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1
College, Philippines) Annual Rice Forum (2010. Adaptation to climate variability in rice production. College, Laguna, Philippines: Asia Rice Foundation, 2010.
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2
Yu, Ka-yŏng. Development of a methodology assessing rice production vulnerabilities to climate change. Seoul, Korea: Korea Environment Institute, 2007.
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3
Lin, Li, ed. Shui dao qi xiang sheng tai. Beijing Shi: Nong ye chu ban she, 1992.
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4
Oldeman, L. R. IRRI-Madagascar rice research project technical report on agroclimatic characterization of Madagascar. Wageningen: International Soil Reference and Information Centre, 1990.
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5
Workshop on Development and Adoption of Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties (2009 Dhaka, Bangladesh). Public and private sector participation in promoting stress tolerant rice varieties. Dhaka: South Asia Enterprise Development Facility, International Finance Corp., 2010.
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Subbarao, G. V. Spatial distribution and quantification of rice-fallows in South Asia: Potential for legumes. Patancheru: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 2001.
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Chūsei no nōgyō to kikō: Suiden nimōsaku no tenkai. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2002.
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Kansokubu, Japan Kishōchō. Zenkoku no reigai no kiroku: Meiji ikō. [Tokyo]: Kishōchō Kansokubu, 1994.
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Reigai: Sono kōzō to nōka no taiō. Tōkyō: Meibun Shobō, 1986.
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10
Heberger, Matthew. The impacts of sea level rise on the San Francisco Bay. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2012.
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Heberger, Matthew. The impacts of sea-level rise on the California coast: Final paper : a paper from California Climate Change Center. Sacramento, Calif: California Energy Commission, 2009.
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Climate change and rice. Berlin: Springer, 1995.
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Centre, SAARC Meteorological Research, ed. The impact of climate variability on the yield of rain-fed rice of Bangladesh. Dhaka: SAARC Meteorological Research Centre, 2007.
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Chung-su, Pak, and Korea (South), eds. Hanʼguk ŭi nongŏp kihu tʻŭkching kwa sudo kisang chaehae taechʻaek. [Seoul]: Nongŏp Kisul Yŏnʼguso, 1986.
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15
B, Matthews Robin, C. A. B. International, and International Rice Research Institute, eds. Modeling the impact of climate change on rice production in Asia. Wallingford: CAB International in association with the International Rice Research Institute, 1995.
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(Editor), Robin B. Matthews, Martin J. Kropff (Editor), Dominique Bachelet (Editor), and H. H. van Laar (Editor), eds. Modeling the Impact of Climate Change on Rice Production in Asia (Cabi Publishing). CABI, 1996.
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17
Non, wae chikyoya hanunga. Ttanim, 1994.
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1934-, Kim Tong-su, ed. Non, wae chikʻyŏya hanŭnʼga. Sŏul: Ttanim, 1994.
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Tashiro, Yoichi. Ronten kome to shokukan: Jiyuka wa zettai ka. Otsuki Shoten, 1994.
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Nishizawa, Emiko. Kyosaku: Mura kara no shogen. Shakai Hyoronsha, 1994.
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A, Saunders D., Hettel Gene P, United Nations Development Programme, Agricultural Research Corporation of Sudan., Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute. Wheat Research Center., and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center., eds. Wheat in heat-stressed environments: Irrigated, dry areas, and rice-wheat farming systems : proceedings of the international conferences : wheat in hot, dry, irrigated environments, Wad Medani, Sudan, 1-4 February 1993, wheat in warm area, rice-wheat farming systems, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, 13-15 Feburary [sic] 1993. Mexico, D.F., México: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, 1994.
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22
Sealevel Rise For The Coasts Of California Oregon And Washington Past Present And Future. National Academies Press, 2012.
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23
Dalby, Simon. Climate Change and Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.642.
