Journal articles: 'Rhodococcu'

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Alvarez, Héctor M., Martín A. Hernández, Mariana P. Lanfranconi, Roxana A. Silva, and María S. Villalba. "Rhodococcus as Biofactories for Microbial Oil Production." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 4871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164871.

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Bacteria belonging to the Rhodococcus genus are frequent components of microbial communities in diverse natural environments. Some rhodococcal species exhibit the outstanding ability to produce significant amounts of triacylglycerols (TAG) (>20% of cellular dry weight) in the presence of an excess of the carbon source and limitation of the nitrogen source. For this reason, they can be considered as oleaginous microorganisms. As occurs as well in eukaryotic single-cell oil (SCO) producers, these bacteria possess specific physiological properties and molecular mechanisms that differentiate them from other microorganisms unable to synthesize TAG. In this review, we summarized several of the well-characterized molecular mechanisms that enable oleaginous rhodococci to produce significant amounts of SCO. Furthermore, we highlighted the ability of these microorganisms to degrade a wide range of carbon sources coupled to lipogenesis. The qualitative and quantitative oil production by rhodococci from diverse industrial wastes has also been included. Finally, we summarized the genetic and metabolic approaches applied to oleaginous rhodococci to improve SCO production. This review provides a comprehensive and integrating vision on the potential of oleaginous rhodococci to be considered as microbial biofactories for microbial oil production.

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Garrido-Sanz, Daniel, Miguel Redondo-Nieto, Marta Martín, and Rafael Rivilla. "Comparative Genomics of the Rhodococcus Genus Shows Wide Distribution of Biodegradation Traits." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050774.

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The genus Rhodococcus exhibits great potential for bioremediation applications due to its huge metabolic diversity, including biotransformation of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. Comparative genomic studies of this genus are limited to a small number of genomes, while the high number of sequenced strains to date could provide more information about the Rhodococcus diversity. Phylogenomic analysis of 327 Rhodococcus genomes and clustering of intergenomic distances identified 42 phylogenomic groups and 83 species-level clusters. Rarefaction models show that these numbers are likely to increase as new Rhodococcus strains are sequenced. The Rhodococcus genus possesses a small “hard” core genome consisting of 381 orthologous groups (OGs), while a “soft” core genome of 1253 OGs is reached with 99.16% of the genomes. Models of sequentially randomly added genomes show that a small number of genomes are enough to explain most of the shared diversity of the Rhodococcus strains, while the “open” pangenome and strain-specific genome evidence that the diversity of the genus will increase, as new genomes still add more OGs to the whole genomic set. Most rhodococci possess genes involved in the degradation of aliphatic and aromatic compounds, while short-chain alkane degradation is restricted to a certain number of groups, among which a specific particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) is only found in Rhodococcus sp. WAY2. The analysis of Rieske 2Fe-2S dioxygenases among rhodococci genomes revealed that most of these enzymes remain uncharacterized.

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RASTIMESINA, Inna, Olga POSTOLACHI, and Valentina JOSAN. "Dissociation of Rhodococcus rhodochrous Population after the Whole Cells Immobilization." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 78, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2020.0043.

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Six agricultural organic wastes and three inorganic matrices were selected for rhodococci whole cells immobilization. The degree of immobilization of rhodococci cells varied from 6.20% to 34.30% on organic matrices. A high level of Rhodococcus rhodochrous CNMN-Ac-05 cells immobilization was demonstrated on inorganic matrices, it was from 69.25% to 97.30%. After the contact with support the strain dissociated, forming, in addition to original S type, rough (R) and altercolour smooth (S) types. Immobilization of rhodococci cells on organic supports led to the appearance of phenotypic heterogeneity from 0.34% to 3.26%. On inorganic matrices the variability of rhodococci was 0.88-1.05%.

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Chane, Andrea, Yvann Bourigault, Mathilde Bouteiller, Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi, Annabelle Merieau, Corinne Barbey, and Xavier Latour. "Close-up on a bacterial informational war in the geocaulosphere." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 7 (July 2020): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0546.

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The geocaulosphere is home to microbes that establish communication between themselves and others that disrupt them. These cell-to-cell communication systems are based on the synthesis and perception of signaling molecules, of which the best known belong to the N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) family. Among indigenous bacteria, certain Gram-positive actinobacteria can sense AHLs produced by soft-rot Gram-negative phytopathogens and can degrade the quorum-sensing AHL signals to impair the expression of virulence factors. We mimicked this interaction by introducing dual-color reporter strains suitable for monitoring both the location of the cells and their quorum-sensing and -quenching activities, in potato tubers. The exchange of AHL signals within the pathogen’s cell quorum was clearly detected by the presence of bright green fluorescence instead of blue in a portion of Pectobacterium-tagged cells. This phenomenon in Rhodococcus cells was accompanied by a change from red fluorescence to orange, showing that the disappearance of signaling molecules is due to rhodococcal AHL degradation rather than the inhibition of AHL production. Rhodococci are victorious in this fight for the control of AHL-based communication, as their jamming activity is powerful enough to prevent the onset of disease symptoms.

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Ivshina, Irina, Grigory Bazhutin, Semyon Tyan, Maxim Polygalov, Maria Subbotina, and Elena Tyumina. "Cellular Modifications of Rhodococci Exposed to Separate and Combined Effects of Pharmaceutical Pollutants." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061101.

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Actinomycetes of the genus Rhodococcus (class Actinomycetia) are dominant dwellers of biotopes with anthropogenic load. They serve as a natural system of primary response to xenobiotics in open ecosystems, initiate defensive responses in the presence of pollutants, and are regarded as ideal agents capable of transforming and degrading pharmaceuticals. Here, the ability of selected Rhodococcus strains to co-metabolize nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, meloxicam, and naproxen) and information on the protective mechanisms of rhodococci against toxic effects of pharmaceuticals, individually or in a mixture, have been demonstrated. For the first time, R. ruber IEGM 439 provided complete decomposition of 100 mg/L meloxicam after seven days. It was shown that versatile cellular modifications occurring at the early development stages of nonspecific reactions of Rhodococcus spp. in response to separate and combined effects of the tested pharmaceuticals included changes in electrokinetic characteristics and catalase activity; transition from unicellular to multicellular life forms accompanied by pronounced morphological abnormalities; changes in the average size of vegetative cells and surface area-to-volume ratio; and the formation of linked cell assemblages. The obtained data are considered as adaptation mechanisms in rhodococci, and consequently their increased resistance to separate and combined effects of ibuprofen, meloxicam, and naproxen.

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Whyte, L. G., T. H. M. Smits, D. Labbé, B. Witholt, C. W. Greer, and J. B. van Beilen. "Gene Cloning and Characterization of Multiple Alkane Hydroxylase Systems in Rhodococcus Strains Q15 and NRRL B-16531." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 12 (December 2002): 5933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.5933-5942.2002.

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ABSTRACT The alkane hydroxylase systems of two Rhodococcus strains (NRRL B-16531 and Q15, isolated from different geographical locations) were characterized. Both organisms contained at least four alkane monooxygenase gene homologs (alkB1, alkB2, alkB3, and alkB4). In both strains, the alkB1 and alkB2 homologs were part of alk gene clusters, each encoding two rubredoxins (rubA1 and rubA2; rubA3 and rubA4), a putative TetR transcriptional regulatory protein (alkU1; alkU2), and, in the alkB1 cluster, a rubredoxin reductase (rubB). The alkB3 and alkB4 homologs were found as separate genes which were not part of alk gene clusters. Functional heterologous expression of some of the rhodococcal alk genes (alkB2, rubA2, and rubA4 [NRRL B-16531]; alkB2 and rubB [Q15]) was achieved in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas expression systems. Pseudomonas recombinants containing rhodococcal alkB2 were able to mineralize and grow on C12 to C16 n-alkanes. All rhodococcal alkane monooxygenases possessed the highly conserved eight-histidine motif, including two apparent alkane monooxygenase signature motifs (LQRH[S/A]DHH and NYXEHYG[L/M]), and the six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions found in all alkane monooxygenases related to the Pseudomonas putida GPo1 alkane monooxygenase. The presence of multiple alkane hydroxylases in the two rhodococcal strains is reminiscent of other multiple-degradative-enzyme systems reported in Rhodococcus.

