Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Riblets'

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 281-291).
The surfaces of many plants and animals are covered with a variety of micro-textures such as ribs or 3D tubules which can control surface-mediated properties such as skin friction. Inspired by the drag reducing ability of these natural structures, especially the ribbed features on shark denticles, passive drag reduction strategies such as micro-fabricated riblet surfaces have been developed and studied. Microgroove textures on the surface of objects such as hulls, wings or inner surface of pipes which are aligned in the stream-wise direction have been shown to reduce the wall friction by 4 - 8%. The mechanisms suggested for this form of drag reduction are viscous retardation of the flow in the grooves (both laminar and turbulent) and the displacement of vortical structures away from the wall in turbulent flows. Due to their effectiveness in altering the boundary layer structure and reducing the viscous drag force, use of riblets have been banned in various competitions such as the America's Cup. The current thesis work is partly focused on theoretical and numerical modelling (using the open source CFD package OpenFOAM) of the evolution of viscous boundary layers in the presence of various-shaped riblets (V-grooves as well as sinusoidal wrinkled surfaces) in high Reynolds laminar flow. We explore the effect of the dimensionless height to spacing of the grooves (aspect ratio) as well as the length of the wetted surface in the streamwise direction and how these change the total drag compared with a corresponding flat wall. We show that riblets retard the viscous flow inside the grooves and reduce the shear stress inside the grooves. But for this reduction to result in overall drag reduction, the riblet wall needs to be longer than a critical length. The total drag reduction achieved is a non-monotonic function of the aspect ratio of the riblets, with aspect ratios of order unity offering the largest reduction in the total drag. To eliminate the role of entrance effects, we additionally investigate the effect of stream-wise aligned riblet structures on fully-developed Taylor-Couette flow. We perform both experimental studies as well as time-dependent numerical simulations in both the laminar Couette and the Taylor vortex regime. We again explore the effect of the size of the riblets with respect to the geometry of the Taylor-Couette cell, as well as the aspect ratio of the riblet grooves and the shape of the grooves (V-groove, Rectangular, semi-circular, etc.). For the experiments, the cylindrical textured rotors are fabricated using 3D printing techniques and the rest of the Taylor-Couette cell is custom built using CNC machining. The test cell is then aligned and mounted on a stress-controlled rheometer to measure the velocity and the torque on the rotating inner cylinder. The numerical studies are performed using the open source CFD software package OpenFOAM to compare results and understand the physical mechanisms contributing to this drag reduction phenomenon. Again we observe a non-monotonic behavior for the reduction in torque as a function of the aspect ratio of the riblets tested, similar to the trend observed in the boundary layer analysis and we discuss the effect of changing the geometry of the flow as well as the riblet spacing on the changes in the total torque. When viewed holistically the results of these two studies show that, through careful design, a net reduction in viscous drag force can be robustly realized on micro-textured surfaces in high Reynolds number laminar flows through complex changes in near-wall stream-wise velocity profiles even in the absence of turbulent effects. The understanding of these changes can be effective in guiding the design of internal flows (pipes or ducts) and external flows (such as ship hulls, micro air vehicles or unmanned underwater vehicles) that are tailored and optimized to result in low frictional drag over the entire wetted surface in both laminar and turbulent regions.
by Shabnam Raayai Ardakani.
Ph. D.