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Historic discussions of climate often suggested that it caused societies to have certain qualities. In the 19th-century, imperial representations of the world environment frequently “determined” the fate of peoples and places, a practice that has frequently been used to explain the largest patterns of political rivalry and the fates of empires and their struggles for dominance in world politics. In the 21st century, climate change has mostly reversed the causal logic in the reasoning about human–nature relationships and their geographies. The new thinking suggests that human decisions, at least those made by the rich and powerful with respect to the forms of energy that are used to power the global economy, are influencing future climate changes. Humans are now shaping the environment on a global scale, not the other way around. Despite the widespread acceptance of the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate-change action, numerous arguments about who should act and how they should do so to deal with climate change shape international negotiations. Differing viewpoints are in part a matter of geographical location and whether an economy is dependent on fossil-fuels revenue or subject to increasingly severe storms, droughts, or rising sea levels. These differences have made climate negotiations very difficult in the last couple of decades. Partly in response to these differences, the Paris Agreement devolves primary responsibility for climate policy to individual states rather than establish any other geopolitical arrangement. Apart from the outright denial that humanity is a factor in climate change, arguments about whether climate change causes conflict and how security policies should engage climate change also partly shape contemporary geopolitical agendas. Despite climate-change deniers, in the Trump administration in particular, in the aftermath of the Paris Agreement, climate change is understood increasingly as part of a planetary transformation that has been set in motion by industrial activity and the rise of a global fossil-fuel-powered economy. But this is about more than just climate change. The larger earth-system science discussion of transformation, which can be encapsulated in the use of the term “Anthropocene” for the new geological circumstances of the biosphere, is starting to shape the geopolitics of climate change just as new political actors are beginning to have an influence on climate politics.
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Maschner, Herbert. Archaeology of the Eastern Aleut Region. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.21.
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The prehistory of the eastern Aleut region is one of the most convoluted and dynamic cultural trajectories in the Arctic region. Situated on the one of the world’s most productive fisheries, it is on the hinge point between the often-violent North Pacific and Bering Sea climate regimes. The richest marinescapes in the Pacific region gave rise to the largest human populations, the largest villages, and the most socially complex organizations in the Eskimo-Aleut world. But these villages rose and fell, and even the largest were subject to periodic cultural collapse. Climate, marine productivity, and boating technology are the key factors in understanding the archaeology of this part of Alaska.
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Räisänen, Jouni. Future Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region and Environmental Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.634.
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The warming of the global climate is expected to continue in the 21st century, although the magnitude of change depends on future anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and the sensitivity of climate to them. The regional characteristics and impacts of future climate change in the Baltic Sea countries have been explored since at least the 1990s. Later research has supported many findings from the early studies, but advances in understanding and improved modeling tools have made the picture gradually more comprehensive and more detailed. Nevertheless, many uncertainties still remain.In the Baltic Sea region, warming is likely to exceed its global average, particularly in winter and in the northern parts of the area. The warming will be accompanied by a general increase in winter precipitation, but in summer, precipitation may either increase or decrease, with a larger chance of drying in the southern than in the northern parts of the region. Despite the increase in winter precipitation, the amount of snow is generally expected to decrease, as a smaller fraction of the precipitation falls as snow and midwinter snowmelt episodes become more common. Changes in windiness are very uncertain, although most projections suggest a slight increase in average wind speed over the Baltic Sea. Climatic extremes are also projected to change, but some of the changes will differ from the corresponding change in mean climate. For example, the lowest winter temperatures are expected to warm even more than the winter mean temperature, and short-term summer precipitation extremes are likely to become more severe, even in the areas where the mean summer precipitation does not increase.The projected atmospheric changes will be accompanied by an increase in Baltic Sea water temperature, reduced ice cover, and, according to most studies, reduced salinity due to increased precipitation and river runoff. The seasonal cycle of runoff will be modified by changes in precipitation and earlier snowmelt. Global-scale sea level rise also will affect the Baltic Sea, but will be counteracted by glacial isostatic adjustment. According to most projections, in the northern parts of the Baltic Sea, the latter will still dominate, leading to a continued, although decelerated, decrease in relative sea level. The changes in the physical environment and climate will have a number of environmental impacts on, for example, atmospheric chemistry, freshwater and marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and coastal erosion. However, future environmental change in the region will be affected by several interrelated factors. Climate change is only one of them, and in many cases its effects may be exceeded by other anthropogenic changes.
