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Nagarajan, Geetha. "Informal credit markets in Philippine rice growing areas." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1249498212.
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Sundelin, William. "Growing crops or growing conflicts? : Climate variability, rice production and political violence in Vietnam." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9757.
Abstract:
This thesis contributes to research on climate change and violent conflict by testing the theory of a causal relationship between climate variability, agricultural production and political violence in the case of Vietnam 2010-2019. Climate-related negative shocks to agricultural production in developing countries are expected to lower the opportunity cost of violence through an income effect. This increases the risk of violent conflict. The thesis draws on a framework that combines climate-conflict research, civil war theory and research on how climactic factors affect rice cultivation in Southeast Asia. It tests the hypotheses emerging from the framework using mixed-effect models and a counterfactual comparison. Minimum temperature increases in the growing season for rice have been found to decrease rice yields, while maximum temperature increases have a positive effect on yield.The results show that minimum temperature increases are averse to Vietnamese rice production and have a positive relationship with political violence in the following year. Maximum temperature however is not significantly related to either rice production or violence. These results are in line with the hypotheses drawn from the framework. The minimum temperature effect on political violence is small compared to some of the covariates but robust to several different model specifications. The results provide evidence of a climate-conflict link through agricultural production in contemporary Vietnam which is similar to the findings in existing case studies in Southeast Asia. However, more research will be needed to decisively identify the causal mechanism and the specifics of how it works.The seminar was held digitally.
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Aben, Silvestre K., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Science and Technology, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Influence of elevated CO2 partial pressure on early growth and development of rice." THESIS_FST_HPS_Aben_S.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/218.
Abstract:
The rise in atmospheric CO2 partial pressures that is predicted for the 21st Century is likely to increase productivity and alter nutrient of C3 crop plants. Consequently, physiological data on plant growth and nutrition at elevated CO2 are required, because these data underpin simulation models, which are needed for management of crops under the CO2 scenario for the mid to late 21st Century.In particular, information is required about management of nitrogen(N) fertilisation because this mineral nutrient plays a central role in the growh of many crops. Rice was chosen as a model plant because of its widespread consumption throughout the world and its responsiveness to CO2 and N fertilisation. There were three major hypotheses: first, that early exposure of rice plants to high CO2 is required to achieve the maximum growth and tillering response; secondly, that early increases in growth and tillering at high CO2 are associated with the phytohormone, ethylene; and thirdly, that growth at elevated CO2 decreases leaf N concentrations required to support maximum dry mass production and photosynthetic rates (critical concentrations).Several tests and experiments were conducted and results noted. It is likely that grain yield will be greater as the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure rises even when N supplies are low, providing that high CO2 does not cause accelerated tiller abortion at low N.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Tudi, Muyesaier. "Pesticide Contamination and Environmental Health Risk Assessment in Typical Rice Growing Areas of China." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/405208.
Abstract:
Pymetrozine has replaced the toxic organophosphate pesticides that were previously used for rice crops in China. Owing to its recent introduction, there are limited studies on the residuals and dynamics of Pymetrozine in the environment. The existing data usually pertain to application studies on artificially constructed plots. Such studies do not adequately address the behaviour of natural dynamics and residuals of Pymetrozine in actual field conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out studies under field conditions to investigate the natural dynamics and residuals of Pymetrozine in typical rice-growing areas in China. In addition, residents living close to agricultural lands might be exposed to pesticides through environmental pathways including spray drift and volatilisation of pesticides beyond the treated area. Most studies about the metabolism, environmental distribution, fate and exposure of Pymetrozine have been carried out in laboratory conditions. However, these experiments cannot represent the natural dynamics and residuals and its exposure and human health risk in the field situation. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically assess Pymetrozine exposures and potential health risks through the environmental routes for residents living close to agricultural lands in field situations.
This study was carried out in two rice growing areas in China: Guangxi Province and Hunan Province. Surface soil and paddy water samples were collected in each area on the day prior to spraying and up to the 28th day after pesticide application in June 2019. A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used to extract the target analyte. Parameters including linearity, linear range, LOQs, accuracy, precision and stability were considered to evaluate the method validation. Calibration curve analysis and kinetic evaluation methods were used to discuss the dynamics and residual levels of Pymetrozine. In addition, data on the registration of pesticides in China were used, along with government reports, and questionnaire interview as well as toxicological health investigations were carried out to determine the potential hazard identification of Pymetrozine as the major hazard to community health. US EPA exposure assessment and human health risk assessment methods were conducted using the soil and paddy water samples which were collected between 10 to 20 metres around the residents’ apartments. These included the calculation of Hazard Quotient (HQ) and cancer risk values to assess health risks.
The results of the recovery range for both the soil and water samples were between 70 % and 120 %, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than the 20 % in this study, being within the accepted level for residue determination method. Thus, this result shows satisfactory performance of the method. The initial deposit of Pymetrozine in soils was higher than in paddy water in both areas. The decay of Pymetrozine followed an exponential trend. The half-life of Pymetrozine in paddy water was determined to be 3.08 and 3.85 days in the Guangxi and Hunan samples, whereas in soil it was 3.49 and 3.73 days, respectively. The degradation of Pymetrozine in soil and paddy water in this field study was faster than reported in previous studies conducted under non-field conditions.
The typical loamy soil and red soil type of the rice-growing areas in China, make residues of Pymetrozine very susceptible to chemical and biological degradation, probably corresponding to the variety of microorganisms in that soil type. In addition, the partitioning behaviour of Pymetrozine between soil/sediment and water conforms to previous results and can be used in modelling studies.
The minimum, average, 95th percentile and maximum of the potential cancer risk from dermal contact with soil and water for adults and children; the minimum, average, 95th percentile and maximum of the potential cancer risk from ingestion of soil for adults and children; and the potential total cancer risk from soil and paddy water exposure through the dermal and ingestion pathways were less than 1×10-6, which is within the acceptable levels.
The potential non-cancer risk levels obtained for the minimum, average, 95th percentile and maximum of the acute dose and lifetime dose of Pymetrozine through dermal exposure to soils and paddy water; and ingestion exposure to soil for adults and children of the two study locations were below unity. Thus, the potential risks were relatively low.
There are no significant potential health effects of Pymetrozine exposure from environmental routes to agriculture communities in both typical rice-growing areas Hunan and Guangxi, of China.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Medicine & Dentistry
Griffith Health
Full Text
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Finger, Maria Isabel Fernandes. "Percepção e medidas de gestão de riscos por produtores de arroz irrigado na Fronteira-Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49362.
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A produção agrícola apresenta características particulares, se comparada a outras atividades da economia, sendo uma das mais marcantes a extensão dos riscos aos quais está exposta. O cultivo de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) irrigado, embora pareça menos suscetível a riscos do que as culturas de sequeiro, também está exposto aos riscos inerentes ao exercício da atividade agrícola. Maior produtor mundial de arroz fora da Ásia, o Brasil tem no estado do Rio Grande do Sul seu principal estado produtor, com 65% do total. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como o orizicultor do Rio Grande do Sul percebe os riscos inerentes à sua atividade e quais medidas adota para gerir estes riscos. O método empregado envolveu a aplicação presencial de questionários semiestruturados em orizicultores, de acordo com uma amostra não probabilística definida. Os resultados indicaram que os orizicultores atribuem maior relevância aos riscos socioeconômicos do que aos de produção, na percepção atual. Quando comparada a percepção atual dos orizicultores em relação à de cinco anos atrás, observou-se um aumento da relevância dos riscos de mercado e institucionais. Evidencia-se, assim, a importância da gestão do negócio por parte dos orizicultores do Rio Grande do Sul, para que sua atividade produtiva esteja organizada de modo a ocorrer de forma integrada com os demais elos da cadeia produtiva do arroz. A menor relevância atribuída pelos orizicultores aos riscos de produção, na percepção atual, pode indicar que as técnicas produtivas já estejam consolidadas. Em se tratando de medidas de gestão de riscos, a busca de informação é adotada pela maioria dos orizicultores e foi considerada relevante; no entanto, há indicativos de que a aplicação desta informação ainda pode ser melhorada. Os orizicultores percebem a importância e a necessidade de reduzir custos sem, no entanto, formalizar a maneira de fazê-lo. A redução de custos pode ser uma alternativa para mitigação de riscos de mercado, apontados como os mais relevantes pelos orizicultores. A percepção dos orizicultores sobre as fontes de risco inerentes à sua atividade e sobre as medidas para mitigá-las pode representar o alicerce na formulação de estratégias de gestão de riscos.Agricultural production has many different influencing factors compared to other economic areas. One of the most striking is the extent of the risks to which it is exposed. Irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, although seeming less susceptible to risk than non-irrigated crops, is also exposed to risks related to agricultural practices. World's largest producer of rice outside Asia, Brazil has the state of Rio Grande do Sul as its main producer, reaching 65% of the total amount. The aim of this study was to analyze how rice farmers in Rio Grande do Sul realize the risks of their activity and what measures they take to manage such risks. Methodology involved the administration of a semi-structured questionnaire with rice farmers, according to a non-probabilistic sample. The results indicated that rice farmers attach greater relevance to economic and social risks in their current perception, rather than to production related ones. Comparing rice growers’ current perception with that of five years ago, an increase on the relevance of market and institutional risks was observed. Thus, one realizes the importance of business management by rice farmers in Rio Grande do Sul, in order to organize their activity to take place in an integrated manner with others links of the rice production chain. The lowest relevance ascribed to production-related risks in the current perception may indicate that production techniques have already been consolidated. Regarding measures for risk management, information seeking is adopted for most rice farmers and was considered relevant; however, there is evidence that the applicability of this information can still be improved. Rice growers realize the importance and the need to reduce costs without, however, formalizing a way of doing it. Costs reduction may be an option to mitigate market risks, identified as the most relevant by the rice growers. Rice growers´ perception on the risk sources inherent to their activity and on measures to mitigate them may represent the foundation for formulating risk management strategies.
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Bortolini, Vera Maria de Souza. "Caracterização nutricional de misturasà base de arroz parboilizado, soja e uva e seus efeitos em parâmetros biológicos de ratos Wistarem crescimento." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3091.
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O Brasil é considerado um dos países que mais produz resíduos agroindustriais, devido à intensa atividade agrícola. Como exemplo deste fato destaca-se a quirera de arroz,o bagaço de uva ea farinha de soja que podem ser aproveitados como ingredientes na elaboração de novos produtos para a alimentação humana. Objetivou-se com esteestudo, caracterizar nutricionalmente misturas à base de arroz parboilizado, farinha de soja desengordurada e bagaço de uva e seus efeitos nos parâmetros biológicos de ratos Wistar após desmame, visando alternativas para uma alimentação saudável na fase de crescimento. O trabalho foi estruturado em dois experimentos, onde no Experimento I foram comparados, parâmetros nutricionais e microbiológicos, compostos fenólicos,antocianinas e atividade antioxidante em arroz parboilizado, farinha de soja desengordurada e bagaço de uva. No Experimento II foram avaliadas as respostas biológicas de ratos machos Wistarem crescimento,alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes proporções de arroz parboilizado, farinha de soja e bagaço de uva. Os resultados permitem concluir que a maior concentração de soja no suplemento, causa ganho de peso, aumento no colesterol, na glicose e na gordura epididimal, entretanto promove o crescimento.O aumento da concentração de arroz e bagaço de uva no suplemento, provoca aumento na área do fêmur, diminui os níveis de triglicerídeos e não altera os níveis de colesterol e gordura epididimal.A suplementação com arroz, soja e bagaço de uva, não provoca alteração na função hepática, sendo possível a sua utilização na alimentação no período de crescimento.
Brazil is considered one of the countries that more agro-industrial waste produced, due to the intense agricultural activity. As an example of this fact is the Grits of grape bagasse, rice and soy flour that can be used as ingredients in the preparation of new products for human consumption. The objective of this study, to characterize nutritionally mixtures with a basis of parboiled rice, defatted soy flour and grape Marc and their effects on biological parameters of Wistar rats after weaning, seeking alternatives for a healthy nutrition in growth phase. The work was structured in two experiments, where in experiment I were compared, nutritional and microbiological parameters, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity in parboiled rice, soy flour, defatted and grape marc. In experiment II were evaluated the biological responses of male Wistar rats in growth, fed with diets containing different proportions of parboiled rice, soy flour and grape marc. The results allow to conclude that the greatest concentration of soybean in the supplement, cause weight gain, increase in cholesterol, glucose and epididymal fat, however promotes growth. The increase in concentration of rice and grape Marc in the supplement, causes an increase in the area of the femur, decreases triglyceride levels and does not alter the levels of cholesterol and epididymal fat. Supplementation with rice, soya and grape residue, does not cause change in liver function and its use in feed on growth period.
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Beck, Anderson de Medeiros. "O PROCESSO DE MUDANÇA NA DEMELFOR S.A: UM ESTUDO DE CASO NO SETOR ORIZICOLA URUGUAIO." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8057.