Drag reduction in wall-bounded flows can be achieved by the passive flow control technique using riblets and surface grooves aligned in the mean direction of an overlying turbulent flow. They were inspired by the skin of fast sharks covered with small longitudinal ribs on their skin surfaces. Although it was found that the drag reduction depends on the riblets’ geometrical characteristics, their physical mechanisms have not yet been fully understood in the scientific terms. Regarding riblets sizing, it has been critically explained in the literature how riblets with vanishing size interact with the turbulent flow and produce a change in the drag proportional to their size. Their shapes are focused upon because these are most significant from a technological perspective, and also less well understood. Different riblet shapes have been designed, some with complicated geometries, but except for the simple ones, such as U and V grooves, there has not been enough study regarding shape features. Therefore, special effort is undertaken to the design of an innovative type of ribleted surface, e.g. the Serrate-Semi-Circular shape, and its effect on the skin friction and drag reduction. In this work, the possible physical mechanisms of riblets for turbulent drag reduction have been explored. The modelling and experiments concerning the relationship between the riblets features and the turbulent boundary layer structure have also been reviewed. Moreover, numerical simulations on riblets with different shapes and sizes are presented and studied in detail. An accurate treatment based on k-ε turbulence model was adopted to investigate the flow alteration and the consequent drag reduction on ribleted surfaces. The interaction of the overlying turbulent flow with riblets and its impact on their drag reduction properties are further investigated. In addition, the experimental facilities, instrumentation (e.g. hotwires) and measurement techniques (e.g. time-averaged turbulence structure) have been employed to experimentally investigate the boundary layer velocity profiles and skin friction for smooth and micro-structured surfaces (the proposed riblet shape, respectively and the presented new design of riblets with serration inside provides 7% drag reduction. The results do not show significant reduction in momentum transfer near the surface by riblets, in particular, around the outer region of the turbulent boundary layer. Conclusions with respect to the holistic investigation on the drag reduction with Serrate-Semi-Circular riblets have been drawn based on the research objectives as achieved. Recommendations for future work have been put forward particularly for further future research in the research area.

In this thesis I investigate characteristics of turbulent flow in a channel where one of the walls has riblets, superhydrophobic microribs, or a hybrid surface with traditional riblets built on a superhydrophobic microrib surface. PIV measurements are used to find the velocity profile, the turbulent statistics, and shear stress profile in the rectangular channel with one wall having a structured test surface. Both riblets and superhydrophobic surfaces can each provide a reduction in the wall shear stress in a turbulent channel flow. Characterizing the features of the flow using particle image velocimetry (PIV) is the focus of this research. Superhydrophobicity results from the combination of a hydrophobic coating applied to a surface with microrib structures, resulting in a very low surface energy, such that the fluid does not penetrate in between the structures. The micro-rib structures are aligned in the streamwise flow direction. The riblets are larger than the micro-rib structure by an order of magnitude and protrude into the flow. All the test surfaces were produced on silicon wafers using photolithographic techniques. Pressure in the channel is maintained below the Laplace pressure for all testing, creating sustainable air pockets between the microribs. Velocity profiles, turbulent statistics, shear stress profiles, and friction factors are presented. Measurements were acquired for Reynolds numbers ranging from 4.5x10^3 to 2.0x10^4. Modest drag reductions were observed for the riblet surfaces. Substantial drag increase occurred over the superhydrophobic surfaces. The hybrid surfaces showed the greatest drag reduction. Turbulence production was strongly reduced during riblet and hybrid tests.

An experimental study to determine the effects of riblets on the performance of the supersonic through-flow fan (STF) cascade blades was performed. The two-dimensional cascade was tested in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University intermittent wind tunnel facility, where the Mach and Reynolds (based on chord) numbers were 2.36 and 4.8 x 10⁶ , respectively. Three different V-grooved riblet heights were tested on the blades: 0.023, 0.033, and 0.051 mm. Riblet testing were conducted at design incidence as well as at off-design conditions (incidence angles: +5, -10 deg). The riblet effect on the performance of the STF blades was determined by measuring the total pressure profile downstream of the cascade and integrating this total pressure to obtain an overall mass-averaged loss coefficient. The riblet loss coefficient was compared with the loss coefficient of a control test case where an equivalent thickness of smooth material is applied to the blades. Results show that, at the design incidence, the 0.033 mm height riblets provided the optimal benefit, with a reduction of 8.5% in the loss coefficient compared to the control case. Smaller effects were measured at the off-design conditions. Shadowgraph pictures were taken to study the effect of riblets on the turbulent transition location on the blades surfaces. At design incidence, the shadowgraphs revealed that the optimum height rib lets delayed the transition location on the suction surface of the blades. Therefore, it was concluded that for the 0.033 mm height riblets the decrease in the cascade's loss coefficient was the result of delayed transition in addition to a decrease in turbulent viscous losses. A numerical simulation was conducted to investigate both rib let effects on the STF blades. The numerical study showed that only the combination of the two riblet effects was able to produce a decrease in loss coefficient that was observed experimentally. Results from the numerical study indicate, that at design incidence, 2/3 of the rib let benefit is attributed to the delayed transition effect on the blades with the other 1/3 resulting from a decrease in turbulent viscous losses.