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Sheppard, Charles R. C., Simon K. Davy, Graham M. Pilling, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. Coral reefs in the modern world. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787341.003.0008.
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Today coral reefs, perhaps more than other marine systems, are suffering from numerous pressures. As a result, many have collapsed as functioning ecosystems. Nutrient pollution, sewage pollution, industrial pollution, landfill, coral diseases and diseases of other important groups of organisms, as well as over-extraction of fish, invertebrates and even the limestone rock itself, have all contributed to the demise of over one-third of the world’s reefs. More recently, climate change, notably causing a sea temperature rise, which in turn has led to coral bleaching and the death of component corals, has added to the stress imposed on this ecosystem. In the future, ocean acidification, sea level rise and an increase in the frequency and severity of storms will add further stress. Many of these factors interact, making the precise responses of reefs to these changes very complex.
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Vanclay, Frank, and David Pannell, eds. Changing Land Management. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101739.
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There is a rich and extensive history of research into factors that encourage farmers to change their land management practices, or inhibit them from doing so. Yet this research is often under-utilised in practice. Changing Land Management provides key insights from past and cutting-edge research to support decision-makers as they attempt to influence or assist rural communities adapting to changed circumstances, such as new technologies, new environmental imperatives, new market opportunities or changed climate.
Understanding the process of practice change by rural landholders is crucial for policy makers, agricultural researchers, extension agents, natural resource management bodies, non-government organisations and agricultural consultants. For example, such understanding can assist with the design and implementation of environmental programs, with the prioritisation of agricultural research and with commercial ventures.
Common themes are the need for an appreciation of the diversity of land managers and their contexts, of the diversity of factors that influence land-management decisions, and of the challenges that face government programs that are intended to change land management.
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Friesen, Max, and Owen Mason, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.001.0001.
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The North American Arctic was one of the last regions on Earth to be settled by humans, due to its extreme climate, limited range of resources, and remoteness from populated areas. Despite these factors, it holds a rich and complex history relating to Inuit, Iñupiat, Inuvialuit, Yupik, and Aleut peoples and their ancestors. The artifacts, dwellings, and food remains of these ancient peoples are remarkably well preserved due to cold temperatures and permafrost, allowing archaeologists to reconstruct their lifeways with great accuracy. Furthermore, the combination of modern Elders’ traditional knowledge with the region’s high-resolution ethnographic record allows past peoples’ lives to be reconstructed to a level simply not possible elsewhere. Combined, these factors yield an archaeological record of global significance—the Arctic provides ideal case studies relating to issues as diverse as the impacts of climate change on human societies, the complex process of interaction between indigenous peoples and Europeans, and the dynamic relationships between environment, economy, social organization, and ideology in hunter-gatherer societies. In this book, each Arctic cultural tradition is described in detail, with up-to-date coverage of recent interpretations of all aspects of their lifeways. Additional chapters cover broad themes applicable to the full range of arctic cultures, such as trade, stone tool technology, ancient DNA research, and the relationship between archaeology and modern arctic communities. The resulting volume, written by the region’s leading researchers, is by far the most comprehensive coverage of North American arctic archaeology ever assembled.
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James, Philip. Human biology and the urban environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.003.0011.
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Climate change and the rapid movement of people and goods over great distances are changing global disease patterns. Human health and well-being are also being adversely affected by the absence of biodiverse, vegetation-rich green spaces. The human body adapts poorly to urban life. The result is ill health. A typology of interactions (intentional, incidental, and indirect) between people and nature is set out. Similarly, benefits of contact with nature in terms of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and social factors. The emergent central mechanism linking urban environments to ill health is studied. Urban environments cause chronic, low level stress resulting in the release of cortisone (a stress hormone), decreased physical activity, and increased calorie intake, all of which lead to chronic cellular inflammation and to the life-style diseases of the twenty-first century: depression, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and dementia.
