Journal articles: 'Rice – Effect of pollution on – Australia'

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McINTYRE, S., H. M. McGINNESS, D. GAYDON, and A. D. ARTHUR. "Introducing irrigation efficiencies: prospects for flood-dependent biodiversity in a rice agro-ecosystem." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 3 (May 25, 2011): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000130.

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SUMMARYWorldwide, irrigation development has affected pre-existing natural habitats and created novel aquatic habitats, and future changes in management will continue to influence flood-dependent vegetation and fauna. Irrigated agriculture has had a profound influence on native biodiversity in the Riverina region of temperate Australia. Current irrigation practices provide large amounts of water to the landscape in the form of constructed wetland habitats: irrigation channels, impoundments and flooded crop-growing areas. Flooded rice bays support many species of native wetland plants, and 12 of the 14 species of frog recorded in the region. All constructed habitats provide a food resource for waterbirds, but not breeding habitat. While a species of tortoise benefits from the provision of constructed habitats, terrestrial reptiles and mammals are most abundant in remaining native vegetation. The climate is predicted to become increasingly hot and dry, with a reduced and more variable supply of irrigation water, thus placing increasing stress on farming and on natural ecosystems. The predicted reduction of constructed aquatic habitats may affect the native species using them, but may not have a major adverse impact on biodiversity regionally because the species recorded in constructed habitats tend be abundant and widespread, and such species also occur in natural wetland habitats. Sensitive species that depend on native vegetation persisting in reasonable amounts and in good condition are at greater risk. In the Riverina, the remaining native vegetation should be managed to protect and improve its condition, including appropriate managed inundation events for flood-dependent communities. The landscape should be managed to provide the best context for the function and health of existing vegetation including moderating the effects of soil disturbance, fertilizers and herbicides. The impacts of changed irrigation practices should be mitigated through managed flooding of remnant vegetation. In countries with more evolved, traditional rice-growing systems than the Riverina, there will be greater emphasis on biodiversity coexistence with cultivation. Nonetheless, in all settings there is value in jointly considering the role of both natural and constructed habitats in biodiversity research and conservation.

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Champness, Matthew, Carlos Ballester, and John Hornbuckle. "Effect of Soil Moisture Deficit on Aerobic Rice in Temperate Australia." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010168.

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Declining water availability is pressing rice growers to adopt water-saving irrigation practices such as aerobic rice to maintain profitability per megalitre (ML) of water input. Irrigators require well-defined irrigation thresholds to initiate irrigation to maximise water productivity. Such thresholds do not exist for temperate rice regions. Adopting a strategy that has been reported to succeed in non-temperate environments may fail in temperate climates, and therefore, needs investigation. This study aimed to investigate, in a temperate Australian environment, the effect of increasing soil moisture deficit during the rice vegetative period on crop physiological development, grain yield and water productivity. The study was conducted in a commercial farm using a randomised complete block design in the 2020/21 and 2021/22 growing seasons. Automated gravity surface irrigation technologies were adopted to enable high-frequency irrigation. Extending soil moisture deficit beyond 15 kPa was found to significantly delay panicle initiation by at least 13–14 days, exposing rice to cold temperatures in Year 1 during the cold-sensitive early pollen microspore period. This reduced yield by up to 55% (4.5 t/ha) compared to the 15 kPa treatment that was not impacted by cold sterility. In the absence of cold sterility, irrigated water productivity and total water productivity ranged between 1.02 and 1.61 t/ML, and 0.84 and 0.93 t/ML, respectively. The highest yields (8.1 and 7.5 t/ha) were achieved irrigating at a soil tension of 15 kPa in growing seasons 2020/21 and 2021/22. This research demonstrates that sound water productivity can be achieved with aerobic rice cultivation in temperate climates, providing cold temperatures during early pollen microspore are avoided. The quantification of the delay in crop development caused by increasing soil moisture deficit provides rice farmers greater confidence in determining the irrigation strategy and timing of pre-emergent irrigation in regions at risk of cold sterility. However, due to the high labour demand associated with aerobic rice, the adoption of aerobic rice at a commercial scale in this Australian environment is unlikely without adopting automated irrigation technology.

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Cerin, Ester, Anthony Barnett, Jonathan Shaw, Erika Martino, Luke Knibbs, Rachel Tham, Amanda Wheeler, and Kaarin Anstey. "Urban Neighbourhood Environments, Cardiometabolic Health and Cognitive Function: A National Cross-Sectional Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Australia." Toxics 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010023.

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Population ageing and urbanisation are global phenomena that call for an understanding of the impacts of features of the urban environment on older adults’ cognitive function. Because neighbourhood characteristics that can potentially have opposite effects on cognitive function are interdependent, they need to be considered in conjunction. Using data from an Australian national sample of 4141 adult urban dwellers, we examined the extent to which the associations of interrelated built and natural environment features and ambient air pollution with cognitive function are explained by cardiometabolic risk factors relevant to cognitive health. All examined environmental features were directly and/or indirectly related to cognitive function via other environmental features and/or cardiometabolic risk factors. Findings suggest that dense, interconnected urban environments with access to parks, blue spaces and low levels of air pollution may benefit cognitive health through cardiometabolic risk factors and other mechanisms not captured in this study. This study also highlights the need for a particularly fine-grained characterisation of the built environment in research on cognitive function, which would enable the differentiation of the positive effects of destination-rich neighbourhoods on cognition via participation in cognition-enhancing activities from the negative effects of air pollutants typically present in dense, destination-rich urban areas.

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Qiu, Mu Qing, Xiao Bo Yao, and Li Yang. "Study on the Effect of Rice-Frog System on Controlling Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 2637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.2637.

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China's agricultural production in the course of a wide range of point source pollution, large and difficult to control. Symbiotic system rice-frog as a good traditional agricultural production, with outstanding ecological, economic and other values, has been identified as globally important agricultural heritage and the first to be protected. Summary of agricultural non-point source pollution in the status quo to explain the symbiotic system rice-frog to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution in the role, made on the basis of frog in rice paddy planting to optimize the structure, development of ecological agriculture is the agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control an effective way.

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Bacon, PE. "The effect of nitrogen application time on Calrose rice growth and yield in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (1985): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850183.