Ph. D.

The object of this work is to explore the influence superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces exert in laminar jet impingement and when they are combined with riblets in turbulent channel flow. A SH surface generates an apparent slip due to the combination of micropatterning and chemical hydrophobicity. Because of surface tension, water does not enter the cavities between the features, increasing the contact angle of a water droplet on the surface and reducing the liquid-solid contact area. An analysis based on the integral momentum approach of Karman and Pohlhausen is presented that predicts jet impingement behavior on SH surfaces. The model is first applied to the scenario where the slip at the surface is isotropic and a downstream depth is imposed such that a circular hydraulic jump occurs. The model predicts the thin film parameters downstream of the jet and the radial location of the hydraulic jump. An increase in the hydraulic jump radius occurs as slip increases, momentum of the jet increases, or the downstream depth decreases. Modifications to the model are made for the scenario where the slip at the surface varies azimuthally, as would be the case for a surface patterned with microribs. The average behavior is similar, although now an elliptically shaped jump forms with the major axis aligned parallel to the rib/cavity structures. The ellipse eccentricity increases as the slip increases, the jet momentum increases, or the downstream depth decreases. Where there is no downstream depth imposed on SH surfaces, the thin film breaks up into droplets instead of forming a hydraulic jump. Further changes are made to the model to incorporate this behavior for isotropic and anisotropic surfaces resulting in circular and elliptically shaped breakups respectively. This work also explores SH surfaces with riblets in turbulent channel flow. Pressure drop measurements across surfaces exhibiting superhydrophobicity, riblets, and surfaces with both drag reducing mechanisms are presented. The SH surface reduces drag because the effective surface area is reduced and riblets are able to reduce drag by dampening the spanwise turbulence. Photolithography was used to fabricate all surface types. An aluminum channel with a control and a test section was used for testing. Pressure transducers recorded the pressure drop across smooth silicon wafers and patterned test surfaces simultaneously allowing for computation of the friction factors.

Motivée par les contraintes économiques et les exigences environnementales, l'industrie du transport tente de réduire ses dépenses énergétiques. Elle concentre notamment ses efforts sur la traînée de frottement. Bien que d'origine visqueuse, celle-ci est fortement amplifiée par les mouvements turbulents. La capacité à manipuler les fluctuations turbulentes, complexes et chaotiques, offre alors des perspectives de gain énergétique substantiel, mais nécessite une bonne compréhension des phénomènes physiques. Parmi les stratégies de contrôle les plus prometteuses, l'utilisation de revêtements rainurés, nommés riblets, est étudiée dans ce mémoire. Bien que leur capacité de réduction de frottement soit connue depuis plusieurs décennies, les mécanismes par lesquels ils interagissent avec la turbulence restent à préciser. À ces fins, une méthode pour leur simulation numérique est mise au point. En redéfinissant la position de l'origine virtuelle, c'est-à-dire de la paroi plane équivalente, une forte similitude est établie entre les écoulements contrôlé et canonique. D'un point de vue applicatif, cela permet notamment de quantifier les performances de réduction de traînée atteignables à haut nombre de Reynolds. Enfin, le potentiel a priori prometteur des riblets tridimensionnels est exploré. En s'appuyant sur les rares résultats précurseurs de la littérature, il s'agit de proposer une géométrie industriellement réalisable optimale en termes de réduction de traînée. Pour chacune des géométries novatrices testées, les simulations révèlent avec finesse que les éventuels bénéfices sur le frottement sont systématiquement surpassés par l'influence délétère des efforts de pression
