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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Virginia. General Assembly. Joint Subcommittee Studying State and Federal Law on Privacy, Confidentiality, and Mandatory Disclosure of Information Held or Used by Governmental Agencies. Report of the Joint Subcommittee Studying State and Federal Law on Privacy, Confidentiality and Mandatory Disclosure of Information Held or Used by Governmental Agencies to the Governor and General Assembly of Virginia. Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia, 1996.

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2

(Firm), AlexInformation. Privacy of consumer financial information: Complying with state & federal requirements. Austin, Tex: AlexInformation, 2003.

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3

Prebble, Mark. Information, privacy, and the welfare state: An integrated approach to the administration of redistribution. Wellington: Victoria University Press for the Institute of Policy Studies, 1990.

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4

Kumar, Niraj. Bharat's treatise on Right to Information Act, 2005: Containing a detailed commentary on the statutory provisions, practices world over, state rules, international conventions & declarations, Supreme Court, high courts, CIC and international decisions, it also provides sample questions and specimen forms. New Delhi: Bharat Law House, 2014.

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5

Office, General Accounting. Financial privacy: Status of state actions on Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act's privacy provisions : report to the ranking minority member, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 2002.

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6

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia. State of federal privacy and data security law: Lagging behind the times? : hearing before the Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia Subcommittee of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, second session, July 31, 2012. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2012.

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7

Lesser, Barry. The Glenerin report: Access: information distribution, efficiency and protection : a report on a conference held at the Glenerin Inn, Mississauga, Ontario, May 13-15, 1987. [Halifax, N.S: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1988.

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8

Shitov, Viktor. Information content management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842520.

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The textbook describes methods of ensuring quality and compliance with legislation when publishing content, the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of intellectual property, rules for the use of information materials on the Internet, general principles of differentiation of access rights to information on the Internet, ensuring information security, types of spam and unwanted content, methods and means of combating them, technologies for managing, processing and modifying content, technologies for transmitting information on the network, duties of a moderator of a website / forum / resource, and much more. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational education institutions. It can be used when mastering the professional module "Information resources Administration" in the discipline "Information content Management" for the specialty "Information systems and programming" when mastering the qualification "Information Resources Specialist".

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9

Conference, on Law and Information Policy for Spatial Databases (1994 Tempe Ariz ). Proceedings of the Conference on Law and Information Policy for Spatial Databases: Held October 28-29, 1994, at Center for the Study of Law, Science, and Technology, Arizona State University, College of Law, Tempe, Arizona. Orono, ME: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Univeristy of Maine, 1995.

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10

California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Privacy. Informational hearing: Recent hacking of state employee records at the Teale Data Center. Sacramento, CA. [1020 N St., B-53, Sacramento 95814]: Senate Publications, 2002.

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11

GIS and Access to the Countryside (Workshop) (1995 City Discovery Centre, Milton Keynes). GIS and access to the countryside: Geographical information systems and rights of way : proceedings of a workshop held at the City Discovery Centre, Milton Keynes, on 8 June 1995. Cardiff: Countryside Recreation Network, Department of City and Regional Planning, UWCC, 1996.

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12

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: State and federal regulations affecting the Pinelands area. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-0068): Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1993.

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13

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill nos. 161, 351, 573, and 866 : issues dealing with public access to government records : [March 9, 2000, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 2000.

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14

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Assembly concurrent resolution no. 2 (2R) : proposes constitutional amendment to prohibit state from requiring county or municipality to perform new or expanded program or service without full state funding. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-00): The Committee, 1993.

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15

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: To review allegations of racial profiling by the New Jersey State Police. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1999.

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16

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 2026 (transfers the Bureau of Parole in the Department of Corrections to the State Parole Board). Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, Trenton 08625-0068): The Committee, 2001.

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17

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: The nomination interview of Christopher J. Daggett to be Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection : February 9, 1989, Room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Committee, 1989.

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18

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill No. 2627 (codifies the "discovery rule" for certain actions for asbestos or lead contamination for statute of limitations purposes) : October 4, 1990, room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1990.

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19

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 1751 (permits counties to seek reimbursements from inmates and health insurers for medical services provided in county jails) : hearing recorded and transcribed by the Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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20

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 58 (1R), provides for the transfer of certain judicial and probation costs from the county to the state by July 1, 1997; and Senate concurrent resolution no. 50, proposes amendment to the Constitution to permit wagering in person at casinos on the results of sports events. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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21

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 276, Senate bill no. 480, Senate bill no. 2080, Senate bill no. 2101, Assembly bill no. 2716, Senate bill no. 2748, Assembly bill no. 2772, Assembly bill no. 2521 (bills concerning parole eligibility for convicted murderers) : January 12, 1989, Room 424, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1989.