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This study deals with the change process in an interprise of the rice growing sector, whose headquarter is located at the Artigas Department, Uruguay, in the period 1990-2007. It is a qualitative study case, based on pre-structured interviews with six directors, allowing us to describe and analyse the main strategic changes and structures undergone by the company under the view of eight key-questionings: dominant coalition formation, establishment of a view of the future, communication in the organization, formation of a team to implement the change, mobilization promotion and members participation, planning and strategies specification, capacitation and human resources development and finally definition of performance indicators. Other studies focusing on human resources and their role in conducting the change process, and also studies on operational and tactic strategic indicators, developing the instrument to measure
the performance, and a study of the organizational change departing from the utilization of the performance indicators.Este estudo trata do processo de mudança em uma empresa do setor orizícola, com sede no Departamento de Artigas, Uruguai, no período compreendido entre 1990 e 2007. Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo, baseado em entrevista pré-estruturada com os seis principais dirigentes, permitindo descrever e analisar as principais mudanças estratégicas e estruturais sofridas pela empresa sob a ótica de oito questionamentos-chave: formação da coalizão dominante, estabelecimento da visão de futuro, comunicação na organização, formação da equipe de implementação da mudança, promoção da mobilização e participação dos colaboradores, planejamento e especificação das estratégias, capacitação e desenvolvimento dos recursos humanos e definição dos indicadores de desempenho. Recomendam-se outros estudos sob o enfoque dos recursos humanos e seu papel na condução de processo de mudança, além de estudos sobre indicadores estratégicos, desdobrando-os em operacionais e táticos, desenvolvendo o instrumento completo de medição de desempenho, bem como estudos sobre a verificação da mudança organizacional a partir da utilização de indicadores de desempenho.
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Salbego, Adriana Gindri. "SIMULAÇÃO DE CENÁRIOS DE SUSTENTABILIDADE HÍDRICA DA ORIZICULTURA NA SUB-BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ARROIO GRANDE ATRAVÉS DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DE BARRAGENS TEMPORÁRIAS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3585.
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Water shortages in certain periods have led to serious social conflicts, as well as economic and environmental impacts resulting from irrigated agriculture, especially of rice growing, which represents a high demand of water. The present study proposes a methodology for analyzing the water sustainability of rice growing through the implementation the temporary dams at the river-bed of water courses, with the study area the watershed of Arroio Grande, which has a growing need to match the conditions of supply and demand. The analysis of water supply and
demand conditions was made in the context of the watershed and by control point, three scenarios are composed: scenarios 1 - the existing situation; scenario 2: considers compliance to environmental legislation, with elimination of rice growing areas in areas of permanent preservation and destination of the portion of
environmental flow (30%Q90) an; scenario 3: considers compliance to environmental legislation and implementation the temporary dam at the river-beds of water courses
upstream of where the shortage was indicated, as a way to expand and ensure water supply for rice growing. The results show that the in the scenario 1 the demand is
met, although for control points 5 and 6 it is equivalent to 89% to 97% of its availability, besides not meet environmental legislation. For the scenario 2, control
points 5 and 6 indicate water scarcity for the months analyzed (November February), indicating the places where water supply should be expanded. In scenario
3, it is concluded that the temporary dams proposed have the may partially meet the water requirements and PC 5, PC 6, the results indicate no compliance between supply and demand. Therefore, concluded that the conflicts over water use in the watershed of the Arroio Grande resulting from irrigated agriculture can be minimized with the installation of temporary dams. However, the results indicate that the water sustainability of rice growing can only be achieved by reducing the irrigated area,
specifically between the PC 3-5 and 4-6.A escassez de água em determinados períodos vem provocando sérios conflitos sociais, econômicos e ambientais, decorrentes da agricultura irrigada, especialmente da cultura orizícola, que apresenta alta demanda hídrica. Desta forma, o presente estudo propõe uma metodologia para analisar a sustentabilidade hídrica da cultura orizícola através da implantação de barragens temporárias no álveo de cursos d água, tendo como área de estudo a sub-bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Grande, que apresenta uma crescente necessidade de compatibilizar as condições de oferta e demanda. A análise das condições de oferta e demanda hídrica foi realizada no contexto da sub-bacia e por ponto de controle (PC), sendo compostos três cenários: cenário 1 - situação existente; cenário 2: considera o atendimento a legislação ambiental, com a eliminação de áreas de cultivo orizícola em Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e destinação da parcela de vazão ambiental (30%Q90) e; cenário 3: considera o atendimento a legislação ambiental e propõe a implantação de barragens temporárias no álveo de cursos d água, a montante dos locais que indica escassez, como forma de ampliar o suprimento hídrico da cultura orizícola. Os resultados mostraram que no cenário 1 a demanda é atendida, embora para os pontos de controle 5 e 6, equivale de 89% a 97% da disponibilidade hídrica, além de não atender a legislação ambiental. Para o cenário 2, os pontos de controle 5 e 6 apontam escassez hídrica para os meses analisados (novembro a fevereiro), indicando assim os locais em que a oferta hídrica deverá ser ampliada. No cenário 3, conclui-se que as barragens temporárias propostas poderão atender parcialmente a demanda hídrica do PC 5 e, no PC 6, os resultados indicam não haver conformidade entre oferta e demanda. Desta forma, conclui-se que os conflitos pelo uso da água na sub-bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Grande decorrentes da agricultura irrigada poderão ser minimizados com a implantação das barragens temporárias. Entretanto, os resultados indicam que a sustentabilidade hídrica da cultura orizícola somente poderá ser alcançada com a redução da área irrigada, especificamente, entre os PC 3 - 5 e, 4 - 6.
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Jaeck, Mélanie. "Emergence d'une complémentarité stratégique entre agriculture et biodiversité dans les territoires à haute valeur environnementale. L'exemple de la Camargue." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0013.
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Dans cette thèse nous nous interrogeons sur l'émergence d'une complémentarité stratégique entre l'agriculture et la biodiversité dans les territoires à haute valeur environnementale. Nous étudions l'exemple de la Camargue, zone humide d'intérêt international, où l'enjeu est de concilier agriculture et protection de l'environnement. Nous réalisons d'abord une analyse du contexte camarguais, en insistant sur les rapports ambivalents entre agriculture et biodiversité . Dans la mesure où la réforme future de la PAC va venir remettre en question les conditions d'octroi de ces aides, autant que leur volume global, le développement de la riziculture camarguaise passe à terme par son association à une image de terre sauvage et naturelle. Cette complémentarité stratégique de fait peut permettre de concevoir les futures politiques publiques et de justifier le maintien des aides à la riziculture camarguaise, par sa contribution à la gestion durable de la biodiversité. Nous examinons ensuite les conditions économiques d'émergence d'une riziculture biologique, dans ce contexte particulier. Les conditions de marché, et plus précisément la présence d'une concurrence imparfaite, caractérisés par la concentration de la fourniture d'intrants (herbicides et semences) en un petit nombre de fournisseurs. Leurs stratégies d'adaptation au développement des pratiques d'agriculture biologique sont contraintes par les conditions de marché et limitées aux quantités offertes. Nous étudions à quelles conditions un équilibre stratégique existe, et excluons des équilibres extrêmes (riz biologique dominant / exclu). Nos résultats placent les stratégies d'offre variétale au c?ur de ces interactions stratégiques, c'est pourquoi nous prolongeons cette approche stratégique par l'étude des déterminants économiques de la diversité variétale dans les exploitations rizicoles camarguaises. Celle-ci confirme la place accordée aux stratégies de niche, et met en avant le rôle des opportunités de marché et des réseaux dans les choix de porte-feuille de cultivars par les agriculteurs, au-delà des contraintes structurelles de l'exploitation. Enfin, une enquête de type "choice experiments" fait apparaître l'influence des normes collectives dans les préférences des riziculteurs camarguais pour les technologies de production dont ils disposent. Les résultats de cette étude empirique montrent qu'une grande majorité des producteurs pourrait adopter des technologies sans intrants chimiques, à condition d'être accompagnés de compensations financières équivalentes à celles accordées actuellement sans condition dans le cadre de la PAC. Au-delà du cas d'étude, la thèse fournit donc des enseignements utiles pour la conception de politiques publiques capables de concilier efficacité économique et développement durable. Elle est aussi une contribution à la réflexion sur la gestion intégrée multi-acteurs de l'agriculture et de la biodiversité à l'échelle d'un territoire à haute valeur environnementaleIn this research, we assessed the emergence of a strategic complementarity between farming and biodiversity, in a landscape with a high environmental value. We rely on the Rhone river delta, wetland of international interest, and well known biodiversity's hotspot. We examine the conditions of emergence of the organic agriculture in this particular context. The market conditions, more precisely the presence of imperfect competition for input (seeds and herbicides) are putting several constraints on adaptation's strategies accessibles to firms. As a consequence, the main way to adapt is the control of input supply. We study at which conditions an interior equilibrium does exist. The study of economic factors of rice' cultivar's diversity in farms in the Camargue area confirm the role played by niche strategies, and highlight the importance of market opportunities and commercial networks in the cultivar's portfolio choices made by farmers. They are naturally playing in interaction with factors governing the costs and benefits of managing a greater cultivar's diversity. Finally, the choice experiments survey put emphasis on the influence of collective norms in farmers' preferences for production technologies. The results show that a large majority of rice producers are adopt agro-ecological technologies at a price of monetary incentives equivalent to those obtained currently from the CAP, without conditions. Thus, the future of agricultural development in the Camargue area should be associated with environmental preservation. This de facto strategic complementarity could enables stakeholders and public authorities to design future public policies and give a conditional support to a sustainable agriculture
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Britto, Fábio Brandão. "Monitoramento e modelagem da qualidade da água e agrotóxicos em corpos hídricos no Baixo São Francisco sergipano." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4043.