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Lilwani, Simran R., Sneha M. Dokhale, Parvathi JR, and Madhavi R. Vernekar. "Isolation and characterization of a rare polar carotenoid 1’-OH-4-keto-ϒ-carotene from an indigenously isolated Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii MH715196." Food Science and Applied Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (October 13, 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.30721/fsab2022.v5.i2.200.

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The catabolic diversity and biocatalytic potential in members of genus Rhodococcus makes it an ideal industrial workhouse for metabolite production. Despite their applicability, Rhodococci are least explored for carotenoids, located in their cell membrane. The goal of the present study was to identify the carotenoids of Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii MH715196. UV-Vis spectral data and molecular mass estimates showed that the principal carotenoid extracted from R. kroppenstedtii MH715196 was 1’-OH-4-keto-ϒ-carotene. Biosynthetic route of 1’-OH-4-keto-ϒ-carotene in R. kroppenstedtii MH715196 was postulated on the basis of molecular mass estimates in co-relation with putative carotenoid biosynthetic genes identified in the genome of the reference strains of R. kroppenstedtii. Three key enzymes, were then considered for phylogenetic analysis to establish the phylogenetic relationship across the Rhodococcus genus leading the way for carotenoid identification in other Rhodococcus species. The present study would be the first report on identification of a rare polar carotenoid from R. kroppenstedtii MH715196 which could be potentially explored as a food colorant in hydrophilic food matrices like jams, jellies, beverages etc.

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Thi Mo, Luong, Puntus Irina, Suzina Natalia, Nechaeva Irina, Akhmetov Lenar, Filonov Andrey, Akatova Ekaterina, Alferov Sergey, and Ponamoreva Olga. "Hydrocarbons Biodegradation by Rhodococcus: Assimilation of Hexadecane in Different Aggregate States." Microorganisms 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081594.

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The aim of our study was to reveal the peculiarities of the adaptation of rhodococci to hydrophobic hydrocarbon degradation at low temperatures when the substrate was in solid states. The ability of actinobacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis (strains X5 and S67) to degrade hexadecane at 10 °C (solid hydrophobic substrate) and 26 °C (liquid hydrophobic substrate) is described. Despite the solid state of the hydrophobic substrate at 10 °C, bacteria demonstrate a high level of its degradation (30–40%) within 18 days. For the first time, we show that specialized cellular structures are formed during the degradation of solid hexadecane by Rhodococcus at low temperatures: intracellular multimembrane structures and surface vesicles connected to the cell by fibers. The formation of specialized cellular structures when Rhodococcus bacteria are grown on solid hexadecane is an important adaptive trait, thereby contributing to the enlargement of a contact area between membrane-bound enzymes and a hydrophobic substrate.

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Stecker, Christiane, Andre Johann, Christina Herzberg, Beate Averhoff, and Gerhard Gottschalk. "Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Genetic Organization of the 210-Kilobase Linear Plasmid of Rhodococcus erythropolis BD2." Journal of Bacteriology 185, no. 17 (September 1, 2003): 5269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.17.5269-5274.2003.

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ABSTRACT The complete nucleotide sequence of the linear plasmid pBD2 from Rhodococcus erythropolis BD2 comprises 210,205 bp. Sequence analyses of pBD2 revealed 212 putative open reading frames (ORFs), 97 of which had an annotatable function. These ORFs could be assigned to six functional groups: plasmid replication and maintenance, transport and metalloresistance, catabolism, transposition, regulation, and protein modification. Many of the transposon-related sequences were found to flank the isopropylbenzene pathway genes. This finding together with the significant sequence similarities of the ipb genes to genes of the linear plasmid-encoded biphenyl pathway in other rhodococci suggests that the ipb genes were acquired via transposition events and subsequently distributed among the rhodococci via horizontal transfer.

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Егорова, Д. О., Т. И. Горбунова, Т. Д. Кирьянова, М. Г. Первова, and Е. Г. Плотникова. "Моделирование структуры α-субъединицы бифенил диоксигеназы штаммов рода Rhodococcu s и особенности деструкции хлорированных- и гидроксилированных бифенилов при различных температурах." Прикладная биохимия и микробиология 57, no. 6 (2021): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0555109921060027.

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Jones, Amanda L., June M. Brown, Vachaspati Mishra, John D. Perry, Arnold G. Steigerwalt, and Michael Goodfellow. "Rhodococcus gordoniae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from clinical material and phenol-contaminated soil." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.02756-0.

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The taxonomic relationships of two actinomycetes provisionally assigned to the genus Rhodococcus were determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The generic assignment was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene similarity data, as the organisms, strains MTCC 1534 and W 4937T, were shown to belong to the Rhodococcus rhodochrous subclade. These organisms had phenotypic properties typical of rhodococci; they were aerobic, Gram-positive, weakly acid-fast actinomycetes that showed an elementary branching-rod–coccus growth cycle and contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in whole-organism hydrolysates, N-glycolated muramic acid residues, dehydrogenated menaquinones with eight isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologue and mycolic acids that co-migrated with those extracted from the type strain of R. rhodochrous. The strains had identical phenotypic profiles and belong to the same genomic species, albeit one distinguished from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans, with which they formed a distinct phyletic line. They were also distinguished from representatives of all of the species classified in the R. rhodochrous 16S rRNA gene tree using a set of phenotypic features. The genotypic and phenotypic data show that the strains merit recognition as a novel species of Rhodococcus. The name proposed is Rhodococcus gordoniae sp. nov., with the type strain W 4937T (=DSM 44689T=NCTC 13296T).

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IVSHINA, I. B., E. A. TYUMINA, G. A. BAZHUTIN, M. A. POLYGALOV, and E. V. VIKHAREVA. "DEFENCE AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS OF STRESS-TOLERANT RHODOCOCCI EXPOSED TO ECOPOLLUTANTS." Микробные биотехнологии: фундаментальные и прикладные аспекты 13 (October 21, 2021): 329–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/2226-3136-2021-13-329-347.

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Data on adaptive cellular modifications of rhodococci under the influence of petroleum hydrocarbons, their derivatives and pharmaceutical pollutants are presented. Based on our own original results and literature data, the responses of Rhodococcus exposed to difficult-to-degrade hydrophobic compounds are of a deep and versatile adaptive nature manifested at different levels of the cellular organization of rhodococci. By a number of indicators, these responses are essentially of the same type, general and universal. The most frequently detected disturbances at early stages of nonspecific cell responses development to damages are (1) changes in the cell hydrophobicity and cell adhesion to damaging hydrophobic agents; (2) morphometric distortions of the average cell size, the relative area and topography of the cell surface; (3) changes in the integral physicochemical parameters of cells, in particular, electrokinetic characteristics.

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Ivshina, Irina B., Natalia A. Luchnikova, Polina Yu Maltseva, Irina V. Ilyina, Konstantin P. Volcho, Yurii V. Gatilov, Dina V. Korchagina, et al. "Biotransformation of (–)-Isopulegol by Rhodococcus rhodochrous." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15080964.

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The ability of actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus to biotransform the monoterpenoid (–)-isopulegol has been established for the first time. R. rhodochrous strain IEGM 1362 was selected as a bacterium capable of metabolizing (–)-isopulegol to form new, previously unknown, 10-hydroxy (2) and 10-carboxy (3) derivatives, which may presumably have antitumor activity and act as respiratory stimulants and cancer prevention agents. In the experiments, optimal conditions were selected to provide the maximum target catalytic activity of rhodococci. Using up-to-date (TEM, AFM-CLSM, and EDX) and traditional (cell size, roughness, and zeta potential measurements) biophysical and microbiological methods, it was shown that (–)-isopulegol and halloysite nanotubes did not negatively affect the bacterial cells. The data obtained expand our knowledge of the biocatalytic potential of rhodococci and their possible involvement in the synthesis of pharmacologically active compounds from plant derivatives.

