Academic literature on the topic 'Rice Diet'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rice Diet"
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Wiwanitkit, Viroj. "Rice and Spicy Diet." Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 16, no. 3 (July 31, 2010): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2010.16.3.340.
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Marsono, Yustinus, Richard J. Illman, Julie M. Clarke, Rodney P. Trimble, and David L. Topping. "Plasma lipids and large bowel volatile fatty acids in pigs fed on white rice, brown rice and rice bran." British Journal of Nutrition 70, no. 2 (September 1993): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930144.
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Adult male pigs were fed on a diet containing (% of energy) fat 25 starch 55 from white rice and providing 20 g fibre/pig per d (diet WR). In two other groups rice bran was added to the diet to provide 43 g fibre/d. One group received the diet unmodified (diet RB), but in another (diet RO) heat-stabilized unrefined rice oil replaced the palm oil. In a further group brown rice replaced white rice and provided 37 g fibre/pig per d (diet BR). Plasma cholesterol concentrations were similar with diets WR, RB and BR. With diet RO the concentration was significantly lower than with diets WR and BR but was not different from diet RB. Plasma high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol and plasma triacylglycerols were unaffected by diet. In all groups, digesta mass rose from the caecum to the proximal colon but fell in the distal colon. Diet WR gave the lowest digesta mass while diet BR gave a significantly higher mass along the large bowel length. RB- and RO-fed pigs had equal masses of digesta which were intermediate between BR- and WR-fed pigs at all sampling sites. Pools of individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the proximal large bowel were unaffected by diet. Pools of total and individual VFA in the median and distal colon were lowest with diets WR and RB and significantly higher with diet BR. In these regions of the colon pools of acetate in RO-fed pigs did not differ from those in the BR-fed group but were higher than in other groups. However, pools of propionate and butyrate with the RO diet were significantly lower than with diet BR and the same as with diets WR and RB. Portal venous VFA concentrations were unaffected by diet. The higher large bowel digesta masses and VFA with diet BR may reflect the escape of starch from the smallintestine.
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LEE, Jae-Sung, Nese SREENIVASULU, Ruaraidh Sackville HAMILTON, and Ajay KOHLI. "Brown Rice, a Diet Rich in Health Promoting Properties." Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 65, Supplement (October 11, 2019): S26—S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.65.s26.
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Weissbort, Daniel. "Venice and the Rice Diet." Iowa Review 31, no. 3 (December 2001): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.5444.
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Kusnandar, Feri, Trina Kharisma, Nancy Dewi Yuliana, Safrida Safrida, and Slamet Budijanto. "Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Analogue Rice with the Addition of Rice Bran." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 10, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.10.1.13.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypocholesterolemic effect of analogue rice added with rice bran from three different rice varieties (white, red and black). The Sprague Dawley rats were fed ad libitum with six different chow formulas, i.e. standard diet equal to AIN-93G (C-), high-cholesterol diet (C+), high cholesterol diet plus analogue rice containing 15% coconut dregs flour (AR1), high cholesterol diet plus 10% rice bran from Ciherang white rice (AR2), Cere red rice (AR3), and Campoireng black rice (AR4). The diet intervention was conducted for 28 days. The total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) of rat plasma as well as total fat of rat liver were analyzed. The results showed that rats fed with AR1, AR2, AR3 and AR4 exhibited significant decreases of TC, LDL-C, AI and liver fat, but increased of HDL-C in comparison to those of a high-cholesterol group (C+). This hypocholesterolemic effect is associated with the significant role of dietary fiber and/or -oryzanol. Among groups with diet containing rice bran, AR2 demonstrated the highest hypocholesterolemic effect followed by AR4 and AR3. The AR1 group also gave a significant hypochlolesterolemic effect (p<0.05) due to the role of the dietary fiber. As a conclusion, this study indicates that analogue rice added with rice bran and/or coconut dregs flour is a potential functional diet that is beneficial to lower the CHD risk.
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Felipoff, Ana Lia, Angela Zuleta, Maria Elena Sambucetti, and Maria Esther Rio. "Not any type of rice performs equally to improve lactose-induced diarrhea characteristics in rats: is amylose an antidiarrheal factor?" Food Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (May 29, 2012): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000057.
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The effectiveness of different types of rice in relation to their ability to accelerate diarrhea recovering was evaluated in a rat model of osmotic diarrhea (OD). Animals (90-100 g) received protein free diet until reaching up to 20% weight loss, followed by lactose rich diet (LRD) to induce osmotic diarrhea. Rats presenting osmotic diarrhea were divided into 4 groups, which received lactose rich diet for 4 days from 8 am to 8 pm, and one of three experimental products containing 6% rice flour differing in amylose content during the night: high (HA), intermediate (IA), and low (LA). A group fed stock diet containing equivalent amount of lactose was taken as control and allowed to recover spontaneously. Amylose and viscosity (cp at 25 °C, 10 rpm) of final products were determined. Effectiveness was expressed as the ratio between percentages of normal vs. diarrheic stools during the treatment. Fecal characteristics in this rat model improved only as result of feeding high amylose content (HA) type of rice. In this experimental model of osmotic diarrhea in young rats, the antidiarrheal effects of rice were strongly dependent on the type of diet used and appear to be related to its amylose content.
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Hamzat, R. A., A. J. Omole, B. B. Babatunde, M. O. Adejumo, and O. G. Longe. "Comparative value of kola testa, corn-bran and rice- bran with maize for mature african giant land snail (Archachatina marginata)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 34, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v34i2.1203.
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This study was designed to compare the effect of kola testa, which is rich in fibre with maize the conventional energy source and other sources of fibre such as corn bran and rice bran. A total of two hundred and forty African giant land snails (Archachatina marginata) with an average live weight of 177.69 ± 10.87g were assigned to four dietary treatments: a maize-based diet (Diet 1) served as control, in a completely randomized design. The other diets were kola testa - based (Diet 2), corn bran-based (Diet 3) and rice bran-based (Diet 4) diets. The percentage of each test ingredient and that of maize was 31.30g/100g Each treatment consisted of sixty growing snails, which were subdivided into 3 replicates of 20 snails each. The snails received the diets over a period of 20 weeks. Weight gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the kola testa-based diet in comparison with the corn and rice bran-based diets. Depression of magnesium and iron in the shell, flesh and fluid of snails fed corn and rice bran diets was observed. The trial revealed that kola testa-based diet compared favorably well with the corn and rice bran-based diets.
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Huang, Pei-Xin, Chiu-Li Yeh, Suh-Ching Yang, Hitoshi Shirakawa, Chao-Lin Chang, Li-Hsin Chen, Yen-Shuo Chiu, and Wan-Chun Chiu. "Rice Bran Supplementation Ameliorates Gut Dysbiosis and Muscle Atrophy in Ovariectomized Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet." Nutrients 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15163514.
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Rice bran, a byproduct of rice milling, is rich in fiber and phytochemicals and confers several health benefits. However, its effects on gut microbiota and obesity-related muscle atrophy in postmenopausal status remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of rice bran on gut microbiota, muscle synthesis, and breakdown pathways in estrogen-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD). ICR female mice were divided into five groups: sham, OVX mice receiving control diet (OC); OVX mice receiving HFD (OH); OVX mice receiving control diet and rice bran (OR); and OVX mice receiving HFD and rice bran (OHR). After twelve weeks, relative muscle mass and grip strength were high in rice bran diet groups. IL-6, TNF-α, MuRf-1, and atrogin-1 expression levels were lower, and Myog and GLUT4 were higher in the OHR group. Rice bran upregulated the expression of occludin and ZO-1 (gut tight junction proteins). The abundance of Akkermansiaceae in the cecum was relatively high in the OHR group. Our finding revealed that rice bran supplementation ameliorated gut barrier dysfunction and gut dysbiosis and also maintained muscle mass by downregulating the expression of MuRf-1 and atrogin-1 (muscle atrophy-related factors) in HFD-fed OVX mice.