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The importance of monitoring studies in areas with man-made actions is related to the diagnosis of environmental impacts in water source regions, in the search of factors that show, in a simple way, the causes for degradation of multiple uses areas. In Sergipe, the presence of several Irrigated Perimeters in the riverbanks justifies the search of these changes. To this end, it was defined the study in the area of floodplains in Betume and in California’s nonirrigated area. It was performed 34 monitoring campagins from March 2013 to December 2014. It was analysed the physical-chemical parameters and turbidity rates, chlorophyll, DO, DBO and thermotolerant coliforms, both during the dry and wet periods, way more than the limits established by CONAMA/2005’s resolution, class 2. Besides the aforementioned water sources, others were attached to the study, among them: Jacaré River, Santo Antônio River, Pilões River, Papagaio River, Capivara River and Jacaré-Curituba Dam. The Water Quality Index (WQI) revealed a tendency of 54% compromising the quality of water of the Rivers mentioned before, due to the domestic effluent. On the other hand, the Trophic State Index (TSI), the compromising reached 82% of the water quality, through eutrophication of water sources. Besides, through multivariate analysis grouping type, it was demonstrated the relationship between the association of physical-chemical parameters. This association happened to Betume River with Santo Antônio River, Pilões River and São Francisco River. Similarly, during dry weather, Onça Creek with Betume's drainage; and Santo Antônio River with Pilões River, and all of them presented proximity. It can also be highlighted that the application of Factor Analysis to the variable group in the selection of three indicative aspects of water quality of the studied rivers. The Varimax rotation of factors showed that the variables of water quality are mainly related to mineral, nutritional, organic matter and degree of pollution content. Another factor was noticed regarding the handling of cultures in the irrigated perimeters which was the use of pesticides in order to control plagues, and to analyse this aspect, it was collected bimestral water, in 12 campaigns. The results detected active principles used in agricultural practices in the irrigated region, among them: chlorpyrifos, atrazine, ivermectin, cyproconazole, tetraconozole and tebuconazole. The rates presented were below the acceptable, when compared to patterns of acceptable daily ingestion (ADI) of ANVISA and EPA. However, according to European Community, the concentrations of tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos were elevated. Based on these results, it was used the SWAT model, an appropriate tool for modelling, which enables generating Scenarios to the use of these pesticides in rice-growing areas. The results demonstrated low mobility in water and the application of constant pesticide in order to fight rice blast showed a high potential of the transported Terbuconazone, when dissolved in water. The presence of chlorpyrifos occurred during rice inter-harvest, in low concentration, when compared to water movements, due to the mobility in water, and low soil retention. Thus, it was evidenced that the man-made actions referring to changes to the use of soil in hydrographical basins promote changes both in production and quality of water as well as the presence of pesticides in sediment and superficial water. These interferences in the habitat should promote public policies that manage systems of water quality monitoring applied to these regions, thus, preserving and protecting the water supply of possible contaminations of environment and inhabitants.A importância de estudos de monitoramento em áreas com ações antrópicas, tem colaborado para diagnosticar os impactos ambientais das regiões com mananciais, buscando indicadores que demonstrem de forma simplificada as causas da degradação das áreas de usos múltiplos. Não seria diferente neste estudo, em que Sergipe possui diversos Perímetros Irrigados nas margens dos rios. Para isso, foi definido o estudo na área de várzeas inundáveis no rio Betume e sequeiro no perímetro irrigado Califórnia. Durante o período de março de 2013 a dezembro de 2014 foram realizadas 34 campanhas de monitoramento. Foram analisados os parâmetros físico-químicos e constatado valores de turbidez, clorofila-a, OD, DBO e coliformes termotolerantes, tanto no período seco como chuvoso, fora do limite estabelecido pelo CONAMA/2005, classe 2. Além dos mananciais acima estudados, outros foram anexados ao estudo, entre eles: rio Jacaré, rio Santo Antônio, rio Pilões, rio Papagaio, rio Capivara e Barragem do Jacaré-Curituba. Para Índice de Qualidade da Água (IQA), revelou uma tendência de 54% do comprometimento da qualidade da água destes rios, em virtude dos efluentes doméstico. Para o Índice Estado Trófico (IET), o comprometimento atingiu 82% para qualidade da água, através da eutrofização dos mananciais. Além disso, por meio da análise multivariada do tipo agrupamento, pode demonstrar a relação de associação entre os parâmetros físico-químicos. Esta associação ocorreu para o rio Betume com o rio Santo Antônio, rio Pilões e rio São Francisco. Da mesma forma, durante o período seco, ocorreu no riacho da Onça com Drenagem do Betume; no rio Santo Antônio com rio Pilões, em que todos apresentaram proximidades euclidiana. Vale ressaltar também, que a aplicação da Análise Fatorial ao conjunto de variáveis resultou na seleção de três fatores indicadores da qualidade da água dos rios em estudo. A rotação ortogonal Varimax dos fatores mostrou que as variáveis da qualidade da água estão relacionadas principalmente com o conteúdo mineral, nutricional, matéria orgânica e grau de poluição. Ainda sobre o manejo destas culturas nos perímetros irrigados, outro fato constatado foi o uso de agrotóxicos para controle de pragas, sendo assim, foram feitas coletas bimestrais de água, totalizando 12 campanhas. Os resultados detectaram princípios ativos utilizados nas práticas agrícolas da região dos perímetros irrigados, são eles: clorpirifós, atrazina, ivernectina, ciproconazole, tetraconozole e tebuconazole. Apresentaram valores abaixo, quando comparados com os padrões de ingestão diária aceitável (IDA) da ANVISA e EPA. Mas, de acordo com normas da Comunidade Europeia, as concentrações de tebuconazole e clorpirifós foram elevadas. Baseado nestes resultados, utilizou-se o modelo SWAT, ferramenta apropriada para modelagem e possibilita gerar Cenários para o uso destes agrotóxicos na rizicultura. Os resultados demonstraram que a baixa mobilidade na água e aplicação constante do agrotóxico no combate ao brusone apresentou um alto potencial do Terbuconazone de ser transportado quando dissolvido em água. Já a presença do Clorpifiros ocorreu na entressafra do arroz, com baixa concentração, quando comparados ao movimento na água, isto se deve a sua alta mobilidade na água e baixa retenção do solo. Portanto fica evidenciado que as ações antrópicas referentes às modificações do uso do solo nas bacias hidrográficas promovem alterações tanto na produção e qualidade da água, quanto na presença de agrotóxicos nos sedimentos e nas águas superficiais. Estas interferências no habitat devem promover políticas públicas que gerencie sistemas de monitoramento da qualidade da água aplicados nestas regiões, e assim preservar e proteger o corpo hídrico de possíveis contaminações do meio ambiente e dos habitantes.
11
César, Claudine Saldanha. "Análise da institucionalização da cobrança do uso da água para orizicultura na região hidrográfica do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11132.
Abstract:
O crescimento populacional, a industrialização e a expansão da agricultura no último século vêm acarretando problemas de escassez e degradação dos recursos hídricos. Desta forma, a gestão das águas passou a fazer parte das discussões políticas, sociais, econômicas e acadêmicas. A noção atual é a de que a água é um recurso finito, escasso e valorizado economicamente. Assim, a necessidade desse recurso leva fornecedores e usuários a negociarem no ambiente institucional vigente. A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da institucionalização da cobrança da água no mercado de fornecimento para a lavoura orizícola na Região Hidrográfica do Litoral do Rio Grande do Sul. Para atender este objetivo, foram utilizados procedimentos metodológicos qualitativos, tendo como alvo produtores orizícolas e experts, distribuídos em 47 entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Inicialmente foram identificadas e caracterizadas as dimensões do arranjo institucional dos recursos hídricos e, esses resultados permitiram a construção de cinco cená rios: realista, pessimista, otimista, conformista e resistente para a cobrança pelo uso da água. Esses cenários revelaram que o mercado de fornecimento de água para a lavoura arrozeira já está legitimado socialmente. Não há intervenção do Estado, nem dos comitês de bacia hidrográfica nas negociações entre usuários e fornecedores dos serviços de irrigação. Assim, percebe-se que a cobrança do uso da água poderá afetar a formação de preços nesse mercado, mas o poder de barganha entre as partes permanecerá àque le que já está institucionalizado.Population growth, industrialization and expansion of agriculture in the last century have caused problems of shortage and degradation of water resources. This way, water management started making part of political, social, economic and academic discussions. The current notion is that water is a finite, scarce and economically valuable resource. So, the need of such a resource leads suppliers and users to negotiate in the ongoing institutional environment. This research’s goal was evaluating the influence of the institutionalization of water tariff charge in the market that supplies rice croplands in the Hydrographic Region of Coastal Rio Grande do Sul. In order to reach that aim, qualitative methodological procedures were used, having as goal both rice growers and experts, distributed in 47 half-structured interviews. At first, one identified and characterized the dimensions of the institutional arrangement of water resources, and such results allowed the construction of five scenarios: realistic, pessimistic, optimistic, conformist and resistant about the tariff charge for water usage. These scenarios reveal that the water-supplying market for rice growing is already socially legitimized. There is no intervention either by the state or by the committees of the hydrographic basin in the negotiations between users and suppliers of irrigation services. So, it can be noticed that tariff charging on water usage may affect the formation of prices in this market, but the bargaining power between the parties will remain the one that is already institutionalized.
12
Santos, Heraldo Bispo dos. "Identificação do grau de aceitação dos irrigantes do perímetro do Betume-SE, quanto à qualidade da água de drenagem em reuso direto." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4144.
Abstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorGiven the insufficient amount of water available to meet the demand of rice cultivation irrigation, the Associação dos Parceleiros do Distrito de Irrigação do Betume began to recirculate up to 100% of the system drainage water, most often without dilution. Despite the water reuse in irrigation be worldwide considered a best practice to save the resource, this practice should occur given the technical principles and parameters of existing norms, aiming the safety of direct and indirect users and the prospect of sustainability of agro-ecosystems. This research aimed to identify the degree of irrigator´s acceptance about the reuse of drainage water for irrigation of rice growing. In carrying out this study, secondary data were explored by consulting records, documents, and literature review. Primary data was obtained through systematic observation; semi-structured interviews with 88 local farmers; and measurement of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters of drainage water. Sources of pollution and contamination of anthropogenic origin were found. Three water quality parameters (BOD, turbidity and thermotolerant coliforms) were above the regulatory limits, indicating a need for monitoring and treatment of drainage water. 80 % of farmers accept the reuse of drainage water for irrigation that is taking place, but require adjustments of the current situation in order to minimize economic losses, risks to health and degradation of natural resources, ultimately contributing to the improvement of local sustainability.
A insuficiente quantidade de água disponível para atender à demanda da irrigação da rizicultura, o Distrito de Irrigação do Betume passou a recircular até 100 % da água de drenagem do sistema, na maioria das vezes sem diluição. Apesar do reuso de água na irrigação ser uma prática recomendada mundialmente como uma das formas de se economizar o recurso, esta prática deve ocorrer atendendo aos preceitos técnicos e aos parâmetros das normatizações vigentes, que objetivam a segurança dos usuários diretos e indiretos e a perspectiva da sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas. Essa pesquisa visou identificar o grau de aceitação dos irrigantes quanto ao reuso da água de drenagem na irrigação da rizicultura. Para a concretização do referido estudo, foram explorados dados secundários por meio da consulta de registros e documentos e da revisão da literatura; e obtidos dados primários através da observação sistemática; entrevistas semiestruturadas com 88 agricultores do local e mensuração de parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológico da água de drenagem. Foram evidenciadas fontes de poluição e contaminação de origem antrópica. Três parâmetros de qualidade da água (DBO, Turbidez e Coliformes termotolerantes) apresentaram-se acima dos limites normativos, indicando necessidade de monitoramento e tratamento da água de drenagem. 80 % dos agricultores aceitam o reuso da água de drenagem para irrigação que está ocorrendo, porém demandam adequações da situação atual a fim de minimizar perdas econômicas, riscos à saúde e à degradação dos recursos naturais, enfim contribuindo para a melhoria da sustentabilidade local.
13
Nguyen, Huy Thong. "Genotypic, physiological and morphological variation for rice grown under a raised bed system /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19049.pdf.
14
Ruiz, Ernesto. "Growing Children: The relationship between food insecurity and child growth and development." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5299.
Abstract:
This dissertation examined the relationship between food security status and cultural congruence and indicators of child growth and development in a rural mountain town in Costa Rica. Results show that children from food secure households are significantly shorter and shorter-legged than their food insecure counterparts. It is theorized that these findings correspond to low quality diets associated with increasing commodification of food systems in rural Costa Rica. Identity-based mechanisms are discussed as potential factors contributing to the increasing commodification of life through the encroachment of the global market economy.
15
Nádvorníková, Martina. "Evaluation of physical properties of rice cultivars grown in Kyrgyzstan." Master's thesis, Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-258332.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical properties of eight staple rice
cultivars grown and consumed in Kyrgyzstan. The objective was to record and discuss
values of several analysis in sub-sections of basic physical characteristics, textural
characteristics, mechanical characteristics and cooking properties. The physical
properties investigated seed dimensions, equivalent diameter, surface area of the grain,
sphericity, aspect ratio, volume of the grain, bulk and solid density, porosity, thousand
kernel weight, hardness of the grain, colour characteristic, optimum cooking time and
water uptake ratio. Those analysis were performed in the laboratory of Czech University
of Life Sciences and given methodology was strictly followed.
16
Judah, Andrew. "Nitrogen response trial for rice variety, garaina grown on andisols from the vudal region, Papua New Guinea /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18328.pdf.
17
Freeman, Jason Robert. "The Rise of the Listicle: Using Eye-Tracking and Signal Detection Theory to Measure This Growing Phenomenon." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6803.
Abstract:
As online technology continues to progress, the modes of communication through which content can be shared have exponentially grown. These include advances in navigational options for presenting information and news online. Though the listicle has been around for centuries, the internet has proliferated its growth, as content producers rely on its structure as a vehicle for sharing information. This research shows that in the case of listicles, format had no direct effect on recall, however, participants who had a greater interest in the content showed significantly higher levels of memory sensitivity. This critical finding suggests that news outlets and content producers should concern themselves with ensuring that their content is interesting and relevant to their audience more so than worrying about whether the listicle is in clickable or scrollable form. This first attempt to examine listicles by comparing their navigational difference in terms of recall performance lays a framework for future research on listicles.
18
Buzzard, Vanessa, Catherine M. Hulshof, Trevor Birt, Cyrille Violle, and Brian J. Enquist. "Re-growing a tropical dry forest: functional plant trait composition and community assembly during succession." WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621413.
Abstract:
1. A longstanding goal of ecology and conservation biology is to understand the environmental and biological controls of forest succession. However, the patterns and mechanisms that guide successional trajectories, especially within tropical forests, remain unclear. 2. We collected leaf functional trait and abiotic data across a 110-year chronosequence within a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. Focusing on six key leaf functional traits related to resource acquisition and competition, along with measures of forest stand structure, we propose a mechanistic framework to link species composition, community trait distributions and forest structure. We quantified the community-weighted trait distributions for specific leaf area, leaf dry matter concentration, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio and leaf stable isotopic carbon and nitrogen. We assessed several prominent hypotheses for how these functional measures shift in response to changing environmental variables (soil water content, bulk density and pH) across the chronosequence. 3. Increasingly, older forests differed significantly from younger forests in species composition, above-ground biomass and shifted trait distributions. Early stages of succession were uniformly characterized by lower values of community-weighted mean specific leaf area, leaf stable nitrogen isotope and leaf phosphorus concentration. Leaf dry matter concentration and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio were lower during earlier stages of succession, and each trait reached an optimum during intermediate stages of succession. The leaf carbon isotope ratio was the only trait to decrease linearly with increasing stand age indicating reduced water use efficiency in older forests. However, in contrast with expectations, community-weighted trait variances did not generally change through succession, and when compared to null expectations were lower than expected. 4. The observed directional shift in community-weighted mean trait values is consistent with the 'productivity filtering' hypothesis where a directional shift in water and light availability shifts physiological strategies from 'slow' to 'fast'. In contrast with expectations arising from niche based ecology, none of the community trait distributions were over-dispersed. Instead, patterns of trait dispersion are consistent with the abiotic filtering and/or competitive hierarchy hypotheses.