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Bellamy, Alex J. Future Trajectories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0010.
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This chapter looks to the future and asks whether the low incidence of mass atrocities experienced in the first decades of the twenty-first century is here to stay. There is nothing inevitable about the current trend and it could certainly be reversed, but the factors that facilitated the region’s transformation in the first place are likely to continue to push political leaders away from perpetrating atrocities. As a result, mass atrocities are likely to remain rare and exceptional for the foreseeable future. To understand just how resilient, this chapter examines five potential challenges: great power conflict sparked by the rise of China, challenges to political authority in non-democratic states, the risk of nationalism caused by a sustained economic downturn, challenges to state consolidation stemming from non-state armed groups and violent extremists, and heightened competition for resources and territory in a context of climate change.
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Vuorinen, Ilppo. Post-Glacial Baltic Sea Ecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.675.
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Post-glacial aquatic ecosystems in Eurasia and North America, such as the Baltic Sea, evolved in the freshwater, brackish, and marine environments that fringed the melting glaciers. Warming of the climate initiated sea level and land rise and subsequent changes in aquatic ecosystems. Seminal ideas on ancient developing ecosystems were based on findings in Swedish large lakes of species that had arrived there from adjacent glacial freshwater or marine environments and established populations which have survived up to the present day. An ecosystem of the first freshwater stage, the Baltic Ice Lake initially consisted of ice-associated biota. Subsequent aquatic environments, the Yoldia Sea, the Ancylus Lake, the Litorina Sea, and the Mya Sea, are all named after mollusc trace fossils. These often convey information on the geologic period in question and indicate some physical and chemical characteristics of their environment. The ecosystems of various Baltic Sea stages are regulated primarily by temperature and freshwater runoff (which affects directly and indirectly both salinity and nutrient concentrations). Key ecological environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels, not only change seasonally but are also subject to long-term changes (due to astronomical factors) and shorter disturbances, for example, a warm period that essentially formed the Yoldia Sea, and more recently the “Little Ice Age” (which terminated the Viking settlement in Iceland).There is no direct way to study the post-Holocene Baltic Sea stages, but findings in geological samples of ecological keystone species (which may form a physical environment for other species to dwell in and/or largely determine the function of an ecosystem) can indicate ancient large-scale ecosystem features and changes. Such changes have included, for example, development of an initially turbid glacial meltwater to clearer water with increasing primary production (enhanced also by warmer temperatures), eventually leading to self-shading and other consequences of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient-rich conditions). Furthermore, the development in the last century from oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) to eutrophic conditions also included shifts between the grazing chain (which include large predators, e.g., piscivorous fish, mammals, and birds at the top of the food chain) and the microbial loop (filtering top predators such as jellyfish). Another large-scale change has been a succession from low (freshwater glacier lake) biodiversity to increased (brackish and marine) biodiversity. The present-day Baltic Sea ecosystem is a direct descendant of the more marine Litorina Sea, which marks the beginning of the transition from a primeval ecosystem to one regulated by humans. The recent Baltic Sea is characterized by high concentrations of pollutants and nutrients, a shift from perennial to annual macrophytes (and more rapid nutrient cycling), and an increasing rate of invasion by non-native species. Thus, an increasing pace of anthropogenic ecological change has been a prominent trend in the Baltic Sea ecosystem since the Ancylus Lake.Future development is in the first place dependent on regional factors, such as salinity, which is regulated by sea and land level changes and the climate, and runoff, which controls both salinity and the leaching of nutrients to the sea. However, uncertainties abound, for example the future development of the Gulf Stream and its associated westerly winds, which support the sub-boreal ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic, in the Baltic Sea area. Thus, extensive sophisticated, cross-disciplinary modeling is needed to foresee whether the Baltic Sea will develop toward a freshwater or marine ecosystem, set in a sub-boreal, boreal, or arctic climate.
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Hill, Alice C., and Leonardo Martinez-Diaz. Building a Resilient Tomorrow. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909345.001.0001.