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22

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Review of racial profiling. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, PO BOX 068, Trenton 08625-0068): Senate Judiciary Committee, 2001.

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23

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 48, Senate joint resolution no. 18, Assembly concurrent resolution no. 20, and the Committee also discussed prison overcrowding. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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24

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 2363 ("Uniform Interstate Family Support Act") and ("New Jersey Child Support Program Improvement Act"). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1998.

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25

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate concurrent resolution no. 103 (proposes amendment to the Constitution to permit wagering in person at casinos on the results of professional sports events). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1993.

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26

Committee, New Jersey Legislature Senate Judiciary. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Inquiries into circumstances surrounding the release of Robert "Mudman" Simon. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625 ): The Committee, 1995.

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27

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Proposed Native American operated casino in Wildwood : [September 6, 1995, Atlantic City, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1995.

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28

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: New Jersey's campaign finance laws. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1997.

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29

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Initiative and referendum : Rutherford Borough Hall, Rutherford, New Jersey, March 23, 1993, 10:00 a.m. Trenton, N.J: The Hearing Unit, 1993.

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30

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Implementation of Megan's Law. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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31

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Juvenile auto theft. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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32

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Testimony on New Jersey's parole system. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1995.

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33

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Testimony regarding the Seaman case and handling of sexual harassment complaints against judges. Trenton, N.J. (162 W. State St., CN 068, Trenton 08625-0068): The Committee, 1993.

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34

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill nos. 1116, 1231, 1232, 1233, 1400, and Assembly bill nos. 39, 41, 38, 42, 40, 1056 (legislation dealing with crimes relating to child pornography). Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1994.

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35

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: Senate bill no. 1585, proposes several changes to the laws governing prostitution, and discussion on the topic of compulsive gambling. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): Office of Legislative Services, Public Information Office, Hearing Unit, 1993.

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36

New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Judiciary Committee. Public hearing before Senate Judiciary Committee: To discuss the operations of municipal housing authorities in New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1992.

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37

In search of the common good: The ethics of disclosing personal information held in public archives. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1988.

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38

Access to government in the computer age: An examination of state public records law. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2007.

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39

Access To Government In The Computer Age: An Examination of State Public Records Laws. Amer Bar Assn, 2007.

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40

Valentina, Cadelo, and Peterson Trudy Huskamp. Part II The Right to Know, C Preservation of and Access to Archives Bearing Witness to Violations, Principle 17 Specific Measures Relating to Archives Containing Names. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0021.

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Principle 17 requires that States provide specific safeguards to individuals who exercise their right of access to archives, in particular to know whether their personal information is included therein. This principle reflects contemporary standards related to access to archives, freedom of information, data protection and any other situation related to privacy rights. Every person is entitled to know whether his/her name appears in State archives and, if so, by virtue of their right to access, shall be given the opportunity to challenge the validity of the information concerning them. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 17, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework as well as the ways in which European institutions have addressed the issue of holding of names and personal information by state agents. It also highlights some of the problems and potential implications raised by Principle 17.

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41

Lisa J, Laplante. Part IV The Right to Reparation/Guarantees of Non-Recurrence, A The Right to Reparation, Principle 33 Publicizing Reparation Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0037.

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Principle 33 focuses on the obligation of the State to publicize ‘ad hoc procedures’ for the distribution of reparations. The ‘publicity principle’ assures the right to compensation, restitution, non-material, symbolic reparations and other remedies and places the onus on policymakers to implement outreach campaigns that inform victims of these right and how to access them. Principle 33 emanates from the idea that ‘a reparation mechanism has little practical value if potentially eligible victims are not aware of the opportunity to make claims or are not given timely information on how to do so in a language they can understand’. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 33, this chapter discusses its legal framework and practice, with emphasis on United Nations guidelines and principles; international mass claims processes; international courts, commissions and committees; and country specific practice.

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42

Bailey, Jane, and Sara Shayan. Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in Canada. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0007.

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This chapter focuses on Canadian law as it applies to government access to private-sector data. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms implicitly provides constitutional protection of privacy by prohibiting unreasonable search and seizure by the state (s. 8) and by limiting government intrusion on life, liberty and security of the person (s. 7). With some exceptions, the Charter requires law enforcement agencies to seek prior authorization before accessing personal information. However, Canada’s national security intelligence agencies are subject to more relaxed standards. The Privacy Act regulates federal government institutions’ relationship with personal information, whereas the private sector is regulated by the Personal Information and Protection of Electronic Documents Act. However, numerous exceptions in both statutes allow for (and in some cases encourage), information sharing between private-sector and state entities.