19
Hoque, Md Enamul. "Development of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes grown in Bangladesh." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288477.
20
Moazzem, Khondaker Golam. "Transformation of Economic Relations of the Poor and the Rich in Rural Bangladesh : Focusing on Credit Market in a Potato-Growing Village." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147915.
Abstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第10990号
地博第7号
新制||地||3(附属図書館)
UT51-2004-G837
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科東南アジア地域研究専攻
(主査)助教授 藤田 幸一, 教授 水野 廣祐, 助教授 安藤 和雄
学位規則第4条第1項該当
21
Bandaru, Varaprasad. "Predicting leaf arsenic concentration in hydroponically grown rice and spinach leaves using narrow-band leaf reflectance and stereological measurements." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 165 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654488031&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
22
Garcez, Tuane Nerissa Alves. "Células-tronco mesenquimais e plasma rico em plaquetas como adjuvantes da cicatrização de lesões cutâneas experimentais em coelhos Nova Zelândia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60993.
Abstract:
Muito se tem investido em pesquisa na compreensão dos processos e fenômenos envolvidos nas diversas fases da reparação tissular e, principalmente, no desenvolvimento de recursos e tecnologias com o objetivo de favorecer os avanços no tratamento de feridas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos biológicos da associação células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) e plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) como adjuvantes da cicatrização cutânea de feridas padronizadas em coelhos. Foram utilizados 37 coelhos Nova Zelândia, dentre os quais, 36 foram distribuídos em seis grupos: grupo controle (GC), grupo células-tronco mesenquimais (GCTM), grupo plasma rico em plaquetas na forma líquida (GPRPLIQ), grupo plasma rico em plaquetas na forma de gel (GPRPGEL), grupo associação células-tronco mesenquimais e plasma rico em plaquetas na forma liquida (GCTM+PRPLIQ), grupo associação células-tronco mesenquimais e plasma rico em plaquetas na forma de gel (GCTM+PRPGEL). Após indução de lesões cutâneas agudas e padronizadas, os animais receberam o tratamento de acordo com o grupo que compunham. Macroscopicamente, a cada dois dias, foram analisadas as medidas das lesões e calculadas a área e a taxa de cicatrização das mesmas. Amostras para análise microscópica foram coletadas em sete e 14 dias e avaliadas quanto à presença de células inflamatórias, angiogênese, formação de fibrose colagênica, proliferação epitelial e fibroblástica. Com base nos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que: 1) a associação CTM e PRP em suas frações terapêuticas (CTM+PRPGEL e CTM+PRPLIQ) não acelerou o processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas agudas, na avaliação morfométrica aos 14 dias de pós-operatório; 2) a aplicação local da CTM e das frações de PRP quando utilizadas de maneira isolada não conseguiram acelerar o tempo necessário ao processo cicatricial na avaliação morfométrica aos 14 dias de pósoperatório; 3) a utilização do PRP na sua forma líquida obteve índices de epitelização menores em relação ao controle em avaliações histopatológicas aos 14 dias de pósoperatório; 4) à exceção do ocorrido com o grupo PRP líquido, os demais tratamentos não alteraram significativamente as fases inflamatória, proliferativa e inicial do remodelamento, segundo dados histopatológicos; 5) a terapia com as células-tronco mesenquimais promoveu cicatrizes esteticamente melhores na avaliação clínica, especialmente aos 14 dias de observação. Sugere-se a necessidade de novos estudos e a utilização de outras ferramentas diagnósticas para melhores subsídios de interpretação sobre os resultados encontrados.Much has been invested on research regarding comprehension of the processes and phenomena that are involved in several stages of tissue repairing and mainly on resources and technologies development in order to support advances on wound healing. This study has been performed in order to evaluate the biological effects of mesenchymal stem cells (CTM) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) association as adjuvants on skin healing of standardized wounds in rabbits. Thirty-seven New Zealand rabbits have been used and, among these animals, 36 were allocated into six groups: control group (GC), mesenchymal stem cells group (GCTM), liquid platelet rich plasma group (GPRPLIQ), gel platelet rich plasma group (GPRPGEL), mesenchymal stem cells associated with liquid platelet rich plasma group (GCTM+PRPLIQ) and mesenchymal stem cells associated with gel platelet rich plasma group (GCTM+PRPGEL). After the induction of acute and standardized skin wounds, animals received the treatment according to the group they belonged to. Macroscopically, every two days, wounds measures were taken to calculate their area and healing rate. Samples for microscopically analysis were collected on day 7 and on day 14 and were evaluated for the presence of inflammatory cells, angiogenesis, collagen fibrosis formation, epithelial and fibroblastical proliferation. Basing on the results it was concluded that: 1) CTM and PRP in its two therapeutic fractions association (GCTM+PRPLIQ and GCTM+PRPGEL) did not accelerate the healing process of acute skin wounds, on morphometric assessment at 14 days after surgery; 2) local injection of CTM and PRP fractions when isolated did not accelerate the time required for wound healing on morphometric assessment at 14 days after surgery; 3) PRP application on its liquid fraction showed lower levels of epithelization related to control on histopathological evaluation at 14 days after surgery; 4) except GPRPLIQ, other treatments did not alter significantly inflammatory, proliferative nor initial remodeling phases, based on histopathological data; 5) CTM therapy promoted aesthetically better scars on clinical evaluation, especially at 14 days of observation. It is suggested the requirement of further studies and use of different diagnostic tools to obtain better interpretation of the achieved results.
23
Alevli, Mustafa. "Growth and Characterization of Indium Nitride Layers Grown by High-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/phy_astr_diss/24.
Abstract:
In this research the growth of InN epilayers by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) and structural, optical properties of HPCVD grown InN layers has been studied. We demonstrated that the HPCVD approach suppresses the thermal decomposition of InN, and therefore extends the processing parameters towards the higher growth temperatures (up to 1100K for reactor pressures of 15 bar, molar ammonia and TMI ratios around 800, and a carrier gas flow of 12 slm). Structural and surface morphology studies of InN thin layers have been performed by X-ray diffraction, low energy electron diffraction (LEED), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Raman spectroscopy, infrared reflection, transmission, photoluminescence spectroscopy studies have been carried out to investigate the structural and optical properties of InN films grown on sapphire and GaN/sapphire templates. InN layers grown on a GaN (0002) epilayer exhibit single-phase InN (0002) X-ray diffraction peaks with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) around 200 arcsec. Auger electron spectroscopy confirmed the cleanliness of the surface, and low energy electron diffraction yielded a 1×1 hexagonal pattern indicating a well-ordered surface. The plasmon excitations are shifted to lower energies in HREEL spectra due to the higher carrier concentration at the surface than in the bulk, suggesting a surface electron accumulation. The surface roughness of samples grown on GaN templates is found to be smoother (roughness of 9 nm) compared to the samples grown on sapphire. We found that the deposition sometimes led to the growth of 3 dimensional hexagonal InN pyramids. Results obtained from Raman and IR reflectance measurements are used to estimate the free carrier concentrations, which were found in the range from mid 10^18 cm-3 to low 10^20 cm-3. The optical absorption edge energy calculated from the transmission spectra is 1.2 eV for samples of lower electron concentration. The Raman analysis revealed a high-quality crystalline layer with a FWHM for the E2(high) peak around 6.9 cm^-1. The results presented in our study suggest that the optimum molar ratio might be below 800, which is due to the efficient cracking of the ammonia precursor at the high reactor pressure and high growth temperature.
24
Khan, Neelam. "Optical, structural, and transport properties of InN, In[subscript]xGa[subscript]1-xN alloys grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1379.
25
Lee, Jiann-Feng, and 李健捀. "Effects of Organic Fertilizers on Soil and Growing of Rice." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59307700039055437728.
Abstract:
博士國立中興大學
農藝學系
90
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of application rates, stages, management of soil moisture regime, and long term application of organic fertilizers on the soil and growing of rice. The objective of this study was to find suitable application rates and stages of organic fertilizers. Experimental results revealed that, the application of organic fertilizers had higher organic matter content than that of chemical fertilizers in improving the fertility of soil. The effect of chicken composts was higher than that of rape seed meal on the soil. Organic fertilizers used in the second crop, the soil redox potential was lower than that of chemical fertilizer, and induced excessive trace elements on the vegetative stage of rice. Thus, caused poor tillering and lower grain number per panicle as compared to that of chemical fertilizer. Under well control of blight, three kinds of treatments including (1) Rape seed meal 4 tons/ha served as base fertilizers, (2) Rape seed meal 2 tons/ha served as base fertilizers and 2 tons/ha served as top-dressing, and (3) Rape seed meal 2 tons/ha served as base fertilizers, 1 tons/ha served as top-dressing, and 1 tons/ha served at panicle initiation were practiced. On the first crop, rice yields of three kinds of treatment were higher than that of chemical fertilizers. On the second crop, under well control of blight, four kinds of treatments including (1) Rape seed meal 2 tons/ha served as base fertilizers and 2 tons/ha served as top-dressing, (2) Rape seed meal 2 tons/ha served as base fertilizers, 1 tons/ha served as top-dressing, and 1 tons/ha served at panicle initiation, (3) Chicken composts 12 tons/ha and rape seed meal 2 tons/ha served as base fertilizers, and (4) Chicken composts 12 tons/ha served as base fertilizers, and rape seed meal 1 tons/ha served as top-dressing were conducted. Rice yields of four kinds of organic fertilizers showed no significant difference yield as compared to that of chemical fertilizers. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that crude protein content in grain is the main factor affecting the eating quality of cooked rice. Total organic fertilizers served as base fertilizers, had lower crude protein content and better eating quality in milled rice as compared to that from chemical fertilizer. Rape seed meal served as base, top-dressing, and panicle initiation fertilizers, had a higher nitrogen recovery and yield of rice as compared to that from chemical fertilizer, and resulted in a higher crude protein and poor eating quality. Treatments of 0.03 Mpa and 0.06 Mpa soil moisture tension during grain filling stage reduced crude protein content of rice grain. The high soil moisture tension reduced nitrogen absorption of rice and produced higher quality rice.
26
Ku, Shang-Hsin, and 顧尚欣. "Red Mold Rice Supplement Could Enhance Bone Density in Growing Rats." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83821563373719080766.
Abstract:
碩士中原大學
化學研究所
95
The study was to investigate the effect of red mold rice on bone density in growing rats. The effects of different sources (S or P) and various doses were investigated in Trial 1 and under the circumstance with various calcium levels in the diets in Trial 2. Three weeks old female Wistar rats were employed and housed individually in stainless steel cages in the study. In Trail 1, 48 rats were assigned into 6 dietary groups randomly, 8 each, and fed control, 0.005%S, 0.01%S, 0.02%S, 0.01%P or 0.06% Isoflavone diet. In trail 2, 32 rats were divided into 4 dietary groups randomly, 8 each, and fed high Ca (HCa), AIN-93G recommended Ca (RCa), 1/3RCa or 1/3RCa+S diet. Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the lumbar vertebra, tibiae, femurs and neck of femur were measured using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) at the end of 0, 8, 16 and 24 weeks. In Trail 1, results demonstrated that the increases and change ratios of lumbar vertebra BMD in 0.01%S were higher than control in 8 weeks (p<0.05). The change ratios of tibia BMD in 0.01%S and 0.06% Isoflavone groups were higher than control in 16 weeks (p<0.05). The increases and change ratios of femur BMD in all tested diet groups were significantly higher than control in 16 and 24 weeks (p<0.05). The BMD of femur neck in 0.01%S group started to be higher than control in 8 weeks. However, the ones in 0.02%S were same as control group in the whole study period. It was noticed that BMD of lumbar vertebra and femur neck, but not in tibia and whole femur, in 0.02%S were significantly lower than the ones in 0.01%S (p<0.05). It needs more studies to clear that was this phenomenon due to over dose? In trail 2, data of lumbar vertebra, tibia, femur and femur neck revealed that the increases and change ratios of BMD in HCa and RCa were significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05) at the end of 8 weeks. It was observed, however, that the BMD of tibia and femur in 1/3RCa+S were getting close to the ones of RCa. At the end of 24 weeks, those data of tibia and femur BMD in 1/3RCa+S were not different from the ones of RCa (p>0.05). Data demonstrated that the increases and change ratios of BMD of femoral neck in 1/3RCa+S were same as the ones of HCa and RCa groups after 16 weeks (p>0.05). In conclusion, red mold rice can stimulate bone growth and increase BMD. Same doses of different red mold sources might have different levels of physiological effect which does not necessary increase with the increase of red mold rice ingestion, but with an optimum dose, e.g. 0.01% S red mold rice in the study. Under a 1/3 recommended amount of Ca in the diet, supplement of red mold rice can enhance bone growth and BMD which can be as high as giving adequate calcium. It was also found that BMD of femoral neck would be a more sensitive parameter than the other bones measured in the study.