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The effects of nitrogen application time on growth and yield of rice cv. Calrose were studied in a series of three experiments between 1976 and 1980. In one experiment, in which a combine-sown rice crop received three flood irrigations prior to permanent flood, rice plant growth and grain yield were increased significantly by reducing the interval between fertilization and permanent flood. The poor response to fertilization several irrigations prior to permanent flood was attributed to nitrogen losses following sequences of nitrification and denitrification. Maximum grain yield usually occurred when fertilizer was applied at permanent flood (average of three experiments, 860 g/m2 (8.6 t/ha). Fertilization at tiliering had little effect on crop response; average yield was 8.0t/ha, while unfertilized plots yielded 7.4 t/ha. In all experiments fertilization during the period 0- 10 days after panicle elongation resulted in very rapid nitrogen uptake, leading to an average grain yield (8.3 t/ha) which approached that obtained from plots topdressed at permanent flood. Fertilization more than 14 days after panicle elongation did not significantly increase yield.

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Beecher, H. G., B. W. Dunn, J. A. Thompson, E. Humphreys, S. K. Mathews, and J. Timsina. "Effect of raised beds, irrigation and nitrogen management on growth, water use and yield of rice in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04136.

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To remain economically and environmentally sustainable, Australian rice growers need to be able to readily respond to market opportunities and increase cropping system productivity and water productivity. Water availability is decreasing whereas its price is increasing. Alternative irrigation layouts and water management approaches could contribute to reduced water use and increased irrigation efficiency. This paper reports results for the first crop (rice) in a cropping system experiment to compare permanent raised bed and conventional layouts on a transitional red-brown earth at Coleambally, New South Wales. The performance of conventional ponded rice grown on a flat layout was compared with rice grown on 1.84-m wide, raised beds with furrow and subsurface drip irrigation. In addition, deep and shallow ponded water depth treatments (15 and 5 cm water depth over the beds) were imposed on the rice on beds during the reproductive period. A range of nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates (0–180 kg N/ha) was applied to all treatments. The traditional flat flooded treatment (Flat) achieved the highest grain yield of 12.7 t/ha, followed by the deep (Bed 15) and shallow (Bed 5) ponded beds (10.2 and 10.1 t/ha, respectively). The furrow (Furrow) irrigated bed treatment yielded 9.4 t/ha and the furrow/drip (Furr/Drip) treatment yielded the lowest grain yield (8.3 t/ha). Grain yield from all bed treatments was reduced owing to the wide furrows (0.8 m between edge rows on adjacent beds), which were not planted to rice. Rice crop water use was significantly different between the layout–irrigation treatments. The Flat, Bed 5 and Bed 15 treatments had similar input (irrigation + rainfall – surface drainage) water use (mean of 18.3 ML/ha). The water use for the Furrow treatment was 17.2 ML/ha and for the Furr/Drip treatment, 15.1 ML/ha. Input WP of the Flat treatment (0.68 t/ML) was higher than the raised bed treatments, which were all similar (mean 0.55 t/ML). This single season experiment shows that high yielding rice crops can be successfully grown on raised beds, but when beds are ponded after panicle initiation, there is no water saving compared with rice grown on a conventional flat layout. Preliminary recommendations for the growing of rice on raised beds are that the crop be grown as a flooded crop in a bankless channel layout. This assists with weed control and allows flooding for cold temperature protection, which is necessary with current varieties. Until we find effective herbicides and other methods of weed control and N application that do not require ponding, there is little scope for saving water while maintaining yield on suitable rice soil through the use of beds.

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Stevens, M. M., S. Helliwell, and P. S. Cranston. "Larval Chironomid Communities (Diptera: Chironomidae) Associated with Establishing Rice Crops in southern New South Wales, Australia." Hydrobiologia 556, no. 1 (February 2006): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1072-x.

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Zhang, Xianxian, Huifeng Sun, Junli Wang, Jining Zhang, Guolan Liu, and Sheng Zhou. "Effect of moisture gradient on rice yields and greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 32 (September 14, 2019): 33416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06451-w.

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Atiaga, Oliva, Luis M. Nunes, and Xosé L. Otero. "Effect of cooking on arsenic concentration in rice." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 10 (January 16, 2020): 10757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07552-2.

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Park, Woonji, Jiyeon Seo, Yonghun Choi, Gunyeob Kim, Dongkoun Yun, Wongu Jeong, and Suin Lee. "Effect of System of Rice Intensification on Water Productivity and NPS Pollution Discharge." Irrigation and Drainage 65 (October 28, 2016): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2086.

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Willett, IR, and KWJ Malafant. "Long term effects of rice growing on some chemical properties of two soils of northern Australia." Soil Research 24, no. 2 (1986): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860239.

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Solodic soils (Natrustalfs) of the Lower Burdekin Valley, Qld, and grey-brown clays (Chromusterts) of the Ord Irrigation Area, W.A., of varying rice cropping histories, were analysed before and after a laboratory flooding experiment to determine whether any long-term changes in chemical fertility had occurred. In the solodic group changes in the extractability of iron and manganese in acetate and oxalate reagents indicated that oxides of these elements may be more easily reduced in soils that had grown nine or more rice crops than in soils which had not been used for rice growing. The flooding experiment showed that manganese and iron reduction and the mobilization of phosphorus were more rapid in the solodic soils which had been used for rice than those which had not. Iron reduction did not occur in the flooded grey-brown clays, and manganese reduction was apparent only in three soils, but was most rapid in those which had grown 15 rice crops. Extractable phosphorus levels decreased during flooding of the grey-brown clays, but this was not related to the cropping history. There were small increases in sodicity of the subsoil (40-50 cm) of the solodic soils which had been used for rice growing. It was concluded that for the solodic soils rice growing leads to soils more favourable for further rice growing but less favourable for non-flooded crops, whereas this effect was not shown for the grey-brown clay soils.

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Aziz, Humera, Muhammad Sabir, Hamaad Raza Ahmad, Tariq Aziz, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, and Munir Ozturk. "Alleviating Effect of Calcium on Nickel Toxicity in Rice." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 43, no. 6 (February 4, 2015): 901–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201400085.