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Gonlachanvit, Sutep. "Rice and Spicy Diet: Author's Reply." Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 16, no. 3 (July 31, 2010): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2010.16.3.341.
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Zhang, Hong, Pei Cao, Luis B. Agellon, and Cheng-Kai Zhai. "Wild rice (Zizania latifolia(Griseb) Turcz) improves the serum lipid profile and antioxidant status of rats fed with a high fat/cholesterol diet." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 12 (July 27, 2009): 1723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509991036.
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The diet consumed by urban residents in modern China has become rich in saturated fats and cholesterol. In addition, the diet is high in carbohydrates from white rice and processed wheat starch. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of replacing white rice and processed wheat starch with wild rice (WR) as the chief source of dietary carbohydrates. Rats fed with the diet patterned after the diet consumed by city residents of modern China showed elevated serum lipid levels comparable with rats consuming a high fat/cholesterol diet known to induce hyperlipidaemia in this species. Meanwhile, rats consuming the city diet with WR as the carbohydrate source suppressed the increase in serum TAG and total cholesterol, and the decrease in HDL cholesterol level. In addition, the rats fed the WR diet suppressed the build-up of oxidative stress by improving antioxidant capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase activity and reducing malondialdehyde concentration, both in the serum and liver. These findings illustrate that WR is effective in suppressing hyperlipidaemia and oxidative stress in rats even when the diet consumed is high in fat and cholesterol.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rice Diet"
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O, Jung Mi, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Food habits and eating patterns of Korean adult immigrants in Australia." THESIS_CSTE_SFH_O_J.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/462.
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Migration is one of life events that may change lifestyle, including new cultural norms, language and community systems as well as dietary patterns. Changing dietary patterns from traditional eating patterns to those typical of a western lifestyle has been associated with increased risk of disease. Furthermore, new food use patterns develop through the rejection of traditional and the acceptance of culturally new food habits. The purpose of this study is to identify the food habits and meal patterns of Koreans living in Australia, and any relationship between length of residence and change in eating habits. The method used for this research was a self reported questionnaire, administered in an interview and 3 day food records. One hundred adults living in the Korean community in Sydney were surveyed. The collected data were coded and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 10. Descriptive analyses, for example mean and standard deviation, were carried out to determine the respondents’ attitudes toward food habits. The personal information data were also analysed by SPSS using frequency tables to describe the study sample. The results indicated that food habits had no significant differences dependent upon length of residence. Food habits were slightly affected by availability of income, occupation and religious beliefs. Food consumption frequency showed increased meat and dairy products. However, the consumption of rice and fish products decreased.Master of Science (Hons)
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Oliveira, Liliane Soares Corrêa de. "Dieta rica em sacarose: perfil inflamatório e danos hepáticos em camundongos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6922.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroAinda não está bem definido na literatura se uma dieta rica em sacarose, mesmo sendo isoenergética, provoca danos à saúde. Camundongos C57BL/6 foram alimentados com uma dieta controle (10% da energia proveniente de gordura, 8% da energia proveniente da sacarose - SC), uma dieta rica em sacarose (10% de energia proveniente da gordura, 32% da energia proveniente da sacarose - HSu), uma dieta hiperlipídica (42% da energia proveniente de gordura, 8% da energia proveniente da sacarose - HF) ou uma dieta combinada HF/HSu (42% da energia proveniente de gordura, 32% da energia proveniente da sacarose), durante oito semanas. Apesar da massa corporal e do índice de adiposidade não terem sofrido alteração, o grupo HSu apresentou hipertrofia dos adipócitos, o que também foi observado nos grupos HF e HF/HSu. Os grupos HF, HSu e HF/HSu foram intolerantes à glicose e apresentaram níveis séricos de insulina elevados. Os níveis séricos de leptina, resistina e proteína quimiotática de monócitos-1 (MCP-1) aumentaram, enquanto adiponectina sérica reduziu nos grupos HF, HSu e HF/HSu. No tecido adiposo, os animais HF, HSu e HF/HSu apresentaram maiores níveis de expressão protéica de leptina e níveis mais baixos de expressão protéica de adiponectina, em comparação ao grupo SC. Colesterol hepático foi maior nos grupos HF e HF/HSu, enquanto TG hepático foi maior nos grupos HSu e HF/HSu. Os animais dos grupos HF, HSu e HF/HSu apresentaram esteatose hepática, aumento da expressão protéica hepática de elemento regulador de esterol ligante da proteína 1 (SREBP-1c) e diminuição da expressão protéica do receptor ativador de proliferação peroxissomal alfa (PPAR-α). Em conclusão, a dieta rica em sacarose não provoca obesidade nos animais, mas provoca alterações nos adipócitos (hipertrofia), intolerância à glicose, hiperinsulinemia, hiperlipidemia, esteatose hepática e aumento de citocinas inflamatórias. Os efeitos prejudiciais da dieta rica em sacarose, mesmo quando a sacarose substitui isocaloricamente o amido na alimentação, pode ter consequências para a saúde.
It is still unclear if an isoenergetic, sucrose-rich diet leads to health conse-quences. Mice were fed a control diet (10% energy from fat, 8% energy from sucrose - SC), a high-sucrose diet (10% energy from fat, 32% energy from sucrose - HSu), a high-fat diet (42% energy from fat, 8% energy from sucrose - HF) or a HF/HSu diet (42% energy from fat, 32% energy from sucrose) for eight weeks. Despite the un-changed body mass and adiposity indices, HSu presented adipocyte hypertrophy, which was also observed in the HF and HF/HSu. The HF, HSu and HF/HSu were glucose intolerant and had elevated serum insulin levels. The levels of leptin, resistin and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) increased, while the serum adiponectin decreased in the HF, HSu and HF/HSu. In the adipose tissue, the HF, HSu and HF/HSu showed higher levels of leptin protein expression and lower levels of adiponectin protein expression in comparison with the SC. Hepatic cholesterol was higher in the HF and HF/HSu, while hepatic TG was higher in the HSu and HF/HSu. Liver steatosis was higher, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) hepatic expression was increased, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) hepatic protein expression was decreased in the HF, HSu and HF/HSu in comparison with the SC. In conclusion, a sucrose-rich diet does not lead to a state of obesity but has the potential to cause changes in the adipocytes (hypertrophy) as well as glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and increases in the number of inflammatory cytokines. The deleterious effects of a sucrose-rich diet in an animal model, even when the sucrose replaces starch isocalorically in the feed, can have far-reaching consequences for health.
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Gomes, Arthur Rocha. "Efedrina altera a ansiedade e locomo??o de ratos Wistar tratados desde a lacta??o com dietas de cafeteria ou restri??o cal?rica." UFVJM, 2016. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1369.
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Data de aprova??o ausente.Orientador do trabalho n?o mencionado na lista da Folha de Aprova??o.
