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1
Peters, Daniel John. "The rho-parameter and top quark mass constraints." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29748.
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Experimental determinations of limits on radiative effects in the Standard Model can be used to place limits on the mass of the top quark. This is exemplified by the comparison of the ⍴-parameter, as determined by neutrino-electron scattering experiments, to the radiative corrections to that quantity calculated to order g². It is suggested that an extension of the calculation to order g⁴ might significantly affect these constraints. Some partial results of such a calculation are givenScience, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
2
Musser, James Raymond. "Measurement of the Michel parameter rho in muon decay." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3297.
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The TWIST Collaboration has measured the Michel parameter rho in normal muon
decay,u+ -> e+VeVu. In the standard model of particle physics,rho = 3/4. Deviations
from this value require mixing of left- and right-handed muon and electron couplings in
the muon-decay Lagrangian. We find rho = 0:75080+-0:00032(stat.)+-0:00097(syst.) +- 0:00023, where the last uncertainty represents the dependence of rho on the Michel
parameter n. This result sets new limits on the WL - WR mixing angle in left-right
symmetric models.
3
Lee, Fei-sheng. "Measurement of the Michel Parameter Rho Using the MEGA Positron Spectrometer." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26790.
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This experiment attempts to measure the Michel parameter Rho in normal muon decay Mu to e nu_{e} nu_{mu} with a precision of 0.001. The Standard Model with pure V-A interaction gives 0.75 for this parameter. The world average value is 0.7518 +/- 0.0026. A deviation of the value of Rho from 0.75 will indicate new physics.
The experiment, RHO, was carried out at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in New Mexico, USA, in 1993. The existing experimental set-up that was built for the MEGA experiment was used for the RHO measurement. The experiment was a collaboration of about 50 physicists from Los Alamos National Laboratory, Stanford University, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Virginia Tech, Texas A University, Indiana University, Valparaiso University, University of Houston, University of Chicago and University of Virginia.
The result of the experiment is in agreement with Standard Model. The precision of this measurement was dominated by systematic uncertainties due to the fact that the positron spectrometer used in the measurement was designed for another experiment. Thus, the data analysis here focused mainly on the determination of systematic errors.Ph. D.
4
Turner, Joseph Vernon. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Pharmacokinetics." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/488.
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Drug development is a long and expensive process. It is often not until potential drug candidates are administered to humans that accurate quantification of their pharmacokinetic characteristics is achieved. The goal of developing quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkRs) is to relate the molecular structure of a chemical entity with its pharmacokinetic characteristics. In this thesis artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to construct in silico predictive QSPkRs for various pharmacokinetic parameters using different drug data sets. Drug pharmacokinetic data for all studies were taken from the literature. Information for model construction was extracted from drug molecular structure. Numerous theoretical descriptors were generated from drug structure ranging from simple constitutional and functional group counts to complex 3D quantum chemical numbers. Subsets of descriptors were selected which best modeled the target pharmacokinetic parameter(s). Using manual selective pruning, QSPkRs for physiological clearances, volumes of distribution, and fraction bound to plasma proteins were developed for a series of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. All optimum ANN models had training and cross-validation correlations close to unity, while testing was performed with an independent set of compounds. In most cases the ANN models developed performed better than other published ANN models for the same drug data set. The ability of ANNs to develop QSPkRs with multiple target outputs was investigated for a series of cephalosporins. Multilayer perceptron ANN models were constructed for prediction of half life, volume of distribution, clearances (whole body and renal), fraction excreted in the urine, and fraction bound to plasma proteins. The optimum model was well able to differentiate compounds in a qualitative manner while quantitative predictions were mostly in agreement with observed literature values. The ability to make simultaneous predictions of important pharmacokinetic properties of a compound made this a valuable model. A radial-basis function ANN was employed to construct a quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship for a large, structurally diverse series of compounds. The optimum model contained descriptors encoding constitutional through to conformation dependent solubility characteristics. Prediction of bioavailability for the independent testing set were generally close to observed values. Furthermore, the optimum model provided a good qualitative tool for differentiating between drugs with either low or high experimental bioavailability. QSPkR models constructed with ANNs were compared with multilinear regression models. ANN models were shown to be more effective at selecting a suitable subset of descriptors to model a given pharmacokinetic parameter. They also gave more accurate predictions than multilinear regression equations. This thesis presents work which supports the use of ANNs in pharmacokinetic modeling. Successful QSPkRs were constructed using different combinations of theoretically-derived descriptors and model optimisation techniques. The results demonstrate that ANNs provide a valuable modeling tool that may be useful in drug discovery and development.
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Turner, Joseph Vernon. "Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Pharmacokinetics." University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/488.
Full textAbstract:
Drug development is a long and expensive process. It is often not until potential drug candidates are administered to humans that accurate quantification of their pharmacokinetic characteristics is achieved. The goal of developing quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationships (QSPkRs) is to relate the molecular structure of a chemical entity with its pharmacokinetic characteristics. In this thesis artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to construct in silico predictive QSPkRs for various pharmacokinetic parameters using different drug data sets. Drug pharmacokinetic data for all studies were taken from the literature. Information for model construction was extracted from drug molecular structure. Numerous theoretical descriptors were generated from drug structure ranging from simple constitutional and functional group counts to complex 3D quantum chemical numbers. Subsets of descriptors were selected which best modeled the target pharmacokinetic parameter(s). Using manual selective pruning, QSPkRs for physiological clearances, volumes of distribution, and fraction bound to plasma proteins were developed for a series of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. All optimum ANN models had training and cross-validation correlations close to unity, while testing was performed with an independent set of compounds. In most cases the ANN models developed performed better than other published ANN models for the same drug data set. The ability of ANNs to develop QSPkRs with multiple target outputs was investigated for a series of cephalosporins. Multilayer perceptron ANN models were constructed for prediction of half life, volume of distribution, clearances (whole body and renal), fraction excreted in the urine, and fraction bound to plasma proteins. The optimum model was well able to differentiate compounds in a qualitative manner while quantitative predictions were mostly in agreement with observed literature values. The ability to make simultaneous predictions of important pharmacokinetic properties of a compound made this a valuable model. A radial-basis function ANN was employed to construct a quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship for a large, structurally diverse series of compounds. The optimum model contained descriptors encoding constitutional through to conformation dependent solubility characteristics. Prediction of bioavailability for the independent testing set were generally close to observed values. Furthermore, the optimum model provided a good qualitative tool for differentiating between drugs with either low or high experimental bioavailability. QSPkR models constructed with ANNs were compared with multilinear regression models. ANN models were shown to be more effective at selecting a suitable subset of descriptors to model a given pharmacokinetic parameter. They also gave more accurate predictions than multilinear regression equations. This thesis presents work which supports the use of ANNs in pharmacokinetic modeling. Successful QSPkRs were constructed using different combinations of theoretically-derived descriptors and model optimisation techniques. The results demonstrate that ANNs provide a valuable modeling tool that may be useful in drug discovery and development.
