Journal articles: 'Rifle shooters'

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Lawson, Ben D., Bethany M. Ranes, and Linda-Brooke I. Thompson. "Smooth moves." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601350.

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Software innovations at our laboratory have made novel measures of shooting performance available to researchers, even when the data comes from a fielded military firearms training simulator not designed for research. This study analyzed specific patterns of rifle handling and control to determine how they affected reaction time and accuracy among shooters of differing skill levels. The results indicated the skilled shooters employed smoother and more efficient rifle movement while aiming than less-skilled shooters. While shooters know that trigger control and sight picture are important, this study confirms that skilled shooting is also influenced by the efficiency of the rifle movements that immediately precede the shot.

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Gladyszewski, Grzegorz, and Bozena Gladyszewska. "Fast Fourier transform analysis as a new tool for Olympic rifle coaches." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337116639482.

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The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of using data collected with an electronic training system to determine the influence of a shooter’s heartbeat on shooting precision. Shooting sessions of a rifle in prone position were studied with the use of an electronic training system. As a case study, results of an experienced shooter were analyzed. Fast Fourier transform was applied to raw data extracted from the system and then results were interpreted. The spectrum obtained revealed a wide peak at the frequency f = 2.6 Hz that was considered as the second harmonics of the average frequency corresponding to the heartbeat decreasing down to 69 beats/min when releasing a shot. The session finished with a very modest score of 611.3 points. When a small intentional change in the shooter’s equipment (a sling position) was introduced, the spectrum obtained did not reveal any peaks and the shooter reached a much better score of 621.8 points. The use of fast Fourier transform analysis is proposed as a new tool for Olympic rifle shooters and coaches. This new tool does not require any complicated procedures and provides quantitative information on the influence of a heartbeat on the stability of a shooter’s aim.

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Heshmati, Safoura, Hassan Daneshmandi, and Seyyed Hossein Hosseini. "A Comparison Study on the Electrical Activity of Arm Abduction Muscles During Shoulder Abduction and Scaption Between Shooting Disciplines." Journal of Sport Biomechanics 5, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/biomechanics.5.4.5.

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Objective: Considering the positions that the shooter chooses during shooting in different disciplines, it seems that the activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles which are common muscles during movement, varies in different disciplines. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles between three shooting disciplines. Methods: 24 shooters (8 archers, 8 air pistol shooters, and 8 air rifle shooters) participated in the study. They performed shoulder abduction and scaption at 60 and 90 degrees. The electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles was then recorded using surface electromyography. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey’s test at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: The activity of anterior deltoid muscle at 60 and 90 degrees of abduction and the activity of middle deltoid and supraspinatus muscles only at 90 degree of abduction was significantly higher in the archery group than in the air pistol group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The higher electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles in archery sport may be related to the tensile force of the bow and the greater arm angle at the shoulder joint during this type of shooting compared to air pistol and air rifle shooting.

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Yıldız, M., and U. Fidan. "The psychophysiological differences between expert and novice rifle shooters during the aiming period." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 23, no. 6 (September 30, 2019): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2019.0606.

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Purpose: Determination of mental status of the rifle shooters during the shooting performance is critical for the development of mental training programs according to their skill levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychophysiological differences of expert and novice rifle shooters. Material: Fourteen expert (age: 28.08±9.12 years, height: 176.12±4.24 cm, weight: 73.56±5.28 kg) and twenty novice shooters (age: 21.08±3.12 years, height: 177.42±3.74 cm, and weight: 71.56±3.57 kg) participated in the current study. The participants performed five shootings from a distance of 10m. The averages of each shooter’s five shooting scores, values of attention and meditation, and heart rate between 5-sec before shooting and shooting moment were obtained. Results: It was determined that shooting scores (10.02 ±0.49 vs. 7.6±2.86, p<0.01, respectively) and meditation level (71.50±21.05 vs. 52.93±20.54, p<0.05, respectively) were significantly higher in the experts while attention level (73.63±21.11 vs. 59.76±21.26, p<0.05, respectively), and heart rate (105.34±12.12 vs. 98.67±7,12 bpm, p<0.05, respectively) were found higher in the novices. Conclusions: The novices and experts present different psychophysiological responses during the aiming period. It is suggested that the psychophysiological differences can be useful to categorize shooters and to provide feedback in training because it is important to develop programs according to group levels, especially in the development of mental training programs. Besides, it is determined that the mobile EEG device is an effective method for determining the mental status of athletes in sports specific activities.

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Sade, Shraga, Michael Bar-Eli, Shlomo Bresler, and Gershon Tenenbaum. "Anxiety, Self-Control and Shooting Performance." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.3.

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55 rifle shooters were administered state-trait anxiety and self-control questionnaires. Shooting performance was recorded on 7 competitive occasions. Analysis indicated shooting performance is dependent more on anxiety state than on anxiety trait and self-control. Highly skilled shooters were less anxious and performed better across all competitions than moderately skilled shooters but did not differ on self-control and anxiety trait. The assumption that increased anxiety negatively affects performance through the mediation of self-control should be further studied.

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Shekhar, Amte Snehal, and Hetal M. Mistry. "Clinical effects of pranayama on performance of rifle shooters." International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (2014): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2319-5886.2014.00400.7.

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Raffalt, Peter C., Ida Fillingsnes Marker, Andreas Top Adler, and Tine Alkjaer. "Dynamics of Postural Control in Elite Sport Rifle Shooters." Journal of Motor Behavior 53, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2020.1723478.

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Hanton, Sheldon, Graham Jones, and Richard Mullen. "Intensity and Direction of Competitive State Anxiety as Interpreted by Rugby Players and Rifle Shooters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.513.