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Jalaludin, Bin, Farhad Salimi, Mahsan Sadeghi, Laura Collie, and Geoffrey Morgan. "Ambient Air Pollution and Stillbirths Risk in Sydney, Australia." Toxics 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9090209.

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We aimed to determine the associations between ambient air pollution, specifically particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns and 2.5 microns (PM10 and PM2.5 respectively) and ozone (O3), and stillbirths. We analysed all singleton births between 20–42 weeks gestation in metropolitan Sydney, Australia, from 1997 to 2012. We implemented logistic regression to assess the associations between air pollutants and stillbirth for each trimester and for the entire pregnancy. Over the study period, there were 967,694 live births and 4287 stillbirths. Mean levels of PM10, PM2.5 and O3 for the entire pregnancy were 17.9 µg/m3, 7.1 µg/m3 and 3.2 ppb, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios were generally greater than unity for associations between PM and stillbirths, but none were statistically significant. There were no significant associations between O3 and stillbirths. There was potential effect modification of the PM10 and O3 association by maternal age. We did not find consistent evidence of associations between PM and O3 and stillbirths in Sydney, Australia. More high quality birth cohort studies are required to clarify associations between air pollution and stillbirths.

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Badrul Hisham, Nur Ezyan, and Nor Hanuni Ramli. "Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Physicochemical Properties of Compost." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.39704.

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Recently, the increase in demand for rice has led to the numerous availabilities of rice husks (RH) in Malaysia. RH is being utilized as industrial fuel to generate electricity through incineration process in the boiler. During the incineration process, rice husk ash (RHA) is being produced as the by-product and caused environmental pollution. RHA has the potential of being utilized as organic fertilizer through a composting process to control environmental pollution. Thus, this study investigated the effect of different compositions on the duration of the composting process and physicochemical properties of compost. The raw materials and finished compost were analyzed in terms of elemental composition, pH, water holding capacity, and moisture content. The obtained results showed that addition of 7.5 wt.% of RHA can improve composting process due to the presence of silica which can maintain the moisture content within 50–60% and water holding capacity of compost at the range of 61-73%. The results of this study have clearly shown the potential of the compositing process in treating RHA. However, further studies are required to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in facilitating the development of an optimum treatment system applicable to the industry.

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Gunst, Andrew. "Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09042.

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Carbon reporting and emissions trading in Australia—both of which, in 2007, seemed unlikely—came into effect with the implementation of mandatory data reporting from July 2008 (Australia) and January 2010 (USA); the onus lies with emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. At the time of writing it is also likely that Australia and the USA will join Europe in placing a price on carbon by 2013. The background to the Australian regulations will be explored in this paper, along with comparisons made to regulations in other jurisdictions, including the new reporting scheme in the USA. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme; however, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions that the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Case studies from the Australian oil and gas and related industries will be used to explain counter-intuitive aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation, and to illustrate challenges in emissions measurement and reporting.

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Kavitha, S., R. Yukesh Kannah, S. Kasthuri, M. Gunasekaran, Arulazhagan Pugazhendi, Eldon R. Rene, Deepak Pant, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, and J. Rajesh Banu. "Profitable biomethane production from delignified rice straw biomass: the effect of lignin, energy and economic analysis." Green Chemistry 22, no. 22 (2020): 8024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc02738c.

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Raut, A. K., G. Kulshrestha, and P. K. Chhonkar. "Effect of butachlor on microbial soil populations in rice fields." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 59, no. 1-4 (March 1997): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249709358431.

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Zakarya, Irnis Azura, Siti Noor Baya Khalib, and Norhasykin Mohd Ramzi. "Effect of pH, temperature and moisture content during composting of rice straw burning at different temperature with food waste and effective microorganisms." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402019.

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Rice straw is considered as one of the most important agricultural residues and represented as one of the major by-products from rice production process. Normally, rice straw that produced after harvesting season been directly burned on-farm. Conversion of rice straw into value added compost will improve the productivity of plant, reduction of pollution towards environment and reduction of local pollution due to open burning activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of composting rice straw ash (RSA) with food waste (FW) and effective microorganisms (EM) in term of the compost quality (pH, temperature, moisture content). RSA was prepared by burning the raw rice straw at three different temperature of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C for one hour. EM used during the composting process was prepared by mixing of brown sugar, ‘tempe’ and water that can be used after one week of fermentation process. There are four treatments of RSA-compost; RSA (300°C), RSA (400°C), RSA (500°C) and control (raw rice straw) with the same amount of compost medium; 1kg black soil, 0.5kg RSA, 3L EM and 1kg FW. The composting process happens for 30 days. During the composting process, all the parameters of RSA-compost obtained in a range like; pH value 8-10, temperature 20-50°C and moisture content 40-60%. The result showed that all compost quality of rice straw ash compost obtained in an acceptable range for final compost to establish.

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Ismail, N. A. A., M. Azham Azmi, Sufizar Ahmad, and Hariati Taib. "Effect of Rice Husk Firing Temperature on Synthesis of Silica (SiO₂)." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.470.

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This paper presents the synthesis of silica (SiO2) from rice husk at different firing temperatures. Due to the environmental awareness and to reduce air pollution, agricultural wastes specifically rice husk is used to produce SiO2. Silica was prepared by washing with clean water without any chemical treatment. The rice husk was fired at 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C. In order to determine the effect of firing rice husk at different temperature, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were conducted. Crystalline silica were obtained at 1100°C and 1200°C firing temperature. At 900°C and 1000°C firing temperature, silica was observed to be in a transitional phase of amorphous into crystalline or it called as semi crystalline. However, at 700°C and 800°C silica remains to be in amorphous phases.

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Fang, Kaikai, Wei Dai, Huiyan Chen, Jun Wang, Hui Gao, Zhimin Sha, and Linkui Cao. "The effect of integrated rice–frog ecosystem on rice morphological traits and methane emission from paddy fields." Science of The Total Environment 783 (August 2021): 147123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147123.

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Dunn, B. W., G. D. Batten, T. S. Dunn, R. Subasinghe, and R. L. Williams. "Nitrogen fertiliser alleviates the disorder straighthead in Australian rice." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 8 (2006): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05004.