27
Chen, Ying-Ju, and 陳瀅如. "Correlation among Ethylene, Polyamines, and Development of Rice Grains Growing under High Temperature." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26800916855469363016.
Abstract:
碩士臺灣大學
農藝學研究所
98
Global warming is an important problem in this world. In Taiwan, the average temperature increased 1.1℃ in the past century. Rice is known to be sensitive to high temperature, especially during grain filling stage. Some research revealed that rice had lower filling spikelet rate and chalky appearance under high temperature. Plant hormones involve in regulation of grain development. Reports showed that high ethylene evolution leaded to grain abortion or abnormal grain. And polyamines, as precursor competitors of ethylene, also play an important role on the grain filling stage. Nevertheless, few documents have been dealing with the role of ethylene and polyamines during grain filling stage under high temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the correlation among ethylene, polyamines, and grain filling under high temperature. Cultivar TK9 was used as plant material. Panicles were samples and separated into two groups, superior spikelets and inferior spikelets. Superior spikelets in general have higher grain yield and better quality than inferior spikelets. Physiological characteristics were determined and compared between superior and inferior spikelets under high temperature. First, the ethylene evolution rate was measured on booting stage to flowering stage under high temperature. Then we chose the panicles that was on the stage of 6 days before heading to 8 days after flowering, and transferred the plant material to 35/30℃ (day/night) for 4 hours. Plant materials were also chosen on the day of heading and transferred to 35/30℃ (day/night) until mature in order to count the filling spikelet rate. At the grain filling stage, panicles were chosen at the 6 day after flowering, and transferred to 35/30℃ (day/night) until mature. The results showed that spikelets fertility decreased under high temperature. During the stage of 6 days before heading to 8 days after flowering, ethylene evolution rate increased under high temperature. Superior spikelets and inferior spikelets behaved similarly. There was significant negative correlation between ethylene evolution rate and spikelets fertility under high temperature. At the grain filling stage, the results indicated that grain filling rate increased but stopped earlier under high temperature. Grain weight and grain quality also decreased under high temperature. In both superior spikelets and inferior spikelets ethylene evolution rate increased under high temperature. The result also showed significant negative correlation between ethylene evolution and grain yield. In order to clarify relationship between ethylene and grain yield, Ag(NO)3 (ethylene inhibit agent) was applied under high temperature and ethephon (ethylene release agent) was applied under control temperature for 5 days on the panicle at the 12 days after flowering. Application of Ag(NO)3 improved grains quality and increased weight, but application of ethephon decreased grains quality and weight. The results indicated that ethylene may have strong effect on the grain yield and quality under high temperature. Content of total polyamines were decreased under high temperature. Content of spermine increased under high temperature, while putrescine and spermidine decreased. The decrease in total polyamines content may induce negative effect on the grain yield and quality under high temperature. In conclusion, this study found that an increased ethylene evolution rate might be related to the spikelets sterility under high temperature at the booting to flowering stage. At the grain filling stage, ethylene evolution rate increased and total polyamines decreased and may negatively affect the grain yield and quality under high temperature. In conclusion, the change of ethylene had temporal correlation with that of polyamines, suggestion a correlative relationship in the regulation of caryopsis development under high temperature.
28
Seneweera, Saman P., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Horticulture. "Influence of high CO2 on growth and development of rice." 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/15878.
Abstract:
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is rising dramatically each year. Increases are certain to influence growth of C3 plants. This thesis focuses on the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Jarrah).The major questions addressed in this thesis were whether elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations would : 1/ increase grain yield where the soil was flooded or unflooded under conditions of varying phosphorus supply; 2/ change the timing of development; 3/ alter the partitioning of dry weight and nutrients between the roots and shoots; and, 4/ influence grain quality. The mechanisms underlying growth and developmental changes at elevated CO2 were also investigated. After experimentation, it is concluded that the grain yield of rice will increase as the atmospheric CO2 concentration rises even when phosphorus supplies are low. The largest response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will occur under dryland conditions but increases of up to 60 per cent are likely in flooded rice. Importantly, there is likely to be a reduction in the life cycle of rice crops as the CO2 concentration rises. This would have the advantage that more crops could be sown in one season. The quality of the rice grain produced at high CO2 concentrations will also change, with milling quality appearance likely to improve. The cooked rice will be firmer. Experiments also showed that rice grown in flooded soil at different CO2 concentrations is an excellent system for investigating the control of plant growth and development, particularly the influence of hormones.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
29
Wu, Chao-Wei, and 吳兆偉. "Comparison and analysis of surface fluxes over rice paddies during growing and fallowing seasons." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64455599268566216755.
Abstract:
碩士國立中興大學
環境工程學系所
95
Abstract Eddy Covariance (EC) system was recommended a fine instrument to measure flux of greenhouse gases and turbulence heat flux.And this study is to measure and analysis to surface fluxes over rice paddies during flooded and fallowing seasons(2006/4-2006/5、2006/9-2006/10、2006/12、2007/1) in Wu-Feng Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan (24°01´ N ,120°41´ E).The soil during flooded seasons is coverd by water and the soil during fallowing seasons is not. It is found the value of latent heat fluxes are between 0 and 120 Wm-2, and the value of sensible heat fluxes are between -10 and 70 Wm-2 during flooded seasons.The energy balance ratio is 0.88 during flooded seasons daytime(7:00 am~5:00 pm). The value of latent heat fluxes are between 0 and 120 Wm-2, and the value of sensible heat fluxes are between -10 and 100 Wm-2 during fallowing seasons.The energy balance ratio is 0.7during fallowing seasons daytime(7:00 am~5:00 pm) The mean value of albedo during the fallowing seasons daytime period was 0.127 and the mean value of Bowen Ratio during the fallowing seasons daytime period was 0.82. The mean value of aerodynamic resistance(ra) during the daytime period was 50 sm-1,and canopy resistance(rc) was 406 s m-1. The aerodynamic resistance are always higher than canopy resistance.
30
Tsai, Yaw-Chung, and 蔡耀中. "A Study on Needs of Incorporation for Large-Scale Rice-Growing Farm Families in Taiwan." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77650769344231358749.
Abstract:
碩士國立中興大學
農業推廣教育研究所
86
The purpose of this research is (1)to investigate the "need" and "objectives" of large-scale rice-growing farm families to perform the Japanese agriculture production legal person﹔(2)to find the factors which affect the "need" and "objectives". Two hundred and twenty-seven large-scale rice-growing farm families were investigated and 185 questionnaires were effectively obtained. In general , large-scale rice-growing farm families have a strong need to incorporate .At the same time ,the favored type of incorporation is like the geographically positional "organized incorporation". From the stepwise regression analysis , five factors which significantly affected the needs of rice production incorporation. These factors include the degree of managerial problems ,the needs of the organization ,the achievement ,the degree of formal organization and no geographical and blood relation of the combination . Four variables including degrees of managerial problems ,the needs of organization ,the achievement ,the degrees of formal organization are defined as positive , and two variable , no geographical and blood relations are defined as negative. Factors among these variables the degree of managerial problems has greater effect on dependent variable than the others. From the path analysis ,the education ﹐the achievement ,the time (working in farming) , the degree of managerial problems , days working on farm per year ,the ability of farm management ,the degree of formal organization…etc. are factors which would affect the need of organization through the degree of enterprising farming and the objectives of cooperation. Furthermore ,these factors also affect the "need" and "objectives" of large-scale rice-growing farm families to practice the production legal person.
31
Lee, Ming-jam, and 李明展. "Effect of Phytase-Transgenic Rice Treated Rice milk Diets on Bioavailability of Mineral in Growing Rats, and compared the content of phytate to the different brands of rice on the market." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30478485475202156069.
Abstract:
碩士東海大學
食品科學系
96
ice milk flavored with roasted peanut is a popular breakfast beverage to Chinese. Borh rice and peanut contain phytate which is considered to be an anti-nutritional factor to the absorption of metals , protein and starch . A limited phytase, an enzyme specific for hydrolysis of phytate , has been reported to occur in the grain and oilseed. Including into food / feed a stable and high activity phytase will improve the absorption of nutrients , especial metal ions. In this study we will examine the phytate content of rice milk components , rice and peanut, and phytase activity during germination first. Then we will include a stable, high activith of phytase from transgenic rice to feed for mice to investigate its effect on the absortion of metals. The contents of phytate in different brands of brown rice , embroyed rice and polished rice from market have been investigated. It was found that generally the content of phytate in rice is in following order: brown rice> embroyed rice >> polished rice for same brand. Phytate content in 100g of Sunhow rice were found to be 1.24, 1.23 and 0.07 g for brown rice, embroyed rice and polished rice, respectively. Phytase activity in germinated rice is increased with increase in germination duration. However, phytase activity of germinated regular rice (<1200U/kg) is much lower than that of the transgenic rice (30000-40000 U/kg). Twenty four Wistars male divided into four groups. Control group was fed basal diet containing regular rice powder. In group 2, the calculated amount of transgenic rice required to hydrolyze total phytate in feed in 30 minutes was incorporated into basal diet to replaced partial regular rice. Double and triple transgenic rice were added into basal diet in group 2 and 3, respectively. Each group was fed for 4 weeks. The feed consumption and collected feces were recorded daily. The body weights were measured weekly. The diet and collected feces were dried, powdered and ashed for measurement of calcium, zinc, iron and magnesium content with graphite atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phosphorous content with colorimeter method. No significant difference in weight gains and feed efficiency among groups were found. Apparent absorption of iron absorption was found to increase with the increasing addition of transgenic rice. Enhancing iron absorption is most profound at single addition of transgenic rice. On the contrary, double calculated transgenic rice addition exhibit most effective to enhance the absorption of zinc. Absorption of calcium were found to increase gradually with increase in the transgenic rice addition.Enhancing absorption of magnesium by transgenic rice addition was most effective among all metals examined. The phosphorus absorption exhibited to increase with increase in transgenic rice incorporation into regular rice and most profound at the single incorporation.
32
Chang, Hao-Yen, and 張顥嚴. "The Effect of Water Management on Arsenic Accumulated in Rice Growing in Two Arsenic Contaminated Soils." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89778924603290077809.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
100
Growing rice on arsenic contaminated paddy soils existed higher risk of grain arsenic contamination. The risk was considered to be reduced by water management. In Taiwan, conventional water management strategy will discharge water after the maximum tiller stage which has been practiced in paddy rice cultivation for decades. Therefore, three water management strategies that designed to reduce the risk of rice contaminated by arsenic were selected to evaluate the effects on lowering arsenic accumulation in brown rice with the conventional method. Four water management treatments were listed as followings: (1) Aerobic treatment for 10 days after 35 days of rice seedling, denoted as CK, (2) aerobic treatment for 3 weeks before rice heading, denoted as A, (3) aerobic treatment for 3 weeks after rice heading, denoted as B, and (4) aerobic treatment for 3 weeks before rice heading and continue for another 3 weeks after rice heading, denoted as C. Two different soils (Erlin soil denoted as Eh and Pinchen soil denoted as Pc) with two arsenic spiking dose for each soil series (10 and 20 mg As/kg soil for Erlin soil and 20 and 40 mg As/kg soil for Pinchen soil) were used for this study. The rice cultivar, Oryza sativa L. Cv Tainan 11, was selected for this study. The monitoring results showed that the soil redox potential increased about 60-400 mV during the aerobic treatment period. Simultaneously, the concentration of arsenic, iron and manganese of soil solution decreased significantly in Erlin soil during areobic treatments. However, the decresing of arsenic concentration was not obvious in Pinchen soil for same aerobic treatment. During the flooding time, the arsenic concentration of soil solution was not increased dramatically in Pinchen soil. For the effects of water management on lowering the As concentration of brown rice, there was no significant difference among all treatments for Erlin soil. In Pinchen soil spiked with 40 mg As/kg soil, the As concentration of brown rice of treatment A (0.29 mg.kg) was significantly lower than CK treatment (0.42 mg/kg). The total As uptake of rice plant increased with increasing soil As concentraion in Pinchen soil. However, the Erlin soil spiked with As produced the high available As, the As uptake in the brown rice decreased with increasing the soil As concentration. It is possilbe that a plant physiological mechanism regulate the As transport in the brown rice except the reason of As stress to affect the rice growing. For the Pinchen soil spiked with 40 mg As/kg soil, the soil has enough bioavailable arsenic enhance the As content in brown rice but not induce toxic effect on rice growing, soil aerobic treatment for 3 weeks before the rice heading (treatment A) was the good method to reduce the health risk of brown rice growing at As- contaminated soils.
33
Wangiyana, Wayan, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Farming systems management of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for sustainable crop production in rice-based cropping systems." 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/14704.