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Rakowska, Alicja, Agnieszka Marciniak-Karcz, Andrzej Bereznowski, Anna Cywińska, Monika Żychska, and Lucjan Witkowski. "Less Typical Courses of Rhodococcus equi Infections in Foals." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110605.

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This article aims to present several interesting and less typical courses of Rhodococcus equi infections in foals, collected during the 2019–2021 foaling seasons in some Polish studs. The study was conducted by the Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, and concentrated on ultrasonographic contribution to diagnostics and treatment of the disease. Among many standard cases of rhodococcal pneumonia, some rare ones occurred. The aforementioned issues include the potential contribution of rhodococcal infection to a grave outcome in a prematurely born filly, lost as a yearling, so-called “extrapulmonary disorders” (EPD), a hypothesis of inherited immunodeficiency with grave outcome in a breeding dam line from one stud, and macrolide-induced anhidrosis. The main benefit of this report would be to supplement the general picture of clinical rhodococcosis.

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POSTOLACHI, Olga, Inna RASTIMESINA, and Valentina JOSAN. "Viability and phenotypic heterogeneity of Rhodococcus Rhodochrous CNMN-AC-05 in the presence of fullerene C60." One Health & Risk Management 2, no. 3 (June 17, 2021): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.38045/ohrm.2021.3.01.

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Introduction. In recent years, due to wide applications of nanotechnologies in various fields, the safety of nanomaterials has become a pressing issue. Fullerene C60 is not an exception. Research on the activity of microorganisms and their interaction with nanoparticles is of major importance, both for microorganisms and for the ecosystem as a whole. Material and methods. Fullerene C60 powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The object of study was R. rhodochrous CNMN-Ac-05 strain. The number of viable bacterial cells was estimated by colony-forming units (CFU). The morphological features of the rhodococci colonies have been described according to the usual microbiological method. Results. It was established that fullerene C60 in concentrations of 1-25 mg/L fullerene C60 stimulated the growth of R. rhodochrous by 2.4-2.8 times. As the concentration of fullerene C60 increased up to 50-100 mg/L, the multiplication and growth of rhodococci decreased by 29.5% and 38% respectively. In the presence of 1-10 mg/L fullerene C60 the rhodococci population remained homogeneous, being composed of 100% S type colonies. The increase of fullerene C60 concentration led both to the decrease in the CFU number and to the appearance of R type colonies, up to 1.3% of population. Conclusions. Fullerene C60 in concentrations 1-100 mg/L had no obvious toxic effect on the rhodococci strain. The optimum concentration is 10 mg/L. The concentrations higher than 25 mg/L led to the dissociation of rhodococcal population and diminution in the CFU counts, but not to the total inhibition.

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Kuyukina, Maria S., Grigorii G. Glebov, and Irena B. Ivshina. "Effects of Nickel Nanoparticles on Rhodococcus Cell Surface Morphology and Nanomechanical Properties." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060951.

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Nickel nanoparticles (NPs) are used for soil remediation and wastewater treatment due to their high adsorption capacity against complex organic pollutants. However, despite the growing use of nickel NPs, their toxicological towards environmental bacteria have not been sufficiently studied. Actinobacteria of the genus Rhodococcus are valuable bioremediation agents degrading a range of harmful and recalcitrant chemicals. Both positive and negative effects of metal ions and NPs on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by Rhodococcus were revealed, however, the mechanisms of such interactions, in addition to direct toxic effects, remain unclear. In the present work, the influence of nickel NPs on the viability, surface topology and nanomechanical properties of Rhodococcus cells have been studied. Bacterial adaptations to high (up to 1.0 g/L) concentrations of nickel NPs during prolonged (24 and 48 h) exposure were detected using combined confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy. Incubation with nickel NPs resulted in a 1.25–1.5-fold increase in the relative surface area and roughness, changes in cellular charge and adhesion characteristics, as well as a 2–8-fold decrease in the Young’s modulus of Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231 cells. Presumably, the treatment of rhodococcal cells with sublethal concentrations (0.01–0.1 g/L) of nickel NPs facilitates the colonization of surfaces, which is important in the production of immobilized biocatalysts based on whole bacterial cells adsorbed on solid carriers. Based on the data obtained, cell surface functionalizing with NPs is possible to enhance adhesive and catalytic properties of bacteria suitable for environmental applications.

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Kitagawa, Wataru, Keisuke Miyauchi, Eiji Masai, and Masao Fukuda. "Cloning and Characterization of Benzoate Catabolic Genes in the Gram-Positive Polychlorinated Biphenyl DegraderRhodococcus sp. Strain RHA1." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 6598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.22.6598-6606.2001.

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ABSTRACT Benzoate catabolism is thought to play a key role in aerobic bacterial degradation of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Benzoate catabolic genes were cloned from a PCB degrader,Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1, by using PCR amplification and temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis separation. A nucleotide sequence determination revealed that the deduced amino acid sequences encoded by the RHA1 benzoate catabolic genes, benABCDK, exhibit 33 to 65% identity with those of Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. The gene organization of the RHA1 benABCDKgenes differs from that of ADP1. The RHA1 benABCDK region was localized on the chromosome, in contrast to the biphenyl catabolic genes, which are located on linear plasmids. Escherichia coli cells containing RHA1 benABCD transformed benzoate to catechol via 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate. They transformed neither 2- nor 4-chlorobenzoates but did transform 3-chlorobenzoate. The RHA1 benA gene was inactivated by insertion of a thiostrepton resistance gene. The resultant mutant strain, RBD169, neither grew on benzoate nor transformed benzoate, and it did not transform 3-chlorobenzoate. It did, however, exhibit diminished growth on biphenyl and growth repression in the presence of a high concentration of biphenyl (13 mM). These results indicate that the cloned benABCD genes could play an essential role not only in benzoate catabolism but also in biphenyl catabolism in RHA1. Six rhodococcal benzoate degraders were found to have homologs of RHA1benABC. In contrast, two rhodococcal strains that cannot transform benzoate were found not to have RHA1 benABChomologs, suggesting that many Rhodococcus strains contain benzoate catabolic genes similar to RHA1 benABC.

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Bourigault, Yvann, Sophie Rodrigues, Alexandre Crépin, Andrea Chane, Laure Taupin, Mathilde Bouteiller, Charly Dupont, et al. "Biocontrol of Biofilm Formation: Jamming of Sessile-Associated Rhizobial Communication by Rhodococcal Quorum-Quenching." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 8241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158241.

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Biofilms are complex structures formed by a community of microbes adhering to a surface and/or to each other through the secretion of an adhesive and protective matrix. The establishment of these structures requires a coordination of action between microorganisms through powerful communication systems such as quorum-sensing. Therefore, auxiliary bacteria capable of interfering with these means of communication could be used to prevent biofilm formation and development. The phytopathogen Rhizobium rhizogenes, which causes hairy root disease and forms large biofilms in hydroponic crops, and the biocontrol agent Rhodococcus erythropolis R138 were used for this study. Changes in biofilm biovolume and structure, as well as interactions between rhizobia and rhodococci, were monitored by confocal laser scanning microscopy with appropriate fluorescent biosensors. We obtained direct visual evidence of an exchange of signals between rhizobia and the jamming of this communication by Rhodococcus within the biofilm. Signaling molecules were characterized as long chain (C14) N-acyl-homoserine lactones. The role of the Qsd quorum-quenching pathway in biofilm alteration was confirmed with an R. erythropolis mutant unable to produce the QsdA lactonase, and by expression of the qsdA gene in a heterologous host, Escherichia coli. Finally, Rhizobium biofilm formation was similarly inhibited by a purified extract of QsdA enzyme.

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Villalba, María S., and Héctor M. Alvarez. "Identification of a novel ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in long-chain fatty acid import and its role in triacylglycerol accumulation in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1." Microbiology 160, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.078477-0.