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This study reports the findings of part of an ongoing research program examining sports performers' interpretations of competitive anxiety prior to competition. The notion of ‘directional perceptions’ has questioned the limited utility of examining only the intensity of competitive anxiety responses as has Jones. The purpose of this study was to examine intensity and direction, i.e., interpretation of intensity as facilitative or debilitative, of anxiety symptoms as a function of two types of sport. The types of sport were explosive (rugby league) versus fine motor skills (target rifle shooting). The sample comprised 50 male rugby league participants and 50 target rifle shooters who completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 prior to competition. Contingency analysis yielded a significant difference in the number of rugby players who reported somatic anxiety as facilitative and the number of rifle shooters who reported somatic states as debilitative. No such differences were evident for cognitive anxiety. Analysis of variance Indicated no differences between the two groups on the intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety, but the performers competing in rugby league interpreted both states as being more facilitative to performance; the rugby league players also had higher scores on self-confidence than the shooters. These findings provide continuing support for the measurement of directional perceptions of competitive anxiety and highlight the importance of examining individual sports.

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Gong, Anmin, Jianping Liu, Changhao Jiang, and Yunfa Fu. "Rifle Shooting Performance Correlates with Electroencephalogram Beta Rhythm Network Activity during Aiming." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2018 (November 11, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4097561.

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To study the relationship between brain network and shooting performance during shooting aiming, we collected electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from 40 skilled shooters during rifle shooting and calculated the EEG functional coupling, functional brain network topology, and correlation coefficients between these EEG characteristics and shooting performance. Our result shows a significant negative correlation between shooting performance and functional coupling between the prefrontal, frontal, and temporal regions of the right brain in the Beta1 and Beta2 frequency bands. Global and local brain network topology characteristics were also significantly correlated with shooting performance. These findings indicate that under these experimental conditions, shooters with higher shooting performances exhibit lower functional coupling, higher global, and lower local information integration efficiency during shooting. These conclusions may provide a theoretical basis of the EEG brain network for studying the mental status of shooters while shooting.

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Mets, Toni, Niilo Konttinen, and Heikki Lyytinen. "Shot placement within cardiac cycle in junior elite rifle shooters." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 8, no. 2 (March 2007): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.02.002.

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Konttinen, N., D. M. Landers, and H. Lyytinen. "Aiming routines and their electrocortical concomitants among competitive rifle shooters." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 10, no. 3 (June 2000): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010003169.x.

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Mullineaux, David R., Stacy M. Underwood, Robert Shapiro, and John W. Hall. "Real-time biomechanical biofeedback effects on top-level rifle shooters." Applied Ergonomics 43, no. 1 (January 2012): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.04.003.

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Demichkovskyi, A. P. "Indicators of Technical and Tactical Actions of Qualified Air Rifle Shooters." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ 19, no. 4 (December 25, 2019): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2019.4.04.

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The purpose of the study was to define informative indicators of technical and tactical actions of qualified rifle shooting athletes. Materials and methods. The study involved MSU (number of athletes n = 10), CMSU (number of athletes n = 9). To solve the tasks set, the following research methods were used: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation. Pedagogical observation was used to study the peculiarities of technical and tactical indicators of qualified athletes, as well as their motor abilities; methods of mathematical statistics were used to process the experimental data. Results. A detailed analysis of competitive activity made it possible to determine that the shot phases “Aiming”, “Shot execution – active shot”, “Preparation for the shot” are informative indicators of technical and tactical actions of qualified rifle shooting athletes. The study determined time parameters of the phases during competitive activity. The difference between the average indicators of the athletes with different sports qualifications is at the limit of 2.55 seconds, which suggests that the duration of the restorative processes of the shooter’s body affects the performance of each shot. Conclusions. A detailed analysis of air rifle shooting among men during competitive activity allowed to determine the difference in technical and tactical fitness between the athletes with different sports qualifications of MSU and CMSU levels: “Aiming” – MSU 950.56 seconds, CMSU 1017.91 seconds; “Shot execution – active shot” – MSU 964.45 seconds, CMSU 952.36 seconds; “Preparation for the shot” – MSU 1678.66 seconds, CMSU 1855.19 seconds, “Total execution time” – MSU 3593.68 seconds, CMSU 3825.47 seconds.

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Nagashima, Sam O., Gregory K. W. K. Chung, Paul D. Espinosa, and Chris Berka. "Validity Evidence for a Model of Rifle Marksmanship Skill Performance Using Sensor-Based Measures." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, no. 25 (October 2009): 1873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905302504.

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This paper reports validity evidence for the use of sensor-based skill measures in evaluating performance differences in rifle marksmanship. Nagashima, Chung, Espinosa, Berka, and Baker (2009) describe four measures used to predict skill classification of expert and novice shooters for known distance rifle marksmanship, three related to breath control and one for trigger control. In this study, skill measures from seven experts and nine novices were collected and classifications were generated resulting in an overall percent correct of 75.6%, with a sensitivity of 54.3%, and 92.0% specificity.

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Rostami, Reza, Heidar Sadeghi, Kobra Allah Karami, Masoud Nosrat Abadi, and Payman Salamati. "The Effects of Neurofeedback on the Improvement of Rifle Shooters' Performance." Journal of Neurotherapy 16, no. 4 (December 2012): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10874208.2012.730388.

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Ihalainen, Simo, Vesa Linnamo, Kaisu Mononen, and Sami Kuitunen. "Relation of Elite Rifle Shooters’ Technique-Test Measures to Competition Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 5 (July 2016): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0211.

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Purpose:To describe the long-term changes in shooting technique in relation to competition performances in elite air-rifle shooters.Methods:Seventeen elite shooters completed simulated air-rifle shooting-competition series in 3 consecutive seasons, participating on 15 ± 7 testing occasions. Shooting score and aiming-point-trajectory variables were obtained with an optoelectronic shooting device, and postural-balance variables were measured with force platform. Shooters’ competition results were collected from all international and national competitions during the 3-y period.Results:Mean test score, stability of hold, aiming accuracy, cleanness of triggering, and postural balance improved during the 3-y period (ANOVA, time, P < .05−.01). Seasonal mean test results in stability of hold (R = −.70, P = .000) and cleanness of triggering (R = −.75, P = .000) were related to competition performances. Changes in stability of hold (R = −.61, P = .000) and cleanness of triggering (R = −.39, P = .022) were also related to the changes in competition performances. Postural balance in shooting direction was more related to cleanness of triggering (R = .57, P = .000), whereas balance in cross-shooting direction was more related to stability of hold (R = .70, P = .000).Conclusion:The shooting-technique testing used in the current study seems to be a valid and useful tool for long-term performance assessment. Stability of hold, cleanness of triggering, and postural balance can be further developed even at the elite level, resulting in improved competition performances.