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Straighthead is a ‘physiological’ disorder of rice, the symptoms being floret sterility, deformed florets and panicles and reduced grain yield. Straighthead in rice is difficult to investigate because of its unpredictable occurrence under field conditions. An experiment was conducted in south-eastern Australia in 1996 to investigate the effect of rate and timing of N fertilisation on growth and yield of rice. The presence of straighthead at this location gave a unique opportunity to study the influence of crop N status. This paper reports the influence of N application on straighthead symptoms during this experiment. A significant reduction of straighthead occurred with higher rates of N application. Application of 250 kg N/ha pre-flood, improved plant growth and vigour with subsequent increased uptake and accumulation of S, P, K, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn in the plant at panicle initiation. The reduction of straighthead at high nitrogen rates may be due to improved uptake of several essential nutrients, and Cu may be a critical nutrient. This study and earlier observations have shown the application of optimal levels of pre-flood nitrogen to achieve grain yields greater than 10 t/ha may reduce straighthead severity in the Australian rice-growing environment. The results in this paper are not presented as recommendations to growers but a contribution to the currently limited literature on straighthead in Australia.

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Nardi, S., G. Arnoldi, and G. Dell'Agnola. "Effect of actinomycete metabolites on ion absorption by rice seedlings." Science of The Total Environment 81-82 (June 1989): 675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90177-0.

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Xu, Dan Dan, and De Shen Liu. "The Experiment Study of the Pollution of Phthalate Compounds and Heavy Metals to Rice in the Film." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.303.

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With the popularity of plastic mulching technology, the residual agricultural mulch bring more and more negative effect. They destroy the soil structure and harm crops, so effect the agricultural environment. By means of pot and field experiment for rice growth periods, this paper study the content of DBP and DEHP, Pb and Cd in the plants are differences in different film residues at 850 farm in Heilongjiang. Experimental results show that people detect DBP content in plant rice, but DEHP composition has not been detected. Rice seedling DBP content was lower than harvest stem DBP content was lower than grain content. Rice seedlings to Pb and Cd content ripe grains in plants are within the normal concentration; its content requirements are still in the plant growth referral levels. The use of plastic-film mulch is uneconomic under existing plastic film collecting technology in the long run. And come up with study direction in the future.

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Blockley, David J. "Effect of wharves on intertidal assemblages on seawalls in Sydney Harbour, Australia." Marine Environmental Research 63, no. 4 (May 2007): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.10.007.

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Rahman, M. Azizur, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Suzie M. Reichman, Richard P. Lim, and Ravi Naidu. "Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on sale in Australia: Health hazard." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 100 (February 2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.11.024.

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Girish, K. "Effect of Carbon Sources on the Biomass Build-Up and Degradation of Rubber Processing Industry Effluent." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 4 (December 25, 2014): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11532.

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Rubber processing industry effluent represents a serious environmental pollution problem especially for underground and surface water. Wastewater collected from rubber processing industry was characterized for their pollution characteristics. Analysis showed that the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), ammonia and phosphate were high when compared to effluent discharge standard for industrial wastewater. Four bacterial species were isolated from the wastes and were identified as Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. A bacterial consortium was constituted by mixing proportionately these four bacteria and used in effluent aerobic biotreatment. Complex carbon sources such as bagasse, corn-cob, rice straw, wheat bran, molasses, corn steep liquor, were screened for their effect on growth of the consortium constituted. Highest biomass production was in molasses followed by rice straw hydrolysate, wheat bran hydrolysate and bagasse hydrolysate. However, the inoculum grown on rice straw and wheat bran hydrolysate caused maximum degradation in terms of reduction in various parameters such as BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NH4+ and PO43, about 70 to 80% reduction was observed. From the results of the present study it could be inferred that the constituted consortium could effectively be used for the treatment of effluents from rubber processing industry and rice straw and wheat bran hydrolysate could be used for mass production of effective consortium. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11532Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(4): 579-584

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Xu, Xiaorong, Liang Chen, Hantao Zhou, and Ming Tang. "The Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Bacterial Community of the Brown Planthopper and Its Correlation with Rice Virulence." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 2327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112327.

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The prevention and control of planthoppers represent important issues for rice production. Current long-term control methods rely on pesticides, which raise concerns about environmental pollution. Recently, evidence has suggested that bacterial symbionts are important factors influencing the formation of Hemiptera insect biotypes and the selection of host plants for insects, which suggesting that targeting bacterial communities may be an effective alternative method for planthopper control. In this study, we perturbed the bacterial communities of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, by feeding antibiotic-treated rice and used RNA-seq to examine the transcriptome of normal rice fed with perturbed BPHs by RNA-seq. Our results showed that the composition of the bacterial communities significantly changed after the perturbation, which was accompanied by changes in distinct biological processes of rice, especially the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, compared with the effect of the BPH feeding on rice without bacterial communities perturbation. Our work establishes a protocol for bacterial communities perturbation in BPH, demonstrating the link between bacterial community and the responses to BPH feeding and providing new insights into the interaction between BPH and rice.

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Wang, Xiaobo, Nan Wu, Xiang Wu, Weina Geng, and Xiaoyan Xu. "Effect of insect feces (Hermetia illucens) on rice growth and heavy metal migration from polluted soil to rice plant." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 14695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16803-0.

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Sidhu, H. S., Manpreet-Singh, E. Humphreys, Yadvinder-Singh, Balwinder-Singh, S. S. Dhillon, J. Blackwell, V. Bector, Malkeet-Singh, and Sarbjeet-Singh. "The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06225.