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Members of the genus Rhodococcus are specialists in the biosynthesis and accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs). As no transport protein related to TAG metabolism has yet been characterized in these bacteria, we used the available genomic information of Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 to perform a broad survey of genes coding for putative lipid transporter proteins in this oleaginous micro-organism. Among the seven genes encoding putative lipid transporters, ro05645 (now called ltp1: lipid transporter protein) coding for an ATP-binding cassette protein was found clustered with others genes encoding enzymes catalysing the three putative acylation reactions of the Kennedy pathway for TAG synthesis. Overexpression of ltp1 in the RHA1 strain led to an increase of approximately sixfold and threefold in biomass and TAG production, respectively, when cells were cultivated on palmitic acid and oleic acid. Moreover, overexpression of ltp1 also promoted a significant increase in the uptake of a fluorescently labelled long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), as compared with the WT strain RHA1, and its further incorporation into the TAG fraction. Gluconate-grown cells showed increasing amounts of intracellular free fatty acids, but not of TAG, after overexpressing ltp1. Thus, for the first time to our knowledge, a transporter functionally related to TAG metabolism was identified in oleaginous rhodococci. Our results suggested that Ltp1 is an importer of LCFAs that plays a functional role in lipid homeostasis of R. jostii RHA1.

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Postolachi, O., I. Rastimesina, V. Josan, and T. Gutul. "Viability and Colony Morphology Variation of Rhodococcus rhodochrous CNMN-Ac-05 in the Presence of Magnetite Nanoparticles." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 83, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj83.04.035.

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In recent decades the use of nanotechnologies in the remediation of xenobiotic substances has proven its effectiveness, but not its safety. Nanoparticles often accumulate in the remedied environment, having, over time, toxic effects on living organisms. In this context, research on the vital activity of microorganisms and their interaction with nanoparticles is of major importance. Aim of the research was to determine the influence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, obtained by different ways (laboratory method and synthesis in the reactor) on the viability and colony morphology of Rhodococcus rhodochrous CNMN-Ac-05 strain. Methods. Encapsulated magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method, using iron(II) sulfate and iron(III) chloride in the presence of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone, used as a stabilizer. Fe3O4 SR (Synthesis in the Reactor) was produced in the multifunctional reactor VGR-50, at the same conditions. Cell biomass was determined on the spectrophotometer by the optical density at 540 nm,with subsequent recalculation to cell dry weight according to the calibration curve. The cell dry weight was determined by gravimetric method. The morphological features of the rhodococci colonies were described according to the standard microbiological method. Results. It was established that magnetite nanoparticles in concentrations of 1–100 mg/L were not toxic to the R. rhodochrous strain, had a positive effect on the viability of rhodococci by stimulating the growth of biomass, regardless of their concentration and the method of their synthesis. In the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles the population dissociated to S1, S2, R1, R2 forms, and S-R type of colonies, while the basic morphological features of R. rhodochrous colonies corresponded to type S1. Conclusions. The optimal concentration of magnetite nanoparticles, which stimulated the growth and development of R. rhodochrous was 25 mg/L for Fe3O4 and 50 mg/L Fe3O4 SR. At all concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles the main colony morphotype of the rhodococci was smooth S1-type; the new types of colonies represented only 0.1–0.6% of the population, and the lowest degree of variability corresponded with the highest colony-forming units index.

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Yam, Katherine C., Sachi Okamoto, Joseph N. Roberts, and Lindsay D. Eltis. "Adventures inRhodococcus — from steroids to explosivesThis article is based on a presentation by Dr. Lindsay Eltis at the 60th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Microbiologists in Hamilton, Ontario, 14 June 2010. Dr. Eltis was the recipient of the 2010 Norgen Biotek Corporation / CSM Award, an annual award sponsored by Norgen Biotek and the Canadian Society of Microbiologists intended to recognize outstanding scientific work in microbiology by a Canadian researcher." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 57, no. 3 (March 2011): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-115.

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Rhodococcus is a genus of mycolic-acid-containing actinomycetes that utilize a remarkable variety of organic compounds as growth substrates. This degradation helps maintain the global carbon cycle and has increasing applications ranging from the biodegradation of pollutants to the biocatalytic production of drugs and hormones. We have been using Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 as a model organism to understand the catabolic versatility of Rhodococcus and related bacteria. Our approach is exemplified by the discovery of a cluster of genes specifying the catabolism of cholesterol. This degradation proceeds via β-oxidative degradation of the side chain and O2-dependent cleavage of steroid ring A in a process similar to bacterial degradation of aromatic compounds. The pathway is widespread in Actinobacteria and is critical to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis , arguably the world’s most successful pathogen. The close similarity of some of these enzymes with biphenyl- and polychlorinated-biphenyl-degrading enzymes that we have characterized is facilitating inhibitor design. Our studies in RHA1 have also provided important insights into a number of novel metalloenzymes and their biosynthesis, such as acetonitrile hydratase (ANHase), a cobalt-containing enzyme with no significant sequence identity with characterized nitrile hydratases. Molecular genetic and biochemical studies have identified AnhE as a dimeric metallochaperone that delivers cobalt to ANHase, enabling its maturation in vivo. Other metalloenzymes we are characterizing include N-acetylmuramic acid hydroxylase, which catalyzes an unusual hydroxylation of the rhodococcal and mycobacterial peptidoglycan, and 2 RHA1 dye-decolorizing peroxidases. Using molecular genetic and biochemical approaches, we have demonstrated that one of these enzymes is involved in the degradation of lignin. Overall, our studies are providing fundamental insights into a range of catabolic processes that have a wide variety of applications.

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oer-areemitr, nittha. "Rhodococcal Emphysema Thoracis: A Case Report of Rhodococcus equi Present With Loculated Pleural Effusion." Chest 148, no. 4 (October 2015): 153A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.2232109.

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Fournier, Diane, Sandra Trott, Jalal Hawari, and Jim Spain. "Metabolism of the Aliphatic Nitramine 4-Nitro-2,4-Diazabutanal by Methylobacterium sp. Strain JS178." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 8 (August 2005): 4199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.8.4199-4202.2005.

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ABSTRACT The aliphatic nitramine 4-nitro-2,4-diazabutanal (NDAB; C2H5N3O3) is a ring cleavage metabolite that accumulates during the aerobic degradation of the energetic compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by various Rhodococcus spp. NDAB is also produced during the alkaline hydrolysis of either RDX or octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and during the photolysis of RDX. Traces of NDAB were observed in a soil sampled from an ammunition-manufacturing facility contaminated with both HMX and RDX, suggesting natural attenuation. In this study, we report the isolation of a soil bacterium that is able to degrade NDAB under aerobic conditions. The isolate is a pink-pigmented facultative methylotroph affiliated with the genus Methylobacterium. The strain, named Methylobacterium sp. strain JS178, degrades NDAB as a sole nitrogen source, with concomitant growth and formation of 1 molar equivalent of nitrous oxide (N2O). Comparison of the growth yield of strain JS178 grown on NDAB, nitrite (NO2 −), or ammonium (NH4 +) as a nitrogen source revealed that 1 N equivalent is assimilated from each mole of NDAB, which completes the nitrogen mass balance. In radiotracer experiments, strain JS178 mineralized 1 C of the [14C]NDAB produced in situ from [14C]RDX by Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22. Studies on the regulation of NDAB degradation indicated that allantoin, an intermediate in the purine catabolic pathway and a central molecule in the storage and transport of nitrogen in plants, up-regulated the enzyme(s) involved in the degradation of the nitramine. The results reveal the potential for the sequential participation of rhodococci and methylobacteria to effect the complete degradation of RDX.

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Ivshina, Irina B., Elena A. Tyumina, Grigory A. Bazhutin, and Elena V. Vikhareva. "Response of Rhodococcus cerastii IEGM 1278 to toxic effects of ibuprofen." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): e0260032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260032.

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The article expands our knowledge on the variety of biodegraders of ibuprofen, one of the most frequently detected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment. We studied the dynamics of ibuprofen decomposition and its relationship with the physiological status of bacteria and with additional carbon and energy sources. The involvement of cytoplasmic enzymes in ibuprofen biodegradation was confirmed. Within the tested actinobacteria, Rhodococcus cerastii IEGM 1278 was capable of complete oxidation of 100 μg/L and 100 mg/L of ibuprofen in 30 h and 144 h, respectively, in the presence of an alternative carbon source (n-hexadecane). Besides, the presence of ibuprofen induced a transition of rhodococci from single- to multicellular lifeforms, a shift to more negative zeta potential values, and a decrease in the membrane permeability. The initial steps of ibuprofen biotransformation by R. cerastii IEGM 1278 involved the formation of hydroxylated and decarboxylated derivatives with higher phytotoxicity than the parent compound (ibuprofen). The data obtained indicate potential threats of this pharmaceutical pollutant and its metabolites to biota and natural ecosystems.