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Hung, Min-Hao, Kuo-Chuan Lin, Chung-Cheng Wu, Jia-Hung Juang, Yen-Yu Lin, and Chi-Yao Chang. "Effects of Complex Functional Strength Training on Balance and Shooting Performance of Rifle Shooters." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 6143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136143.

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The purpose of this research was to study the effects of complex functional strength training (whole-body vibration + unstable surface training) on overall shooting performance, including the shooters’ stability of hold, time on target, and the body sway. We compared the shooters’ performances at three time intervals: (a) pretraining, (b) 6 weeks post-WBV+UST, and (c) 6 weeks detraining. The study participants were eight rifle shooters. Training was c on an unstable surface with vibration frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 2 mm. Six weeks after complex training, participants’ shooting performance and body sway significantly improved. Specifically, shooting scores and total time improved by 5.50% and 7.34%, respectively, as did the DevTotal values between performances at different times: 10 ms (p = 0.01), 20 ms (p = 0.04), 30 ms (p = 0.02), and 40 ms (p = 0.02). The DevY values also showed significant differences between performances at different times: 10 ms (p < 0.01), 20 ms (p < 0.01), 30 ms (p < 0.01), 40 ms (p < 0.01), and 50 ms (p < 0.01). A 6 week complex training method can effectively improve shooting stability, fluency, and scores.

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Konttinen, Niilo, Toni Mets, Heikki Lyytinen, and Mika Paananen. "Timing of Triggering in Relation to the Cardiac Cycle in Nonelite Rifle Shooters." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74, no. 4 (December 2003): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2003.10609110.

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DI RUSSO, FRANCESCO, SABRINA PITZALIS, TERESA APRILE, and DONATELLA SPINELLI. "Effect of Practice on Brain Activity: An Investigation in Top-Level Rifle Shooters." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, no. 9 (September 2005): 1586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177458.71676.0d.

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Bahmani, Moslem, Jed A. Diekfuss, Robabeh Rostami, Nasim Ataee, and Farhad Ghadiri. "Visual Illusions Affect Motor Performance, But not Learning in Highly Skilled Shooters." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2017-0011.

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Enhanced expectancies are an important component of OPTIMAL theory and are thought to contribute to motor performance and learning. There is limited information, however, on the generalizability of OPTIMAL theory to highly skilled individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of visual illusions, specifically an Ebbinghaus illusion, on the performance and learning of an aiming task using highly skilled 10-m rifle and pistol shooters. Two groups of shooters with international experience were recruited and practiced with perceived larger and smaller targets. Our results indicated that participants who perceived the target larger reported higher self-efficacy immediately after practice. In addition, these participants had higher shooting performance during practice. Our retention test (24 hours later), however, did not produce differences in self-efficacy or shooting performance. Our data suggests that visual illusions are beneficial for motor performance in highly skilled shooters, but may not affect learning in those who are in the latter stages of learning. Further studies should continue examining the role of visual illusions for enhancing expectancies in highly skilled and experienced performers.

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Shalar, O., Y. Strykalenko, and V. Huzar. "Mental training in psychological training of shooters." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(126) (July 20, 2020): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.6(126).24.

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The goal was to study the psycho-emotional sphere and substantiate the methodology of mental training for shooters. Material and methods: the study involved 12 rifle and pistol shooters of the Kherson Higher School of Physical Education. Among them are athletes with qualifications of the second, first categories, candidates for Master of Sports and Master of Sports of Ukraine. The study continued during 2018-2019. In the course of the research, the method of mental training of shooters was introduced. The results proved that the means of mental training had a positive effect on the state of the nervous system of shooters. Sensory motor responses were superior in less experienced athletes. So, for shooters of the CCM level and below, the results are better than those of the masters of sports: 1) according to the tapping test for 0.75 ms, 2) according to the reaction to a light stimulus for 12.5 ms, c) according to the reaction to a sound stimulus to 55 5 ms. The degree of training according to the Schulte table was high among all shooters, but slightly higher among the masters of sports (by 0.05). A rather high indicator of emotional excitability was found in shooters of masters of sports. Among the representatives of this group were persons with different types of temperament. Basically, the sanguine type prevailed, based on a strong, balanced, mobile type of the nervous system. For the representatives of the second group, which included candidates for masters of sports and first-class athletes, this indicator was at an average level. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that the representatives of this group had persons with a predominantly phlegmatic type of temperament. Conclusions: mental training had a positive effect on the level of mental processes and emotional sphere of shooters. On the basis of the data obtained on the mental sphere of shooters, it was established that these indicators were at high and sufficient levels.

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Spancken, Sina, Hannah Steingrebe, and Thorsten Stein. "Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0247353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247353.