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O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da efedrina no comportamento de ratos tratados com ra??o padr?o (comercial), dieta de cafeteria ou dieta de restri??o cal?rica desde a lacta??o. Foramutilizadas 12 ninhadas de ratos da linhagem Wistar (Rattus novergicus). Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas individuais, sob condi??es padr?es (umidade natural; temperatura de 23 ?C ? 2; e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas). Os ratos machos de cada ninhada formaram, da lacta??o at? a fase adulta, osgrupos: Controle (C) ?receberamra??o padr?o e?guaadlibitum(n = 24);Cafeteria (CAF)?receberam dieta de cafeteria e ?gua ad libitum (n = 24); Restri??o (R) ?receberam 50%dara??oconsumidapelo grupoControle e ?guaadlibitum (n = 24). Entre o 113? e o 117? dia de vida, os animais foram subdividos (n = 12) para receberemo tratamento com salina (C, CAF e R) ou efedrina (C-E, CAF-E e R-E) e realizarem os testes comportamentais. No 118? foram anestesiados e eutanasiados por exsanguina??o. Foram avaliados: o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumo de ra??o, ingest?o cal?rica, coeficiente de efici?ncia alimentar, comprimento naso-anal e ?ndice de massa corporal; peso dos ?rg?os e tecido adiposo abdominal; comprimento do f?mur e t?bia, e teor de minerais totais; teores de colesterol total e fra??es, triacilglicerol e glicemia do soro; teor de lip?dios, colesterol total e triacilglicerol do f?gado; e os efeitos no comportamento pelos testes Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE) eCampo Aberto. O grupo CAF demonstrou maior ingest?o cal?rica, configurando em maior CEA e ac?mulo de tecido adiposo abdominal, al?m de uma tend?ncia em aumento do peso e do IMC. Ademais, CAF obteve eleva??o dos n?veis de triacilglicerol plasm?tico e hep?tico, que possivelmente foram fatores respons?veis pelo aumento do tecido adiposo. Ao mesmo tempo, houve uma rela??o ruim entre as fra??es do colesterol plasm?tico (HDL-c, LDL-c e VLDL-c), com desenvolvimento de dislipidemia. Portanto, a dieta de cafeteria foi capaz de reproduzir um modelo de obesidade humana e de s?ndrome metab?lica em CAF. Os animais de dieta de restri??o obtiveram menor peso corporal e dos ?rg?os, apresentando ainda retardo no crescimento (menor CNA, da t?bia e do f?mur), e menores valores de IMC. O quadro nutricional desse grupo de animais indica que foi poss?vel desenvolver um modelo de desnutri??o. O grupo CAF obteve maior n?mero de entradas nos bra?os fechados do LCE e uma tend?ncia em atravessar maior n?mero de quadrantes no in?cio do teste de Campo Aberto, sugerindoaumento da locomo??o. A efedrina proporcionou: maior n?mero de entradas nos bra?os fechados; de entradas e tempo de perman?ncia nos bra?os abertos do LCE; maior n?mero de entradas, tempo de perman?ncia no centro do e n?mero de quadrantes atravessados no campo aberto; para ambos os tratamentos (CAF-E e R-E), sugerindo um efeito ansiol?tico e de aumento da locomo??o. As altera??es no comportamento frente ? efedrina indicam que os animais CAF e R possuem uma altera??o no sistema dopamin?rgico, que culmina com aumento do efeito ansiol?tico e de locomo??o da droga.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, [2016].
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of ephedrine on the behavior of rats treated with standard (commercial) chow, cafeteria diet or caloric restriction diet since lactation. Twelve litters of Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were used. The animals were housed in individual cages under standard conditions (natural humidity, temperature of 23 ? C ? 2 and light / dark cycle of 12 hours). The male rats of each litter formed, from lactation to adulthood, the following groups: Control (C) - received standard chow and water ad libitum (n = 24); Cafeteria (CAF) - received cafeteria diet and water ad libitum (n = 24); Restriction (R) - received 50% of the chow consumed by the Control group and water ad libitum (n = 24). Between the 113th and 117th days of life, the animals were subdivided (n = 12) to receive treatment with saline (C, CAF and R) or ephedrine (C-E, CAF-E and R-E) and perform behavioral tests. At 118th, they were anesthetized and euthanized by exsanguination. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, caloric intake, food efficiency coefficient, naso-anal length and body mass index; weight of organs and abdominal adipose tissue; Length of femur and tibia, and total mineral content; levels of total cholesterol and fractions, triacylglycerol and serum glycemia; lipid content, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol of the liver; and effects on behavior through the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field tests were evaluated. The CAF group demonstrated a higher caloric intake, resulting in an increased CEA and abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, in addition to an increasing tendency of weight and BMI. In addition, CAF obtained an elevation in plasma and hepatic triacylglycerol levels, which were possibly responsible for the increase in adipose tissue. At the same time, there was a great relationship between fractions of plasma cholesterol (HDL-c, LDL-c and VLDL-c), with development of dyslipidemia. Therefore, the cafeteria diet was able to reproduce a model of human obesity and metabolic syndrome in CAF. Restriction diet animals had lower body and organ weight, with slower growth (lower CNA, tibia and femur), and lower BMI values. The nutritional picture of this group of animals indicates that it was possible to develop a model of malnutrition. The CAF group had a higher number of entries in the closed arms of the EPM and a tendency to cross more quadrants at the beginning of the Open Field test, suggesting an increase in locomotion. Ephedrine provided: high number of entries in the closed arms; entries and length of stay in the open arms of the EPM; high number of entries, length of stay in the center and number of quadrants crossed in the open field; for both treatments (CAF-E and R-E), suggesting an anxiolytic effect and increased locomotion. Changes in the behavior against ephedrine indicate that the CAF and R animals have a change in the dopaminergic system, which culminates with aniological increase and locomotion of the drug.
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Johnson, Raegan C. "The rise and fall of fad diets how the news media frame and represent the Atkins diet, 1972-2005 /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4600.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 8, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Costa, Mariane Róvero. "Efeitos da suplementação do licopeno sobre processos fisiopatológicos da doença gordurosa não alcoólica do fígado induzida por dieta hipercalórica rica em carboidratos simples." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183191.
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Orientador: Fernando MoretoResumo: Introdução: Nos últimos anos a população mundial tem vivenciado mudanças nos hábitos alimentares, tais alterações caracterizam a transição nutricional. Ressalta-se o maior consumo de alimentos de alta densidade energética, produtos industrializados, acrescidos de açúcar e ricos em gordura e uma redução no consumo de vegetais e frutas. Este padrão alimentar é conhecido como dieta ocidental, que associada a inatividade física, reflete em alterações na composição corporal e, consequentemente, obesidade. O sobrepeso e a obesidade atualmente são um preocupante problema de saúde pública devido à elevada prevalência bem como associação com outras patologias como a doença gordurosa não alcoólica do fígado (NAFLD, do inglês nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). A fisiopatologia da NAFLD está amplamente relacionada aos processos oxidativo e inflamatório. Por isso, o licopeno, um carotenoide reconhecido pela sua ação antioxidante e anti-inflamatória, tem sido investigado como um potencial protetor hepático na NAFLD. Objetivo: Investigar o efeito da suplementação com licopeno sobre os processos fisiopatológicos da NAFLD induzida por dieta hipercalórica rica em carboidrato simples. Materiais e Métodos: Esse estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão Ética no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (1266/2018). Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar aleatoriamente distribuídos em 2 grupos com diferentes dietas para indução de obesidade: dieta controle (n=12) e hipercalórica (n=12). Após 20 seman... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Introduction: In recent years the world population has experienced changes in eating habits, which characterize the nutritional transition. Higher consumption of high energy density foods, industrialized products, high sugar and high fat products, and a reduction in the consumption of vegetables and fruits are also noteworthy. This dietary pattern is known as western diet, which associated with physical inactivity, reflects on changes in body composition and consequently obesity. Overweight and obesity are currently a worrying public health problem due to the high prevalence as well as association with other pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The pathophysiology of NAFLD is largely related to oxidative and inflammatory processes. Therefore, lycopene, a carotenoid recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, has been investigated as a potential liver protector in NAFLD. Aim: To investigate the effect of lycopene supplementation on the pathophysiological processes of NAFLD induced by a simple carbohydrate-rich hypercaloric diet. Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the Animal Ethical Committee of Botucatu Medical School (1266/2018). 24 Wistar rats were randomly distributed in 2 groups with different diets for obesity induction: control diet (n=12) and hypercaloric (n=12). After 20 weeks, the animals were redistributed in 4 groups for the study of lycopene supplementation: control group (Co, n=6), control group supplemente... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Aboosadi, Masoud Arab. "Enzyme supplementation of rice bran based broiler diets." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265041.