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Sanz, M. G., A. Loynachan, and D. W. Horohov. "Rhodococcus-equi specific hyperimmune plasma decreased rhodococcal pneumonia severity in newborn foals after experimental infection." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 39 (April 2016): S85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.182.

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Hines, Stephen A., Diana M. Stone, Melissa T. Hines, Debby C. Alperin, Donald P. Knowles, Linda K. Norton, Mary J. Hamilton, William C. Davis, and Travis C. McGuire. "Clearance of Virulent but Not Avirulent Rhodococcus equi from the Lungs of Adult Horses Is Associated with Intracytoplasmic Gamma Interferon Production by CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 2 (March 2003): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.2.208-215.2003.

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ABSTRACT Rhodococcus equi is a gram-positive bacterium that infects alveolar macrophages and causes rhodococcal pneumonia in horses and humans. The virulence plasmid of R. equi appears to be required for both pathogenicity in the horse and the induction of protective immunity. An understanding of the mechanisms by which virulent R. equi circumvents protective host responses and by which bacteria are ultimately cleared is important for development of an effective vaccine. Six adult horses were challenged with either virulent R. equi or an avirulent, plasmid-cured derivative. By using a flow cytometric method for intracytoplasmic detection of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells, clearance of the virulent strain was shown to be associated with increased numbers of pulmonary CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing IFN-γ. There was no change in IFN-γ-positive cells in peripheral blood, suggesting that a type 1 recall response at the site of challenge was protective. The plasmid-cured strain of R. equi was cleared in horses without a significant increase in IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes in BALF. In contrast to these data, a previous report in foals suggested an immunomodulating role for R. equi virulence plasmid-encoded products in downregulating IFN-γ expression by equine CD4+ T lymphocytes. Intracytoplasmic detection of IFN-γ provides a method to better determine whether modulation of macrophage-activating cytokines by virulent strains occurs uniquely in neonates and contributes to their susceptibility to rhodococcal pneumonia.

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Yuzikhin, Oleg S., Alexander I. Shaposhnikov, Tatyana A. Konnova, Darya S. Syrova, Hamza Hamo, Taras S. Ermekkaliev, Valerii P. Shevchenko, et al. "Isolation and Characterization of 1-Hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexene-1-acetic Acid, a Metabolite in Bacterial Transformation of Abscisic Acid." Biomolecules 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12101508.

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We report the discovery of a new abscisic acid (ABA) metabolite, found in the course of a mass spectrometric study of ABA metabolism by the rhizosphere bacterium Rhodococcus sp. P1Y. Analogue of (+)-ABA, enriched in tritium in the cyclohexene moiety, was fed in bacterial cells, and extracts containing radioactive metabolites were purified and analyzed to determine their structure. We obtained mass spectral fragmentation patterns and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a new metabolite of ABA identified as 1-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexene-1-acetic acid, which we named rhodococcal acid (RA) and characterized using several other techniques. This metabolite is the second bacterial ABA degradation product in addition to dehydrovomifoliol that we described earlier. Taken together, these data reveal an unknown ABA catabolic pathway that begins with side chain disassembly, as opposed to the conversion of the cyclohexene moiety in plants. The role of ABA-utilizing bacteria in interactions with other microorganisms and plants is also discussed.

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Chane, Andrea, Corinne Barbey, Magalie Robert, Annabelle Merieau, Yoan Konto-Ghiorghi, Amélie Beury-Cirou, Marc Feuilloley, Miroslav Pátek, Virginie Gobert, and Xavier Latour. "Biocontrol of Soft Rot: Confocal Microscopy Highlights Virulent Pectobacterial Communication and Its Jamming by Rhodococcal Quorum-Quenching." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 7 (July 2019): 802–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0314-r.

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Confocal laser-scanning microscopy was chosen to observe the colonization and damage caused by the soft rot Pectobacterium atrosepticum and the protection mediated by the biocontrol agent Rhodococcus erythropolis. We developed dual-color reporter strains suited for monitoring quorum-sensing and quorum-quenching activities leading to maceration or biocontrol, respectively. A constitutively expressed cyan or red fluorescent protein served as a cell tag for plant colonization, while an inducible expression reporter system based on the green fluorescent protein gene enabled the simultaneous recording of signaling molecule production, detection, or degradation. The dual-colored pathogen and biocontrol strains were used to coinoculate potato tubers. At cellular quorum, images revealed a strong pectobacterial quorum-sensing activity, especially at the plant cell walls, as well as a concomitant rhodococcal quorum-quenching response, at both the single-cell and microcolony levels. The generated biosensors appear to be promising and complementary tools useful for molecular and cellular studies of bacterial communication and interference.

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Takeda, Hisashi, Jun Shimodaira, Kiyoshi Yukawa, Naho Hara, Daisuke Kasai, Keisuke Miyauchi, Eiji Masai, and Masao Fukuda. "Dual Two-Component Regulatory Systems Are Involved in Aromatic Compound Degradation in a Polychlorinated-Biphenyl Degrader, Rhodococcus jostii RHA1." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 18 (July 9, 2010): 4741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00429-10.

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ABSTRACT A Gram-positive polychlorinated-biphenyl (PCB) degrader, Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, degrades PCBs by cometabolism with biphenyl. A two-component BphS1T1 system encoded by bphS1 and bphT1 (formerly bphS and bphT) is responsible for the transcription induction of the five gene clusters, bphAaAbAcAdC1B1, etbAa1Ab1CbphD1, etbAa2Ab2AcD2, etbAdbphB2, and etbD1, which constitute multiple enzyme systems for biphenyl/PCB degradation. The bphS2 and bphT2 genes, which encode BphS2 and BphT2, virtually identical to BphS1 (92%) and BphT1 (97%), respectively, were characterized. BphS2T2 induced the activation of the bphAa promoter in a host, Rhodococcus erythropolis IAM1399, in the presence of a variety of aromatics, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, isopropylbenzene, and chlorinated benzenes, as effectively as BphS1T1. The substrate spectrum of BphS2T2 was the same as that of BphS1T1, except for biphenyl, which is a substrate only for BphS1T1. BphS2T2 activated transcription from the five promoters of biphenyl/PCB degradation enzyme gene clusters as effectively as BphS1T1. The targeted disruptions of the bphS1, bphS2, bphT1, and bphT2 genes indicated that all these genes are involved in the growth of RHA1 on aromatic compounds. The hybrid system with bphS1 and bphT2 and that with bphS2 and bphT1 were constructed, and both systems conducted induced activation of the bphAa promoter, indicating cross-communication. These results indicated that RHA1 employs not only multiple enzyme systems, but also dual regulatory systems for biphenyl/PCB degradation. Comparison of the sequences, including bphS2T2, with the bphS1T1-containing sequences and the corresponding sequences in other rhodococcal degraders suggests that bphS2T2 might have originated from bphS1T1.

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Zhao, Hongyan, Kejian Tian, Qing Qiu, Yu Wang, Hongyan Zhang, Shuang Ma, Shenbao Jin, and Hongliang Huo. "Genome Analysis of Rhodococcus Sp. DSSKP-R-001: A Highly Effective β-Estradiol-Degrading Bacterium." International Journal of Genomics 2018 (October 28, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3505428.