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Background Air-rifle and small-bore shooting are fascinating Olympic sports due to their unique performance requirements for accuracy and precision. Objective The purpose of our study was to systematically research the literature to determine and summarize performance determinants in both air-rifle and small-bore shooting. Since some athletes participate internationally in both disciplines in competition, the disciplines must have some similarity in the performance structure. Therefore, we further investigated whether performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting can be explained by the same performance determinants. Methods We systematically searched in four databases using combined keywords relevant to performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting. The articles included had undergone peer-review and had a) a direct relation to shooting performance, b) an indirect relation by comparing the performance of shooters of different skill levels, and c) a practical relevance (directly controllable through training). After the quality of each article was assessed, the key data were extracted and summarized. Results The fourteen articles included achieved an average of 60 ± 14% (range 30–80%) in quality assessment. Altogether, articles covered 268 subjects (32% female), of which 19% were elite- and 28% were national-level athletes. Sixteen performance determinants were investigated, which were divided into anthropometric, technical-coordinative, physiological and psychological categories. Both in air-rifle and small-bore shooting, rifle stability and body sway were found to differ between elite- and national-level athletes. In both disciplines, body sway seemed to have no influence on shot score in elite- and national-level athletes. Similarly, heart rate did not correlate with shot score at nearly all performance levels in both disciplines. In national-level air-rifle athletes, horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and aiming time were found to affect shot score. Conclusions To be competitive at a national-level in air-rifle shooting, a highly developed aiming process is needed to achieve a high shot score. Lack of data prevented us from drawing evidence-based conclusions in elite-level air-rifle athletes and in small-bore shooting. Future research should investigate possible performance determinants both in air-rifle and in small-bore shooting, especially with elite-level athletes, to confirm or disprove existing findings. Further research should use more complex analyses to investigate the multifaceted processes associated with different performance determinants.

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Vidhate, Dr Swapnil, and Mr Bitam Sadokpam. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FOCUS REGULATION AMONG THE ARCHERS AND RIFLE SHOOTERS IN PUNE CITY." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 8 (August 31, 2016): 1659–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/1376.

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Landers, Daniel M., Wang Min Qi, and Patricia Courtet. "Peripheral Narrowing among Experienced and Inexperienced Rifle Shooters under Low- and High-Stress Conditions." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 56, no. 2 (June 1985): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1985.10608446.

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Era, P., N. Konttinen, P. Mehto, P. Saarela, and H. Lyytinen. "Postural stability and skilled performance—A study on top-level and naive rifle shooters." Journal of Biomechanics 29, no. 3 (March 1996): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(95)00066-6.

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Zhang, Jie, Yunxu Shi, Chienkai Wang, Chunmei Cao, Changshui Zhang, Linhong Ji, Jia Cheng, and Fangfang Wu. "Preshooting Electroencephalographic Activity of Professional Shooters in a Competitive State." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639865.

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This study investigated the influence of competitive state on cerebral cortex activity of professional shooters with 10 m air rifle before shooting. Generally, professional athletes have higher neural efficiency compared with ordinary people. We recruited 11 national shooters to complete 60 shots under both noncompetitive and competitive shooting conditions, and simultaneously collected their electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) information. Theta, alpha, and beta power were computed in the last three seconds preceding each shot from average-reference 29-channel EEG, while EEG characteristics under two conditions were analyzed. The results showed a significant linear correlation between shooting accuracy and EEG power of anterior frontal, central, temporal, and occipital regions in beta and theta bands. In addition, the theta power in occipital regions, alpha power in frontal-central and left occipital regions, and beta power in frontal and mid-occipital regions were higher than those in noncompetitive state. However, heart rate (HR) and shooting accuracy did not change significantly under the two conditions. These findings reveal the changes of cortical activity underlying competition shooting as well as providing further understanding of the neural mechanisms of the shooting process and lay a foundation for the subsequent neuromodulation research.

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Lotfabadi, Ramtin, Joshua A. Granek, Jiayuan He, Ning Jiang, Fan He, Junhan Bae, Hamid Boland, and Catherine M. Burns. "Effect of Guided Tactical Breathing with Biofeedback on Acute Stress Attenuation and Marksmanship Performance of Novice Shooters." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641146.

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The current study introduced a novel approach to inducing stress, and examining effects of wearable and mobile technology-assisted tactical breathing with real-time heartrate biofeedback, on the attenuation of acute stress, post-stressor recovery and performance. 39 participants with no prior experience with firearms participated in a marksmanship task engaging stationary targets with a semi-automatic rifle, at a controlled indoor shooting range. Novice shooters applying guided tactical breathing with biofeedback following exposure to the shooting task, were able to maintain lower arousal (uninhibited parasympathetic system). Findings suggested significant effect of intervention with biofeedback on stress attenuation, however no significant improvement of marksmanship performance among novice shooters resulting from the intervention was found. This study provides insights into app-led tactical breathing training to control arousal levels during stress, recommending strategies on further evaluation of the effectiveness of mobile and wearable technologies on stress attenuation for varying levels of marksmanship skill and individual difference.

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Park, Sang-Hyuk, In-Hye Park, Seung-Taek Lim, and Eunjae Lee. "Changes in Psychological Anxiety and Physiological Stress Hormones in Korea National Shooters." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120926.

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Psychological anxiety and physiological stress hormone management is closely related to an athlete’s performance, especially in shooting competitions. Thus, we aimed to investigate the changes in saliva stress hormones according to anxiety scores of Korean elite shooters immediately before a shooting competition. Seventy-two Korean national shooting athletes (Rifle = 62, Pistol = 8, Shotgun = 2) were recruited for the present study. The physiological stress hormones were assessed based on cortisol and immunoglobulin A level in saliva. The psychological stress was assessed based on Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaire. Cortisol concentration and cortisol secretion rate were significant higher in severe anxiety group. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration and SIgA secretion rate did not significant different in among the groups. A positive correlation was found between BAI score and cortisol concentration. These findings provide preliminary evidence indicating that psychological anxiety affects physiological stress and therefore may have a negative effect on athletes’ performance. Thus, research is needed to develop a strategy to reduce physiological stress in these athletes.

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BALL, KEVIN, RUSSELL BEST, and TIM WRIGLEY. "Body sway, aim point fluctuation and performance in rifle shooters: inter- and intra-individual analysis." Journal of Sports Sciences 21, no. 7 (January 2003): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101881.