6
Chu, I.-Wen Mike. "Cosmological parameter constraints via Gibbs sampling and the Blackwell-Rao estimator /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Larsson, Erik. "Identification of stochastic continuous-time systems : algorithms, irregular sampling and Cramér-Rao bounds /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3944.
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Kapadia, Sharvari. "Cramer Rao Lower Bound and Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Multipath Propagation of GPS Signals." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1368026467.
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Ingram, Ian Lionel Henry 1977. "Necessary conditions for geo-acoustic parameter inversions to become asymptotically unbiased and attain the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91357.
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Sjödén, Therese. "Electromagnetic Modelling for the Estimation of Wood Parameters." Licentiate thesis, Växjö University, School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2210.
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Spiral grain in trees causes trouble to the wood industry, since boards sawn from trees with large grain angle have severe problems with form stability. Measurements of the grain angle under bark enable the optimisation of the refining process. The main objective of this thesis is to study the potential in estimating the grain angle by using microwaves. To do this, electromagnetic modelling and sensitivity analysis are combined.
The dielectric properties of wood are different along and perpendicular to the wood fibres. This anisotropy is central for the estimation of the grain angle by means of microwaves. To estimate the grain angle, measurements are used together with electromagnetic modelling for the scattering from plane surfaces and cylinders. Measurement set-ups are proposed to determine the material parameters, such as the grain angle, for plane boards and cylindrical logs. For cylindrical logs both near-field and far-field measurements are investigated. In general, methods for determining material parameters exhibit large errors in the presence of noise. In this case, acceptable levels of these errors are achieved throug using few material parameters in the model: the grain angle and two dielectric parameters, characterising the electrical properties parallel and perpendicular to the fibres.
From the case with plane boards, it is concluded that it is possible to make use of the anisotropy of wood to estimate the grain angle from the reflected electromagnetic field. This property forms then the basis of the proposed methods for the estimation of the grain angle in cylindrical logs. For the proposed methods, a priori knowledge of the moisture content or temperature of the wood is not needed. Furthermore, since the anisotropy persist also for frozen wood, the method is valid for temperatures below zero degrees Celsius.
For the case with cylindrical logs, sensitivity analysis is applied to the near-field as well as the far-field methods, to analyse the parameter dependence with respect to the measurement model and the errors introduced by noise. In this sensitivity analysis, the Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound is used, giving the best possible variance for estimating the parameters. The levels of the error bounds are high, indicating a problematic estimation problem. However, the feasibility of accurate estimation will be improved through higher signal-to-noise ratios, repeated measurements, and better antenna gain. The sensitivity analysis is also useful as an analytical tool to understand the difficulties and remedies related to the method used for determining material parameters, as well as a practical aid in the design of a measurement set-up.
According to the thesis, grain angle estimation is possible with microwaves. The proposed methods are fast and suitable for further development for in-field use in the forest or in saw mills.
Träd med växtvridenhet orsakar problem i träindustrin eftersom brädor som sågats från träd med stor fibervinkel har problem med formstabiliteten och vrider sig då de torkas. Mätning av fibervinkeln under bark möjliggör optimering av förädlingsprocessen. I den här avhandlingen kombineras elektromagnetisk modellering och känslighetsanalys för att undersöka möjligheterna att bestämma fibervinkeln med mikrovågor.
De elektriska egenskaperna hos trä är olika längs med och vinkelrätt mot fibrerna. Den här anisotropin är utgångspunkten för att bestämma fibervinkeln med hjälp av mikrovågor. För att skatta fibervinkeln används mätningar tillsammans med elektromagnetisk modellering för spridningen från plana ytor och cylindrar. Mätuppställningar föreslås för problemet att skatta materialparametrar, såsom fibervinkeln, i plana brädor och cylindriska stockar. För cylindriska stockar undersöks både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmätningar. I allmänhet har metoder för skattning av materialparametrar stora fel då systemet innehåller brus. Här erhålls acceptabla fel genom att använda få materialparametrar i modelleringen. De materialparametrar som används är fibervinkeln och två dielektriska parametrar som karakteriserar de elektriska egenskaperna längs med och vinkelrätt mot träfibern.
Slutsatsen från fallet med plana brädor är att det är möjligt att använda anisotropin hos trä och dess påverkan på ett reflekterat elektromagnetiskt fält för att skatta fibervinkeln. Detta är grunden i de metoder som föreslås för cylindriska stockar. För samtliga metoder så gäller att varken fukthalt eller temperatur behöver vara kända på förhand. Eftersom anisotropin kvarstår också för fruset trä så är metoderna användbara även för temperaturer under noll grader Celsius.
För fallet med cylindriska stockar används känslighetsanalys på både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmetoderna för att analysera parameterberoendet i uppmätt data samt felen som introduceras av brus. I den här känslighetsanalysen används Cram\'{e}r-Rao gränsen som ger den bästa möjliga variansen för skattning av parametrarna. Nivåerna på gränserna är höga vilket indikerar att det är ett svårt estimeringsproblem. Möjligheterna att skatta parametrarna noggrant förbättras genom bättre signal-brus förhållande, upprepade mätningar samt ökad antennstyrka. Känslighetsanalysen är också användbar som ett analytiskt verktyg för ökad förståelse för problem och möjligheter relaterade till metoden för att skatta parametrarna och som ett praktiskt stöd för design av en mätuppställning.