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Rice bran arises as a by-product from rice milling industry. The anti-nutritional substances such as phytate, non-starch polysaccharides, protease inhibitor and lectin limit the nutritional value of this by-product. This research was directed toward the nutritional improvement of defatted rice bran (DRB) using feed enzymes to degrade these anti-nutritional factors. Three growth experiments and two tube feeding experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of phytase, carbohydrase and protease enzymes (supplied by Finnfeeds International) on broiler performance, mineral retention, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity and bone characteristics of chicken fed defatted rice bran based broiler diets. Enzyme supplementation of diets was conducted to assess the effects of individual and a cocktail of enzymes and/or lactobacillus culture. The data showed that inclusion of DRB at more than 150 g/kg without additional inorganic phosphate reduced feed intake, growth, bone mineralisation and produced the symptoms of rickets in broiler chickens. Experimental phytase successfully released phosphorus from DRB which counteracted the symptoms of a phosphorus deficient rickets-producing diet and improved feed intake, growth and bone mineralisation. Data presented in this study indicate that inclusion of DRB in broiler diets did not produce viscous digesta in the gut and carbohydrase supplementation did not improve bird performance, nutrient digestibility and mineral retention. The digesta viscosity was not decreased by carbohydrase; therefore, the non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content of DRB did not play an important role in production of viscous digesta. Supplementation of DRB based broiler diets with protease improved dry matter (DM) and protein digestibility and P retention; therefore, the improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) was a result of better utilisation of nutrients. The data showed that there is a potential to decrease the phytate and lectin content of DRB broiler based diets by supplementing diets with phytase and protease.
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Lima, Flávia Fernandes de. "Dieta hiperlipídica e/ou rica em sacarose em camundongos suíços: metabolismo de carboidratos, fígado e tecido adiposo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7379.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica é uma desordem multifatorial causada principalmente por excesso nutricional e resistência à insulina, com prevalência estimada de 20-40% nos países ocidentais. A dieta hiperlipídica e/ou rica em sacarose pode influenciar no desenvolvimento da esteatose hepática associada à obesidade e a resistência à insulina. O fígado, por assumir papel central no controle metabólico, é um órgão alvo nos casos de excesso alimentar, ocasionando, principalmente, acúmulo de gotículas de gordura nos hepatócitos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o início das alterações morfológicas e metabólicas no fígado e no tecido adiposo de camundongos suíços machos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e/ou rica em sacarose. Camundongos suíços machos aos três meses de idade foram divididos em quatro grupos nutricionais: dieta padrão (SC), dieta hiperlipídica (HF), dieta rica em sacarose (HSu) e dieta hiperlipídica rica em sacarose (HFHSu). Os animais receberam as respectivas dietas durante quatro semanas. A massa corporal, a ingestão alimentar e a tolerância oral à glicose foram avaliados. Ao sacrifício, o fígado e os depósitos de gordura corporal foram removidos e processados para análises histomorfométricas e moleculares. As amostras de sangue foram obtidas para análises bioquímicas plasmáticas. Os dados foram expressos como média e erro padrão da média e as diferenças foram testadas por one-way ANOVA com pós-teste de Holm-Sidak, e foi considerado o nível de significância de p<0,05. Os grupos HF e HFHSu apresentaram-se mais pesados quando comparados aos grupos SC e HSu. Os animais dos grupos HF, HSu e HFHSu apresentaram intolerância à glicose, esteatose hepática e aumento de triglicerídeos hepáticos quando comparados ao grupo SC (p<0,0005). Adicionalmente, houve elevação na expressão hepática das proteínas transportador de glicose 2 (GLUT-2), proteína de ligação ao elemento regulador do esterol 1-c (SREBP1-c), fosfoenolpiruvato carboxiquinase (PEPCK), glicose -6- fosfatase (G6PASE), substrato do receptor da insulinaI-1 (IRS-1) e proteína quinase B (AKt/ou PKB) e redução da expressão no fígado do receptor ativador de proliferação peroxissomal (PPAR-α) nos grupos experimentais em comparação com o grupo SC (p<0,0005). A administração de dieta hiperlipídica e/ou rica em sacarose promoveu intolerância à glicose e danos hepáticos (hepatomegalia, esteatose, redução da beta-oxidação, aumento na lipogênese e na produção de glicose) em camundongos machos adultos.
The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a multifactorial disorder caused mainly by excess nutritional and insulin resistance, with an estimated prevalence of 20-40% in Western countries. The diet can to influence in the development of fatty liver associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The liver plays a central role in metabolic control, is a target organ, in case of excess of food, mainly causing accumulation of fat droplets in hepatocytes. This study aimed to evaluate the early morphological and metabolic changes in the liver and adipose tissue of male Swiss mice fed high-fat and/or high-sucrose diets. Twenty three-month-old male Swiss Webster mice were divided into 4 groups: standard chow (SC), high-fat diet (HF), high-sucrose diet (HSu) and high-fat-high-sucrose diet (HFHSu). Animals received the respective diets for 4 weeks; throughout the experiment, body mass, food intake and oral glucose tolerance were evaluated. After the mice were euthanized, the liver was removed and processed for histomorphometrical and molecular analysis. Blood samples were obtained for serum analysis. The data were tested by one-way ANOVA with a Holm-Sidak post-hoc test and were expressed as the mean standard error of the mean; the significance level was set at p < 0.05. The HF and HFHSu groups were heavier than the SC and HSu groups. Animals from the HF, HSu and HFHSu groups presented glucose intolerance, hepatomegaly, liver steatosis and augmented hepatic triglycerides when compared to the SC group (p<0.0005). Additionally, there was an elevation in glucose transporter 2 (GLUT-2), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose 6 phosphatase (G6PASE), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (AKT/ or PKB) protein expression and a reduction in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) expression in liver from the experimental groups compared to those of the SC group (p<0.0005). Administration of high-fat and/or high-sucrose diets promoted glucose intolerance and liver damage (hepatomegaly, steatosis, reduced beta-oxidation, increased lipogenesis and glucose production) in adult male mice.
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Silva, Sandra Barbosa da. "Efeitos benéficos do tratamento com óleo de peixe em camundongos c57bl/6 alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica e rica em sacarose." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3258.