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Lack of suitable machinery is a major constraint to direct drilling into combine-harvested rice residues due to the heavy straw load, and the presence of loose tough straw deposited by the harvester. Therefore, most rice stubbles are burnt in the mechanised rice–wheat systems of south Asia and Australia, as this is a rapid and cheap option, and allows for quick turn around between crops. As well as loss of organic matter and nutrients, rice stubble burning causes very serious and widespread air pollution in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plains, where rice–wheat systems predominate. A novel approach with much promise is the Happy Seeder, which combines the stubble mulching and seed drilling functions in the one machine. The stubble is cut and picked up in front of the sowing tynes, which engage bare soil, and deposited behind the seed drill as mulch. Evaluation of the technology over 3 years in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields in Punjab, India, showed that establishment of wheat sown into rice residues with the Happy Seeder was comparable with establishment using conventional methods (straw burnt followed by direct drilling or cultivation before sowing) for sowings around the optimum time into stubbles up to 7.5 t/ha. For late sowings, plant density declined significantly at straw loads above 5 t/ha. The mulch also reduced weed biomass by ~60%, and reduced soil evaporation. Yield of wheat sown around the optimum time into rice residues, using the Happy Seeder, was comparable with or higher than yield after straw removal or burning, in replicated experiments and farmers’ fields, for straw loads up to 9 t/ha. In farmers’ fields there was an average yield increase of 9 and 11% in 2004–05 and 2005–06, respectively, compared with farmer practice. For sowings after the optimum time, yield declined significantly at straw loads greater than 7.5 t/ha. The Happy Seeder offers the means of drilling wheat into rice stubble without burning, eliminating air pollution and loss of nutrients and organic carbon due to burning, at the same time as maintaining or increasing yield.

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Mat Jidin, Miza Asma Syahirah, Musfiroh Jani, Norashikin Mohd Fauzi, and Noor Syuhadah Subki. "Removal of methyl red in wastewater by activated carbon derived from rice husk." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 8, no. 2 (August 6, 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v8i2.627.

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The textile industry is the largest industry contributing to the wastewater pollution and is a concern for the environment today. This pollution occurs when wastewater from the textile industry discharges the water into the river and it will affect both aquatic and human life. There are several ways to overcome this pollution problem but the current method is very expensive and its effectiveness depends on the colour of the dye. In this research, activated carbon of rice husk was used as an adsorbent to remove the methyl red dye from the wastewater. To detect the effectiveness of rice husk, two materials were used which were raw rice husk and also activated carbon to remove methyl red dyes from wastewater. There are four parameters used to investigate the optimum level which are the effect of initial dye concentrations ranges from (2 mg/L-10 mg/L), contact time (20-100 minutes), pH (2-10) and adsorbent dosage (0.5-2.5 g). The percentage of dye is calculated and recorded to see the comparison between raw rice husk and also activated carbon of rice husk. The results show that the rice husk can be used as a potential adsorbent to remove methyl red from the waste water.

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Liou, Tzong-Horng, and Pie-Ying Wang. "A Sustainable Route to Synthesize Graphene Oxide/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Effect Nanocomposite Adsorbent." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 2867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17450.

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Rice husk is an agricultural waste that provides an alternative renewable source of bioenergy. Burning rice husk can produce rice husk ash. The rice husk ash is a potential resource of low-cost precursor for synthesizing high value-added materials. This paper reports the synthesis of SBA-15 mesoporous silica from recycled rice husk ash waste. Next, graphene oxide/ordered mesoporous carbon (GO/CMK-3) nanocomposite was synthesized using the SBA-15 template. The composite was investigated by X-ray diffractometer, field-emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer and surface area analyzer. Experimental results confirmed that GO/CMK-3 composite possessed high surface area (936 m2/g), large pore volume (1.077 cm3/g), and uniform pore size (4.35 nm). The mesopore structure was not destroyed by the introduction of GO. Methylene blue was employed as an adsorbate to evaluate the adsorption capacity of GO/CMK-3 composite. The GO/CMK-3 revealed much higher adsorption capacity levels than did pure CMK-3 and SBA-15. The adsorption capacity decreased with increasing solution temperature, and increasing initial concentration of dye. The thermodynamic observation indicated that the total adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The conversion of rice husk ash waste into GO/CMK-3 composites can be regarded as an economically beneficial by-product for reducing environmental pollution.

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Singh Aulakh, Deepinder, Jaspal Singh, and Sarvesh Kumar. "The Effect of Utilizing Rice Husk Ash on Some Properties of Concrete - A Review." Current World Environment 13, no. 2 (August 25, 2018): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.13.2.07.

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World environmental pollution is having direct and visible influence of construction industry. Relatively, 10 quintal of CO2emitted by the manufacturing of 10 quintal of ordinary portland cement (OPC), which accounts almost seven percent of the global CO2 emissions. Averagely, ten thousand million cubic meter of concrete is produced yearly. Byproducts like rice husk ash (RHA), fly ash, blast-furnace slag, metakaolin and silica fume will be able to utilize as supplementary cementitious material because of their pozzolanic behavior. Rice husk cannot be used as animal’s feed due to the low nutritional value. Neither can it be discarded as landfill nor by burning because it arise a great environment challenge. By converting rice husk into rice husk ash (RHA), it can be used in concrete as a fractional substitution of cement because of high silica quantity in RHA. In this present paper, the result of some authors with the use RHA as a fractional substitution of cement on the properties of concrete like workability, permeability, compressive and tensile strength are reviewed.

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Israël Prince, Massembo, Mankessi François, Shaolong Sun, and Xiao Lin Fan. "Effects of alkaline fertilizer and rice cultivation (Oryza sativa L.) on remediation of soils polluted with cadmium (Cd)." Journal of Applied Biosciences 157 (October 31, 2021): 16182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.157.4.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a simple and feasible methodology which makes possible restoration of soils polluted by cadmium using two types of fertilizers (alkaline and conventional), and the technique of phytoremediation (low rice variety, and hyper accumulator of cadmium). Methodology and results: Its application mode was experimented at Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Fertilizer Engineering Technology in Guangzhou, republic of china. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with an average daytime temperature of 25.5°C, in the city of Guangzhou (China). Polyethylene pots with an inner diameter of 25 cm and a height of 25 cm were each filled with 5 kg of air-dried soil and passed through a 1cmx1cm mesh of a sieve. Four factors were studied, soil contamination level (soil contaminated with Cd, soil with low Cd contamination), pH of the fertilizer (high, pH = 9.5, normal pH 5.8), dosage of the fertilizer applied (low level, medium level, high level) and low Cd accumulating rice variety (Xiangwanxian 12) and hyper Cd accumulating rice (Yuzhenxiang). Soil samples taken from a depth of 0 to 30 cm were delivered to the laboratory for analyses. Results obtained showed that the soil pH was higher with the treatment of alkaline fertilizer compared to that of normal fertilizer. The pH in the soil contaminated with Cd was 5.80 (alkaline fertilizer applied), higher than that of 5.74 (normal fertilizer applied), alkaline fertilizer improve pH soil, cure Cd pollution, bring to rice specific nutrients, at specific moment that rice need to growth and achieve the effect of inhibiting soil pollution, more in hyper accumulation rice than that low accumulation one. Conclusion and application of results: The results should be helpful in determining appropriate amounts of alkaline fertilizer rice farmers should use to return farm land to productive food crop use, beyond that it was thought cane would be helpful in cadmium uptake from soil. Some rice farmers were reluctant to follow this transition and insisted on growing their rice for survival, alkaline fertilizers can better stop soil pollution and increase the soil pH value. The application of alkaline fertilizer achieves the effect of "controlling Cd pollution with fertilizer". Key words: alkaline fertilizer, pH, Cd, normal pH fertilizer, accumulation