Enligt avhandlingen är skattning av fibervinkel möjlig med mikrovågor. De föreslagna metoderna är snabba och lämpliga att utveckla vidare för användning i skogen eller i sågverk.
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Sjödén, Therese. "Sensitivity Analysis and Material Parameter Estimation using Electromagnetic Modelling." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18689.
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Estimating parameters is the problem of finding their values from measurements and modelling. Parameters describe properties of a system; material, for instance, are defined by mechanical, electrical, and chemical parameters. Fisher information is an information measure, giving information about how changes in the parameter effect the estimation. The Fisher information includes the physical model of the problem and the statistical model of noise. The Cramér-Rao bound is the inverse of the Fisher information and gives the best possible variance for any unbiased estimator. This thesis considers aspects of sensitivity analysis in two applied material parameter estimation problems. Sensitivity analysis with the Fisher information and the Cramér-Rao bound is used as a tool for evaluation of measurement feasibilities, comparison of measurement set-ups, and as a quantitative measure of the trade-off between accuracy and resolution in inverse imaging. The first application is with estimation of the wood grain angle parameter in trees and logs. The grain angle is the angle between the direction of the wood fibres and the direction of growth; a large grain angle strongly correlates to twist in sawn timber. In the thesis, measurements with microwaves are argued as a fast and robust measurement technique and electromagnetic modelling is applied, exploiting the anisotropic properties of wood. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional modelling is considered. Mathematical modelling is essential, lowering the complexity and speeding up the computations. According to a sensitivity analysis with the Cramér-Rao bound, estimation of the wood grain angle with microwaves is feasible. The second application is electrical impedance tomography, where the conductivity of an object is estimated from surface measurements. Electrical impedance tomography has applications in, for example, medical imaging, geological surveillance, and wood evaluation. Different configurations and noise models are evaluated with sensitivity analysis for a two-dimensional electrical impedance tomography problem. The relation between the accuracy and resolution is also analysed using the Fisher information. To conclude, sensitivity analysis is employed in this thesis, as a method to enhance material parameter estimation. The sensitivity analysis methods are general and applicable also on other parameter estimation problems.Estimering av parametrar är att finna deras värde utifrån mätningar och modellering. Parametrar beskriver egenskaper hos system och till exempel material kan definieras med mekaniska, elektriska och kemiska parametrar. Fisherinformation är ett informationsmått som ger information om hur ändringar i en parameter påverkar estimeringen. Fisherinformationen ges av en fysikalisk modell av problemet och en statistisk modell av mätbruset. Cramér-Rao-gränsen är inversen av Fisherinformationen och ger den bästa möjliga variansen för alla väntevärdesriktiga estimatorer.Den här avhandlingen behandlar aspekter av känslighetsanalys i två tillämpade estimeringsproblem för materialparametrar. Känslighetsanalys med Fisherinformation och Cramér-Rao-gränsen används som ett redskap för utvärdering av möjligheten att mäta och för jämförelser av mätuppställningar, samt som ett kvantitativt mått på avvägningen mellan noggrannhet och upplösning för inversa bilder. Den första tillämpningen är estimering av fibervinkeln hos träd och stockar. Fibervinkeln är vinkeln mellan växtriktningen och riktningen hos träfibern och en stor fibervinkel är relaterad till problem med formstabilitet i färdiga brädor. Mikrovågsmätningar av fibervinkeln presenteras som en snabb och robust mätteknik. I avhandlingen beskrivs två- och tredimensionella elektromagnetiska modeller som utnyttjar anisotropin hos trä. Eftersom matematisk modellering minskar komplexiteten och beräkningstiden är det en viktig del i estimeringen. Enligt känslighetsanalys med Cramér-Rao-gränsen är estimering av fibervinkeln hos trä möjlig. Den andra tillämpningen är elektrisk impedanstomografi, där ledningsförmågan hos objekt bestäms genom mätningar på ytan. Elektrisk impedanstomografi har tillämpningar inom till exempel medicinska bilder, geologisk övervakning och trämätningar. Olika mätkonfigurationer och brusmodeller utvärderas med känslighetsanalys för ett tvådimensionellt exempel på elektrisk impedanstomografi. Relationen mellan noggrannhet och upplösning analyseras med Fisher information. För att sammanfatta beskrivs känslighetsanalys som en metod för att förbättra estimeringen av materialparametrar. Metoderna för känslighetsanalys är generella och kan tillämpas också på andra estimeringsproblem för parametrar.
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GUYON, ALAIN. "Notion de terrain en medecine a travers les trois parametres physico-chimiques ph, rh2, resistivite." Amiens, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985AMIEM145.
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Saarnisaari, H. (Harri). "Asymptotic distributions of the correlator and maximum likelihood estimators of nonlinear signal parameters." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2000. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514256840.
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Abstract
In time delay estimation the correlator or, equivalently,
matched filter estimator is widely used. Examples of its usage can
be found in the global positioning system (GPS), radars and code
division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems. Although
widely used its performance is not studied in general case until
recently. Partially this study is done in this thesis. If interfering
signals like multipath or multiple access signals exist in addition
to additive white Gaussian noise, as in GPS and CDMA, the correlator
is not a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator. However, it is known
that the correlator produces consistent estimates in the existence
of multipath interference if the delay separation is larger than
the correlation time of the signal (in direct sequence spread spectrum applications
such as GPS and CDMA, the correlation time approximately equals
the chip duration of the spreading code). It also performs well
in the existence of multiple access interference (MAI), if the powers
of the MAI signals are equal to the power of the desired signal.