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We screened bacteria that use E2 as its sole source of carbon and energy for growth and identified them as Rhodococcus, and we named them DSSKP-R-001. For a better understanding of the metabolic potential of the strain, whole genome sequencing of Rhodococcus DSSKP-R-001 and annotation of the functional genes were performed. The genomic sketches included a predicted protein-coding gene of approximately 5.4 Mbp with G + C content of 68.72% and 5180. The genome of Rhodococcus strain DSSKP-R-001 consists of three replicons: one chromosome and two plasmids of 5.2, 0.09, and 0.09, respectively. The results showed that there were ten steroid-degrading enzymes distributed in the whole genome of the strain. The existence and expression of estradiol-degrading enzymes were verified by PCR and RTPCR. Finally, comparative genomics was used to compare multiple strains of Rhodococcus. It was found that Rhodococcus DSSKP-R-001 had the highest similarity to Rhodococcus sp. P14 and there were 2070 core genes shared with Rhodococcus sp. P14, Rhodococcus jostii RHA1, Rhodococcus opacus B4, and Rhodococcus equi 103S, showing evolutionary homology. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of Rhodococcus DSSKP-R-001 in estradiol-efficient degradation of these assays for Rhodococcus. DSSKP-R-001 in bioremediation and evolution within Rhodococcus has important meaning.

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Švec, Pavel, Jitka Černohlávková, Hans-Jürgen Busse, Hana Vojtková, Roman Pantu˚ček, Margo Cnockaert, Ivana Mašlaňová, Stanislava Králová, Peter Vandamme, and Ivo Sedláček. "Classification of strain CCM 4446T as Rhodococcus degradans sp. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_12 (December 1, 2015): 4381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000584.

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Strain CCM 4446T, with notable biodegradation capabilities, was investigated in this study in order to elucidate its taxonomic position. Chemotaxonomic analyses of quinones, polar lipids, mycolic acids, polyamines and the diamino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan corresponded with characteristics of the genus Rhodococcus. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, assigned strain CCM 4446T to the genus Rhodococcus and placed it in the Rhodococcus erythropolis 16S rRNA gene clade. Further analysis of catA and gyrB gene sequences, automated ribotyping with EcoRI restriction endonuclease, whole-cell protein profiling, DNA–DNA hybridization and extensive biotyping enabled differentiation of strain CCM 4446T from all phylogenetically closely related species, i.e., Rhodococcus baikonurensis, Rhodococcus qingshengii, Rhodococcus erythropolis and Rhodococcus globerulus. The results obtained show that the strain investigated represents a novel species within the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus degradans sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CCM 4446T ( = LMG 28633T).

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Kämpfer, P., W. Dott, K. Martin, and S. P. Glaeser. "Rhodococcus defluvii sp. nov., isolated from wastewater of a bioreactor and formal proposal to reclassify [Corynebacterium hoagii] and Rhodococcus equi as Rhodococcus hoagii comb. nov." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_3 (March 1, 2014): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.053322-0.

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A Gram-stain-positive, non-endospore-forming rod-shaped bacterium, strain Ca11T, was isolated from a bioreactor with extensive phosphorus removal and was studied in detail for its taxonomic allocation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed closest sequence similarity of the strain to type strains of [ Corynebacterium hoagii ] and Rhodococcus equi (98.9 %), Rhodococcus koreensis and Rhodococcus wratislaviensis (both 98.4 %), Rhodococcus opacus and Rhodococcus canchipurensis (both 98.0 %) followed by Rhodococcus kunmingensis and Rhodococcus imtechensis (97.7 %). Phylogenetic trees showed a distinct clustering of strain Ca11T with the type strains of [ C. hoagii ], R. equi , and R. kunmingensis separate to all other species of the genus Rhodococcus . The quinone system of strain Ca11T was composed of dihydrogenated menaquinones with 8 (major amount) as well as 7 and 6 isoprenoid units [MK-8(H2), MK-7(H2), MK-6(H2)]. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unknown phospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid. The fatty acid profile was similar to that reported for R. equi and contained major amounts of C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and 10-methyl C18 : 0, supporting the allocation of the strain to the genus Rhodococcus . Physiological and biochemical characterization and DNA–DNA hybridization with type strains of the most closely related species allowed clear phenotypic and genotypic differentiation of the isolate. On the basis of these results, strain Ca11T ( = DSM 45893T = LMG 27563T) represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus , with the proposed name Rhodococcus defluvii sp. nov. In addition, a polyphasic taxonomic analysis of [ Corynebacterium hoagii ] DSM 20295T and Rhodococcus equi DSM 20307T indicated that the two strains belong to the same species, for which the name Rhodococcus hoagii comb. nov. takes priority, according to the Rules of the Bacteriological Code.

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Ghosh, Anuradha, Debarati Paul, Dhan Prakash, Shanmugam Mayilraj, and Rakesh K. Jain. "Rhodococcus imtechensis sp. nov., a nitrophenol-degrading actinomycete." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1965–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63939-0.

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A Gram-positive actinobacterium, strain RKJ300T, capable of utilizing p-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol, was isolated from a pesticide-contaminated site in India. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the isolate were typical of members of the genus Rhodococcus. The DNA G+C content was 72 mol%. Strain RKJ300T exhibited the highest level of sequence similarity with Rhodococcus wratislaviensis NCIMB 13082T (99.3 %), followed by Rhodococcus opacus DSM 43205T (98.8 %), Rhodococcus percolatus MBS1T (98.6 %) and Rhodococcus koreensis DNP505T (98.1 %). The low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness (49–58 %) with the above micro-organisms, and the differences in the biochemical and physiological properties, suggest that strain RKJ300T should be classified within a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus imtechensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RKJ300T (=MTCC 7085T=JCM 13270T).

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Habib, Syahir, Siti Aqlima Ahmad, Wan Lutfi Wan Johari, Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor, Siti Aisyah Alias, Jerzy Smykla, Nurul Hani Saruni, Nur Syafiqah Abdul Razak, and Nur Adeela Yasid. "Production of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant by a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Antarctic Rhodococcus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (August 26, 2020): 6138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176138.

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Rhodococci are renowned for their great metabolic repertoire partly because of their numerous putative pathways for large number of specialized metabolites such as biosurfactant. Screening and genome-based assessment for the capacity to produce surface-active molecules was conducted on Rhodococcus sp. ADL36, a diesel-degrading Antarctic bacterium. The strain showed a positive bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon (BATH) assay, drop collapse test, oil displacement activity, microplate assay, maximal emulsification index at 45% and ability to reduce water surface tension to < 30 mN/m. The evaluation of the cell-free supernatant demonstrated its high stability across the temperature, pH and salinity gradient although no correlation was found between the surface and emulsification activity. Based on the positive relationship between the assessment of macromolecules content and infrared analysis, the extracted biosurfactant synthesized was classified as a lipopeptide. Prediction of the secondary metabolites in the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters suggested the likelihood of the surface-active lipopeptide production in the strain’s genomic data. This is the third report of surface-active lipopeptide producers from this phylotype and the first from the polar region. The lipopeptide synthesized by ADL36 has the prospect to be an Antarctic remediation tool while furnishing a distinctive natural product for biotechnological application and research.

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Walsh, Robert D., Paul E. Schoch, and Burke A. Cunha. "Rhodococcus." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 5 (May 1993): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30148370.

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Walsh, Robert D., Paul E. Schoch, and Burke A. Cunha. "Rhodococcus." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14, no. 5 (May 1993): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646738.

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Wang, Zhichun, Jingliang Xu, Yan Li, Kun Wang, Yangyang Wang, Qing Hong, Wen-Jun Li, and Shun-Peng Li. "Rhodococcus jialingiae sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sludge of a carbendazim wastewater treatment facility." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 378–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.013219-0.

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A novel carbendazim-degrading actinobacterium, designated djl-6-2T, was isolated from the sludge of a carbendazim wastewater treatment facility in Jiangsu province, China. The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the isolate were typical of members of the genus Rhodococcus. Strain djl-6-2T formed a coherent cluster with Rhodococcus qingshengii djl-6T, Rhodococcus baikonurensis DSM 44587T, Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43066T and Rhodococcus globerulus DSM 43954T in 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization with the above strains (27.7, 19.3, 18.6 and 10.6 % relatedness, respectively), in combination with differences in biochemical and physiological properties, suggest that strain djl-6-2T should be classified within a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus jialingiae sp. nov. is proposed, with djl-6-2T (=DSM 45257T =CCTCC AB 208292T) as the type strain.

