unstable relationship between humans and nature. The environmental approach offers a fresh look at global history. The great change that has happened in modern times seems to have been described best by Karl Polanyi (1944) in hisGreat Transformation, which also refers to a revolution in the human relation to nature. There are primeval symbioses of humans and nature that are the basis of environmental history until modern time. A global history of the environment may be written for a long time along the three great commons of history: woodlands, water, and pasture. The dark tune of Garrett Hardin's (1968) “Tragedy of the Commons,” to be sure, does not dominate the whole melody of environmental history. There is also a lot of historical evidence for Elinor Ostrom's rehabilitation of the commons. But it is better to be cautious with dogmatic theories and sweeping judgments. In modern times Hardin may be right, at least in this or that regard. Ostrom's concept applies only to local, not to global commons. The underlying philosophy ofNature and Poweris neither optimism nor pessimism but possibilism.
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Plakhova, A. A., and I. D. Samsonova. "Hidden reserves of the Vasyugan swamps for the production of beekeeping products." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 3 (October 12, 2022): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2022-64-3-118-124.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the demand for organic products has increased on the world market, including environmentally friendly and healthy beekeeping bioproducts. Organic beekeeping currently exists in 60 countries around the world. In our country, there are vast territories for creating apiaries of a new topical direction. These territories are located north of the Trans-Siberian Railway from the right bank of the Irtysh to the left bank of the Ob - these are the Vasyugan swamps. Administratively, Vasyuganye unites the Omsk, Tomsk, and Novosibirsk regions. This territory is located in the wind rose, where the air masses of cities with industrial gases bypass it. Therefore, bee products collected by bees do not contain harmful elements. At present almost no one lives here and does not engage in agriculture. As a result of a survey of the natural forage base of the Vasyugan swamps, the authors discovered the most important honey plants and perganos. These are common coltsfoot, soft fluffy lungwort, marsh marigold, medicinal dandelion, late dandelion, Asian bathing suit, willows, warty birch, fluffy birch, ivy-like budra, bird cherry, white clover, black currant, yellow acacia, Siberian snakehead, chistets swamp, forest kupyr, mouse peas, thin-leaved peas, meadow geranium, forest geranium, forest raspberry, dissected cow parsnip, forest angelica, common goutweed, wild parsnip, common serpukha, field bodyak. Thus, this area is a rich pasture for bees. The authors recommend sowing wastelands with yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis L.) and white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) if it is expedient to organize apiaries in Vasyuganye. This area will always be well visited by bees and provide honey collection from 5 to 10 kg per day for several years.
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Belknap, James K., Gary M. Baxter, and Frank A. Nickels. "Extensor tendon lacerations in horses:50 cases (1982-1988)." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 203, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1993.203.03.428.
Full textAbstract:
Summary Medical records of 50 horses with extensor tendon lacerations affecting 53 limbs over 7 years (1982 to 1988) were reviewed to determine the clinical features and prognosis for athletic soundness after treatment. Mean and median ages were 4.8 and 3 years, respectively. Eighty-nine percent of the injuries involved the hind limbs, with approximately equal distribution between the right and left limbs. Hind limb lacerations involved the long digital extensor tendon (28 limbs), lateral digital extensor tendon (3 limbs), or both tendons (16 limbs). Forelimb lacerations involved the common digital extensor tendon (2 limbs), lateral digital extensor tendon (1 limb), or both tendons (3 limbs). Joint involvement was found in 6 cases. Wound management varied according to wound characteristics, financial constraints of owners, and clinician preference. External coaptation consisted of a 3-layered cotton bandage in 33 limbs, splint and cotton bandage in 12 limbs, fiberglass or plaster-of-Paris cast in 5 limbs, and no form of coaptation in 3 limbs. Follow-up information for 40 cases at least 1 year after injury revealed that 29 (73%) horses had returned to athletic soundness, 7 (18%) horses were pasture sound, 3 horses were chronically lame, and 1 horse was euthanatized during treatment because of wound sepsis. Depending on the hind limb tendons involved, return to athletic soundness ranged from 62% (long digital and lateral digital extensor tendons lacerated) to 80% (long digital extensor tendon lacerated) The small number of forelimb lacerations precluded any comparative data. Five of 6 horses with joint involvement returned to athletic soundness. Complications during treatment included wound sepsis/cellulitis, bone sequestra/osteitis of the third metatarsus, and exuberant granulation tissue.