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Janelle, Christopher M., Charles H. Hillman, Ross J. Apparies, Nicholas P. Murray, Launi Meili, Elizabeth A. Fallon, and Bradley D. Hatfield. "Expertise Differences in Cortical Activation and Gaze Behavior during Rifle Shooting." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22, no. 2 (June 2000): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.2.167.

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether variability in gaze behavior and cortical activation would differentiate expert (n = 12) and nonexpert (n = 13) small-bore rifle shooters. Spectral-activity and eye-movement data were collected concurrently during the course of a regulation indoor sequence of 40 shots from the standing position. Experts exhibited significantly superior shooting performance, as well as a significantly longer quiet eye period preceding shot execution than did nonexperts. Additionally, expertise interacted with hemispheric activation levels: Experts demonstrated a significant increase in left-hemisphere alpha and beta power, accompanied by a reduction in right-hemisphere alpha and beta power, during the preparatory period just prior to the shot. Nonexperts exhibited similar hemispheric asymmetry, but to a lesser extent than did experts. Findings suggest systematic expertise-related differences in ocular and cortical activity during the preparatory phase leading up to the trigger pull that reflects more optimal organization of the neural structures needed to achieve high-level performance.

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Mon-López, Daniel, Carlos M. Tejero-González, Alfonso de la Rubia Riaza, and Jorge Lorenzo Calvo. "Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041365.

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Background: The sport overrepresentation of early-born athletes within a selection year is called relative age effect (RAE). Moreover, gender performance differences depend on the sport. The main objectives of the study were to compare performances between gender and RAE in precision shooting events. Method: The results of 704 shooters who participated in the most recent World Shooting Championship were compared. Performance was analysed by event (rifle and pistol), gender and category (junior and senior), together with RAE and six ranges of ranking positions. Results: The results of the study indicated that men scored higher than women in pistol events and that no performance differences were found in rifle events when the whole group was compared. According to the birth trimester, no significant differences were found in the participant’s distribution, nor in performance in any case. Conclusions: The main conclusions of the study are: (1) the men’s pistol performance is better than the women’s even though RAE is not associated to the shooting score in any case; (2) men and women performed equally in the general analysis, but their performances were different depending on category and event with no RAE influence.

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Wolfe, Andrew Allen, Kayla Peak, Jana Burch, and Gerald Burch. "The Effects of Innovative Shotgun Shooting Methods on Collegiate Shotgun Shooters." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1836.

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Sporting activities are classified according to movement demands and can be categorized as either dynamic or static actions. Many events exist within the discipline of “shooting sports”, and dynamic and static demands vary drastically among those events. However, consideration for differences in movement demands is frequently disregarded in shooting sports; common practice protocol encourages sh ooters to utilize static shooting techniques for all shooting sport events. In particular, shooting techniques for shotgun shooting, a dynamic sporting event, regularly align with rifle shooting (static activity) methods. Innovative dynamic shotgun shoot ing techniques have recently been developed, however, no previous studies have examined the outcomes of employing these dynamic techniques. Therefore, the current research investigated the effects of innovative shotgun shooting methods on collegiate shotg un shooters (n=38). Pre and post trap and skeet scores were collected at a certified International Shooting Sport Federation and USA Shooting competition field. Upon completion of pre-test shooting, subjects participated in an Optimum Shooting Performance (OSP) intervention that outlined innovative dynamic shooting and practice techniques. Post-test shooting scores were collected after2-weeks of OSP practice. A paired sample t test identified statistically significant improvements for trap shootingscores (t[32] = 2.82, p = .008, 95% CI [0.431, 2.660], d = .49),skeet shooting scores (t[32] = 2.59, p = .01, 95% CI[0.436, 3.625], d = .45), and total shooting (sum score of trap and skeet tests) scores (t[32] = 3.37, p = .002, 95%CI [1.417, 5.734], d = .59). These results suggest that learning and utilizing the OSP methods significantly increased the shooting performance of college shotgun shooters.

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Flamme, Gregory A., Michael Stewart, Deanna Meinke, James Lankford, and Per Rasmussen. "Auditory Risk to Unprotected Bystanders Exposed to Firearm Noise." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 02 (February 2011): 093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.2.4.

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Background: What is the risk of hearing loss for someone standing next to a shooter? Friends, spouses, children, and other shooters are often present during hunting and recreational shooting activities, and these bystanders seem likely to underestimate the hazard posed by noise from someone else's firearm. Hunters use hearing protection inconsistently, and there is little reason to expect higher use rates among bystanders. Acoustic characteristics and estimates of auditory risk from gunfire noise next to the shooter were assessed in this study. Research Design: This was a descriptive study of auditory risk at the position of a bystander near a recreational firearm shooter. Data Collection and Analysis: Recordings of impulses from 15 recreational firearms were obtained 1 m to the left of the shooter outdoors away from reflective surfaces. Recordings were made using a pressure-calibrated 1/4 inch measurement microphone and digitally sampled at 195 kHz (24 bit depth). The acoustic characteristics of these impulses were examined, and auditory risk estimates were obtained using three contemporary damage-risk criteria (DRCs) for unprotected listeners. Results: Instantaneous peak levels at the bystander location ranged between 149 and 167 dB SPL, and 8 hr equivalent continuous levels (LeqA8) ranged between 64 and 83 dB SPL. Poor agreement was obtained across the three DRCs, and the DRC that was most conservative varied with the firearm. The most conservative DRC for each firearm permitted no unprotected exposures to most rifle impulses and fewer than 10 exposures to impulses from most shotguns and the single handgun included in this study. More unprotected exposures were permitted for the guns with smaller cartridges and longer barrel length. Conclusions: None of the recreational firearms included in this study produced sound levels that would be considered safe for all unprotected listeners. The DRCs revealed that only a few of the small-caliber rifles and the smaller-gauge shotguns permitted more than a few shots for the average unprotected listener. This finding is important for professionals involved in hearing health care and the shooting sports because laypersons are likely to consider the bystander location to be inherently less risky because it is farther from the gun than the shooter.