Economical constrains and environmental requirements lead the transportation industry to progress towards energy expenditure reduction. Efforts are especially focused on the skin-friction drag. Friction drag, while due to viscosity, is greatly amplified by turbulent motions. The ability to manipulate the complex and chaotic near-wall turbulent fluctuations thus offers prospects for substantial energy saving, but also requires a solid understanding of the physical phenomena.Among the most promising control strategies, the present manuscript focuses on riblet-covered surfaces. Even though their drag-reducing capability has been observed from decades, the mechanisms by which they interact with the near-wall turbulent motions still need to be clarified. Towards these ends, a numerical method for ensuring their proper simulation is developed. The virtual origin—interpreted as the equivalent flat wall location—is redefined, which highlights a strong similarity between the controlled and the canonical flows. As a practical interest, this similarity enables an improved evaluation of the drag reduction capabilities achievable at high Reynolds numbers.Additionally, the promising potential for three-dimensional riblets is examined. Based on the scattered precursory results of the literature, we intend to come up with a design which demonstrates optimal drag reduction capabilities under the constraint of industrial feasibility. For each of the prospected innovative designs, the numerical simulations accurately reveal that the potential profit on skin-friction is consistently exceeded by the harmful influence of pressure stresses

Cette thèse, de nature expérimentale, est centrée sur la compréhension des échanges thermiques dans une couche limite turbulente, en particulier sur l’action d’une rugosité ordonnée, tridimensionnelle et anisotrope, c’est à dire, une micromorphologie de surface, complètement immergée dans la sous-couche visqueuse. Une technique de mesure adaptée à cette étude, basée sur la technologie des couches minces, a été développée, testée et validée. Les résultats montrent un effet mesurable dans les échanges thermiques ainsi qu’une modification des profils de vitesse moyenne et d’intensité de turbulence. Cet effet est cependant inexistant dans une couche limite laminaire, et se trouve effacé par la présence d’une turbulence externe incidente. Ce résultat est donc attribuable aux interactions entre les éléments rugueux et les structures turbulentes générées à la paroi. On constate aussi une influence de cette rugosité dans la transition à la turbulence d’une couche limite laminaire. On réalise ensuite l’étude statistique du processus de transfert thermique dans une couche limite turbulente, soumise à une turbulence extérieure. On met en évidence une loi d’échelle temporelle avec un exposant caractéristique de −7/3 pour la température dans le sillage immédiat de la surface chauffée, ainsi qu’une dépendance de la pente du spectre de flux thermique en fonction du nombre de Reynolds, variant entre −5/3 et −7/3, comme observé dans le cas d’une turbulence homogène et isotrope avec injection de scalaire par un gradient moyen
This experimental thesis focuses on the understanding of heat transfer in a turbulent boundary layer. In particular we investigated the action of an ordered, three-dimensional and anisotropic roughness, which is completely immersed in the viscous sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer. A measurement technique has been developed in order to realize this study. This technique, based on thin film technology, has been tested and validated. Results show a measurable effect on the heat transfer coefficient, as well as on the mean velocity profiles. This effect is however not observed in a laminar boundary layer and it is quenched by an external freestream turbulence. Hence one can conclude that the observed effect is due to the interaction between the rough elements and the turbulent structures generated at the wall. An influence of this micro-roughness is also observed in the transition to turbulence of a laminar boundary layer. We also perform a statistical study of the heat transfer process in a turbulent boundary layer when subjected to freestream turbulence. The frequency spectra show a scaling law with a -7/3 exponent for the temperature in the immediate wake of the heated surface. The inertial range of the heat flux spectrum shows a dependence on the Reynolds number, with an exponent ranging from -5/3 to -7/3, as observed in the case of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in the presence of a mean temperature gradient

The effects of adding riblets to the blades of a subsonic, linear compressor cascade were investigated at the Air Force Institute of Technology. Three blade configurations were tested, including a set of unmodified NACA 64- A905 series blades, a set with riblets applied to the suction surface, and a set with riblets on the pressure surface. Performance was evaluated over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, and at low and high free stream turbulence levels. Cascade performance was evaluated in terms of total pressure loss coefficient, turning angle, and static pressure rise. No riblet configuration offered robust cascade performance improvements; however, performance was significantly enhanced under certain specific conditions. Riblets also degraded cascade performance at other conditions.