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Even under the most optimistic scenarios, significant global climate change is now inevitable. Although we cannot tell with certainty how much average global temperatures will rise, we do know that the warming we have experienced to date has already caused significant losses, and that the failure to prepare for the consequences of further warming may prove to be staggering. This book does not dwell on overhyped descriptions of apocalyptic climate scenarios, nor does it travel down well-trodden paths surrounding the politics of reducing carbon emissions. Instead, it starts with two central facts: there will be future climate impacts, and we can make changes now to buffer their effects. While squarely confronting the scale of the risks we face, this pragmatic guide focuses on solutions—some gradual and some more revolutionary—currently being deployed around the globe. Each chapter presents a thematic lesson for decision-makers and engaged citizens to consider, outlining replicable successes and identifying provocative recommendations to strengthen climate resilience. Between discussions of ideas as wide-ranging as managed retreat from coastal hot zones to biological solutions for resurgent climate-related disease threats, the authors draw on their personal experiences to tell behind-the-scenes stories of what it really takes to advance progress on these issues. The narrative is dotted with stories of on-the-ground citizenry, from small-town mayors and bankers to generals and engineers, who are chipping away at financial disincentives and bureaucratic hurdles to prepare for life on a warmer planet.
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Lutsenko, V. I., I. V. Lutsenko, D. O. Popov, and I. V. Popov. Remote sensing of the environment using the radiation of existing ground and space radio systems. PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.429.345.
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Possibilities of using existing ground (TV centers, broadcasting stations) and space (global navigation satellite systems) radio systems for solving the problem of remote sensing and monitoring of the environment and objects in it are considered. The methods of diagnostics of the troposphere, description of the refractive index with the use of semi-Markov processes and atomic functions of Kravchenko-Rvacheva are proposed. The seasonal and altitudinal dependencies of radio-meteorological parameters and radio-climatic features of Ukraine were studied. Technologies for determining the effective gradient of the refractive index by damping factor of the VHF signals of television centers on the OTH routes in the zone of the near geometric shadow, on the angles of radioa "rise" and "sets" of the AES, detection of precipitation zones by the fluctuations of the pseudoranges and changes of the coordinates estimates, parameters of the surface of the earth by the fluctuations of the GNSS signals. Reviewers: Head of the Department of Radio waves propagation in the natural environments of the O. Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics NASU, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor Kivva F.V., Professor of the Department of Designing Radioelectronic Devices of Aircraft of the National Aerospace University. M.E. Zhukovsky (KhAI), Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Volosyuk V.K.
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Bone, Angie, Alan Wilton, and Alex G. Stewart. Flooding and health: Immediate and long-term implications. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0015.
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Flooding can happen at any time of year and anywhere in the UK, not just in communities living near rivers or the coast. As our climate warms, flooding is expected to occur more frequently, through a combination of sea-level rise and increasing rainfall. As floods are highly dependent on location and context, and the impacts are often complex, sustained, and diverse, a well-coordinated multi-agency plan and response is required. Flooding has extensive and significant impacts on health and wellbeing, including immediate effects (e.g. drowning, injuries, carbon monoxide poisoning) and delayed effects (e.g. mental health issues). The role of Health Protection is to provide scientific and technical advice to responders, public health communications, health surveillance, and to maintain its own business continuity. This chapter sets out the basic facts around flooding and health, illustrating the issues, actions, misconceptions and challenges during the acute response and longer-term clean-up and recovery phases.
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Smith, Philip. Narrating Global Warming. Edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander, Ronald N. Jacobs, and Philip Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195377767.013.28.
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This article examines global warming using the narrative genre model of risk evaluation. The narrative genre model of risk evaluation offers a systematic and comparative way of looking at the form and structure of storytelling and its consequences for human action. It is based on a number of claims, for example: uncertain events and real world facts are “clues”; we can see things as low mimetic, romantic, tragic, or apocalyptic; binary oppositions play a role as building blocks for wider storytelling activity. The article first provides a background on the issues of global warming, climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions before discussing the rise and growing acceptance of the apocalyptic genre as part of the discourse on global warming. It then considers the critique of apocalypticism, arguing that it is not only a bad genre guess that can be mocked, but also a hegemonic and anti-democratic force. It concludes with a commentary on how the narration of global warming is taking place at two levels.