Abstract:
In Lombok (Indonesia), annual cropping patterns in irrigated areas are divided into three cropping cycles of four months each. In better irrigation schemes, there are normally two irrigated flooded-rice crops, i.e. wet season and dry season lowland rice crops in sequence, followed by one non-rice crop cycle during the driest months (this is referred to as the twice-rice system). In less developed irrigation schemes, one lowland rice crop is normally grown during the rainy season, followed during the driest months by two cycles of non-rice crops, or a non-rice crop and a fallow (this is referred to as the once-rice system). In rainfed areas, especially in the vertisol soil areas, there are upland rice systems in the highland or hillsides, and “Gora” (dry seeded-flooded) rice systems in the lowland. In this area, rice is grown only once a year during the rainy season of the monsoon. Farmers in Lombok do not normally fertilise the non-rice crops such as soybean and mungbean grown following rice, and application rates of fertiliser to rice have fallen since the economic crisis in 1998. Therefore phosphorus (P) deficiency may be expected, which may explain the very low yields of soybean and mungbean achieved by farmers in Lombok. With low P, arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) might be expected to play an important role in plant nutrition, but inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased root colonisation and yield of these crops in a recent field experiment in Lombok. There had been no survey of AMF populations in rice-based systems in Lombok prior to the work reported here, and little such work anywhere internationally. Therefore, an extensive survey was conducted in Lombok on the two main soil types with rice-based systems. Another field survey was conducted in the Riverina rice-growing area (Australia), as a comparative study to the Lombok survey. In Lombok, rice systems with longer total annual flooding duration had lower populations compared with upland or Gora rice systems. It was therefore suggested that the lower colonisation level in flooded rice was due to the flooded conditions, as well as soil chemical properties associated with flooded conditions, rather than the rice plant itself. There are options for improving AMF population for better growth of non-rice rotation crops, or even for rice crop in Lombok as fertilisers become less affordable and their use on flooded rice is declining. The easiest option is to inoculate AM fungi in the nursery or to make nursery beds in a paddock previously cropped with AMF-stimulating species, such as soybean, to start infection on rice seedlings, which should be better with a dry nursery. The second option is to modify the technique of growing rice, such as applying the SRI (System of Rice Intensification) principles, in which rice is grown without flooded conditions but intermittent short flooded and upland conditions. This will keep the soil in an aerobic condition much of the time and should facilitate the development of beneficial microbial populations and activities in the soil, such as AMF and nitrogen fixers. The SRI method has been reported to increase rice yield dramatically, even in soil with low fertility levels.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
34
Wei, Yu-ting, and 魏郁婷. "Yield simulating and principle components analysis on the impacts of growing periods of rice under climate change." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01175106428197807558.
Abstract:
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系
102
Food production is an important issue among the effects of climate and environmental change. Furthermore, how to perform an appropriate management in paddy irrigation is a significant topic of water resource planning. This research takes Taoyuan county as research region , uses DSSAT (The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) model to simulate the growing of rice which were planted on different time, i.e., ahead of one week, regular, one week delayed and two weeks delayed , and Investigate the changing of days and output of rice farming on 3 different period under climate change, namely, near future (2020-2039), future (2050-2069), far future (2080-2099). The mutual influence between crop growing and meteorology is complicated. It is expected that different time and environment will lead to dissimilar reaction. Crop simulating model needs all kinds of meteorological data and Situ data. Among all the meteorological data, temperature, rainfall and radiation are probed in more detailed. This research uses principal components analysis of multivariate statistical analysis to investigate how these factors will influent output. The eight factors are listed below: 1.Solar radiation accumulation before bloom; 2.Growing degree before bloom; 3. Crop Evapotranspiration accumulation after bloom; 4. Growing days after bloom; 5. Solar radiation accumulation before bloom; 6. Growing degree after bloom; 7. Crop Evapotranspiration accumulation before bloom; 8. Growing days after bloom. The analysis was performed with meteorological data of nowadays (1985-2011), near future (2020-2039), future(2050-2069) and far future (2080-2099). The results show that the main factor to affect output is solar radiation accumulation before bloom in present, while the growing days before bloom is the main factor to affect output in the near future, future and far future under climate change.
35
Wangiyana, Wayan. "Farming systems management of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for sustainable crop production in rice-based cropping systems." Thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/14704.
Abstract:
In Lombok (Indonesia), annual cropping patterns in irrigated areas are divided into three cropping cycles of four months each. In better irrigation schemes, there are normally two irrigated flooded-rice crops, i.e. wet season and dry season lowland rice crops in sequence, followed by one non-rice crop cycle during the driest months (this is referred to as the twice-rice system). In less developed irrigation schemes, one lowland rice crop is normally grown during the rainy season, followed during the driest months by two cycles of non-rice crops, or a non-rice crop and a fallow (this is referred to as the once-rice system). In rainfed areas, especially in the vertisol soil areas, there are upland rice systems in the highland or hillsides, and “Gora” (dry seeded-flooded) rice systems in the lowland. In this area, rice is grown only once a year during the rainy season of the monsoon. Farmers in Lombok do not normally fertilise the non-rice crops such as soybean and mungbean grown following rice, and application rates of fertiliser to rice have fallen since the economic crisis in 1998. Therefore phosphorus (P) deficiency may be expected, which may explain the very low yields of soybean and mungbean achieved by farmers in Lombok. With low P, arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) might be expected to play an important role in plant nutrition, but inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increased root colonisation and yield of these crops in a recent field experiment in Lombok. There had been no survey of AMF populations in rice-based systems in Lombok prior to the work reported here, and little such work anywhere internationally. Therefore, an extensive survey was conducted in Lombok on the two main soil types with rice-based systems. Another field survey was conducted in the Riverina rice-growing area (Australia), as a comparative study to the Lombok survey. In Lombok, rice systems with longer total annual flooding duration had lower populations compared with upland or Gora rice systems. It was therefore suggested that the lower colonisation level in flooded rice was due to the flooded conditions, as well as soil chemical properties associated with flooded conditions, rather than the rice plant itself. There are options for improving AMF population for better growth of non-rice rotation crops, or even for rice crop in Lombok as fertilisers become less affordable and their use on flooded rice is declining. The easiest option is to inoculate AM fungi in the nursery or to make nursery beds in a paddock previously cropped with AMF-stimulating species, such as soybean, to start infection on rice seedlings, which should be better with a dry nursery. The second option is to modify the technique of growing rice, such as applying the SRI (System of Rice Intensification) principles, in which rice is grown without flooded conditions but intermittent short flooded and upland conditions. This will keep the soil in an aerobic condition much of the time and should facilitate the development of beneficial microbial populations and activities in the soil, such as AMF and nitrogen fixers. The SRI method has been reported to increase rice yield dramatically, even in soil with low fertility levels.
36
Liao, Yao Xun, and 廖耀勛. "Studies on factors affecting the participation of married women of large-scale rice-growing farming families in agricultural managment." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36865876840744829574.
37
Wei, Shu-Hua, and 魏淑花. "A Study on Critical Success Factors for Instructional Design － A Case Study of Elementary-School Students' Experience in Rice-Growing Program." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52432457973862654900.
Abstract:
碩士亞洲大學
經營管理學系碩士在職專班
99
In recent years, Taiwan’s education reform has shown considerable diversity and integrity, especially in curriculum reform and teaching activities. It has both changed course design models and enlivened teaching and learning. With the emphasis on diversity, flexibility, difference, and real-life applicability, this reform has drastically changed teaching methods and has made “experiential education” the most important guideline in the diversified fields of education. A new model of education drawn on “business leadership” has recently appeared. This model opens new market prospects by making students active participants, that is, by shifting the focus of education from providers to users, from educators (teachers) to learners (students). The relevant government departments also actively set up inter-ministerial networks to help schools carry out a series of “experiential education” activities. The primary samples of this study are taken from those elementary schools which have taken part in Promoting Rice Consumption: Schoolchildren’s Experience of Growing Rice Project, sponsored by Agriculture and Food Agency, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. By analyzing the information gathered by way of questionnaire, this study attempts to locate the major factors that have contributed to the success of the above-mentioned project. Furthermore, by employing Analytic Hierarchy Process, it also rates the importance of the key factors to the successful integration of marketing experience into instructional design. The results show that key factors are, in order of their importance, sensory dimensions, emotional dimensions, thinking dimensions, action dimensions, and relational dimensions. About “sensory dimensions,” this study suggests that, in organizing rice-growing activities, new methods and strategies should be adopted to stimulate learners’ senses. About “emotional dimensions,” this study shows that teachers should encourage students to personally participate in the activities in order to arouse their positive emotions.Concerning “thinking dimensions,” the scope and level of students’ thinking is much limited; therefore, they need teachers’ intervention and guidance in order to reach higher levels of thinking.Concerning “action dimensions,” teachers can provide more relevant discussions or brainstorming in order to motivate students to apply knowledge to practice.The “relational dimensions” involved in rice-growing activities can help students integrate their personal experiences into a whole, create a desire for self-improvement, assimilate the social and cultural framework of meaning, and go through the primary socialization process.
38
Chen, Tsu-I., and 陳祖怡. "Effect of Phytase-Transgenic Rice Treated Soybean and Mung bean Diets on Bioavailability of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and P in Growing Rats." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93266745000543527862.
Abstract:
碩士東海大學
食品科學系
94
Phytate is the main storage form of phosphorus in many plant seeds. It’s generally acknowledged that phytate is an antinutrition factor. This project was designed to investige the addition of phytase from transgenic rice to bean products to improve mineral bioavailabilty. The rice encoded with highly active phytase gene (app A), which were derived from E.Coli, was used in this project. The phytase extract from transgenic rice powder or transgenic rice powder were added to feeds containing soymilk powder or mung bean powder to conduct animal experiments. Each experiment was divided into five groups. In the first experiment, the soymilk powder was used as protein source in basal diet. In group one (controls) was fed without transgenic rice or its extract. In groups two calculated extracted phytase from transgenic rice, was added to basal diets to hydrolyze the total phytate in 30 minutes, and in group three and four, twice and quadruple calculated extracted phytase were added to basal diet. In the experiment two, mung bean powder was used as protein source in basal diets. To group one (controls) feed with no phytase was fed. To group two, three and four, one, twice and quadruple transgenic rice were feeed. Each group with 30 wistar rats were fed for 28 days. The rats’ intakes and feces were recorded and collected daily, and the body weights were measured weekly. The two diets along with the collected feces were dried, powdered, and wet ashed, then were analyzed for calcium, zinc, iron, and magnesium contents by using graphite atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phosphorus content with colorimetric method. The result of the experiment was that the addition of transgenic rice with phytase, or its extracted phytase, to the two diets significantly increased the absorption of calcium, zinc, iron, and phosphorus. The absorption of the calcium among them are the best, and then come up with iron, zinc and phosphorus. And the retention of phytate in the feces can reduce 15 % in the group fed with mung bean basal diet with quadruple transgenic rice powder. The diet with the transgenic rice supplement increased its mineral bioavailability 2-4 times compared to the diet with the extracted phytase supplement. However, neither of the two diets had significant effect towards the rats’ magnesium absorption.
39
LEU, ING-YIH, and 呂英毅. "The Relationships among Soil Solution Composition, Saturation, Sedox Processes, and Redoximorphic Features of Soils in Anthraquic Condition:Case Studies in Rice-growing Soils of Chungli Terrace." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95598323543228043363.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學系
86
The hydrological conditions of the rice-growing soil are major affected by cultivation and soil management. The hydrological conditions directly affect on soil pedology and morphological feature. Three rice-growing soils associated with various elevations and hydrological conditions, as derived from Quarternary aged materials, were selected from Chungli Terrace of northern Taiwan in this study. These soils are Houhu, Hsinwu, and Lungchung series. Water table, saturation condition, and redox potential of three soils at different depths were monitored for two years (from January, 1996 to December, 1997) to identify the anthraquic conditions. This study also attempt to investigate the kinds, distributions, and genesis of redoximorphic features through the profiles. In addition, we also monitor the soil solution composition at different depths, including surface layer (0-20cm), the concretion formed layer, and the gray mottle formed layer, to understand the forms of iron or manganese oxide can be formed in this condition. The result show that Houhu and Lungchung series were satisfied the criteria of anthraquic conditions defined in Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The soils within 75 cm in Hsinwu series did not satisfy the requirements of anthraquic conditions, therefore, Hsinwu series were proposed as oxyaquic condition. The duration of saturation and reduction in the soils within 75 cm in both Houhu and Lungchung series exceeded 50% of the year. Those soils displayed positive reactions to α,α''-dipyridyl dye test through the year. Rice production strongly influenced the saturation and reduction conditions of the plowed layer from the soil surface to 50 cm depth. In contrast, the saturation and reduction conditions in the underlying Btv horizons with plinthite mainly varied with fluctuating groundwater table. In the rice-growing red soils of Chungli Terrace, the duration of saturation in the soils of Btv horizon increased with a lower elevation. The saturated time in the soils of 50 cm and 100 cm depths of Lungchung series, having an elevation of 40 m, were 30% and 10% annually. The saturated time in the soils of 50 cm and 100 cm depths of Hsinwu series, having an elevation of 30 m, were 50% and 30% annually. The saturated time in the soils of 50 cm and 100 cm depths of Houhu series, having an elevation of 20 m, were 70% and 50% annually, respectively. The part of above the Btv horizon can be saturated by the local irrigation. In the soil hydrosequence, iron and manganese segregation were very clear because of high air temperature and heavy rainfall. Consequently, various redoximorphic features occurred in the all Btv horizons. Those features were redox depletions with chroma 1 and redox concentrations including Fe-Mn concretions, Fe masses, and pore linings with high chroma. Redox concentrations were found in the interiors of soils. For instance, secondary Fe oxides were originally coated on the surfaces of sand. However, Fe-Mn concretions were progressively formed and impregnated in the matrix by alternative oxidation and reduction cycles. Redox depletion were intensively distributed on the soil surface or along the voids where primary pathways were available for conducting water in the soils. Optimum alternative wetting and drying cycles attributed to frequent seasonal fluctuations of water table facilitated with changing the soil solution composition and increasing in the sizes of Fe-Mn concretion. According to the monitoring data on soil solution composition, pH, and Eh at different depths of three series, and the chemical equilibrium constant, goethite and hematite are the major iron oxide minerals formed in the redoximorphic features. Keys to Soil Taxonomy is a better soil classification system than the others to recommend the differences of the hydrological conditions for the seasonally saturated soils with anthraquic conditions. Houhu, Hsinwu, and Lungchung series were classified as Typic Plinthaquults, Typic Plinthudults, and Plinthic Paleaquults based on Keys to Soil Taxonomy, respectively.