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Deeny, Sean P., Charles H. Hillman, Christopher M. Janelle, and Bradley D. Hatfield. "Cortico-cortical Communication and Superior Performance in Skilled Marksmen: An EEG Coherence Analysis." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.188.

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Electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence was assessed during a 4-s aiming period prior to trigger pull in expert marksmen (n = 10) and skilled shooters (n = 9) over the course of a regulation round of small-bore rifle shooting. Although both groups were highly experienced, the skilled group had lower ability. Given that specialization of cortical function occurs as domain-specific expertise increases, experts were predicted to exhibit less cortico-cortical communication, especially between cognitive and motor areas, compared to the skilled group. Coherence was assessed for three frequency bands (low alpha, 8–10 Hz; high alpha, 10–13 Hz; and low beta, 13–22 Hz) using sites F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, T3, T4, P3, Pz, P4, O1, and O2. Compared to the skilled group, experts exhibited lower coherence between left temporal (T3) and mid-line frontal (Fz) regions for low-alpha and low-beta frequencies, lower coherence for high-alpha between all left hemisphere sites and (Fz), and lower coherence between T3 and all midline sites for the low-beta band. The results reveal that, compared to lesser skilled shooters, experts engage in less cortico-cortical communication, particularly between left temporal association and motor control regions, which implies decreased involvement of cognition with motor processes.

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Logatkin, C. M., M. A. Ryzhikov, and M. S. Kuznetsov. "Effects of impulse noise from small arms on the organ of hearing when anti-noise devices are used." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 4 (February 10, 2019): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2018-0-4-84-89.

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Relevance. The basis of modern rationing of noise and assessing its safety is the principle of equal energy: regardless of the source, effects are equal. However, this approach is not valid for impulse noise reaching the external auditory canal through the means of individual hearing protection. This issue needs further research.Intention. To assess effects of impulse noise when anti-noise devices are used on the auditory sensitivity and safety of military personnel.Methods. Effects of impulse noise of equal energy without anti-noise devices and reaching the external auditory canal through the means of protection was carried out in two groups of volunteers aged 18–23 years without contraindications for working under noise conditions. Shooters from the 1st group (12 persons) fired from an AK74M assault rifle (150 shots) in a free acoustic field. Shooters from the 2nd group (13 persons) used 6M2 noise protection headsets when shooting (330 shots).Results and discussion. The equivalent level of impulse noise affecting the hearing organ of the shooters from both study groups amounted to 99.4 dBA. Impulse noise filtering through a 6M2 noise protection headset led to a shift in the noise spectrum to the low-frequency region, therefore the maximum increase in hearing thresholds was noted not at high (as without anti-noise devices), but at low frequencies – 250 and 500 Hz. At the same time, the hearing thresholds restored after shooting without anti-noise devices within a day, and after shooting with noise protection headsets – in two hours.Conclusion. It was established that the impulse noise from small arms of the same equivalent level when reaching the external auditory canal through the anti-noise headphones is less dangerous in terms of hearing restoration than after direct exposure.

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Choi, Jae-Hee, Si-Eun Lee, Soo-Jung Lee, Bo-Ha Kwon, Yoo-Jin Shim, and A.-Ram Kim. "A Comparative Study on the Muscle Capacity and isokinetic strength of Young Shooters by Region : Rifle shots and clay shots." Korean Journal of Sports Science 29, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2020.02.29.1.909.

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Thomas, Vernon G., Niels Kanstrup, and Deborah J. Pain. "Promoting the Transition to Non-Lead Hunting Ammunition in the European Union Through Regulation and Policy Options." Environmental Policy and Law 51, no. 4 (August 16, 2021): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/epl-201068.

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Regulation (EU) 2021/57, banning the use of lead gunshot in wetland hunting, and adoption of the proposed European Union (EU) restriction on lead ammunition use by civilians in other types of hunting and target shooting, would complete the transition to non-lead ammunition use in the EU and ensure major compliance among hunters and shooters. The transition is possible since non-lead substitutes for all types of shotgun and rifle ammunition are produced already by leading European manufacturers. To ensure ammunition non-toxicity, EU standards are needed for lead substitutes to accompany both existing and potential future lead ammunition restrictions. Meat from wild game birds and mammals is a large and important commodity in the EU. Setting a maximum lead level in all marketed game meats under Regulation (EC) 1881/2006, aided by mandatory food labelling, would add extra health protection to human consumers. This regulatory step would help ensure that all wild game destined for retail markets were taken with non-lead ammunition, would complement existing and proposed European Commission restrictions on lead hunting ammunition and aid monitoring and enforcement. Increased public awareness of the risks posed by lead from ammunition to the health of humans, wildlife, and the environment, and especially their associated externalized costs to society, would promote and facilitate the passage of regulation to protect human and environmental health from toxic lead ammunition.

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SUCHOCKI, Cyprian, and Janusz EWERTOWSKI. "Experimental and Finite Element Studies on Man-Rifle Reaction Force." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.8991.

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The study concerns a man-weapon interaction during a gunshot. The recoil force measurements obtained for the Kalashnikov automatic rifle are presented and analyzed. The influence of shooter’s mass, height and position is described. The breech pressure and projectile velocity data are presented as well. In addition, a finite element (FE) model of the shooter-rifle system is developed in order to qualitatively assess the quantities which could not be determined experimentally, i.e. the stress, strain and displacement fields which are generated in the human body due to the rifle recoil. Several conclusions are drawn that allow for better understanding of the recoil phenomenon and can be useful from the weapon designer’s point of view.

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Taraszewski, Michał, and Janusz Ewertowski. "Complex experimental analysis of rifle-shooter interaction." Defence Technology 13, no. 5 (October 2017): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2017.05.021.

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Paulus, David C. "HUMAN FACTORS LEARNING CURVE FOR THUMB-OPERATED TRIGGER RIFLE USING GYROSCOPIC FEEDBACK INSTRUMENTATION." Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation 57, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34107/yhpn9422.04274.