碩士
國防大學理工學院
造船及海洋工程碩士班
99
This study attempts to gain the robust parameter design for the maximum drag reduction by the combination of the micro bubbles and the riblets drag reduction technologies. The parameters discussed in this paper include the air supply, the pore radius of porous plate, the area of injection, the size of riblets, the flow speed and the measuring position. We use the intelligent parameter design which integrates the fractional factorial design, Taguchi methods, artificial neural networks and the genetic algorithms to look for the optimum robust parameter design. First, we use the fractional factorial design to screen out the main factors. Then by using the method of Taguchi’s, the appropriate orthogonal arrays can be found. Through initial analysis, the data from the experiment of the orthogonal arrays is exactly the establishment of the data required as training samples for neural network input and output. After completing the training of artificial neural network, the non-linear model can be accurately established for the non-linear relationship between the inputs and output of the system. Then, using the genetic algorithm to the nonlinear model, the best optimum condition of the parameters can be obtained. Finally, the reliability of the optimum combination of parameters by the test of confirmation can be verified. Finally, under the optimum combination of parameters, the maximum effect can reach up to 41%. Compared with the result of drag reduction in this study by micro bubbles are 21% and riblets are 26%, we can clearly see the additional effect when we use the combination technologies.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, auf welche Weise eine Qualitätsprüfung an funktionalen Oberflächen basierend auf optischen laserbasierten Verfahren realisiert und optimiert werden kann. Zwei Oberflächensysteme stehen hierbei im Fokus, konkret werden Prüfverfahren für Riblet–Strukturen und dünne Konversionsschichten auf Aluminium–Substraten näher beleuchtet. Den Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchungen an den Riblet–Strukturen stellt ein Sensor–Verfahren dar, das einen Dauerstrichlaser als Beleuchtungsquelle nutzt und eine Degradation der Riblets über einen Intensitätseinbruch im 45°–Signal präzise nachweisen kann. Als nachteilig erweist sich dabei, dass die Messgeschwindigkeit aufgrund der Verwendung von Linearaktuatoren im Sekundenbereich liegt und das 45°–Signal eine Interferenzstruktur aufweist. Als mögliche Lösung kommt die Verwendung von fs–Pulsen in Betracht: Das stationäre Interferenzmuster verschwindet und ermöglicht so die Implementierung einer PDA–Zeile als Detektor. Darüber hinaus bleibt die Interferenzstruktur im 0°–Signal bestehen, was eine weitere Qualitätsprüfung der Riblets über die Degradation hinaus ermöglicht. Um die Puls–Wechselwirkung mit der Riblet–Struktur detailliert zu untersuchen, werden zwei Experimente durchgeführt, die eine präzise Kontrolle der Pulsdauer, der spektralen Bandbreite sowie des Frequenzgradienten ermöglichen. Es stellt sich heraus, dass das Produkt aus Pulsdauer und der Frequenzdifferenz, die aufgrund des durch die Riblet–Struktur induzierten zeitlichen Versatzes zwischen zwei Teilpulsen entsteht, als Kriterium für das Auftreten der Interferenzstruktur im 45°-Signal fungiert. Auf Basis des zweiten Experiments, das einem modifizierten Gitter–Kompressor entspricht, ist es mithilfe einer mechanischen Blende möglich, das Auftreten des Interferenzmusters im 45°–Signal zu kontrollieren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird erstmalig ein neuartiges laserbasiertes optisches Verfahren für die Qualitätsprüfung