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Asiyanthi Tabran, Lando, Arifin Abdul Nasser, and Nurhayati. "Effect of Bio-activator Addition and Stirring on Biogas Production from Rice Husks and Cow Dung." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 07015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187307015.

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Indonesia as the world’s third-largest paddy producer generates abundant agricultural wastes. Approximately, 20% of those wastes obtained in the rice milling process are rice husks that have not been fully utilized. Rice husks contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Therefore, it can be used as an alternative source of energy. In addition, an increase in the cattle population has increased the waste produced. Disposal of livestock manure, that has not been handled properly, has caused environmental pollution. The abundance of cow dung is an energy potential which is very beneficial for the community. Therefore, rice husk, cow dung, and bio-activator EM-4 were used as the main material in this study. The objectives of this study were to analyze the volume of biogas produced from (1) each composition of rice husk and cow dung, (2) addition of bio-activator EM-4, and (3) the amount of stirring in the digester. The ratio of rice husk and cow dung waste is 70%: 30% with a solid and water ratio of 10%: 90% and 20%:80%. The addition of EM-4 and stirring frequency is made with various composition aimed to accelerate the rate of increase in biogas, which can be used as alternative energy in society.

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Russell, JS, and AL Chapman. "Sulfur deficiency in rice grown on the alkaline soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (1988): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880111.

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Nutrient and acidification effects of sulfur (S) on the growth of flooded rice on Cununurra clay from the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia. were studied in pot experiments. An acute S deficiency in the surface horizon of Cununurra clay was found. This deficiency was extreme on virgin soil but was also evident on cropped soil that had received substantial amounts of S as superphosphate and ammonium sulfate in the past. The major effect of an application of elemental S on rice growth was as a nutrient. Irrigation water appears to be an important source of nutrient S in this remote area where annual atmospheric accessions of S are estimated to be about 1 kg ha-1. The S content of Ord irrigation water from Lake Argyle is relatively low (mean � s.e. sulfate3 = 1.7 � 0.05 mg L-1) by world standards. Nevertheless. in this study, 62% of the S added with the Ord irrigation water was recovered in the plant tops. This indicates that factors which determine the amount of irrigation water applied are likely to affect the field incidence of S deficiency. In particular, decreased usage of irrigation water during the December-March wet season (when average rainfall is 630 mm) may increase the likelihood of S deficiency in rice.

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Seyedkazemi, Ali, Meysam Mirzaeipour, and Seyed Ebrahim Vahdat. "Effect of Mixed Foundry Sand and Rice Hull Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 10, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2021.10.1.21.

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Waste foundry sand is the by-product of metal casting industry. Rice hull which is often burned after it is removed from rice is also a by-product of the agriculture industry. Disposing of these wastes leads to the environmental pollution. To optimal use of these wastes and avoid the adverse effects of dumping them, regular sand has been partially replaced with the waste foundry sand and rice hull ash pozzolan has been also used as a partial replacement for cement in making concrete. XRF, XRD and SEM experiments, compressive strength, tensile strength (Brazilian), flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and water absorption tests have been conducted. The results showed a slight decrease in compressive strength of samples in which regular sand was replaced with waste foundry sand by 15 percent; however, adding the rice hull ash to this mixture led to make a concrete comparable with control one. Also, using foundry sand in mix designs affects their physical performance. Moreover, the use of waste foundry sand in concrete is both economically and environmentally suitable.

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Leu, Jai Houng. "Muti-Factors Correlation Study for the Additive Effect on Manufacture of Residue Derived Fuel (RDF) from Rice Husk." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.422.

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As we know, agricultural waste like rice husk & straw etc., are produced a lot from the rice paddy special caution is needed in order to prevent the resulting serious environment pollution. Due to lack of practical additive influence of RDF production in the present, the present research will be involved in forming parameters of temperature, pressure etc. in addition to ameliorate strength and thermal performance test of the RDF product by the additive. The optimal condition of manufacture technique will be concluded and suggested for the reference of processes in the practical plant establishment.

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Raja, R., A. K. Nayak, K. S. Rao, Chandrika Puree, Mohammad Shahid, B. B. Panda, Anjani Kumar, et al. "Effect of Fly Ash Deposition on Photosynthesis, Growth and Yield of Rice." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 93, no. 1 (April 23, 2014): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-014-1282-x.

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Yan, Jun, Jingwei Yu, Wei Huang, Xiaoxue Pan, Yucheng Li, Shunyao Li, Yalu Tao, Kang Zhang, and Xuesheng Zhang. "Initial Studies on the Effect of the Rice–Duck–Crayfish Ecological Co-Culture System on Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Properties of Soils: A Field Case Study in Chaohu Lake Basin, Southeast China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032006.