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Cereijo, A. E., M. L. Kuhn, M. A. Hernández, M. A. Ballicora, A. A. Iglesias, H. M. Alvarez, and M. D. Asencion Diez. "Study of duplicated galU genes in Rhodococcus jostii and a putative new metabolic node for glucosamine-1P in rhodococci." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1865, no. 1 (January 2021): 129727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129727.

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Герцен, Мария Михайловна, and Елена Дмитриевна Дмитриева. "STABILIZING ABILITY OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES AND MICRO-ORGANISMS OF THE GENUS RHODOCOCCUS IN THE RELATION TO OIL PRODUCTS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 3(41) (November 10, 2020): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2020.3.12.

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Изучено влияние микроорганизмов рода Rhodococcus на стабилизирующую способность гуминовых веществ торфов по отношению к углеводородам нефти. Установлено, что наиболее стабильными являются водные эмульсии гексадекана и нефти в присутствии микроорганизмов Rhodococcus erythropolis S67 и гуминовые вещества тростникового низинного торфа, а по отношению к водной эмульсии дизельного топлива - гуминовые вещества сфагнового верхового торфа и Rhodococcus erythropolis Х5. Доказано, что полученная биокомпозиция на основе гуминовых веществ торфов и микроорганизмов рода Rhodococcus способна стабилизировать эмульсии углеводородов нефти в воде за счет связывания их гуминовыми веществами торфов в нетоксичные комплексы. The effect of microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus on the stabilization ability of humic substances of peats in the relation to oil hydrocarbons was studied. It was found that the most stable aqueous emulsions of hexadecane and oil in the presence of microorganisms Rhodococcus erythropolis S67 and humic substances of reed fen peat and emulsion in the relation to fuel - humic substances of sphagnum high-moor peat and Rhodococcus erythropolis X5 . It is proved that the obtained biocomposition based on humic substances of peats and microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus is able to stabilize emulsions of oil hydrocarbons in water by binding them with humic substances of peat to non-toxic complexes.

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Дмитриева, Елена Дмитриевна, and Мария Михайловна Герцен. "INFLUENCE OF PEATS HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON THE STATE OF DROPS OF CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS IN THE PRESENCE OF OIL DEGRADING MICROORGANISMS OF THE GENUS RHODOCOCCUS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 2(44) (June 25, 2021): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2021.2.7.

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Максимальное диспергирование капель модельных нефтепродуктов в присутствии микроорганизмов Rhodococcus erythropolis X5 и гуминовых кислот сфагнового верхового торфа, а также микроорганизмов Rhodococcus erythropolis S67 и гуминовых кислот тростникового низинного торфа. Проведенный экспресс-тест доказал, что уменьшение пленки нефтепродуктов может быть использовано для проверки диспергирующей способности микроорганизмов Rhodococcus X5 или S67 и молекул гуминовых кислот. Установлено, что биокомпозиция на основе гуминовых кислот и микроорганизмов-нефтедеструкторов рода Rhodococcus способна адсорбироваться на границе раздела нефть-вода, переводя нефть в водную толщу, где она разлагается микроорганизмами-нефтедеструкторами. Maximum dispersion of droplets of model petroleum products has been observed in the presence of microorganisms Rhodococcus erythropolis X5 and humic substances of sphagnum high-moor peat, and microorganisms Rhodococcus erythropolis S67 and humic substances of reed fen peat. The express test proved that the reduction of the oil sheen can be used to the test the dispersing ability of microorganisms Rhodococcus X5 or S67 and humic substances. It has been established that a biocomposition based on humic substances and oil degrading microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus is capable of adsorbing at the oil-water interface, transferring oil into the water column, where it is decomposed by oil degrading microorganisms.

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Lee, Soon Dong, In Seop Kim, Young-Ju Kim, and Yochan Joung. "Rhodococcus cavernicola sp. nov., isolated from a cave, and Rhodococcus degradans is a later heterosynonym of Rhodococcus qingshengii." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004126.

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A Gram-reaction-positive, strictly aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile actinobacterium, designated C1-24T, was isolated from a soil sample collected inside a natural cave. The organism exhibited a rod–coccus developmental cycle during its growth phase. Results of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis showed that the novel strain belonged to the genus Rhodococcus and formed a distinct sublineage at the base of the radiation including a Rhodococcus enclensis–Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii–Rhodococcus corynebacterioides–Rhodococcus trifoli cluster. In the results of phylogenomic analysis, the novel strain was loosely associated to Rhodococcus corynebacterioides . The closest relatives were Rhodococcus qingshengii (98.01 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Rhodococcus degradans (98.01 %). The genome size was 5.66 Mbp and the DNA G+C content was 64.30 mol%. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars. MK-8(H2) was the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified glycolipid and three unidentified phospholipids. Mycolic acids were present. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c, C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c and 10-methyl C18 : 0. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values revealed that the novel strain should be assigned to a different species. Based on the combined data obtained here, strain C1-24T (=KACC 19964T=DSM 109484T) represents a new species of the genus Rhodococcus , for which Rhodococcus cavernicola sp. nov. is proposed. Also, it is proposed that R. degradans is a later heterosynonym of R. qingshengii based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences.

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Mayilraj, S., S. Krishnamurthi, P. Saha, and H. S. Saini. "Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63831-0.

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The taxonomic position of an actinomycete, strain K07-23T, isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India, was established by a polyphasic approach. The strain exhibited phenotypic characters that were typical of the genus Rhodococcus. 16S rRNA gene sequence (1467 bases) comparisons confirmed that strain K07-23T belongs to the genus Rhodococcus. 16S rRNA sequence similarity studies showed that the isolate is very closely related to Nocardia corynebacterioides DSM 20151T (98.6 %), which has been recently reclassified as Rhodococcus corynebacterioides. It showed 94.4–96.6 % sequence similarity with other species of the genus Rhodococcus. However, genomic relatedness between strain K07-23T and R. corynebacterioides as revealed by DNA–DNA hybridization was low (62 %). Based on polyphasic analysis, strain K07-23T could be clearly distinguished from other species. It is proposed that strain K07-23T (=MTCC 6634T=DSM 44908T=JCM 13011T) represents a novel species of Rhodococcus, Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii sp. nov.

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Shimizu, Satoru, Hiroyuki Kobayashi, Eiji Masai, and Masao Fukuda. "Characterization of the 450-kb Linear Plasmid in a Polychlorinated Biphenyl Degrader, Rhodococcus sp. Strain RHA1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.5.2021-2028.2001.

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ABSTRACT A strong polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) degrader,Rhodococcus sp. strain RHA1, has diverse biphenyl/PCB degradative genes and harbors huge linear plasmids, including pRHL1 (1,100 kb), pRHL2 (450 kb), and pRHL3 (330 kb). The diverse degradative genes are distributed mainly on the pRHL1 and pRHL2 plasmids. In this study, the structural and functional characteristics of pRHL2 were determined. We constructed a physical map of pRHL2, and the degradative enzyme genes, including bphB2, etbD2, etbC, bphDEF, bphC2, and bphC4, were localized in three regions. Conjugal transfer of pRHL2 between RHA1 mutant derivatives was observed at a frequency of 7.5 × 10−5 transconjugant per recipient. These results suggested that the linear plasmid is a possible determinant of propagation of the diverse degradative genes in rhodococci. The termini of pRHL2 were cloned and sequenced. The left and right termini of pRHL2 had 3-bp perfect terminal inverted repeats and were not as similar to each other (64% identity) as the known actinomycete linear replicons are. Southern hybridization analysis with pRHL2 terminal probes suggested that the right terminus of pRHL2 is similar to pRHL1 and pRHL3 termini. Retardation of both terminal fragments in the gel shift assay indicated that each terminus of pRHL2 is linked to a protein. We suggest that pRHL2 has invertron termini, as has been reported previously for Streptomyces linear replicons.

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Xu, Jing-Liang, Jian He, Zhi-Chun Wang, Kun Wang, Wen-Jun Li, Shu-Kun Tang, and Shun-Peng Li. "Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov., a carbendazim-degrading bacterium." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 2754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.65095-0.