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Morgan, Philip J., John R. McNeill, Matthew Mulcahy, and Stuart B. Schwartz. Sea and Land. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555446.001.0001.
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Abstract Sea and Land provides an in-depth environmental history of the Caribbean to ca. 1850, comprising a close examination of some of the central forces and characteristics that defined the region, with a coda that takes the story into the modern era. It explores the mixing, movement, and displacement of peoples and the parallel ecological mixing of animals, plants, microbes from Africa, Europe, elsewhere in the Americas, and indeed Asia. It examines first the arrival of Native American to the region and the environmental transformations that followed. It then turns to the even more dramatic changes that accompanied the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the fifteenth century. Throughout it argues that the constant arrival, dispersal, and mingling of new plants and animals gave rise to a creole ecology. Particular attention is given to the emergence of black slavery, sugarcane, and the plantation system, an unholy trinity that thoroughly transformed the region’s demographic and physical landscapes and made the Caribbean a vital site in the creation of the modern western world. This volume integrates research concerning natural resources, conservation, epidemiology, and climate in a new general environmental history of the region. It makes environmental perspectives more accessible and more indispensable, to scholars and students alike, to foster both a fuller appreciation of the extent to which environmental factors shaped historical developments in the Caribbean and the extent to which human actions have transformed the biophysical environment of the region over time.
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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.
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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
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Germano, Roy. Outsourcing Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862848.001.0001.
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This book is about how remittances—the money international migrants send to family members in their home countries—contribute to economic, political, and social stability in developing countries. Remittances are motivated by altruism, they rise in times of crisis, and they are spent largely on basic goods and services. Because of these qualities, remittances are transnational safety nets that serve a function similar to the social welfare programs most developed countries use to insulate citizens from market, environmental, and life-course risks. Outsourcing Welfare argues that counting on expatriates to send money home has become a de facto social welfare policy in many cash-strapped developing countries during an age of austerity, climate change, and globalization. Through ethnographic research in a coffee-growing village and a pork-producing town in rural Mexico, Outsourcing Welfare shows that the Mexican government was able to count on people to go abroad and send back remittances to compensate for economic shocks that occurred during Mexico’s neoliberal market transition. The book also analyzes survey data collected during Mexico’s 2007–2008 food crisis to illustrate how remittances reduced economic grievances and the demand for government-provided welfare. In later chapters, the book explores the effects of remittances on economic grievances, civil unrest, and political behavior in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Latin America during the global food and financial crises of 2008–2011.
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Reddy, Purshottama Sivanarain. Good Public Governance in a Global Pandemic. Edited by Paul Joyce and Fabienne Maron. The International Institute of Administrative Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46996/pgs.v1e1.
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This book provides the readers with a set of vivid studies of the variety of national approaches that were taken to responding to COVID-19 in the first few months of the pandemic. At its core is a series of reports addressing the national responses to COVID-19 in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Middle East and North Africa. Country reports present the actions, events and circumstances of governmental response and make an early attempt at producing insights and at distilling lessons. Eyewitness reports from civil servants and public managers contain practical points of view on the challenges of the coronavirus pandemic. In different chapters, editors and contributors provide an analytical framework for the description and explanation of government measures and their consequences in a rich variety and diversity of national settings. They also situate the governmental responses to the pandemic in the context of the global governance agenda, stress the important relationship between governmental authorities and citizens, and emphasize the role of ideological factors in the government response to COVID-19. A bold attempt is made in the concluding chapter to model government strategies for managing the emergency of the pandemic and the consequences for trajectories of infection and mortality. As the editors argue, the principles of “good governance” are of relevance to countries everywhere. There was evidence of them in action on the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world, in a wide range of institutional settings. COVID-19 experiences have a lot to teach us about the governance capabilities that will be needed when future emergency situations occur, emergencies that might be created by pandemics or climate change, or various other global risks. Governments will need to be agile, able to learn in real time, good at evaluating evidence in fast changing and complex situations, and good at facilitating coordination across the whole-of-government and in partnership with citizens and the private sector.