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43

The Global State of Democracy 2022: Forging Social Contracts in a Time of Discontent. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.56.

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At the end of 2022, the world is trapped beneath the weight of a multitude of old and new problems. There are myriad causes of political and economic instability, including the spiking prices of food and energy, ballooning inflation and an impending recession. These phenomena are occurring in the unstable context of continuing climate change, long unresolved inequality, the Covid-19 pandemic, declining standards of living and the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine. Democratic institutions are especially important in times of crisis and fear. They ensure open pathways for the information and communication that citizens and governments need to be able to act responsively and effectively. To rebuild and revitalize these institutions and to re-establish trust between the people and their governments, it is necessary to develop new and innovative social contracts that better reflect the changing global environment and that meaningfully prioritize equal access to the mechanisms of participation. International IDEA’s Global State of Democracy Report 2022 provides an overview of the global and regional trends related to democracy and human rights, along with examples of efforts to reinvigorate social contracts around the world.

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44

Jha, Himanshu. Capturing Institutional Change. Edited by Rahul Mukherjee, Subrata K. Mitra, and Raghbendra Jha. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124786.001.0001.

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Institutions are norms that undergird organizations and are reflected in laws and practices. Scholars point towards the ‘stickiness’ of institutions as stubbornly persisting on the historical landscape. As institutions tend to persist, the related political, administrative, and social processes persist as well. Therefore, it is puzzling when perpetuating institutions change paths. This book unravels one such puzzle by examining the process of institutional change through the lenses of transformation in the ‘information regime’ in India by tracing the passage of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005. Historically, in India, the norm of secrecy was entrenched within the state, perpetuating since colonial times. Yet, in 2005, the RTI Act was enacted heralding an institutional shift from the norm of ‘secrecy’ to the new norm of ‘openness’. What explains this institutional change? Based on new historical evidence overlooked in the mainstream literature, this book shows that the RTI Act was path-dependent on ideas of openness that emerged within the state since Independence. It argues that an endogenous policy discourse on enacting legislation on access to information had begun since Independence; it incrementally evolved and reached a ‘tipping point’ and, after surviving many political challenges, resulted in institutional change. Initially these ideas emerged gradually and incrementally as part of opposition politics, but eventually became part of mainstream politics. The book presents an alternate perspective to the mainstream narrative explaining the evolution of the RTI Act and makes theoretical contribution to the literature on institutional change.

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45

Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Africa and the Middle East Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.2.

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This GSoD In Focus aims at providing a brief overview of the state of democracy in Africa and the Middle East at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and then assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in the last 10 months. Key facts and findings include: Africa • In 2019 alone, 75 per cent of African democracies saw their scores decline, and electoral processes in Africa have failed to become the path for political reform and democratic politics. The reasons are many, including weak electoral management and executive aggrandizement. • The key challenges to democracy brought about by the pandemic involve the management of elections, restrictions on civil liberties (especially freedom of expression), worsening gender equality, deepening social and economic inequalities, a disruption to education, deterioration of media integrity, disruption of parliaments and an amplified risk of corruption. These challenges exacerbate and accelerate long-standing problems in the region. • Despite the challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic might galvanize governments to reinforce public health and social protection mechanisms, rendering the state more able to cushion the impact of the crisis, and enhancing its legitimacy. The Middle East • The Middle East is the most undemocratic region in the world. Only 2 out of 13 countries in the region are democracies. The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened the economic and social problems of the region, which could exacerbate the pre-existing democratic challenges. • Freedoms of expression and media were severely curtailed in many countries in the region prior to the pandemic. In some cases, COVID-19 has aggravated this. Countries have closed media outlets and banned the printing and distribution of newspapers, under the pretext of combating the spread of COVID-19. This has restricted citizens’ access to information. • Migrant workers and internally displaced people have been disproportionally affected by COVID-19. A significant proportion of the infections in the region have been in impoverished migrant and refugee communities. In the Gulf region, curfews and lockdowns have resulted in many migrants losing their livelihood, right to medical attention and even repatriation. Migrants have also faced discrimination often being held in detention centres, in poor conditions, as part of governmental efforts to curb the number of COVID-19 infections among citizens. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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46

Frosio, Giancarlo, ed. Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198837138.001.0001.