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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroAvaliar os efeitos benéficos do tratamento com óleo de peixe sobre mudanças metabólicas e morfológicas no pâncreas e tecido adiposo de camundongos C57BL/6 alimentados com dieta rica em lipídeos e sacarose (HLS).Camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/6, foram alimentados com dieta padrão (P) ou dieta HLS. Aos 3 meses de idade, os camundongos do grupo HLS foram separados em grupo não-tratado (HLS) ou grupo tratado com óleo de peixe (HLS-Px, 1,5g/kg/dia). Aos 4 meses de idade os animais foram sacrificados. O grupo HLS apresentou aumento da massa corporal (MC) e no acúmulo do tecido adiposo total, porém o grupo HLS-Px apresentou menor MC e massa de tecido adiposo comparado ao grupo HLS. As concentrações de glicose plasmática e insulina não foram afetadas entre os grupos, no entanto os grupos HLS e HLS-Px apresentaram maior HOMA-IR. Os grupos HLS e HLS-Px apresentaram maiores concentrações plasmáticas do colesterol total e LDL-C, porém o grupo HLS-Px apresentou maior concentração plasmática do HDL-C e redução da concentração de triglicerídeos. Os adipócitos do grupo HLS apresentaram maior diâmetro quando comparado aos grupos controle e HLS-Px. A massa do pâncreas foi menor no grupo HLS-Px e as ilhotas pancreáticas apresentaram maior diâmetro no grupo HLS, quando comparado ao grupo controle. A expressão de insulina, glucagon e GLUT-2 mostrou-se forte em todas as ilhotas pancreáticas do grupo controle, mas o grupo HLS apresentou fraca expressão para o GLUT-2. Entretanto, HLS-Px apresentou maior expressão do GLUT-2. O tratamento com óleo de peixe foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de massa corporal e a concentração de triglicerídeos, assim como reduzir o acúmulo de tecido adiposo,hipertrofia dos adipócitos, das ilhotas pancreáticas, assim como prevenir a redução do GLUT-2 em camundongos C57BL/6.
To evaluate the fish oil treatment upon morphological and metabolic changes in the pancreas and adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diet. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed HFHS chow or standard chow (SC). At 3 mo-old, HFHS mice were separated into untreated group (HFHS) or treated with fish oil (HFHS-Fo, 1.5 g/kg/day). At 4-mo-old animals were sacrificed. HFHS had increase in body mass (BM) and in total body fat, but HFHS-Fo had smaller BM and total body fat in relation to HFHS. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were not affected among the groups, but HFHS and HFHS-Fo had higher HOMA-IR ratio. HFHS and HFHS-FO had increased plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C, but HFHS-Fo increased plasma HDL-C and decreased triglycerides levels. The adipocytes size were greater in HFHS, when compared to SC and HFHS-Fo groups. HFHS-Fo had smaller pancreas mass and HFHS presented higher islet pancreatic diameter, when compared to SC group. SC group showed strong expression for insulin, glucagon and GLUT-2 in all pancreatic islets, and HFHS presented lesser expression for GLUT-2. However, HFHS-Fo presented increase of GLUT-2 expression. Fish oil treatment was able to reduce body mass gain and plasma TG, reduce fat pad adiposity as well as adipocyte and pancreatic islet hypertrophy, prevent decrease GLUT-2 in C57BL/6.
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Benedet, Lynda Louise. "Use of a rice bran in tropical grower-finisher swine diets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27481.pdf.
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Santos, Aline de Sousa dos. "Disfunção mitocondrial e cardíaca em camundongos induzida por dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5951.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroIndivíduos obesos apresentam maior risco de morbidade e mortalidade atribuída às doenças cardiovasculares. A composição da dieta é um fator que prediz o fenótipo cardíaco em resposta a obesidade e, o tipo de ácido graxo pode afetar de forma diferencial a estrutura e a função do miocárdio. Estudos têm mostrado que a disfunção mitocondrial exerce um papel chave na patogênese da insuficiência e hipertrofia cardíaca, e as alterações mitocondriais observadas em falhas cardíacas apontam para defeitos em sítios específicos da cadeia transportadora de elétrons. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a função contrátil ventricular em camundongos, alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, buscando elucidações através da bioenergética mitocondrial. Após desmame, camundongos machos C57Bl/6 passaram a receber dieta manipulada contendo 7% (C) ou 19% (HF) de óleo de soja, até os 135 dias de idade. A ingestão alimentar e a massa corporal foram monitoradas e foi realizado teste de tolerância à glicose. No final do período experimental, os animais foram anestesiados e submetidos à avaliação da composição corporal por Absortimetria de Raios X de Dupla Energia (DXA), e em seguida, sacrificados por exsanguinação. No plasma foram determinados o perfil lipídico e a insulina. O coração, o tecido adiposo intra-abdominal e o subcutâneo foram coletados, pesados, processados para análise histomorfológica. Fibras cardíacas do ventrículo esquerdo foram utilizadas para análise da respiração mitocondrial através de oxígrafo. O coração também foi utilizado para a técnica de perfusão de coração isolado de Langendorff, e para análise da expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, através de Western Blotting. O índice de HOMA e de adiposidade foram calculados. O grupo HF apresentou maior adiposidade, sem alteração na ingestão alimentar. Foi observada intolerância a glicose, hiperinsulinemia e resistência à insulina, além de alterações desfavoráveis no perfil lipídico. Foi observado alteração na morfologia cardíaca e quadro de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, refletindo em alteração hemodinâmica, determinando maior contratilidade, maior pressão ventricular e função diastólica prejudicada. Em relação à atividade mitocondrial dos cardiomiócitos foi observada menor oxidação de carboidratos (-47%) e de ácidos graxos (-60%). Porém, sem alteração na expressão de proteínas relacionadas à bioenergética de cardiomiócitos, CPT1, UCP2, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK e pAMPK. A partir desses resultados, concluímos que o tipo e a quantidade de ácidos graxos predizem o fenótipo cardíaco na obesidade, promovendo alteração na capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial, na morfologia e na hemodinâmica cardíaca
Obese individuals have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality attributed to cardiovascular disease. The diet composition is one factor that predicts the cardiac phenotype in response to obesity and the type of fatty acid differentially influences the myocardial structure and function. Studies have showed that mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and failure, also the mitochondrial alterations present in heart failure indicate to defects at specific sites in electron transport chain. Thus, the aim of the study was evaluated the ventricular contractile function in mice fed high fat diet, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, looking through mitochondrial bioenergetics. After weaning, mouse C57Bl/6 received manipulated diet containing 7% (C) or 19% (HF) of soybean oil, until 135 days of age. The food intake and the body mass were monitored, and the glucose tolerance test was realized. At the end of the experimental period, the animals had their body composition evaluated by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), after, were sacrificed by exsanguination. In plasma was determined the lipid profile and insulin. The heart, intraabdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected, weighted and processed to morphological analysis. The left ventricular myocardial fibers were used to analyze mitochondrial respiration by technique of high resolution respirometry. The heart was used to the Langendorff technique of isolated heart perfusion, and to analyze the expression of proteins related to the cardiomyocytes bioenergetics, through of Western Blotting. The HOMA-IR and the adiposity index were calculated. The group HF showed higher adiposity, but did not differ about food intake. Was observed glucose intolerance, hiperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and also unfavorable alterations in lipid profile. Was observed alterations in cardiac morphology and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, reflecting in hemodinamic alterations with increase of contractility, higher ventricular pressure and impaired diastolic function. About the mitochondrial activity of cardiomyocytes was observed lower oxidation of carbohydrates (-47%) and fatty acids (-60%). However, the expression of proteins related to the cardiomyocytes bioenergetics, CPT1, UCP2, GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK e pAMPK, did not differ between the groups. From these results, we conclude that the type and amount of fatty acids predict the cardiac phenotype in obesity, promoting the impairment of mitochondrial oxidative capacity, alterations in cardiac morphology and hemodynamics
Books on the topic "Rice Diet"
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Robert, Rosati, ed. The rice diet solution: The world famous low-sodium, good-carb, detox diet for quick and lasting weight loss. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
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Robert, Rosati, ed. The rice diet solution: The world-famous low-sodium, good-carb, detox diet for quick and lasting weight loss. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
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Rosati, Kitty Gurkin. The rice diet cookbook: 150 easy, everyday recipes and inspirational success stories from the rice diet community. New York: Berkley Books, 2007.