40
Lin, Ken-Hou. "The rise of finance and growing inequality." 2013. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3603115.
Abstract:
The surge of inequality in the past three decades in the United States is associated with the financialization of the US economy. By financialization I refer to two interdependent processes. One is the increasing influence of the financial sector over the US economy. The second process is the increasing participation of the non-finance firms in the financial markets. Evidence presented in this dissertation shows that financialization has profound impacts on income dynamics and employment growth in the United States. As the centrality of the finance sector increases, financial firms and their favored workers capture more resources from the economy. When non-financial firms channel their resources and attention from the productive units to their financial arms, they exclude labor from the revenue generating process and therefore diminish the bargaining power of workers. Furthermore, as resources are engineered toward speculative activities and the shareholders, employment growth and security decline, particularly for middle-class workers. I discuss the policy implications at the end.
41
Ménard, Yann. "Le néak sraè, riziculteur khmer : mobilité paysanne, localité et communauté au Cambodge postcolonial." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8438.
Abstract:
Dans le Cambodge angkorien, les souverains khmers administraient une paysannerie mouvante par le biais de temples-palais. Lorsque les Français prennent le contrôle, en 1845, ils se retrouvent devant une « masse paysanne inorganisée, inorganique même » (Delvert, 1961 : 201) et restent « confondus devant la mobilité des Cambodgiens » (Forest, 1980 : 30). À l’époque postcoloniale, les ethnologues feront essentiellement le même constat, pendant que John F. Embree (1950) proposera de catégoriser les sociétés indianisées du Sud-Est asiatique comme étant « loosely structured » : postulant une faible intégration individuelle des structures sociales donnant lieu à une prévalence de comportements individualistes ad hoc et à des communautés sans réelle organisation. La proposition fera école.
Ces observations paraissent justes, mais l’analyse infructueuse. La structure dont parle Embree s’appuie sur une culture hautement syncrétique qui se reflétait aléatoirement dans les comportements. Mais l’organisation sociale khmère se trouve ailleurs : dans les solutions organisationnelles qui gouvernent les choix des individus lorsqu’ils doivent se regrouper afin d’effectuer des tâches récurrentes. À ce titre, les paysans khmers évoluaient dans une organisation sociale rigoureusement minimaliste et flexible. La maisonnée était l’élément essentiel, tandis que la communauté territoriale locale était contingente et fluctuante. Dans l’environnement naturel généreux du Cambodge, un petit groupe d’individus mobiles réunis sous un même toit pouvait aisément accomplir toutes les tâches nécessaires à sa survie. Alors on ne s’attachait jamais indéfiniment à une localité : seulement à des communautés sans cesse en évolution, centrées autour de pagodes agissant comme des ports d’ancrage.In Angkorian Cambodia, Khmer rulers administered a moving peasantry through temple-palaces. When the French took over, in 1845, they found what administrators called an unorganized mass of peasants, “even inorganic” (Delvert, 1961: 201) and were confounded by Cambodian peasants’ mobility (Forest, 1980: 30). During the postcolonial era, ethnologists essentially came to the same conclusions, while John F. Embree (1950) proposed to categorize South-East Asian indianized societies as “loosely structured”. He postulated that the prevalence of ad hoc individualistic behavior and the lack of organization found in communities were due to a weak integration of social structures at the individual level. Many ethnologists followed in Embree’s path. These observations appear just but the analysis seems unfruitful. Embree’s structure is modeled on a highly syncretic Khmer culture which was randomly reflected in individual behavior indeed. But Khmer social organization lies elsewhere: In the organizational strategies which govern individual choices when groups must come together to accomplish recurring tasks. In this respect, Cambodian peasants evolved in a social organization that was rigorously minimalistic and flexible. The household was the essential element here, while the local territorial community was incidental. In Cambodia’s generous natural environment, a small mobile group of individuals united under one roof could easily accomplish all the tasks essential to their survival. Thus the Khmer never attached themselves indefinitely to a locality: Only to ever evolving communities, centered on pagodas which acted as anchor harbors.
42
Dai, Cheng-Yan, and 戴丞衍. "Study on Substitution of Wheat Flour with Domestic Grown Rice and Cooked Rice in Bread Making." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42677753720078919630.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
101
The objectives of this study included the rice flour milling test for the rice bread making and the rice bread making test with 35% rice flour and cooked rice (on flour basis) substituted. About the rice flour milling test, the effects of different rice varieties, rice tempering and milling conditions on the pasting properties, particle size distribution and damaged starch content of rice flours were investigated. Ten domestic rice (commercial japonica rice, TK9 & TK9II; commercial waxy rice, CW; commercial common rice, CR & CRII; commercial chalky rice, CCR; commercial high amylose rice, CHA; japonica chalky rice, TK9IIc; broken rice, BR; indica rice, IR64) were grounded by three mills (MA, MB and MC) with five settings (MA1, MA2, MB1, MB2, MB3 and MC) were used in this study. CW, CR, CCR, CHA and IR64 rice flours were used for bread making test of 35% rice flour or cooked rice substituted bread. The bread making test included making rice breads (1) with different rice flours by the same processes, (2) with different rice flours and keeping the same specific volume, (3) with different amylose content rice flours blending with CW and CHA, (4) with different amylose content rice flours blending with CW, CR and CHA, and (5) with cooked rice. The quality of fresh made and aged breads were evaluated by texture profile analysis (TPA). The results of milling test indicated that the rice flours milled by MA were low in damaged starch content (3.96–6.73%) with large particle size (148.4–225.7 μm); the rice flours milled by MB were high in damaged starch content (13.52 – 38.37 %) with medium particle size (58.6–114.1 μm); the rice flour milled by MC were medium in damaged starch content (12.77 – 25.70%) with small particle size (47.1-53.8 μm). Compared damaged starch content of rice flours, CW was the highest and CHA was the lowest. There is no correction between rice varieties and particle size. The influence of tempering treatment on the damaged starch content of rice flour was significant on the MB, which the lowest moisture content of rice granules had the lowest damaged starch content of rice flour. While, the damaged starch contents of rice flours milled by MC were not influenced by the tempering. The results of baking test indicated that the ideal rice flours for bread making should contain low damaged starch content and have the amylose content between 10–15%. The higher damaged starch content resulted in the smallest specific volume of rice bread. The amylose content of rice flour was positive with the hardness of rice bread, but no correction with the specific volume of bread. With the same bread making process, the TPA values of CCR bread was the most similar to the control, which was made with wheat flour. Although the hardening rates of all rice breads were higher than the control, blending the rice flour with low amylose content could improve the storage quality of aged rice bread with low initial hardness of rice bread. Cooked rice breads, made with special rice specie by modified processing processes, had soft texture and rich in special sweet taste, which were favored by most panelists. To the results of sensory evaluation, rice breads made with rice flour and cooked rice got close or higher scores on all subjects, indicating that the rice breads made in this studies have great potentials for the marketing.
43
Lin, Ching-Chieh, and 林清傑. "Arsenic accumulation by rice grown in soil treated with roxarsone." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59425385599715062415.
Abstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
97
Poultry litter is widely used as a fertilizer for lowland rice in Taiwan and China. However, the organic-arsenic compound roxarsone (additive of poultry feed) in poultry litter can be absorbed by the plants and the resulting arsenic (As) contamination may pose a serious threat to human health. This study used various amounts of poultry litter contaminated with roxarsone in pot experiments to evaluate the effect of roxarsone on rice agronomic parameters and the bioaccumulation of total and inorganic As in rice plant tissues. Rice grain yield decreased significantly with increasing As content of the soil, and the critical threshold that killed rice was 200 mg roxarsone kg-1 soil. The As concentrations in root, straw, leaf, husk, and grain increased with increasing soil As (P < 1%). At 100 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the As concentration in the rice grain exceeded the statutory permissible limit of 1.0 mg As kg-1 dry weight and at 25 mg roxarsone kg-1 of soil, the inorganic As concentrations in grains exceeded the statutory limit of 0.15 mg of inorganic As kg-1 in China. For all treatments, the As concentrations in various plant tissues at maturity follow the order: root > stem > leaf > husk > grain. Arsenite was the predominant species in root, straw, and grain, while arsenate was the predominant species in leaf and husk. No significant difference existed between the amounts of arsenite and arsenate when various amounts of poultry litter were applied. This result illustrates that large amounts of added roxarsone are not only toxic to rice but also accumulate in grains in the inorganic As forms, potentially posing a threat to human health via the food chain.
44
Bayan, Lúcia Maria Teixeira Lopes do Rêgo. "Autoridades tradicionais, insegurança alimentar e gestão de recursos: Um estudo de caso no Reino Felupe de Suzana (Guiné-Bissau)." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/3900.
Abstract:
Os países africanos, com populações maioritariamente dependentes de uma agricultura de pequena escala persistentemente desvalorizada, têm sido incapazes de garantir a segurança alimentar das suas populações. Esta situação precária foi exponencialmente agravada com a recente crise dos cereais de 2007-2008.
Na tentativa de identificar e compreender as estratégias das sociedades rurais africanas para garantir a segurança alimentar e os problemas que à sua volta e em consequência desta crise dos cereais se fizeram e fazem sentir, tornou-se relevante tentar compreender o que está na sua génese, as suas consequências e as formas como as populações mais afectadas lidam com estes fenómenos, designadamente a sociedade Joola-felupe, escolhida como objecto de análise.
A maioria das populações rurais em África não participa nem se reconhece nos Estados africanos, modelo importado, ao contrário do que se verifica com as Autoridades Tradicionais. Presentes desde sempre nestas sociedades e tendo sido ao longo do tempo capazes de se adaptar às exigências do momento são, consequentemente, legitimadas pelas suas comunidades como responsáveis pela gestão e manutenção da segurança social comunitária e sua reprodução material e espiritual.
Pretende-se, pois, perceber se, na actual realidade, as Autoridades Tradicionais da sociedade em análise deterão ainda a capacidade necessária para gerir de forma sustentável o espaço e os indivíduos de maneira a garantir a segurança alimentar.African countries, with their populations largely dependent on the persistently undervalued small scale agriculture, have been unable to guarantee the food security of their populations. This precarious situation has been exponentially exacerbated by the recent 2007-2008’ cereal crisis. In an attempt to identify and understand the strategies of rural societies in Africa to ensure food security and the problems felt around them and as a result of this cereal crisis, it became important trying to understand what’s in its genesis, its consequences and how those affected populations cope with these phenomena, in particular the Joola-felupe society, the object of analysis in this study. Most rural populations in Africa don’t review themselves in the African State, an imported model, contrary to what happens with the Traditional Authorities. Always present in these societies, they have been able to adapt to each moment in time and, therefore, are legitimated by their communities as responsible for the management and maintenance of the community’s social security and its material and spiritual reproduction. The aim is therefore to understand whether in the current situation and reality, the Traditional Authorities will hold the necessary capacity to sustainably manage the space and the individuals in order to ensure food safety.