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Rice–duck and rice–crayfish co-culture patterns can increase soil productivity and sustainability and reduce the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, thereby reducing the resulting negative environmental impacts. However, most studies have focused on the rice–duck and rice–crayfish binary patterns and have ignored integrated systems (three or more), which may have unexpected synergistic effects. To test these effects, a paddy field experiment was carried out in the Chaohu Lake Basin, Hefei city, Southeast China. Four groups, including a rice–duck–crayfish ecological co-culture system (RDC), idle field (CK), single-season rice planting system (SSR), and double-season rice planting system (DSR), were established in this study. The results showed that the RDC improved the soil physical properties, fertility, humus content, and enzyme activity. In the RDC system, the soil total nitrogen content ranged from 8.54% to 28.37% higher than other systems in the 0-10 cm soil layer. Similar increases were found for soil total phosphorus (8.22–30.53%), available nitrogen (6.93–22.72%), organic matter (18.24–41.54%), urease activity (16.67–71.51%), and acid phosphatase activity (23.41–66.20%). Relative to the SSR treatment, the RDC treatment reduced the total losses of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff by 24.30% and 10.29%, respectively. The RDC also did not cause any harm to the soil in terms of heavy metal pollution. Furthermore, the RDC improved the yield and quality of rice, farmer incomes, and eco-environmental profits. In general, the RDC can serve as a valuable method for the management of agricultural nonpoint-source pollution in the Chaohu Lake area and the revitalization of the countryside.

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Chapman, AL, and RJK Myers. "Nitrogen contributed by grain legumes to rice grown in rotation on the Cununurra soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870155.

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The uptake of nitrogen (N) by dry season rice following wet season crops of soybean (for grain or green manure), green gram, Sesbania cannabina (a native legume), a cereal (sorghum or dryland rice for grain), or bare fallow, was studied for 3 cropping cycles over 4 years. The work was done on Cununurra clay (0.04% N) at Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, W.A., in the Ord Irrigation Area. Stubbles were returned to the soil except in the first cycle when (excluding the green manure treatment) all tops were removed from the plots at maturity. There was a 12-month bare fallow period between the first and second cycles. Dry season rice was drill-sown with or without 100 kg ha-1 of N applied as urea at permanent flooding. Soybean, green gram and Sesbania crops accumulated 290-360, 80-130 and 110-180 kg N ha-1, respectively, in the tops at maturity. An average of about 40 kg N ha-1 was present in the stem bases and roots (0-20 cm depth). Estimates of nitrogen fixation based on 15N dilution measurements ranged from 65-72% of total plant N when the legumes were grown after 12 months fallow, to 93-95% when they were grown immediately following dry season rice. Fertiliser N at 25 kg ha-1 applied presowing ('starter' N) had no significant effect on legume N yield at maturity. N returned in leaves, stems and hulls averaged 30, 50 and 80 kg N ha-1 for green gram, soybean and Sesbania, respectively. Rice grain yields and N uptake at maturity were generally highest after Sesbania and lowest after a wet season cereal crop. Differences among treatments were small and related to the quantity of N returned in residues. On average, 11% of the N in the residues was recovered in the tops of the following rice crop. Rice yields increased over the 4-year period, but mean increases were similar for legume and non-legume treatments. The average apparent recovery of N applied as urea to dry season rice at permanent flooding was 76%. The inclusion of a soybean cash crop in the rotation offers the possibility of a marginal reduction in the need for N fertiliser.

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Fan, Haojie, Xuelun Chang, Jie Wang, and Zhongxiao Zhang. "Catalytic pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry wastes in a fixed-bed reactor using K2CO3 as the catalyst." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 1 (September 27, 2019): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19875508.

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Catalytic pyrolysis of three different agricultural and forestry wastes (pinewood, peanut shell, rice straw) was performed in a fixed-bed reactor heated slowly under a stream of purging argon in the temperature range from 300 °C to 700 °C using K2CO3 as the catalyst. The aim of this study is to investigate the gaseous, liquid, and solid products derived from three different biomasses, and to ascertain the effects of K2CO3 on the pyrolysis behaviours. The products’ yields correlated with the composition of the biomasses and the addition of catalyst in the biomasses. The addition of K2CO3 described a strong catalysis in all three phases of the products: The liquid yield decreased obviously in contrast to the increase in gas yield. The liquid yields of pinewood and peanut shell demonstrated a remarkable decrease, while that of rice straw demonstrated the least decrease owing to a significant difference between the fibre composition of rice straw and those of the other two biomasses. This catalytic pyrolysis procedure was observed to produce low yields of liquid that contained high proportions of ketones and phenols, with minor acids, aldehydes, and furans. Among the three, the phenols of rice straw indicated the most obvious increase, while guaiacols decreased significantly, indicating that K2CO3 facilitated the secondary decomposition of guaiacols. Generally, for K2CO3 catalyst, the order of catalytic effect was pinewood > peanut shell > rice straw.

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Gamage, Ashoka, Ben Basnayake, Janendra De Costa, and Othmane Merah. "Effects of Rice Husk Biochar Coated Urea and Anaerobically Digested Rice Straw Compost on the Soil Fertility, and Cyclic Effect of Phosphorus." Plants 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010075.

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Fertilizer application in rice farming is an essential requirement. Most of the high-yielding varieties which are extensively grown throughout the country require recommended levels of fertilizers to obtain their potential yields. However, effective, and efficient ways of fertilizer application are of utmost importance. Coated fertilizers are used to reduce leaching nutrients and improve the efficiency of fertilizer. However, conventional coated fertilizers such as Sulphur coated urea and urea super granules are not popular among rice farmers in Sri Lanka owing to the high cost. Mixing urea-coated rice husk biochar causes a slow release of nitrogen fertilizer. This coated fertilizer and rice straw compost reduction the cost of importations of nitrogen-based fertilizers per unit area of cultivation. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of rice husk biochar coated urea and anaerobically digested rice straw compost on the soil fertility, and the cyclic effect of phosphorus. Concerning the pot experiment, rice grain yield was significantly higher in Rice husk biochar coated urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), and muriate of potash (MOP) with anaerobically digested rice straw compost. The lowest yield was observed in the control. The release of phosphate shows a cycle effect which is an important finding. Rice husk biochar coated urea can potentially be used as a slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizer. In addition, the urea coated with biochar is less costly and contributes to mitigating pollution of water bodies by inorganic fertilizers (NPK).

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Amrilla, Kharisma, Edi M. Jayadi, and Mukminah Mukminah. "Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Larutan Buah Maja (Aegle Marmelos) Sebagai Insektisida Alami Dalam Mengendalikan Walang Sangit (Leptocorisa Acuta) Di Desa Rancak Lombok Tengah." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 2, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54259/mudima.v2i2.370.