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The theoretical—and market—background against which the intermediary liability debate developed has changed considerably since the first appearance of online intermediaries almost two decades ago. These changes have been reflected—or will soon most likely be reflected—in changing policy approaches. The role of Online Service Providers (OSPs) is unprecedented for their capacity to influence the informational environment and users’ interactions within it. The ethical implications of OSPs’ role in contemporary information societies are raising unprecedented social challenges. The decisions made by these platforms increasingly shape contemporary life. Therefore, whether and when access providers and communications platforms such as Google, Twitter, and Facebook are liable for their users’ online activities is a key factor that affects innovation and fundamental rights. There are emerging legal, policy, and ethical issues facing online intermediaries that have so far received various inconsistent answers even within the same jurisdiction. To better understand the heterogeneity of the international online intermediary liability regime, The Oxford Handbook of Online Intermediary Liability is designed to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and ‘state-of-the-art’ discussion of this topic. This book will review fundamental legal issues in online intermediary liability, while also describing advances in intermediary liability theory and identifying recent policy trends.

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47

Jowell, Sir Jeffrey, and Colm O'Cinneide, eds. The Changing Constitution. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198806363.001.0001.

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Since its first edition in 1985, The Changing Constitution has provided analysis of the key issues surrounding the UK’s constitutional development, and debates around reform. The ninth edition of this volume is published at a time of constitutional turbulence, with Brexit putting pressure on key aspects of the UK’s unwritten constitutional system. Other aspects of the UK constitution are also in a state of flux, and continue to generate political and legal controversy: the legal protection of human rights, understanding of parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law, separation of powers, restructuring of the system of justice, the regulation of access to information and data privacy, and pressures for increased devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. These issues and more are covered in this latest edition of one of the UK’s leading texts on the constitution, which includes contributions from a range of leading public law scholars.

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48

Hasinoff, Amy Adele. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038983.003.0007.

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This book has explored three dominant problems in how people tend to think about sexting: that sexting is a crime, that adolescents sext because they are biologically irrational and irresponsible, and that sexting is a psychological problem of girls' low self-esteem. It has made a case for the decriminalization of consensual sexting and advocated viewing sexting as a form of media production. It has also interrogated both the theory that sexualization causes sexting and the idea that new media participation is inherently good. Finally, it has criticized the assumptions that “information wants to be free” and “privacy is dead” and instead suggested a model of explicit consent for all private media circulation. The chapter concludes by offering three key recommendations: first, we must recognize that granting youth the right to sext will offer them a significant defense against possible harms that the state and peers can commit; second, we need to incorporate consent into how we think about private media circulation; third, we need to accept adolescent girls' sexual agency.

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49

Khan, B. Zorina. Inventing Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936075.001.0001.

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Abstract: How do knowledge and ideas influence the competitiveness of firms and nations? Current debates about grand innovation prizes, patent trolls, technological disruption, human capital, and the role of an entrepreneurial state reflect and replicate earlier controversies that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. This book shows how and why the ideas of creative individuals promote progress. The insights are based on original archival research regarding over 100,000 inventors, patented inventions, and innovation prizes in Europe and the United States during industrialization. This systematic empirical analysis across time and place and institutions provides a comprehensive microfoundation for understanding technological change and long-run macroeconomic growth. British and French policies favored “administered innovation systems,” in which elites, administrators, or panels made key economic decisions about inducement prizes, rewards, and the allocation of resources. European institutions generated returns that were misaligned with economic value and productivity and perpetuated socioeconomic inequality. Europe fell behind when the negative consequences of such top-down administered systems accumulated and reduced comparative advantage. The modern knowledge economy emerged when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution, in the United States. This strong endorsement for open-access property rights and unfettered markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and technical progress. U.S. global industrial ascendancy was a direct outcome of its decentralized market-oriented institutions, which fostered diversity in ideas and innovations, the diffusion of information and disruptive technologies, and sustained endogenous growth.

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50

Dermot, Groome. Part II The Right to Know, A General Principles, Principle 2 The Inalienable Right to the Truth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0006.

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Principle 2 is concerned with the inalienable right to truth, a right that arises from the right to know and obliges governments to establish mechanisms to facilitate the revelation of the truth about serious violations of human rights. The right to truth has been explicitly incorporated into several international instruments and, in 2010, became expressly guaranteed in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED). In practice, the right to truth is realized through laws enabling requests for state-held information; archives; truth commissions; national and international courts; and human rights commissions. After providing a contextual and historical overview of Principle 2, this chapter describes its normative (legal/ethical) foundation, focusing on how its interpretation is influenced by international law and how it relates to notions of transitional justice. It also analyzes the applications of the Principle in practice.

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