Los países africanos, con poblaciones dependientes en gran parte de una agricultura de pequeña escala persistentemente desvalorizada, han sido incapaces de garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de sus poblaciones. Esta situación precaria se ha agravado exponencialmente con la crisis de los cereales de 2007-2008. Intentando identificar y comprender las estrategias de las sociedades rurales africanas para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y los problemas que le rodean, y como consecuencia de esta crisis de los cereales se produjeron y son patentes actualmente, se ha vuelto relevante intentar comprender lo que la origina, sus consecuencias, y las formas como las poblaciones más afectadas lidian con estos fenómenos, todo ello a través de la sociedad Joola-felupe, que se ha elegido como objeto de análisis. La mayoría de las poblaciones rurales en África no participan ni se reconocen en los Estados africanos, modelo importado, al contrario de lo que pasa con las Autoridades Tradicionales. Siempre presentes en estas sociedades han sido a lo largo del tiempo capaces de adaptarse a las exigencias del momento siendo, consecuentemente, legitimadas por las comunidades como responsables por la gestión y manutención de la seguridad social comunitaria y su reproducción material y espiritual. Se pretende entender si, en la realidad actual, las Autoridades Tradicionales de la sociedad en análisis tendrán la capacidad necesaria para gestionar de manera sostenible el espacio y los individuos de manera que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria.
45
Syu, Chien-Hui, and 許健輝. "Effects of Rice Genotypes and Iron Plaque on Arsenic Accumulation and Speciation in Rice Plants Grown in Guandu Plain Soils." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88954014292438070729.
Abstract:
博士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
102
The problem of arsenic (As)-contaminated rice affects the food safety and human health, therefore, it received more concerns in recent years around the world. In the Guandu Plain located in northern Taiwan, the paddy soils suffered from serious As contamination due to the geological factors. Despite the high As concentration in the soils, the concentrations of As in rice grains were found to be below 0.5 mg kg-1 based on the past survey, we will investigate the reasons in this study. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of iron plaque formation on rice roots on the uptake and accumulation of As in rice seedlings grown in Guandu Plain soils, and to compare the differences in the amounts of iron plaque and capability of As uptake of 28 commonly rice genotypes planted in Taiwan and to investigate the effect on the As accumulation in rice seedlings. Finally, to investigate the influence of the As tolerance, As uptake and translocation capability on the As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes. The results show that the iron plaque formation on rice roots can sequester most of As uptake from soils, reducing the accumulation of As in rice plants. This study provides evidence that iron plaque is the main controlling factor in limiting the uptake of As into the rice plants grown in Guandu Plain soils. There were significantly differences in the amounts of Fe and As in iron plaque of rice roots among 28 tested rice genotypes, and 75.7-92.8 % of As uptake from soils could be sequestered in iron plaque. However, due to the enough amounts of iron plaque formation on roots of all tested rice genotypes grown in Guandu Plain soils, leading to there were no significant negative correlations between the amounts of Fe in iron plaque and As in rice plants. In addition, the results of translocation factor indicates that the translocation capability of As from roots to shoots and the accumulation of As in shoots of japonica genotypes were higher than indica genotypes, it reveals that the As translocation capability in rice plants may also play a important role in the As accumulation in rice plants. Therefore, low As uptake and translocation capability genotypes of rice selected from this study can be recommended to be grown in As-contaminated Guandu Plain soils. It also found that the As phytotoxicity, high amounts of iron plaque on roots and select the low As accumulation japonica genotypes were the possible causes of the low As concentrations in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils. However, it discovered that the high concentrations of As accumulated in rice grains grown in low As concentrations soils, it may result from the high As uptake and translocation efficiency under normal growth conditions. In addition, Arsenic species in rice grains was dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenite (As(III)), and the percentage of DMA increased with total As concentrations, and conversely, the percentage of As(III) decreases. The results of this study not only help to clarify the reasons of As accumulation in rice grains grown in Guandu Plain soils, but also understand the differences in As uptake, translocation in rice plants, and As accumulation and speciation in rice grains among different rice genotypes.
46
Liao, Yi-Wei, and 廖易煒. "Functional properties of domestic grown colored rice treated by germination and cooking." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13260225689986451180.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
103
The amount of bioactive compounds in rice may be lost during processing. The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of contents of bioactive compounds (including total soluble phenolics, anthocyanins, total soluble proanthocyanins, γ-amino butyric acid, slowly digestible starch, and resistant starch) in colored rice via germination and cooking, and try to enhance and maintain the amounts of these compounds after processing. Three major parts, including germination, cooking, and debranching, are included. The soaking process required for rice germination would cause the loss of water soluble phytochemicals in brown rice. The contents of total soluble phenolics slightly increased and GABA significantly increased while the anthocyanins and proanthocyanins gradually decreased during germination. The husk of paddy could effectively prevent the loss of water soluble compounds, but it retarded the water absorption, resulting in the low degree of germination and low GABA content of germinated rough rice. In the second part, the effects of both moist-heating and dry-heating treatments were conducted. Moist-heating caused various degradations of phytochemicals. The thermal stability of bioactive compounds from high to low were GABA, total soluble phenolics, total soluble proanthocyanins, and anthocyanins. The total soluble phenolics content of red rice remained constant after dry-heating, while the total amount of soluble proanthocyanins was increased by 2-3 times. However, GABA content of all rice cultivars significantly decreased by dry-heating. Black rice was suggested to be moist-heated for keeping higher amounts of phenolics and GABA. Moist-heating treatment was suitable for retaining GABA in red rice as well. But, the dry-heating treatment was chosen for obtaining higher amount of phenolics. Slowly digestible starch (SDS) content of moist-heated and dry-heated waxy rice were 0-2.91% and 3.49-11.78%, respectively, while no resistant starch (RS) could be detected after both thermal treatments. Debranching treatment of waxy rice flour suspension with debranching enzyme, pullulanase, followed by centrifugation, condensation, retrogradation, and freeze-dried could obtain 38-42% SDS and RS contents in total. The RS content gradually increased with the increasing time period of retrogradation. Hence, enzymatic debranching treatment followed by the retrogadation treatment could be a way to produce SDS and RS in rice.
47
Mandlate, Jose Claudio. "Transition in the Mozambican sugar industry: the impact of the rise and the fall of the Companhia do Buzi's and Acucareira de Mocambique's Canavieiro systems, 1963-1982." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18345.
Abstract:
A research report submitted to the School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities of the University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History
04 May 2015This report analyzes the reasons behind the adoption of out growing schemes (sistemas canavieiros) by two Mozambican sugar companies, namely the Companhia do Buzi and the Açucareira de Moçambique as well as the impacts of the companies’ decision on the mills as well as on local communities. Analyzing the adoption of out growing schemes is relevant due to the fact that the Companhia do Buzi and the Açucareira de Moçambique were the only two out of ten Mozambican sugar companies to collaborate with out growers. All the out growers were Portuguese citizens or ‘civilized’ Africans. The report also analyses the reasons and the impacts of the collapse of those schemes in the early post-colonial period. The report argues that the mills adopted out growing schemes to face the long term shortage and increasing costs of African agricultural labour. This strategy solved their problems but left the out growers indebted and frustrated and local communities dispossessed. On the collapse of the out growing schemes, the report argues that it resulted from the increasing lack of economic feasibility of sugar cane growing, which was a result of economic crisis and the authorities’ hostility towards the out growers.
48
Hung, Shao-Yun, and 洪紹耘. "Arsenic Accumulation and Speciation in Rice Plants Influenced by Calcium Silicate Application and Different Rice Cultivars grown in As-Contaminated Paddy Fields." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/psntax.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
107
The accumulation of arsenic (As) in rice grain had posed a threat to food safety and human health via the daily intake of rice by Asian people, because of the high bioavailability of arsenite (iAsIII) in paddy soils, thus caused higher accumulation of As in rice grain rather than other cereal crops. Previous studies indicated that increasing concentration of silicic acid (Si) in soil solutions may alleviate the negative impacts of As on rice plants. In contrast, some studies also found that Si application can lead to an increase in As uptake by rice via competitive adsorption between iAsIII and Si on the soil surface. However, field experiment for investigating the dynamic of Si and As in soil-paddy rice system is still scarce. To evaluate the feasibility of Si application on reducing As accumulation in rice grains, four rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars including TK9, TN11 (japonica) and TCS10, TCSW2 (indica) commonly planted in Taiwan were used in this study, which were grown in two As-contaminated paddy fields located at Minsyong (Ms) and Guandu Plain (Gd), Taiwan, respectively. Based on recommended application rate of Si (750 kg SiO2 ha-1), there are four calcium silicate application rates (0, 750, 1500, and 3000 kg SiO2 ha-1) used in this study. The results show that Si application could decrease the concentrations of As in straw and brown rice in Ms fields, and no negative effects on plant growth was observed. For Gd soils, the As concentrations in rice plants could be reduced by Si application, but the growth inhibition were also observed. In addition, it found that iAsIII is the predominant As species in brown rice (75-92 %), and the concentrations of inorganic As in brown rice were lower than the permission level (0.35 mg kg-1) under Si treatments. Based on the above results, it suggests the Si application can reduce inorganic As accumulation in brown rice, and the extents of decrease were controlled by the Si application rate, soil properties, and rice cultivars. Therefore, it needs to consider these factors when Si fertilizer is applied to As-contaminated paddy soils.
49
Yeh, Chia-Min, and 葉佳珉. "Evaluation of the Cadmium Levels of Various Brown Rice Grown in Paddy Soil." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29113811614284989219.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
102
Food safety issue gained more and more public concern when the living standard and quality of life improved in recent years. The purpose of this study was to estimate Cd content in rice grown in Taiwan and plot the distribution map of the high risk areas as to provide a basic reference for decision making of agricultural authorities. Based on the predictive model for Cd levels in brown rice developed by Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, the productivity and distribution areas of the high Cd rice in the various cultivar were estimated via analyzing soil characteristics and rice yields at towns in Taiwan. The results of this study was carried out that 16 towns were recognized as the serious risk areas of growing Indica and Hybrid Indica with high Cd, and their Indica,Glutinous rice yields were about 16 thousand tons per year (about 1 % of total rice yields in Taiwan) where located at Yilan and Changhua county. Ershui town in Changhua county was belong to the serious risk areas of growing Japonica rice with high Cd and its Japonica rice yields were about 8 thousand tons per year (about 0.5 % of total rice yields in Taiwan). Furthermore, Luodong town in Yilan and Tanzi District in Taichung were recognized as the potential risk areas of growing Japonica rice with high Cd. By this case study, the rice yields in serious risk areas of growing rice with high Cd was estimated about a quantity to provide the consumption of 510 thousand people per year in Taiwan. This study suggested that agricultural authorities could refer to the productivity and distribution areas of the high Cd rice from this study and further carry out the relative strategy to be an important reference of risk management for food safety.
50
Yu, Chih-Han, and 於芷菡. "Effect of Calcium Peroxide Application on Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Plants and Arsenic Species in Rice Grains Grown in As-contaminated Paddy Soils." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v43mr3.
Abstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
105
Paddy rice is a staple food worldwide, but it accumulates As more efficiently in comparison with other cereals. Recently, rice has been considered to be a major As exposure pathway to human beings. Due to the high solubility and mobility of As under flooding conditions, and enhancing As uptake and accumulation of As by rice plants. Water management is one of the methods have been investigate to decrease As uptake by rice plants. However, water management is not always achievable, because of the growth of paddy rice is inhibited under water-deficiency conditions and the rainy weather in some area. It predicts the oxygen-releasing compounds application into paddy field may be a more efficient way to reduce As accumulation and toxicity in rice. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of CaO2 application on As accumulation in rice plant and arsenic species in brown rice. Pot experiments of rice growth in the greenhouse were conducted with four soils, including two geogenic As-elevated Guandu soils [GdL and GdH with low (16 mg kg-1) and high (132 mg kg-1) levels of As, respectively] and two Chiwulan soils [CaL and CaH with As-unspiked and spiked (80 mg As(V) kg-1), respectively]. CaO2 was added into soils at the application concentration of 0, 5, 10 and 20 g per kg soils and divided into separate applications. The applications were performed at 3 days before rice transplanting and the 60 days after transplanting respectively. Rice was harvested at the maturity stage. Concentrations of As, Fe and As species in soil solutions and As concentrations in different parts of rice plant were determined. The results indicate that the As and Fe concentrations in the soil solution were decreased significantly by the application of CaO2 most of the time in both incubation and pot experiments. In CaL and GdL soils, As concentration in rice roots and shoots were decreased with the increase of CaO2 application, and gives a positive influence on rice shoot biomass and grain yield. On the other hand, CaO2 application in CaH and GdH soils decreased the formation of iron plaque on the rice root thus contributed to the increase of As concentration in rice root and shoot, and declined rice shoot biomass and grain yield. Effect of CaO2 application on arsenic speciation in rice grain shows that CaO2 application leads to the decline of As(III) percentage and inorganic As concentration in brown rice in CaL and GdL soils; for CaH and GdH soils, DMA percentage decreased and there was no significant difference in inorganic As concentration in brown rice. It suggested that CaO2 might be a potential amendment to decrease As accumulation in rice at low level of As-contaminated paddy soils.