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Researchers interested in evaluating the biomechanics and human factors associated with using a new product recognize that skill development with the novel design is time-dependent. A learning curve is a plot that shows the time to complete a task using the product decreases as the number of training repetitions increases. A novel thumb-operated trigger system (Iron Horse, Blackwater Worldwide™) has been developed for the AR-15 style rifle with the intent to shorten the learning curve. The purpose of this research effort is to quantify the learning curve for the new device and to compare it to that of a standard mil-spec AR-15 trigger system. A previously-trained shooter dry-fire trained with both rifle systems for twenty consecutive days alternating lower receivers each day. The rifles were equipped with a gyroscopic instrument (Mantis X™) that tracked the movement of the firearm during the trigger pull process. The instrument has a timer to record the reaction time to an auditory signal for each shot, records the magnitude and direction of movement of the firearm, and calculates an accuracy score. There was not a significant difference (p>0.05) between the thumb operated and mil-spec triggers’ cycle times. However, the accuracy scores with the thumb operated trigger were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those with the mil-spec trigger.

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Finan, Donald, Gregory Flamme, William Murphy, Michael Stewart, James Lankford, Stephen Tasko, and Deanna Meinke. "Prevention of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss from Recreational Firearms." Seminars in Hearing 38, no. 04 (October 10, 2017): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606323.

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In the United States and other parts of the world, recreational firearm shooting is a popular sport that puts the hearing of the shooter at risk. Peak sound pressure levels (SPLs) from firearms range from ∼140 to 175 dB. The majority of recreational firearms (excluding small-caliber 0.17 and 0.22 rifles and air rifles) generate between 150 and 165 dB peak SPLs. High-intensity impulse sounds will permanently damage delicate cochlear structures, and thus individuals who shoot firearms are at a higher risk of bilateral, high-frequency, noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) than peer groups who do not shoot. In this article, we describe several factors that influence the risk of NIHL including the use of a muzzle brake, the number of shots fired, the distance between shooters, the shooting environment, the choice of ammunition, the use of a suppressor, and hearing protection fit and use. Prevention strategies that address these factors and recommendations for specialized hearing protectors designed for shooting sports are offered. Partnerships are needed between the hearing health community, shooting sport groups, and wildlife conservation organizations to develop and disseminate accurate information and promote organizational resources that support hearing loss prevention efforts.

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Shearer, David A., Stephen D. Mellalieu, and Catherine R. Shearer. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study of an Elite Rifle Shooter." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 5, no. 2 (June 2011): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.5.2.134.

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While posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is most commonly associated with survivors of traumatic events (e.g., combat), PTSD can occur after any situation in which victims perceive that their life or safety is threatened. In sport, athletes often place themselves in dangerous situations and are also exposed to the same lifestyle dangers as the general population. The literature on PTSD among athletes is sparse, and consequently, it is possible that many (non-clinical) sport psychologists would fail to recognize the symptoms and may subsequently fail to refer the athlete to the appropriate professional for clinical assistance. In the following case study, we present an example of an athlete suffering from PTSD following a serious bicycle accident in which she sustained head and facial injuries. We briefly detail the nature of PTSD and discuss how sport psychology services can be implemented alongside a parallel clinical intervention program. Finally, we offer recommendations for practice when working with athletes with PTSD.

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Schloo, Rachael, and Vikram Mittal. "Effectiveness of the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 8, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2020v8i1.pp9-17.

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The purpose of this article and study is to analyze the effectiveness of the Engagement Skills Trainer 2000 (EST2000), which is the program of record for Army marksmanship training. The EST2000 has only been used for training with the actual marksmanship qualification being done on live ranges. However, the newest version of the rifle qualification course will include a component of shooting on the EST2000. Thus, this study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EST2000 in capturing real-world performance. USMA cadets were recruited to complete the Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) course on the EST2000, and these results were compared to the shooter’s performance on a live BRM course. A paired t-test was conducted to determine whether the EST2000 scores and the BRM scores were statistically different, and an R2 value was calculated to determine the relationship between the soldier’s performance on the EST2000 and real-world performance.

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Ridho Alfianto, Ridho Alfianto, Iman Sulaiman, and Ika Novitaria Marani. "HUBUNGAN DAYA TAHAN OTOT LENGAN DAN KOORDINASI MATA TANGAN DENGAN HASIL MENEMBAK AIR RIFLE 10 METER PADA KLUB OLAHRAGA MENEMBAK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA." Jurnal Ilmiah Sport Coaching and Education 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jsce.04212.