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Flinn, J. C. Contributions of modern rice varieties to nutrition in Asia. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1985.
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Moscovitz, Judy. The rice diet report: How I lost up to 12 pounds a week on the world-famous weight-loss plan. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1986.
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Moscovitz, Judy. The rice diet report: How I lost up to 12 poundsa week on the world-famous weight-loss plan. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1986.
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Ngô, Thanh Nhàn. Ăn gạo lứt muối mè: Tăng cường sức khỏe và trị bệnh theo phương pháp thực dưỡng Ohsawa = Macrobiotic eating for health and happiness. 5th ed. [Đà Nẵng]: NXB Đà Nẵng, 2008.
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Drago, Lorena. Beyond rice and beans. Alexandria: American Diabetes Association, 2005.
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Newborg, Barbara. Walter Kempner and the rice diet: Challenging conventional wisdom. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 2011.
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Sams, Craig. The macrobiotic brown rice cookbook: Delicious and wholesome grain-based dishes. Rochester, Vt: Healing Arts Press, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rice Diet"
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Bresciani, Andrea, Maria Ambrogina Pagani, and Alessandra Marti. "Rice: A Versatile Food at the Heart of the Mediterranean Diet." In Cereal-Based Foodstuffs: The Backbone of Mediterranean Cuisine, 193–229. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69228-5_8.
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Ganguly, Kavery, and Ashok Gulati. "Pulses Value Chain- Pigeon Pea and Gram." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_8.
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AbstractPulses form an important part of agriculture in India given that the country is the largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses. Owing to their natural resilience to extreme weather conditions, low water requirements and being environmentally benign, pulses have been traditionally a smallholder’s crop. However, with poor price realization, farmers are switching towards other remunerative crops such as sugarcane, soybean, among others. Unlike rice and wheat, pulses are not covered by the regular public procurement system which makes marketing of pulses at fair and remunerative prices a challenge for the farmers. Pulses are no longer a poor man’s diet given the escalating consumer prices. Nonetheless, it is considered as an important source of protein (given the large vegetarian diet base in India), consumption of which is being promoted to address the observed protein gap in the diets. Over time, per capita availability of pulses has declined like other traditional cereals. With changing consumption patterns and emerging dietary deficiencies, there is scope for enhancing consumption of pulses through traditional and value-added products.
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Seedorf, Thomas. "Buxtehude, Diet(e)rich." In Metzler Komponisten Lexikon, 114–16. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-03421-2_41.
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Seedorf, Thomas. "Buxtehude, Diet(e)rich." In Komponisten Lexikon, 90–91. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05274-2_40.
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Chen, Chang-Hwei. "Diets Rich in Enzyme Modulators." In Activation and Detoxification Enzymes, 103–11. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1049-2_11.
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Matres, Jerlie Mhay, Erwin Arcillas, Maria Florida Cueto-Reaño, Ruby Sallan-Gonzales, Kurniawan R. Trijatmiko, and Inez Slamet-Loedin. "Biofortification of Rice Grains for Increased Iron Content." In Rice Improvement, 471–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_14.
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AbstractDietary iron (Fe) deficiency affects 14% of the world population with significant health impacts. Biofortification is the process of increasing the density of vitamins and minerals in a crop, through conventional breeding, biotechnology approaches, or agronomic practices. This process has recently been shown to successfully alleviate micronutrient deficiency for populations with limited access to diverse diets in several countries (https://www.harvestplus.org/). The Fe breeding target in the HarvestPlus program was set based on average rice consumption to fulfil 30% of the Estimated Average Requirement of Fe in women and children. In this review, we present the reported transgenic approaches to increase grain Fe. Insertion of a single or multiple genes encoding iron storage protein, metal transporter, or enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of metal chelator in the rice genome was shown to be a viable approach to significantly increase grain-Fe density. The most successful approach to reach the Fe breeding target was by overexpression of multiple genes. Despite this success, a significant effort of 8–10 years needs to be dedicated from the proof of concept to varietal release. This includes large-scale plant transformation, event selection, collection of data for premarket safety assurance, securing biosafety permits for consumption and propagation, and collection of data for variety registration.
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Xu, J., L. Hulett, A. Barnes, R. Albridge, and N. Tolk. "Rotational Distributions Following DIET: CN* from Alkali-Rich Surfaces." In Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 313–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78080-6_51.
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Islam, S., M. M. Rahman, and R. Naidu. "Health risk of inorganic arsenic from rice-based diets." In Arsenic in the Environment: Bridging Science to Practice for Sustainable Development As2021, 280–81. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003317395-114.
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Ahmed, A. U., and J. Ghostlaw. "Diversifying rice-centric agriculture and diets: the Bangladesh experience." In Agriculture for improved nutrition: seizing the momentum, 154–64. Wallingford: CABI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786399311.0154.
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Dreher, Mark L. "Fiber-Rich Diets in Chronic Kidney Disease." In Dietary Fiber in Health and Disease, 305–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50557-2_15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Rice Diet"
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Parklak, W., N. Munkong, S. Somnuk, N. Sompara, J. Naowaboot, B. Yoysungnoen, and N. Lerdvuthisopon. "Effect of rice bran extract on pancreas of rats fed a high-fat diet." In GA 2017 – Book of Abstracts. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608340.
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Fernández, C., T. Romero, and M. Lachica. "Orange leaves and rice straw in the diet of lactating goats: effect on energy balance." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_74.
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Badrul Zaman, Maslia Manja, Amelia Najwa Ahmad Hairi, Norliza Saparin, and Ahmadilfitri Md Noor. "Candelilla and Rice Bran Wax as Oleogelators in Soybean Oil for Deep Frying Application." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/jltk8162.
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International health association such as American Heart Association (AHA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommend limiting saturated fat (SAFA) intake in daily diet due to the health concerns that they are linked to. However, SAFA can provide frying stability and provide crispy texture to the fried food. In this study, soybean oil which is known to have low SAFA was structured using 5% natural waxes: Candelilla wax (CNW) and Rice Bran wax (RBW) via oleogelation techniques. Oleogels can be defined as a structured liquid vegetable oil entrapped within a three-dimensional, thermo-reversible gelation network. Upon preparing the oleogels, the oleogels were subjected to frying application to determine its frying performances. Results show that the addition of waxes can help to control the increment of free fatty acids, total oxidation value and total polar compounds in the oil. Addition of waxes also show reduced oil absorption in food upon frying. However, the color changes of the wax added frying oils are much faster throughout the frying process. Therefore, natural waxes such as RBW and CNW have promising potential to be used in solidifying soybean oil for frying application.
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Yulistiani, Dwi, Wisri Puastuti, and Yeni Widiawati. "In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation of Grass or Rice Straw Basal Diet With or Without Complete Rumen Modifier Supplementation." In Proceedings of International Seminar on Livestock Production and Veterinary Technology. Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/proc.intsem.lpvt-2016-p.310-317.
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Shin, Woo-Kyoung, Hwi-Won Lee, Aesun Shin, Jong-koo Lee, and Daehee Kang. "Abstract LB-279: Multi-grain rice diet decreases risk of breast cancer in Korean women: Results from the Health Examinees study." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2020; April 27-28, 2020 and June 22-24, 2020; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-lb-279.
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Gunawan, Winarti Erna, Sutardi, and Kusnadi Harwi. "Effect of rice bran and mineral supplementation on forage-based diet on growth performance and cost efficiency of ongole crossbred bulls." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ORGANIC AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY (ICOAC) 2022. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0184975.