von Konversionsschichten auf Aluminium–Substraten entwickelt. Zum Zweck der Optimierung dieses Verfahrens sowie des physikalischen Verständnisses der Licht–Materie Wechselwirkung ist ein großer Fundus von Untersuchungen an diesen vorgenommen worden. Die ausführliche Charakterisierung der Topographie erfolgt mithilfe von LSCM– und REM–Messungen, die eine Bestimmung von Rauheiten, Berg–zu–Tal–Abständen sowie Periodizitäten, insbesondere den Walzrillenabstand, der untersuchten Proben erlauben. FIB–Schnitte ermöglichen darüber hinaus im Fall der Cr/Zr–Proben das Determinieren einer oberen Grenze für die Schichtdicke. Um Aussagen über die chemische Zusammensetzung der Konversionsschichten treffen zu können, werden außerdem XPS–Messungen vorgenommen, die bei den TCC–Schichten eine vergleichbare Zusammensetzung ergeben. Bei den Titan–Proben ist es darüber hinaus möglich, die Schichtdicke der Probe Ti1 auf weniger als 10nm einzuschränken. Die optischen Messungen an den Cr/Zr–Proben starten damit, deren Homogenität durch Abrastern zu bestimmen. Es zeigt sich, dass eine geeignete Normierung topographische Einflüsse sowie makroskopische Defekte der Proben auf die Messungen effizient reduziert, sodass die Proben als weitgehend homogen angesehen werden können. Darüber hinaus wird deutlich, dass ein Einfallswinkel von 80°, Detektion in spekularer Richtung und die Verwendung von 633nm bereits einen sehr guten Nachweis der TCC–Schichten sowie eine injektive Beziehung zwischen dem Schichtgewicht und der Messgröße ermöglichen, sodass exakt diese Parameter für das finale Sensor–Verfahren genutzt werden. Für die dünneren Titan–Proben ist es notwendig, die Wellenlänge auf 405nm abzuändern, um auch jene Probe mit der dünnsten Konversionsschicht von der Referenz unterscheiden zu können. Zum Zweck der systematischen Untersuchung der physikalischen Zusammenhänge wird die Messgröße außerdem in Abhängigkeit vom Einfallswinkel und der Wellenlänge vermessen. Wird das von der Probe gestreute Licht über einen großen Detektionswinkel vermessen, zeigt sich, dass der wesentliche Unterschied zwischen beschichteten und unbeschichteten Proben ein Einbruch der Intensität in spekularer Richtung ist. Die räumliche Ausdehnung der Streulichtverteilung bleibt dabei weitgehend unverändert, was sich mit den Ergebnissen der Referenz–Messungen deckt, die keine Topographieänderungen durch den Passivierungsschritt nachweisen können. Aus grundlagenphysikalischer Sicht ist es im Fall der Cr/Zr–Proben gelungen, die Korrelation der Messgröße mit dem aufgebrachten Schichtgewicht auf Basis von Dünnschichtinterferenz zu beschreiben, wobei die Modellierung für 405nm keine validen Ergebnisse liefert. Der Einfluss des Einfallswinkels und der Wellenlänge lässt sich auf Basis des Modells korrekt vorhersagen. Die ermittelten Schichtdicken entsprechen jedoch nur bei 633nm bis auf eine Überschätzung den Ergebnissen der Referenzmessungen. Für eine weiterführende Modellbildung, die weitere Randbedingungen wie die Anisotropie der Proben und Streueffekte an der Oberfläche sowie innerhalb der Konversionsschichten berücksichtigt, ist die Herstellung weiterer Proben notwendig. Auf diese Weise könnten die Brechungsindizes verschiedener Substrate und Konversionsschichten präziser bestimmt werden und offene Fragestellungen, wie die Abhängigkeit der Brechungsindizes von der Schichtdicke oder die Dispersion, bearbeitet werden. Aus der Sicht eines Anwenders sind wesentliche Anforderungen für einen erfolgreichen industriellen Einsatz des hier entwickelten Sensor–Verfahrens, insbesondere hinsichtlich einer 100%–Inline Prüfung, erfüllt: Die Messungen erfolgen schnell, der Sensor