In this thesis the asymptotic distribution of the correlator
estimator is derived in multisignal environments. Using the result,
it can be analytically shown, that in these benign interference
cases the exact ML estimator and the correlator estimators perform
equally well in the sense that their asymptotic covariance matrices
are equal. The thesis also verifies the well known result that if
the signals are orthogonal, then the correlator and ML estimators
perform equally. In addition, the correlator's asymptotic
performance is investigated also in the inconsistent case by slightly
extending the earlier results found in the literature. Also the
resolution of the correlator estimator is investigated. It is numerically
shown that the correlator estimator can produce consistent estimators
even if the delay separation is less that the chip duration, which
is commonly believed to be the resolution limit of the correlator.
This can happen in fading channels where the multipath amplitudes
are uncorrelated or just slightly correlated. This result seems
to be fairly unknown.
In addition to the classical ML estimator, where all the unknowns
are assumed to be deterministic, also an improved ML estimator is
investigated. This other ML estimator is obtained by assuming that the
amplitudes are Gaussian distributed. It is an improved estimator
in the sense that its asymptotic covariance, say CML,
is less positive definite than that of the classical ML estimator
CCML, i.e., CCML-CML is
positive semidefinite. More importantly, this result is valid independent
of the fact are the amplitudes really deterministic or Gaussian.
This well known result is shown in this thesis to be valid also
if the signals contain more than one unknown parameter, which occurs,
for example, in direction-of-arrival estimation when two angles
per arrival are to be estimated.
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Farquharson, Maree Louise. "Estimating the parameters of polynomial phase signals." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16312/1/Maree_Farquharson_Thesis.pdf.
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Nonstationary signals are common in many environments such as radar, sonar, bioengineering and power systems. The nonstationary nature of the signals found in these environments means that classicalspectralanalysis techniques are notappropriate for estimating the parameters of these signals. Therefore it is important to develop techniques that can accommodate nonstationary signals. This thesis seeks to achieve this by firstly, modelling each component of the signal as having a polynomial phase and by secondly, developing techniques for estimating the parameters of these components.
Several approaches can be used for estimating the parameters of polynomial phase signals, eachwithvarying degrees ofsuccess.Criteria to consider in potential estimation algorithms are
(i) the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio threshold of the algorithm, (ii) the amount of computation required for running the algorithm, and (iii) the closeness of the resulting estimates' mean-square errors to the minimum theoretical bound. These criteria will be used to compare the new techniques developed in this thesis with existing techniques.
The literature on polynomial phase signal estimation highlights the recurring trade-off between the accuracy of the estimates and the amount of computation required. For example, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method provides near-optimal estimates above threshold, but also incurs a heavy computational cost for higher order phase signals. On the other hand, multi-linear techniques such as the high-order ambiguity function (HAF) method require little computation, but have a significantly higher SNR threshold than the ML method.
Of the existing techniques, the cubic phase (CP) function method is a promising technique because it provides an attractive SNR threshold and computational complexity trade-off. For this reason, the analysis techniques developed in this thesis will be derived from the CP function.
A limitation of the CP function is its inability to accurately process phase orders greater than three. Therefore, the first novel contribution to this thesis develops a broadened class of discrete-time higher order phase (HP)functions to address this limitation.This broadened class is achieved by providing a multi-linear extension of the CP function. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to demonstrate the statistical advantage of the HP functions compared to the HAFs. A first order statistical analysis of the HP functions is presented. This analysis verifies the simulation results.
The next novel contribution is a technique called the lower SNR cubic phase function (LCPF)method. It is an extension of the CP function, with the extension enabling performance at lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The improvement of the SNR threshold's performance is achieved by coherently integrating the CP function over a compact interval in the two-dimensional CP function space. The computation of the new algorithm is quite moderate, especially when compared to the ML method. Above threshold, the LCPF method's parameter estimates are asymptotically efficient. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented and a threshold analysis of the algorithm closely predicts the thresholds observed in these results.
The next original contribution to this research involves extending the LCPF method so that it is able to process multicomponent cubic phase signals and higher order phase signals. The LCPF method is extended to higher orders by applying a windowing technique as opposed to adjusting the order of the kernel as implemented in the HP function method. To demonstrate the extension of the LCPF method for processing higher order phase signals and multicomponent cubic phase signals, some Monte Carlo simulations are presented.
Finally, these estimation techniques are applied to real-worldscenarios in the fields of Power Systems Analysis, Neuroethology and Speech Analysis.
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Farquharson, Maree Louise. "Estimating the parameters of polynomial phase signals." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16312/.
Full textAbstract:
Nonstationary signals are common in many environments such as radar, sonar, bioengineering and power systems. The nonstationary nature of the signals found in these environments means that classicalspectralanalysis techniques are notappropriate for estimating the parameters of these signals. Therefore it is important to develop techniques that can accommodate nonstationary signals. This thesis seeks to achieve this by firstly, modelling each component of the signal as having a polynomial phase and by secondly, developing techniques for estimating the parameters of these components. Several approaches can be used for estimating the parameters of polynomial phase signals, eachwithvarying degrees ofsuccess.Criteria to consider in potential estimation algorithms are (i) the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio threshold of the algorithm, (ii) the amount of computation required for running the algorithm, and (iii) the closeness of the resulting estimates' mean-square errors to the minimum theoretical bound. These criteria will be used to compare the new techniques developed in this thesis with existing techniques. The literature on polynomial phase signal estimation highlights the recurring trade-off between the accuracy of the estimates and the amount of computation required. For example, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method provides near-optimal estimates above threshold, but also incurs a heavy computational cost for higher order phase signals. On the other hand, multi-linear techniques such as the high-order ambiguity function (HAF) method require little computation, but have a significantly higher SNR threshold than the ML method. Of the existing techniques, the cubic phase (CP) function method is a promising technique because it provides an attractive SNR threshold and computational complexity trade-off. For this reason, the analysis techniques developed in this thesis will be derived from the CP function. A limitation of the CP function is its inability to accurately process phase orders greater than three. Therefore, the first novel contribution to this thesis develops a broadened class of discrete-time higher order phase (HP)functions to address this limitation.This broadened class is achieved by providing a multi-linear extension of the CP function. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to demonstrate the statistical advantage of the HP functions compared to the HAFs. A first order statistical analysis of the HP functions is presented. This analysis verifies the simulation results. The next novel contribution is a technique called the lower SNR cubic phase function (LCPF)method. It is an extension of the CP function, with the extension enabling performance at lower signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The improvement of the SNR threshold's performance is achieved by coherently integrating the CP function over a compact interval in the two-dimensional CP function space. The computation of the new algorithm is quite moderate, especially when compared to the ML method. Above threshold, the LCPF method's parameter estimates are asymptotically efficient. Monte Carlo simulation results are presented and a threshold analysis of the algorithm closely predicts the thresholds observed in these results. The next original contribution to this research involves extending the LCPF method so that it is able to process multicomponent cubic phase signals and higher order phase signals. The LCPF method is extended to higher orders by applying a windowing technique as opposed to adjusting the order of the kernel as implemented in the HP function method. To demonstrate the extension of the LCPF method for processing higher order phase signals and multicomponent cubic phase signals, some Monte Carlo simulations are presented. Finally, these estimation techniques are applied to real-worldscenarios in the fields of Power Systems Analysis, Neuroethology and Speech Analysis.