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A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, mesophilic strain, djl-6T, able to degrade carbendazim, was isolated from a carbendazim-contaminated soil sample from Jiangsu province, China. The taxonomic position of this isolate was analysed by using a polyphasic approach. Chemotaxonomic analysis including peptidoglycan type, diagnostic sugar composition, fatty acid profile, menaquinones, polar lipids and mycolic acids showed that the characteristics of strain djl-6T were in good agreement with those of the genus Rhodococcus. DNA–DNA hybridization showed that it had low genomic relatedness with Rhodococcus baikonurensis DSM 44587T (31.8 %), Rhodococcus erythropolis DSM 43066T (23.8 %) and Rhodococcus globerulus DSM 43954T (17.7 %), the three type strains to which strain djl-6T was most closely related based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (99.78, 99.25 and 98.91 % similarity, respectively). Based on the phenotypic properties and DNA–DNA hybridization data, strain djl-6T (=CGMCC 1.6580T =KCTC 19205T) is proposed as the type strain of a novel Rhodococcus species, Rhodococcus qingshengii sp. nov.

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Gakhar, Lokesh, Zulfiqar A. Malik, Christopher C. R. Allen, David A. Lipscomb, Michael J. Larkin, and S. Ramaswamy. "Structure and Increased Thermostability of Rhodococcus sp. Naphthalene 1,2-Dioxygenase." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 21 (November 1, 2005): 7222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.21.7222-7231.2005.

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ABSTRACT Rieske nonheme iron oxygenases form a large class of aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases found in microorganisms. These enzymes enable microorganisms to tolerate and even exclusively utilize aromatic compounds for growth, making them good candidates for use in synthesis of chiral intermediates and bioremediation. Studies of the chemical stability and thermostability of these enzymes thus become important. We report here the structure of free and substrate (indole)-bound forms of naphthalene dioxygenase from Rhodococcus sp. strain NCIMB12038. The structure of the Rhodococcus enzyme reveals that, despite a ∼30% sequence identity between these naphthalene dioxygenases, their overall structures superpose very well with a root mean square deviation of less than 1.6 Å. The differences in the active site of the two enzymes are pronounced near the entrance; however, indole binds to the Rhodococcus enzyme in the same orientation as in the Pseudomonas enzyme. Circular dichroism spectroscopy experiments show that the Rhodococcus enzyme has higher thermostability than the naphthalene dioxygenase from Pseudomonas species. The Pseudomonas enzyme has an apparent melting temperature of 55°C while the Rhodococcus enzyme does not completely unfold even at 95°C. Both enzymes, however, show similar unfolding behavior in urea, and the Rhodococcus enzyme is only slightly more tolerant to unfolding by guanidine hydrochloride. Structure analysis suggests that the higher thermostability of the Rhodococcus enzyme may be attributed to a larger buried surface area and extra salt bridge networks between the α and β subunits in the Rhodococcus enzyme.

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Singh, Pradip Kumar, Annu Kumari, Niharika Chawla, Anil Kumar Pinnaka, and Suresh Korpole. "Rhodococcus lactis sp. nov., an actinobacterium isolated from sludge of a dairy waste treatment plant." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_11 (November 1, 2015): 4215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000565.

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A Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and aerobic bacterium, designated strain DW151BT, was isolated from a sludge sample of a dairy industry effluent treatment plant. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain DW151BT placed it within the genus Rhodococcus. It displayed significant similarity with recognized species of the genus: Rhodococcus pyridinivorans PDB9T (98.8 %), Rhodococcus gordoniae W 4937T (98.6 %), Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM 43241T (98.5 %) and Rhodococcus artemisiae YIM 65754T (97.5 %). However, strain DW151BT differed from phylogenetically closely related species in various phenotypic properties. The cellular polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) as major lipids, MK-8(H2) was the major menaquinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid was the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The fatty acid profile consisted of C16 : 0, C18 : 1 cis9 and C16 : 1 cis9 as main components. The presence of C16 : 0 and diphosphatidylglycerol as major fatty acid and polar lipid, respectively, was in accordance with chemotaxonomic markers of the genus Rhodococcus. The DNA G+C content of strain DW151BT was 69.9 mol%, a value within the limits reported for the members of this genus. Furthermore, strain DW151BT showed low similarity at the whole genome level in DNA–DNA hybridization experiments with phylogenetically closely related strains. Considering the low similarity at the genome level and differences in phenotypic properties, strain DW151BT is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus lactis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DW151BT ( = MTCC 12279T = DSM 45625T).

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Sangal, Vartul, Amanda L. Jones, Michael Goodfellow, Paul A. Hoskisson, Peter Kämpfer, and Iain C. Sutcliffe. "Genomic analyses confirm close relatedness between Rhodococcus defluvii and Rhodococcus equi (Rhodococcus hoagii)." Archives of Microbiology 197, no. 1 (November 20, 2014): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-1060-5.

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Cappelletti, Martina, Alessandro Presentato, Elena Piacenza, Andrea Firrincieli, Raymond J. Turner, and Davide Zannoni. "Biotechnology of Rhodococcus for the production of valuable compounds." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 20 (September 12, 2020): 8567–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10861-z.

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Abstract Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus represent ideal candidates for microbial biotechnology applications because of their metabolic versatility, ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, and resistance to various stress conditions, such as metal toxicity, desiccation, and high concentration of organic solvents. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also peculiar biosynthetic activities that contribute to their strong persistence in harsh and contaminated environments and provide them a competitive advantage over other microorganisms. This review is focused on the metabolic features of Rhodococcus genus and their potential use in biotechnology strategies for the production of compounds with environmental, industrial, and medical relevance such as biosurfactants, bioflocculants, carotenoids, triacylglycerols, polyhydroxyalkanoate, siderophores, antimicrobials, and metal-based nanostructures. These biosynthetic capacities can also be exploited to obtain high value-added products from low-cost substrates (industrial wastes and contaminants), offering the possibility to efficiently recover valuable resources and providing possible waste disposal solutions. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also recently been pointed out as a source of novel bioactive molecules highlighting the need to extend the knowledge on biosynthetic capacities of members of this genus and their potential utilization in the framework of bioeconomy. Key points • Rhodococcus possesses promising biosynthetic and bioconversion capacities. • Rhodococcus bioconversion capacities can provide waste disposal solutions. • Rhodococcus bioproducts have environmental, industrial, and medical relevance.

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Tindall, B. J. "A note on the genus name Rhodococcus Zopf 1891 and its homonyms." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_3 (March 1, 2014): 1062–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.060624-0.

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The genus name Rhodococcus Zopf 1891 was created to accommodate two species of red pigment (lipochrome)-producing bacteria. However, the genus name Rhodococcus Hansgirg 1884 had already been applied to an algal taxon. The wording of the 1975 and subsequent revisions of the Code dealing with bacteria/prokaryotes is such that the name Rhodococcus Zopf 1891 is illegitimate, despite the fact that it was included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Further research using databases of scientific names of organisms indicate the status of the name Rhodococcus Zopf 1891 needs to be carefully considered.

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Ko, Kwan Su, Youngju Kim, Chi Nam Seong, and Soon Dong Lee. "Rhodococcus antrifimi sp. nov., isolated from dried bat dung of a cave." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_11 (November 1, 2015): 4043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000534.

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A Gram-reaction-positive, high DNA G+C content, non-motile actinobacterium, strain D7-21T, was isolated from dried bat dung inside a natural cave and its taxonomic status was examined by using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence study showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Rhodococcus and formed a cluster with Rhodococcus defluvii (98.98 % gene similarity), Rhodococcus equi (98.62 %) and Rhodococcus kunmingensis (97.66 %). Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars. MK-8(H2) was the predominant menaquinone. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, an unknown phosphoglycolipid and an unknown glycolipid. Mycolic acids were present. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and 10-methyl C18 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 70.1 mol%. A battery of phenotypic features and DNA–DNA relatedness data support that strain D7-21T ( = KCTC 29469T = DSM 46727T) represents a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which Rhodococcus antrifimi sp. nov. is proposed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rhodococcu'

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