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ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) Hubungan Daya Tahan Otot lengan (X1) dengan Hasil Menembak Air Rifle 10 Meter (Y), 2) Hubungan Koordinasi Mata, Tangan (X2) dengan Hasil Menembak Air Rifle 10 Meter (Y). Hubungan Daya Tahan Otot Lengan (X1) Dan Koordinasi Mata Tangan (X2) Dengan Hasil Menembak Air Rifle 10 Meter (YSampel penelitian berjumlah 35 orang dengan teknik pengambilan data total sampling. Instrumen tes daya tahan otot lengan menggunakan Dumbble Front Raise Test. Untuk tes koordinasi mata tangan menggunakan Speed Anticipation Reaction. Dan untuk tes hasil menembak air rifle 10 meter melakukan penembakan dengan sasaran berjarak 10 meter, teknik analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah teknik korelasi sederhana dan korelasi ganda dan dilanjutkan dengan uji t pada taraf signifikansi = 0,05. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara daya tahan otot lengan (X1) dengan hasil menembak air rifle 10 meter (Y) yang ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi rX1Y = 0,875 dan koefisien determinasi = 0,766 yang berarti jumlah kontribusinya adalah 76%. (2) terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara koordinasi mata, tangan (X2) dengan hasil menembak air rifle 10 meter (Y) yang ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi rX2Y = 0,537 dan koefisien determinasi = 0,7259 yang berarti jumlah kontribusinya adalah 72,59%. (3) terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara daya tahan otot lengan (X1) dan koordinasi mata, tangan (X2) dengan hasil menembak air rifle 10 meter (Y) dengan koefisien korelasi rX1X2Y = 0,893 dan koefisien determinasi = 0,797 yang berarti jumlah sumbangannya adalah sebesar 79,7%. Kata kunci: Daya Tahan Otot Lengan, Koordinasi Mata Tangan, Hasil Menembak Air Rifle 10 meter. ABSTRACT The purpose of this research are to discovert 1) The correlation of an arm muscles endurance (X1) with The result of an Air Rifle 10 Meters Shoot (Y),2) The correlation of eyes and hand coordination (X2) with the result of an Air Rifle 10 Meters Shoot (Y), 3) The correlation of an arm muscles endurance (X1) and eyes also hand coordination (X2) With the result of an Air Rifle 10 Meters Shoot (Y). The 35 people was for research sample with data retrieval techniques of total sampling. The tests instrument of an arm muscles endurance is using Dumbble Front Raise Test, for the eyes and hand coordinations test is using Speed Anticipation Reaction. And for the result of an Air Rifle 10 meters shoot test was doing a shoots with a 10 meters target, the statistical analysis techniques was using a simple correlation techniques and double correlations following by a t test on significance level = 0,05. The result of the data analysis shows that 1) There is a meaningful correlation between an arm muscles endurance (X1) with the result of an Air Rifle 10 Meters shoot (Y) that indicated by a coefficient of correlation rx1y = 0,875 and coefficient of determination = 0,766 which means the total of the contribution is 76%. (2) There is a meaningful correlations between an eyes and hand coordination (X2) with the result of an Air Rifle 10 meters shoot (Y) that indicated by a coefficient of correlation rx2y = 0,537 and coefficient of determination = 0,7259 which means the total of the contributions is 72,59%. (3) There is a meaningful correlation between an arm muscles endurance (X1) and eyes also hand coordination (X2) with the result of an Air Rifle 10 meters shoot (Y) with a coefficient of correlation rx1x2y = 0,893 and coefficient of determination = 0,797 which means the total of the contributions is 79,7%. Keywords : Arm Muscle Endurance, Coordination Eyes also Hand, the Result of an Air Rifle 10 Meters shoot.

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Koettinen, Niilo, and Heikki Lyytinen. "Individual Variability in Brain Slow Wave Profiles in Skilled Sharpshooters during the Aiming Period in Rifle Shooting." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 15, no. 3 (September 1993): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.3.275.

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Preshot brain slow potential (SP) shifts from frontal, central, centro-lateral, and occipital areas were recorded for 12 national-caliber sharpshooters during rifle-shooting performance. The aim of the study was to examine the intra-and intersubject variation in these SP profiles and to compare the superior performance to the poor performance. The results revealed that each shooter responded with one main SP profile in both performance categories. The other profiles represented outliers rather than substantial variation. The main profiles differed from subject to subject, presumably indicating several shooting styles. Finally, the main profiles related to high and low score shots could be differentiated, but this differentiation varied from subject to subject. The results were interpreted as showing that a shooter tends systematically to carry through a learned performance pattern, which is reflected in the main SP profile of the superior shots. If the shooter fails to follow this pattern, the shot is preceded by different SP changes.

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Fan, Zhi Teng, Rui Lin Wang, and Tao Li. "Simulation Analysis of Firing Dynamics on a New Heavy Machine Gun." Applied Mechanics and Materials 574 (July 2014): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.574.32.

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In order to study the automation dynamics of a certain type of Heavy Machine Gun, a virtual prototype model is established based on analysing the structural characteristics and movement principle. The dynamics model is created by ADAMS, including determining the boundary conditions of shooter and soil. The movement characteristic of bolt in rounds of continuous firing is analysed. Choosing the velocity of bolt as checkout targets, analysing the simulation result and test data comparatively, the feasibility of model is confirmation. So the foundation of further movement analysing, parameter matching and structural optimization about the rifle is laid.

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de Jager, Elzerie, Justin C. McCarty, Molly P. Jarman, and Eric Goralnick. "US Civilian Active Shooter Incidents Involving a Semiautomatic Rifle Are More Lethal Than Incidents Involving Other Firearms." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 229, no. 3 (September 2019): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.03.017.

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Lim, Taehong, Junghwan Oh, and Kooin Jung. "Effect of PST Using Positive Psychological Techniques on the Psychological Variables and Performance of a Rifle Shooter." Korean Journal of Sport Psychology 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14385/kssp.30.3.19.

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Prapavessis, Harry, J. Robert Grove, Peter J. McNair, and Nigel T. Cable. "Self-Regulation Training, State Anxiety, and Sport Performance: A Psychophysiological Case Study." Sport Psychologist 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.3.213.

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A single-subject research design was used to test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral intervention in reducing state anxiety and improving sport performance. The subject was a small-bore rifle shooter who suffered from high levels of competition-related anxiety. Initially, self-report, physiological, and behavioral measures of baseline state anxiety were obtained during competition. A 6-week intervention program was then implemented. This program included training in relaxation, thought stoppage, refocusing, coping statements, and biofeedback. An opportunity to practice using these procedures in competition was provided. Measures of state anxiety and performance were then obtained in a second competition. Results revealed that cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, gun vibration, and urinary catecholamines decreased whereas self-confidence and performance increased from baseline to treatment. The importance of examining multiple dimensions of state anxiety using a multimethod, idiographic approach is discussed.

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de Jager, Elzerie, Eric Goralnick, Justin C. McCarty, Zain G. Hashmi, Molly P. Jarman, and Adil H. Haider. "Lethality of Civilian Active Shooter Incidents With and Without Semiautomatic Rifles in the United States." JAMA 320, no. 10 (September 11, 2018): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.11009.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rifle shooters'

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