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Beran, Jaroslav. "Počítačové modelování metamateriálů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217540.
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The diploma thesis deals with metamaterial structures. Metamaterials are periodic structures, which have got permittivity or permeability, eventually both parameters, negative. Test is applied on three basic structures: Split Loop Array; Spiral Array a Double Spiral Array. For each structure is made dispersion diagram and are monitored S – parameters. Test is run in Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator and CST Microwave Studio software. Are monitored bandgaps and when structure is as left – handed medium or right – handed medium. Results are compared with results in literature.
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Pitombeira, Sheila Cavalcante. "Basin as a parameter for territorial planning in the semiarid region of the institutional environment: The basin of Jaguaribe river, CearÃ, Brasil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14781.
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nÃo hÃThis research highlights the advisability of adopting the Basin as a parameter for territorial planning in the semiarid region, in face of the vicissitudes of climate and regional interest to promote environmental development. It demonstrates the importance of the state since its emergence in modernity and highlights the institutionalization of power since then, contributing to the improvement of the institutional environment throughout its territory. The core idea developed is that the state is endowed with power, being responsible for disciplining of subjects of interest to the community, amongst them water or water resources, it is required to pay attention to regional differences existing Âin its territory, in particular the semiarid, and to promote government actions benefiting everyone equally without distinction. The methodology used was through a literature review of the legal framework devoted to the structure of water and / or water resources and watersheds, comparing that information with historical records around the approach to public policies carried out during periods of drought and with socioeconomic criteria guiding public policy or government policies in these geographic areas. ÂThe informations of the territories citizenship of CearÃ, as to notice the various conceptual dimensions of these geographic areas, watershed territory and citizenship. Finally, the analysis of how the dimensions of the territory of citizenship can (inter) relate to the watershed territorial unit , giving them affinities, similarities and differences aiming to a comparative study of their equivalences in promoting sustainable development, according to indexes from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. From this comparison chart, it is possible to show that the basin should be the unit for implementation of territorial planning in the semiarid.
O trabalho pÃe em evidÃncia a conveniÃncia de adotar a Bacia HidrogrÃfica como parÃmetro de planejamento territorial na regiÃo semiÃrida, ante as vicissitudes climÃticas e o interesse regional de promover o desenvolvimento socioambiental. Demonstra a importÃncia do Estado desde seu surgimento na modernidade e realÃa a institucionalizaÃÃo do Poder a partir de entÃo, contribuindo para o aperfeiÃoamento desse ambiente institucional em todo o seu territÃrio. A ideia central desenvolvida à que sendo o Estado dotado de Poder, competindo-lhe o disciplinamento dos assuntos de interesse da coletividade, dentre eles a Ãgua ou recursos hÃdricos, compete-lhe atentar para as diferenÃas regionais existentes em seu territÃrio, em particular o semiÃrido, promovendo aÃÃes governamentais que beneficiem a todos indistintamente. A metodologia utilizada se deu por meio de levantamento bibliogrÃfico sobre o Estado e o ambiente institucional brasileiro, bem como do arcabouÃo jurÃdico devotado ao regime das Ãguas ou recursos hÃdricos e bacias hidrogrÃficas, confrontando essas informaÃÃes com os registros histÃricos em torno da abordagem das polÃticas pÃblicas realizadas nos perÃodos de estiagens e com os critÃrios socioeconÃmicos orientadores dessas polÃticas ou das polÃticas de governo nesses espaÃos geogrÃficos. Tais registros demonstram que, no CearÃ, cujo territÃrio à abrangido pelo semiÃrido em quase totalidade, onde a Ãgua possui significativo valor econÃmico e social, como se observa com o Rio Jaguaribe, e seu percurso permite verificar algumas dimensÃes conceituais desses espaÃos geogrÃficos, dentre eles a territorialidade, a bacia hidrogrÃfica à ignorada como parÃmetro territorial para seu desenvolvimento socioambiental. De sorte que, sendo o Estado do Cearà localizado no semiÃrido e sazonalmente exposto Ãs estiagens, a bacia hidrogrÃfica deveria ser a unidade territorial preponderante para implementaÃÃo do planejamento territorial, conciliando o desiderato legal de ser a unidade territorial para a polÃtica de recursos hÃdricos e inter-relacionando com outras unidades administrativas
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Gonçalves, Felipe de Sousa. "Parâmetros ambientais para o ordenamento territorial municipal e proposta para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172175.