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Daulay, Muhammad Rizqi Hariz, Dimas Hand Vidya Paradhipta, Cuk Tri Noviandi, Ali Agus, Andriyani Astuti, and Karen Harper. "Supplementation Effects of Ground Cassava and Cassava Leaves with Different Ratios on In Vitro Digestibility of Rice Straw Based-Diet." In 9th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220207.004.
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Stoin, Daniela, Mariana-Atena Poiana, Calin Jianu, Ileana Cocan, and Monica Negrea. "SENSORY AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GLUTEN-FREE CRUFFINS OBTAINED FROM ALMOND FLOUR AND RICE FLOUR." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022v/6.2/s25.37.
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Gluten is present in a variety of foods consumed in everyday life, and due to its dominant presence in the diet, over the years an increasing number of people have started to develop intolerance to it, often causing allergies, sensitivity or coeliac disease. The main objective of this study was to develop a gluten-free product that meets high quality standards to satisfy the consumer. In order to achieve the objective, a product based on almond flour, rice flour with added cranberry powder with high nutritional value and superior technological characteristics was developed. Three Cruffin samples were prepared from rice flour (RF), almond flour (AF) and enriched with cranberry powder, added in different proportions P1(75:25), P2(50:50), P3(25:75), mixed with other ingredients and compared to control cruffins CC (100:0% based on rice flour). Sensory (appearance, aroma, texture, taste, general acceptability) and physico-chemical (weight, volume, specific volume, height, moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and energy value) properties of the samples were determined. The products analysed showed changes in sensory characteristics depending on the proportion of almond flour added. Following the sensory analysis, the Cruffin sample obtained from 50% rice flour and 50% almond flour and enriched with cranberry powder, was the most appreciated by the evaluators, obtaining for texture (8.200 points), flavor (8.100 points) and taste (8.50 points) a score close to the maximum score, 8.400 for overall acceptability. The physico-chemical characteristics of the analyzed Cruffins varied according to the percentage of added almond flour. The results obtained in this study indicate that the sample with addition of 50% rice flour and 50% almond flour is the best in terms of overall acceptance (8.400 points) and nutritional value (mineral substances � 3.160%, protein � 20.180%, fat � 17.240%) for studied gluten-free cruffins and can be recommended to pastry products manufacturers.
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Frljak, Jasna, Senita Isaković, Enver Karahmet, Almir Toroman, Ervina Bečić, Fahir Bečić, and Zoran Marković. "Status and quality of life of people with celiac and people on a gluten-free diet." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.269f.
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Celiac disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that is the result of a reaction of adaptive immune response of sensitive individuals, to gluten-containing cereals. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional habits of patients with the diagnosis and people without the diagnosis, to evaluate the importance of adhering to a strict gluten-free diet, recognizing properly declared gluten-free products and to assess the quality of life of people diagnosed with celiac disease. Anthropometric and dietary tests were conducted through a survey by a total of 96 people, 56 respondents were diagnosed with celiac disease, while the remaining 40 respondents were undiagnosed, and of whom 32 were on a gluten-free diet. The majority of respondents (58.92%) have an adequate level of nutrition; however, 30.37% of respondents are overweight, including the degree of obesity in four cases. The most consumed cereals are rice, corn and white ready-made gluten-free flour mixtures, while the respondents consume the least pseudo-cereals, whole grains and micro-cereals. Within the survey CD-QOL (Celiac Disease Quality of Life) we assessed the quality of life, general the attitude of patients according to the given claims related to celiac disease. The obtained results led us to the conclusion that the dietary habits of celiac patients are somewhat worse than those of the undiagnosed group, although these are very small differences. It has been found that there is some confusion among people diagnosed regarding properly declared and certified gluten-free products, while most respondents believe that a strict gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for the disease.
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Vasyukova, A. T., D. A. Tikhonov, R. A. Edwards, M. V. Vasyukov, and Talbi Mounir. "Macro- and microelements in new products for the population of ecological territories at risk." In III All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation "Science, technology, society: Environmental engineering for sustainable development of territories". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/nto.3.2022.6.617-621.
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Reduction of deficiency of macro- and microelements in foodstuffs (in particular, iodine and fluorine) of ecologically impoverished regions is possible in the development of new products. In this regard, dietary supplements have been introduced into the recipes of meat, fish, vegetable, cereal and curd dishes. The combination of the main raw materials and additives, the functional properties of the products have been studied, and the optimal organoleptic, structural-mechanical, and rheological properties have been established. Additive "Mobi-lux Universal", containing heme iron, organic calcium and iodine, enrich a wide group of products with minerals by creating protein-vegetable combined compositions. Recipes have been developed and technologies have been substantiated for “Morskie” fish cakes, “Pikantny” meat steak, “Raduzhny” fruit and curd dessert, fruit mousses, and “Appetitnaya” rice casserole with apples. The results of a study of the nutritional value of specialized food products based on meat, fish, vegetable, fruit, cereal products and cottage cheese, enriched with the Mobi-lux Universal complex functional additive, vegetable and fruit powders, are presented. More than 20 dishes have been developed and included in corrective diets for schoolchildren. It has been established that the maximum enrichment of meat and fish products is carried out with vitamins: Betacarotene, B6, B12, as well as macro- and microelements: iron, iodine, calcium, sodium, magnesium and fluorine. Protein-containing fish and meat dishes, due to the included additive, make up for 15% of the daily deficiency in these nutrients (iodine, calcium and iron). Dessert, mousse and casserole - to dishes-sources of bio-organic iodine, calcium and iron. This will fully balance the diet of students in the category of 7-11 years old. The developed dishes were tested in the production conditions of catering establishments of educational organizations.
Reports on the topic "Rice Diet"
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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.
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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.
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GERGELY SZOCSI, ANDRADA ELISABETA, and Juan Gambini. El potencial uso del hidroxitirosol en humanos. Fundación Avanza, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60096/fundacionavanza/5032024.
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En este artículo de revision se evidencia como el hidroxitirosol, un polifenol rico en la dieta mediterránea, puede prevenir y tratar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles también en la especie humana.
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Provenza, Frederick, Avi Perevolotsky, and Nissim Silanikove. Consumption of Tannin-Rich Forage by Ruminants: From Mechanism to Improved Performance. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695840.bard.
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Trees and shrubs are potentially important sources of food for livestock in many parts of the world, but their use is limited by tannins. Tannins reduce food intake by decreasing digestibility or by causing illness. Supplementing cattle, sheep, and goats with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has a high affinity for binding tannins and thus attenuating their aversive effects, increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves weight gains and wool growth. The objectives of this proposal were: Objective 1: To further delineate the conditions under which PEG affects intake of high-tannin foods. Objective 2: To ascertain if animals self-regulate intake of PEG in accord with the tannin content of their diet under pen, paddock, and field conditions. Objective 3: To determine how nutritional status and PEG supplementation affect preference for foods varying in nutrients and tannins. Objective 4: To assess the effects of PEG on food selection, intake, and livestock performance in different production systems. The results from this research show that supplementing livestock with low doses of PEG increases intake of high-tannin foods and improves performance of cattle, sheep, and goats. Neutralizing the effects of tannins with supplemental PEG promotes the use of woody species usually considered useless as forage resources. Supplementing animals with PEG has the potential to improve the profitability - mainly milk production - of high-yielding dairy goats fed high-quality foods and supplemented with browse in Mediterranean areas. However, its contribution to production systems utilizing low-yielding goats is limited. Our findings also support the notion that supplemental PEG enhances the ability of livestock to control shrub encroachment and to maintain firebreaks. However, our work also suggests that the effectiveness of supplemental PEG may be low if alternative forages are equal or superior in nutritional quality and contain fewer metabolites with adverse effects.