besteht nur aus wenigen Optiken, was ihm eine erhöhte Stabilität und Robustheit verschafft, die einzelnen Komponenten sind günstig zu beschaffen und das Verfahren weist ein breites Anwendungsspektrum hinsichtlich der Kombination von Substrat und Konversionsschicht auf. Es ist hauptsächlich sensitiv auf Schichtdickenvariationen der applizierten Schicht, die darüber hinaus weiter erhöht werden kann, indem der Laserstrahl mehrfach mit der Probe wechselwirkt. Wie zuvor bereits erwähnt, ist es jedoch erst über eine komplexe physikalische Modellbildung, die insbesondere von der Morphologie des Substrats abhängt, möglich, konkrete physikalische Größen wie die Schichtdicke aus der Messgröße zu berechnen. Diese Einschränkung ist für den Anwendungsfall allerdings nur bedingt relevant, da sie mithilfe einer geeigneten Kalibrierung umgangen werden kann. Sind für eine konkrete Kombination aus Substrat und Konversionsschicht Musterproben vorhanden, die sowohl den Fall einer korrekt passivierten Probe als auch Abweichungen von diesem Sollwert umfassen, kann die Messgröße für diese differenten Qualitätszustände gemessen werden und anschließend während des regulären Herstellungsprozesses als Maß für Güte der Proben fungieren. Neben der Möglichkeit, das Sensor–Verfahren direkt im Herstellungsprozess zu nutzen, können auch jene Anwender mit ausgelagerter Passivierung das System implementieren, um die Güte ihrer extern beschichteten Ware vollumfänglich und reproduzierbar zu evaluieren. Es bleibt anzumerken, dass die Überführung des Sensor–Verfahrens von den hier beschriebenen Laboraufbauten zu einem im industriellen Umfeld einsetzbaren Gerät im Rahmen eines Folgeprojekts (BMBF, Förderprogramm „Open Photonik Pro“, Vertragsnummer 13N15230) weiter erforscht wird. Die Schritte, welche im Rahmen dieser Arbeit für eine erfolgreiche Entwicklung eines Sensor–Verfahrens an funktionalen Oberflächen erarbeitet werden, können sowohl bei den Riblet–Strukturen als auch den Konversionsschichten erfolgreich angewendet werden. Auf ihrer Basis ist es möglich, Prüfverfahren für andere Systeme effizient und zielführend zu entwickeln.

碩士
國立交通大學
電信工程研究所
99
In this thesis, W-band quadrature hybrids are proposed using two different structures and manufacturing processes. The first circuit is a metallic rectangular waveguide five-branch 90o branch-line coupler. By means of analytical calculation of circuit matrix including the equivalent circuit of waveguide E-plane T-junction to obtain the initial circuit parameters, the iteration time of electromagnetic simulation can be largely reduced. The I/O waveguide is the standard WR-10 W-band waveguide. The second circuit is a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Riblet short-slot quadrature hybrid. A fan-shaped transition is applied to meet the on-wafer probe measurement environment in the extra-high frequency (EHF) band. The SIW is manufactured on a Rogers RT-Duroid 5880TM substrate with a low loss dielectric constant of 2.2, thickness of 5mil whereas the fan-shaped transition is implemented on an Al2O3 substrate with a dielectric constant of 9.8 and thickness of 5mil. A precisely assembling of transition and SIW hybrid is extremely important for a proper measurement results. Both two kinds of hybrid circuits are designed at the center frequency of 90GHz and a fractional bandwidth more than 15%. Meanwhile, both circuits are design to integrate with microstrip planar circuit. The first circuit is an E-planar circuit that it matches with an E-plane probe to microstrip transition. And the second circuit is an H-plane SIW that it is inherently applying the microstrip as the I/O transmission lines.