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As cidades hoje são planejadas a partir da perspectiva dos seus planos diretores, orientados pelo Estatuto da Cidade (Lei Federal Nº 10.257/2001); dependendo das características das cidades, as suas leis ambientais não possuem integração com o regime urbanístico, havendo inclusive conflitos na legislação. Indicar áreas do solo urbano onde se poderão realizar usos e ocupações é uma situação complexa para o planejamento urbano e ambiental. Além disso, promover o ordenamento territorial, no que diz respeito aos municípios, é outra difícil tarefa quando se tem os interesses privados próximos aos gabinetes de técnicos das prefeituras municipais. Do ponto de vista das cidades, na questão ambiental, as leis federais, estaduais e municipais regem parâmetros e índices sem necessariamente ter a dimensão de sua adequabilidade, haja vista que as minutas dessas leis são, muitas vezes, consultadas e/ou copiadas de outros municípios. Diante disso, este trabalho tem o intuito de sistematizar um conjunto de parâmetros ambientais a serem considerados nos Planos Diretores dos municípios, aliando a política ambiental à política urbana. A fim de alcançar tal objetivo, buscou-se referenciar as relações da sociedade com a natureza nos ambientes urbanos e como que essa coexistência pode ser promovida de forma equilibrada pelos poderes públicos. Foi analisado de que forma o planejamento territorial e a gestão ambiental ocorrem em diferentes escalas e o processo paradoxo que a elas se impõe na vida real urbana Com o recorte para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foram selecionados onze municípios, a partir de critério estabelecido na metodologia, nos quais foram analisados o seu histórico de ocupação, as legislações urbanas e ambientais, e leitura paralela às legislações federais e estaduais, tanto no que se refere aos regimes urbanísticos, quanto às políticas ambientais. Percebeu-se nos municípios selecionados que aqueles onde os Planos Diretores eram denominados urbano-ambientais, no Plano Ambiental, haviam somente referências a zoneamentos ou equivalentes, relegando este tema a um segundo plano que não leva à uma política efetiva de integração ambiental e urbana. A partir disso, se estabeleceu um conjunto de 32 parâmetros considerados viáveis para a implementação junto ao Plano Diretor nos municípios, avançando nos instrumentos propostos pelo Estatuto da Cidade. Esses parâmetros constituem elementos ambientais que atingem diretamente o cotidiano das cidades e, sobretudo, a segurança das diferentes formas de vida existentes no espaço urbano, onde a relação da sociedade com a natureza ocorre de forma mais intensa.Cities today are planned from the perspective of their master plans, guided by the City Statute (Federal Law No. 10.257/2001). Depending on the characteristics of cities, their environmental laws are not integrated with the urban regime, and there are also conflicts in the legislation. Indicating areas of urban land where uses and occupations can be made is a complex situation for urban and environmental planning. In addition, promoting spatial planning with regard to municipalities is another difficult task when one has private interests close to the offices of technicians of municipal municipalities. From the point of view of cities, in environmental matters, federal, state and municipal laws govern parameters and indices without necessarily having the dimension of their adequacy, since the drafts of these laws are often consulted and/or copied from others counties. Therefore, this work intends to systematize a set of environmental parameters to be considered in the municipal Master Plans, combining environmental policy with urban policy. In order to achieve this objective, it was sought to refer to the relations of society with nature in urban environments and how this coexistence can be promoted in a balanced way by the public authorities. It was analyzed how territorial planning and environmental management take place at different scales and the paradoxical process imposed on them in urban real life. With the cut for the State of Rio Grande do Sul, eleven municipalities were selected, based on criteria established in the methodology, which analyzed their occupation history, urban and environmental legislations, and reading parallel to federal and state legislations, both in terms of urban planning and environmental policies. It was noticed in the selected municipalities that those where the Master Plans were denominated urban-environmental, in the environmental plane, had only references to zoning or equivalent, relegating this subject to a second plane that does not lead to an effective policy of environmental and urban integration. From this, a set of 32 parameters considered viable for the implementation with the Master Plan in the municipalities was established, advancing in the instruments proposed by the City Statute. These parameters constitute environmental elements that directly affect the daily life of cities and, above all, the safety of the different forms of life existing in urban space, where the relationship of society with nature occurs more intensely.
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Adami, Rose Maria. "Macrozoneamento ecologico da bacia de drenagem do Rio Itajai-Açu (SC), por intermedio da aplicação de analise multivariada (MULVA) e do calculo do parametro da teoria da informação (CPTI)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 1995. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/76253.
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Metodologia de macrozoneamento ecológico por intermédio de Análise Multivariada e da Teoria da Informação. Como resultado obteve-se 14 unidades ecológicas, que podem orientar futuros trabalhos de planejamento ambiental e subsidiar processos de desenvolvimento sustentável.
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Luz, Constantino Eleuthério da. "Tendências granulométricas dos sedimentos de fundo no Rio Marrecas, região Sudoeste do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2011. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/125.
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Previous issue date: 2011-11-23The dissertation examines the downstream finning phenomenon as it operates in the bottom sediments in the Marrecas river, located in South West region of Parana state, Brazil. The area of basin has 865,43 km2 and encompasses he municipalities of Francisco Beltrão, Marmeleiro, Flor da Serra do Sul, Verê and Itapejara D Oeste. The Marrecas river basin inserted in Cretaceous age rock composed of basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation with plateaus characterized by dissecting medium and high, elongated tops and slopes convex and straight. Were calculated the main basin morphometric index based on 1:260,000 scale map and longitudinal thalweg profile of the main channel based on 1:50,000 scale topographic maps. The botton sediments samples was performed in December 2009 and January 2010 with a van Veen samples in a location preferably located in the vicinity of the main tributaries of Marrecas river and easy access to river banks. The sandy and coarse sediments were analyzed by sieving techniques and use of gravelometer device. Were calculated grain-size statistical parameters: mean, median, sorting, skewness and kurtosis as defined by Folk & Ward (1957). The sphericity of the coarse sediments was defined by adopting the classification of Zingg (1935). The trends observed particle size showed a clear downstream finning of botton sediments in the downstream direction, changed locally due to the contribution of sediments by tributaries. The sorting showed no trend with values ranged from moderately to very poorly. Skewness shows a trend of variation of positive values in the upper reaches of the Marrecas river for negative values in the lower reaches, while the kurtosis showed a slight tendency passing values platikurtic to leptokurtic. The predominance of spherical shape in bottom sediments was attributed to spheroidal weathering and low resistance to abrasion of the rock.