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Czowalla, Lucas, Dahlia Busch, Andrea Fromberg, Peter Gwiasda, Mathias Wilde, and Martin Lanzendorf. Neuere Entwicklungen zur Integration von Fahrrad und Öffentlichem Verkehr in Deutschland: Überblick zum Stand des Wissens und der Praxis. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.40314.
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Die Verknüpfung des Fahrrades mit dem Öffentlichen Verkehr (ÖV) kann den Umweltverbund stärken, den Übergang von einem Verkehrssystem auf das andere erleichtern und eine attraktive Alternative zum motorisierten Individualverkehr schaffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit repräsentiert den ersten umfassenden Projektbericht innerhalb des Forschungsprojektes „Verbesserte Integration des Fahrrads in den öffentlichen Verkehr – Systematische Erschließung von Handlungsoptionen und Bewertung von Best-Practices“. Ziel dieser Publikation ist eine aktuelle Aufarbeitung des Standes der Forschung und der Praxis zu diesem Thema. Nach einer systematischen Darstellung wichtiger Forschungsstränge, werden zunächst Ergebnisse aus dem „Mobilität in Deutschland“-Datensatz hinsichtlich intermodaler Rad‐ÖV‐Nutzungsmuster präsentiert. Aufbauend darauf werden Datengrundlagen und generelle Erfordernisse an Erhebungsmethoden diskutiert, um die inter- und multimodale Verkehrsmittelnutzung tatsächlich beurteilen zu können. Die Darstellung des aktuellen Standes in der Praxis wird anhand von drei Schwerpunkt-Feldern vorgenommen: Bike and Ride Abstellanlagen an Haltestellen des ÖV, Radmitnahme in den Fahrzeugen des ÖV und Fahrradverleihsysteme. Dabei werden sowohl infrastrukturelle Maßnahmen als auch Betreiberkonzepte und Marketingaspekte behandelt. Ein weiteres Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit den Chancen und Herausforderungen im Zuge der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung und der Verbreitung von mobilen Endgeräten.
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Aparicio Llanos, Amada. Serie sobre hospitalizaciones evitables y fortalecimiento de la atención primaria en salud: El caso de Costa Rica. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007671.
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Costa Rica, tiene una población de 4.7 millones de habitantes distribuido en 51,100 Km2. Un sistema de salud público que cubre a 86% de la población y brinda servicios de salud mediante 103 áreas de salud de atención primaria y 29 hospitales. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo calcular el número de hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles a atención primaria asociadas a cada uno de los grupos diagnósticos establecidos en la lista de Alfradique et al (2009) y la proporción de estas en relación al total de hospitalizaciones en el año. Los datos se obtienen del Seguro Público de Salud costarricense (SPS). Se estudian 13 categorías diagnósticas agrupadas en enfermedades prevenibles por inmunización, agudas y crónicas. La unidad geográfica de análisis son las 103 áreas de salud y el periodo de estudio es 1997-2008. Una de cada diez hospitalizaciones es evitable. El 68.7% de estas hospitalizaciones se concentran en seis categorías diagnósticas: enfermedad de vías aéreas inferiores, infección de la piel y tejido subcutáneo, infección en el riñón y vías urinarias, asma, diabetes mellitus e infecciones gastrointestinales y complicaciones. Las tasas de hospitalización por ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) presentan un nivel de variabilidad geográfica sistemática relativamente alta y creciente en el período 2000-2010. La magnitud de las diferencia entre áreas, medida por el coeficiente de variación de las razones de hospitalización suavizadas, se incrementan en un 24% en hombres y 14% en mujeres. Los resultados del modelo bayesiano espacio-temporal permiten determinar la presencia de patrones persistentes de sobrehospitalización en la zona Sur, parte del Pacífico Central y parte de la provincia de Alajuela, tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Además, se registran patrones persistentes de infrahospitalización en la zona central del país y parte de la provincia de Guanacaste. En la Zona Sur del país se presentan una concentración de las áreas de salud con tendencia creciente y que están ubicadas dentro de zonas de alto riesgo, las cuales podrían estar asociadas a factores de riesgo constantes en dichas zonas. Estas zonas deberían tener un interés desde el punto de vista de la vigilancia epidemiológica y de planificación de servicios de salud.
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JHA, Anil. Revitalising millets in Northeast India: A healthy choice - Policy Brief. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1041.
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Millets have long been a staple of the regional diet in Northeast India because of their durability and high nutritional value. However, the rise in consumption of fine cereals, along with a subpar production system and inadequate compensation for millet farmers, have led to the decline of millet consumption and production. The low volume output is exacerbated by the lack of access to good-quality traditional seeds, fertilisers, and effective farming methods, coupled with changing patterns of climate. Furthermore, poor market demand and a lack of pro-poor policies of the government make millet growing even more difficult. Farming communities have few options for generating revenue since limited efforts have been made to market and link millet-based products to markets. Thus, there is a need to support existing farming practices that generate agrobiodiverse landraces, develop climate-resilient cultivars, and facilitate platforms for the value addition of the product. The existing primary processing of millets is labour-intensive and the lack of proper storage facilities results in poor-quality grains fetching low market prices. Thus, there is a need to develop infrastructure and build the capacity of farmers and other stakeholders along the millet value chain.
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Houzer, Ella, and Ian Scoones. Are Livestock Always Bad for the Planet? Rethinking the Protein Transition and Climate Change Debate. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/steps.2021.003.
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Urgent climate challenges have triggered calls for radical, widespread changes in what we eat, pushing for the drastic reduction if not elimination of animal-source foods from our diets. But high-profile debates, based on patchy evidence, are failing to differentiate between varied landscapes, environments and production methods. Relatively low-impact, extensive livestock production, such as pastoralism, is being lumped in with industrial systems in the conversation about the future of food. This report warns that the dominant picture of livestock’s impacts on climate change has been distorted by faulty assumptions that focus on intensive, industrial farming in rich countries. Millions of people worldwide who depend on extensive livestock production, with relatively lower climate impacts, are being ignored by debates on the future of food. The report identifies ten flaws in the way that livestock’s climate impacts have been assessed, and suggests how pastoralists could be better included in future debates about food and the climate.
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Bernal, Pedro, Giuliana Daga, and Florencia Lopez Boo. Do Behavioral Drivers Matter for Healthcare Decision-making in Times of Crisis?: A study of Low-Income Women in El Salvador During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005094.
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Understanding health-seeking behaviors and their drivers is key for governments to manage health policies. There is a growing literature on the role of cognitive biases and heuristics in health and care-seeking behaviors, but little is known of how they might be influenced during a context of heightened anxiety and uncertainty. This study analyzes the relationship between four behavioral predictors the internal locus of control, impatience, optimism bias, and aspirations and healthcare decisions among low-income women in El Salvador. We find positive associations between internal locus of control and preventive health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic (use of masks, distance, hand washing, and COVID-19 vaccination) and in general (prenatal checkups, iron-rich diets for children and hypertension tests). Measures of impatience negatively correlate with COVID-19 prevention behaviors and mothers micronutrient treatment adherence for children, and optimism bias and educational aspirations with healthcare-seeking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some associations were more robust during the pandemic, suggesting that feelings of uncertainty and stress could enhance behavioral drivers influence on health-related behaviors, a novel and relevant finding in the literature relevant for the design of policy responses for future shocks.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.