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Johnson, Myriah D., José C. Dubeux, and Alan J. Franzluebbers. "2 Conducting and Communicating Environmental Impacts of Research: Forage Production, Soil Health, Sustainability." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_1 (March 8, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac028.074.
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Abstract Sustainability research is complex and involves the evaluation of tradeoffs. Environmental, economic, and social aspects should ideally be considered. Even when one only pillar of sustainability is evaluated, results should be assessed within the broader context of overall sustainability. Environmental impacts from forage and livestock systems, as well as confined animal feeding operations, can be positive and negative, depending on the type of operation, environmental setting, weather episodes, and management conditions. These systems also have associated social and economic impacts. As in all agricultural management systems, there are likely to be hotspots of damage due to a particular management style combined with the right soil, landscape, and climatic conditions. Widespread, positive benefits of pasture-based management are possible when forage resources are utilized ideally with best grazing management principles leading to enhanced soil organic carbon storage, high water infiltration, efficient nutrient cycling, and minimal water and nutrient runoff into nearby water bodies. Research to quantify the environmental impacts of livestock management systems can be designed in detail on research stations to understand the direct implications of management differences on plant biomass production that captures atmospheric CO2, on carbon stored in soil organic matter, and on greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock fed controlled diets. On-farm research is also valuable to characterize the impacts of a particular style of management across a diversity of environments using a system-level approach integrated across the farm. Communication strategies engaging major stakeholders from the livestock industry are key to deliver a consistent message to the general public. Perceived benefits, challenges, and opportunities must be science based, seeking opportunities to reduce negative impacts, and enhancing the positive ones. Messaging to the lay audience about environmental impacts can be focused on solutions from positive benefits or problems from negative effects, but should also address economic and social components.
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Pereira, Fabiellen Cristina, Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Daniele Cristina da Silva Kazama, and Roberto Guimarães Júnior. "Black oat grown with common vetch improves the chemical composition and degradability rate of forage." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (June 8, 2020): e49951. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.49951.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cultivating a combination of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) on the chemical composition of forage and the grazing behavior of heifers. To accomplish this, two paddocks 2500m2 each from a Voisin Rational Grazing management system were divided into three blocks each and then into thirds (278m²) characterizing a randomized block design. Three different forage compositions were distributed into these thirds: oats grown alone, vetch grown alone, and oats grown with vetch. Forage samples were collected after 65 days through the square method. Right after collection, three groups of four heifers each grazed the plots for two hours in a 3x3 double Latin Square design for behavioral observation, grazing simulation through the hand-plucking method, and biting rate determination. Forage samples collected either by hand-plucking or the square method, were analyzed for chemical composition and “in vitro” degradability. Statistical analyses were performed using the R package lme4. Data were evaluated with linear mixed-effects models. The inclusion of common vetch significantly increased forage production and oat protein content, but decreased the fiber content, which promoted better “in vitro” degradability. Grazing frequency was higher in pasture where oats were grown with vetch, but the biting rate was similar in all the three forage compositions evaluated. Forage collected by the square method did not differ from forage consumed by the heifers, probably meaning low herbage selectivity by heifers. Furthermore, no interaction of investigated variables occurred between forage compositions and the method of collection. The inclusion of common vetch with black oats increased forage chemical composition, “in vitro” degradability, and forage production, thus having positive effects on the time cows spent grazing.