A presente dissertação trata sobre a variação longitudinal das características texturais dos sedimentos de fundo no rio Marrecas, localizado na região Sudoeste do Paraná. A área da bacia do rio Marrecas possui 865,43 km2 e abarca parte dos municípios de Francisco Beltrão, Marmeleiro, Flor da Serra do Sul, Verê e Itapejara D Oeste. O total da bacia do rio Marrecas está inserida em terrenos de idade cretácea formada por rochas basálticas da formação Serra Geral que formam planaltos caracterizados por dissecação média e alta, topos alongados, vertentes convexas e retilíneas. Foram calculados os principais índices morfométricos da bacia baseados em mapas em escala 1:260.000 e elaborado perfil longitudinal do canal principal com base em cartas topográficas em escala 1:50.000. A coleta de sedimentos de fundo foi executada em dezembro de 2009 e janeiro de 2010, com amostrador de mandíbula tipo Van Veen em locais situados preferentemente nas imediações dos principais afluentes do rio Marrecas e em trechos de acesso fácil às margens do rio. Os sedimentos arenosos e rudáceos foram analisados mediante técnicas de peneiramento e emprego de cascalhômetro. Foram calculados os seguintes parâmetros estatísticos: diâmetro médio, mediana, grau de seleção, assimetria e curtose segundo a definição de Folk & Ward (1957). A esfericidade dos sedimentos rudáceos foi definida adotando a classificação de Zingg (1935). As tendências granulométricas observadas mostraram uma nítida granodecrescência dos sedimentos de fundo em direção à jusante, alterada localmente devido ao aporte de sedimentos pelos afluentes. O grau de seleção não mostrou nenhuma tendência e variou de moderadamente a muito pobremente selecionado. A assimetria mostra uma tendência de variação de valores positivos nos trechos superiores do rio Marrecas para valores negativos nos trechos inferiores, enquanto que a curtose exibiu uma passagem de valores platicúrticos para leptocúrticos em direção à jusante. O predomínio da forma esférica nos sedimentos de fundo foi atribuído a decomposição esferoidal do basalto e a baixa resistência desta rocha à abrasão.
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Sobreira, Filipa Alexandra Veiga. "Effects of vessel noise on underwater vocalizations of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the Sado Estuary." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21964.
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Mestrado em Biologia MarinhaMaritime traffic is an important source of disturbance for coastal cetaceans, especially for local and resident populations, like the bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) population in the Sado estuary. Vessel noise might mask important signals such as communication calls. To compensate masking effects, animals may change their vocal behavior by shifting vocal rate, call intensity, call type, call frequency and duration. To evaluate the potential impacts on the acoustic behavior of this population, abundance and acoustic characteristics of whistles, echolocation signals and burst-pulsed sounds were analyzed in relation to boat traffic. The samples used were obtained in field recordings of dolphin vocalizations made from March 2014 to April 2017. Boat traffic operating within a 1000 m radius was listed as absent or present. Vocal elements were classified according to visual graphical and aural characteristics in: whistles, slow-click trains, short-burst pulses, creaks, squawks, variable rate click trains, bangs, gulps, squeaks and grunts. Analysis of emission rates was based on the number of recognizable units per minute for all vocal elements. In the presence of vessels, differences in call rates were not significant for all types of vocal elements. For selected vocal elements, different acoustic parameters were examined, using a nonparametric MANOVA, and modifications between vessel presence and absence were found for the following vocal elements: whistles (X2 (7) = 56.42; N = 620; p < 0.001), creaks (X2 (8) = 19.53; N = 94; p = 0.012), grunts (X2 (8) = 80.968; N = 339; p < 0.001), gulps (X2 (7) = 58.76; N = 260; p < 0.001) and squeaks (X2 (10) = 25.894; N = 121; p = 0.004)). These results show modifications in acoustic behavior in the presence of vessels, suggesting that bottlenose dolphins in this population might adjust their vocal frequencies and produce shorter signals to maintain communication. This study shows that although resident bottlenose dolphins in Sado estuary seem to display some tolerance to the noise generated from boats in their habitat, it probably causes significant changes in their communication behaviors.
O tráfego marítimo é uma fonte de perturbação importante para os cetáceos costeiros, especialmente para populações locais e residentes, como a população de golfinhos-roazes (Tursiops truncatus) no estuário do Sado. O ruído provocado por embarcações pode mascarar sinais importantes, como os de comunicação. Para compensar os efeitos de mascaramento, os animais podem modificar o seu comportamento acústico alterando a taxa de emissão, a intensidade do sinal, o tipo de vocalização, a frequência e a duração dos sinais acústicos. Para avaliar os potenciais impactos no comportamento acústico desta população, foram analisados a abundância e as características acústicas dos assobios, dos sinais de ecolocalização e dos sons pulsados em relação ao tráfego de embarcações. As amostras utilizadas foram obtidas através de gravações subaquáticas realizadas na região do estuário do Sado, feitas de março de 2014 a abril de 2017. Os barcos foram considerados como presentes ou ausentes, tendo em conta um raio de 1000 m. Os elementos vocais foram classificados de acordo com as características visuais gráficas e auditivas em: assobios, trens de cliques, buzzes, rangidos, chorincos, trens de taxa variável, bangs, goles, guinchos e grunhidos. A análise das taxas de emissão baseou-se no número de unidades reconhecíveis por minuto para todos os elementos vocais. Na presença de embarcações, não existiram diferenças significativas para as taxas de emissão de todos os tipos de elementos vocais. Para elementos vocais selecionados, foram examinados diferentes parâmetros acústicos, utilizando uma MANOVA não paramétrica, e foram encontradas alterações entre presença e ausência de navios, para as seguintes vocalizações: assobios (X2 (7) = 56,42; N = 620; p <0,001), rangidos (X2 (8) = 19,53; N = 94; p = 0,012), grunhidos (X2 (8) = 80,968; N = 339; p <0,001), goles (X2 (7) = 58,76; N = 260; p < 0,001) e guinchos (X2 (10) = 25,894; N = 121; p = 0,004)). Estes resultados mostram modificações no comportamento acústico na presença de embarcações, revelando que os golfinhos-roazes desta população poderão ajustar as suas frequências vocais e produzir sinais mais curtos para manter a comunicação. Este estudo sugere que, embora os golfinhos-roazes residentes do estuário do Sado possam apresentar alguma tolerância ao ruído gerado por barcos no seu habitat, este provavelmente causa mudanças significativas nos seus comportamentos de comunicação.