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Sana, Ashish Kumar, Bappaditya Biswas, Samyabrata Das, and Sandeep Poddar. Sustainable Strategies for Economic Growth and Decent Work: New Normal. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022sseg.
Full textAbstract:
Almost every country throughout the globe has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The virus's propagation has a disastrous effect on both human health and the economy as a whole. The COVID-19 global recession is the worst since World War II ended. According to the IMF's April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report, the global economy declined by 3.5 percent in 2020, 7 percent drop from the 3.4 percent growth predicted in October 2019. While almost every IMF-covered nation saw negative growth in 2020, the decline was more extreme in the world's poorest regions. The global supply system and international trade of all countries, including India, were affected by the nationwide lockdown in India and around the world to stop the pandemic from spreading. Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global business climate. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant public health and economic problems in South Asian countries and the worst impacted being India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in recent years. The nationwide lockdown adopted by the countries was effective in slowing down the spread of the coronavirus in South Asia, but it came at a substantial financial and social cost to society. Manufacturing activities in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines have shrunk sharply. Tourism, trade and remittances, and all major sources of foreign money for South Asian countries, have been substantially impacted. The COVID-19 spread has had a significant influence on global financial markets. The international financial and energy markets substantially dropped as the number of cases began to rise globally, primarily in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, and South Korea along with South Asian countries. Reduced travel has had a substantial impact on service businesses such as tourism, hospitality, and transportation. According to IMF, (space required after,) 2020 South Asian economies are likely to shrink for the first time in 4 decades. The pandemic has pushed millions into poverty and widened income and wealth disparities because of premature deaths, workplace absenteeism and productivity losses. A negative supply shock has occurred with manufacturing and productive activity decreasing due to global supply chain disruptions and factory closures. This resulted in a severe short-term challenge for policymakers, especially when food and commodity prices rise, exacerbating economic insecurity. Failure to achieve equitable recovery might result in social and political unrest, as well as harsh responses from governments that have been less tolerant of dissident voices in recent years. Almost every area of the Indian economy is being ravaged by the pandemic. But the scope and degree of the damage vary from sector to sector within each area. One of the worst-affected areas in India is the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. Apart from MSMEs, Agriculture and Agro-based industries, Banking companies and NBFCs and Social Sectors are also in jeopardy. The pandemic creates turmoil in the Capital Market and Mutual Funds industry. India's auto manufacturing and its ancillary sectors were badly hit during the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown measures were adopted and the situation continued to remain subdued for many quarters. It is still uncertain whether this recession will have long-term structural ramifications for the global economy or will have only short-term financial and economic consequences. Additionally, the speed and the strength of the healing may be crucially dependent on the capability of the governments to accumulate and roll out the COVID-19 vaccines. In the context of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the Indian economy, an edited volume is proposed which intends to identify and analyse the footfalls of the pandemic on various sectors and industries in India. The proposed edited volume endeavours to understand the status, impact, problems, policies and prospects of the agricultural and agro-based industries, Banking and NBFCs, MSMEs, Social Sector, Capital Market and Mutual Funds during the pandemic and beyond. The proposed volume will contain research papers/articles covering the overall impact of the pandemic on various sectors, measures to be adopted to combat the situation and suggestions for overcoming the hurdles. For this, research papers and articles will be called from academicians, research scholars and industrialists having common research interests to share their insights relating to this area. It is anticipated that the volume will include twenty to twenty-five chapters. An editorial committee will be constituted with three chief editors and another external editor to review the articles following a double-blind review process to assure the quality of the papers according to the global standards and publisher's guidelines. The expected time to complete the entire review process is one month, and the publication process will start thereafter. The proposed volume is believed to be having significant socio-economic implications and is intended to cater to a large audience which includes academicians, researchers, students, corporates, policymakers, investors and general readers at large.