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The use of synthetic insecticides can cause environmental pollution problems and can make pests resistant. For this reason, other alternatives are sought in the form of natural insecticides. This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of maja fruit solution as a natural insecticide in suppressing rice bugs that land on rice plants and suppressing damage to rice grains. This study used RAL with 4 treatments, namely a concentration of 40%, 50% 60% and control and 5 replications. The samples used were ± 200 walang sangit tails. The results obtained showed that the maja fruit solution with a concentration of 60% had an effect on suppressing the walang sangit that landed on an average of 1 head and suppressing the damage of rice grains with an average of 10 grains of rice. So the results obtained indicate that the concentration of the maja fruit solution has an effect on controlling the walang sangit.

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Malav, M. K., S. Prasad, N. Jain, Dinesh Kumar, and S. Kanojiya. "Effect of organic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation on greenhouse gas emission." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 9 (October 28, 2020): 1769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i9.106625.

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Organic cultivation of crops is important for improving and maintaining soil health and reducing environmental pollution. The organic sources of fertilizer also have impact on emission of greenhouse gases. A field experiment was conducted during 2015-16 and 2016-17 in organic rice (Oryza sativa L.) field to study the impact of organic farming on Global Warming Potential (GWP).Treatments consisted of eight combinations namely: (T1) non-amended control; (T2) Recommended dose of fertilizers; (T3) FYM; (T4) VC; (T5) FYM + CR; (T6) VC+CR; (T7) FYM + CR + B; and (T8) VC+CR+B. Experimental results revealed that Global Warming Potential (GWP) of various treatments varied from 569.95 kg to 1840.55 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 and 634.66 kg to 1899.20 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 during both years, respectively. Different organic treatment combinations led to about 3.0 to 29.4%reduction in GWP over the conventional system, while 67.78%reduction was observed in control.The order of GWP among different combination of treatments was as follows: Control < VC < FYM < FYM+CR < VC+CR < VC+CR+B < FYM+CR+B < Conventional. This study indicated that replacement of existing conventional systems with various organic practices could reduce GWP of the system and thus needs to be considered for development of sustainable farming systems.

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Sahoo, B. C., and Asit K. Das. "Effect of carbofuran on carbohydrate, protein and trace elements in rice (Oryza sativaL.)." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 42, no. 3-4 (April 1994): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249409357996.

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Melody, Shannon M., Karen Wills, Luke D. Knibbs, Jane Ford, Alison Venn, and Fay Johnston. "Maternal Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Pregnancy Complications in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 9, 2020): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072572.

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The relationship between maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and pregnancy complications is not well characterized. We aimed to explore the relationship between maternal exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and placental abruption. Using administrative data, we defined a state-wide cohort of singleton pregnancies born between 1 March 2012 and 31 December 2015 in Victoria, Australia. Annual average NO2 and PM2.5 was assigned to maternal residence at the time of birth. 285,594 singleton pregnancies were included. An IQR increase in NO2 (3.9 ppb) was associated with reduced likelihood of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (RR 0.89; 95%CI 0.86, 0.91), GDM (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.90, 0.94) and placental abruption (RR 0.81; 95%CI 0.69, 0.95). Mixed observations and smaller effect sizes were observed for IQR increases in PM2.5 (1.3 µg/m3) and pregnancy complications; reduced likelihood of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (RR 0.95; 95%CI 0.93, 0.97), increased likelihood of GDM (RR 1.02; 95%CI 1.00, 1.03) and no relationship for placental abruption. In this exploratory study using an annual metric of exposure, findings were largely inconsistent with a priori expectations and further research involving temporally resolved exposure estimates are required.

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Islam, Shofiqul, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, M. R. Islam, and Ravi Naidu. "Effect of irrigation and genotypes towards reduction in arsenic load in rice." Science of The Total Environment 609 (December 2017): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.111.

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Shen, Zhengtao, Deyi Hou, Fei Jin, Junxian Shi, Xiaoliang Fan, Daniel C. W. Tsang, and Daniel S. Alessi. "Effect of production temperature on lead removal mechanisms by rice straw biochars." Science of The Total Environment 655 (March 2019): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.282.

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Chapman, AL, and KM Cellier. "Residual values of zinc sulfate and acidifying (elemental) sulfur for rice on the alkaline Cununurra soils of the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 5 (1986): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860591.

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The residual values of zinc sulfate and acidifying (elemental) sulfur (S) for rice on Cununurra clay were investigated at Kimberley Research Station, near Kununurra in the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia. Successive crops were grown on 2 sites showing different degrees of zinc (Zn) deficiency according to visual symptoms. Despite the marked response to Zn fertiliser shown by the first crop of IR665-24-1 rice on the more deficient site (previously fallow for 12 months) there was no significant yield response to applied Zn in the third crop. On the less Zn deficient site (previously under weeds for several years), IR661-1-170-1-3 rice showed no response to Zn fertiliser although transient symptoms occurred in the first and second crops. Continuous cropping per se apparently reduced the severity of Zn deficiency on both sites, thus negating attempts to estimate the residual value of Zn fertiliser. The 2 sites were not distinguishable by the EDTAammonium carbonate soil test for Zn. Extractable Zn increased with increasing level of Zn fertiliser, but plant response was not related to extractable Zn. Application of elemental S (1-4 t ha-1) had no effect on extractable Zn levels before sowing of rice. Increased rice yields due to acidifying S were confirmed, but the residual effects did not extend beyond the fourth crop. In each of the 3 seasons following S application, the yield of IR661-1-170-1-3 increased by 0.3-0.6 t ha-1 but, at current prices, the use of S as a soil ameliorant for rice in the Ord Irrigation Area would be uneconomic.

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Ferrari, Samuel, Dumon Ramiro Zanetti de Godoy, Matheus Luís Oliveira Cunha, Evandro Pereira Prado, Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa, Luis Fernando dos Santos Cordeiro, Luís Guilherme Delovo Carara, and Lara Caroline Alves de Oliveira. "Can the application of low doses of paraquat induce the hormesis effect in upland rice?" Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 56, no. 11 (October 9, 2021): 954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2021.1988815.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rice – Effect of pollution on – Australia'

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