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Silva, Gildete Clarinda das Virgens. "Avaliação crítica da qualidade das águas da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Joanes." Instituto de Química, 2009. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/20285.
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Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar a qualidade das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Joanes utilizando os resultados das determinações dos parâmetros físico-químicos: cor, pH, turbi- dez, sólidos totais dissolvidos, oxigênio dissolvido, DBO, DQO, amônia, nitrito, nitrato, fósforo e condutividade elétrica e dos metais e metalóides antimônio, arsênio, bário, berílio, boro, cádmio, chumbo, cobalto, cobre, cromo, ferro, lítio, manganês, mercúrio, níquel, pra- ta, selênio, vanádio e zinco nas águas brutas desta bacia, durante o monitoramento realizado pela EMBASA-Empresa Baiana de Águas e Saneamento no período de 2006-2007. Alguns metais e metalóides como antimônio, arsênio, berílio, boro, níquel, prata e selênio apresen- taram resultados abaixo dos respectivos limites de detecção não tendo, portanto, nenhuma variação de valores por isso não foram utilizados nas discussões. A análise multivariada de dados usando o método da PCA foi utilizada com o objetivo de identificar os fatores deter- minantes, naturais e antrópicos da qualidade das águas superficiais da bacia supracitada. Através da PCA verificou-se que as variáveis CE, DBO, DQO, fósforo, sólidos totais, turbi- dez, OD, Ag, Hg, Mn, V, Cr, Cu e Fe foram as mais importantes para a qualidade destas águas e estão associadas ao lançamento de esgotos doméstico e industriais nos corpos hídri- cos, sem tratamento adequado. Ficou evidenciada a interferência antrópica pelos altos níveis de fósforo e amônia encontrados ao longo da bacia sinalizando a necessidade urgente de intervenções mais efetivas.
This work aimed to evaluate the water of the basin of the Joanes River through the results of the study of the physiochemical parameters: color, pH, turbidez, dissolved total solids, dis- solved oxygen, DBO, DQO, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, electric conductivity and of the met- als and metalloids antimony, arsenic, barium, beryl, boron, cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, chrome, iron, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, selenium, vanadium, and zinc, as determined in the raw waters of this basin in the period of 2006-2007. Some of the metals and metalloids antimony, arsenic, beryl, boron, nickel, silver, and selenium yield results below their limits of detection, without variation in values. As a results, they were not in- cluded in the discussion. Multivariate analysis using PCA was used to identify the determin- ing natural and anthropogenic factors of the quality of surface waters of the basin. Through PCA, the study shows that the variables CE, DBO, DQO, phosphor, total solids, turbidez, OD, Ag, Hg, Mn, V, Cr, Cu e Fe, were the most important factors for the water quality and these are associated with the release of domestic and industrial sewers in the body of water without adequate treatment. The anthropogenic interference evidenced by the high match levels of phosphor and ammonia found along the basin in the study signals an urgent need for effective interventions.
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Poerner, Naira. "Composição mineral e diferenciação de vinhos-base produzidos em duas regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e de vinhos espumantes provenientes de diferentes países." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16413.
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O vinho possui uma composição química complexa que, além de água e etanol, contém grande variedade de substâncias orgânicas e inorgânicas. Esta composição é influenciada por diversos fatores correspondentes à área específica de produção, como características do solo, condições ambientais, cultivar da uva e o processo de elaboração do vinho. Assim, o estudo dos elementos minerais apresenta grande interesse, sendo utilizado, aliado a ferramentas de análise estatística multivariada, na diferenciação de vinhos de acordo com sua origem geográfica. Neste trabalho são apresentados dois estudos que caracterizaram e diferenciaram vinhos pela sua composição mineral. O primeiro teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar vinhosbase (cvs. Chardonnay e Pinot Noir) provenientes da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul através de parâmetros físico-químicos e elementos minerais combinada com técnicas de análise multivariada. O segundo teve por objetivo caracterizar e diferenciar amostras de vinhos espumantes produzidos no Brasil, Argentina, Chile, Espanha e França a partir da composição mineral aliada a ferramentas de estatística multivariada. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram avaliados por espectrofotometria no infravermelho e os elementos minerais por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Na caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos-base os elementos encontrados em maiores concentrações foram o K, Mg e Ca, e em menores concentrações o Ba, Fe, Sr e Al. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. Através da Análise Discriminante (AD) obteve-se para os vinhos-base da cv. Chardonnay cinco descritores químicos (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH e grau alcoólico) e para a cv. Pinot Noir seis descritores (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH, acidez volátil) com capacidade de distinguir as amostras de vinhos-base de acordo com a origem geográfica. Os elementos Mn e Mg parecem ser os elementos com maior capacidade de discriminação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. No trabalho de caracterização e diferenciação dos vinhos espumantes, em todas as amostras o elemento K foi encontrado em maiores concentrações, e em menores concentrações os elementos Ba, Cu e Li. A Análise de Agrupamento Hierárquico (AAH) e a ACP demonstraram que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos espumantes do Brasil e Argentina daqueles dos outros 3 países. Através do emprego da AD obteve-se uma correta classificação de 100, 95, 84, 90, e 83 % para os vinhos espumantes do Brasil, Argentina, Chile, França e Espanha, respectivamente. Os elementos Mn, Li, Sr e Mg foram encontrados como melhores descritores químicos para a discriminação dos vinhos espumantes destes cinco países.Wine presents a complex chemical composition containing, besides water and ethanol, a large variety of organic and inorganic compounds. This composition is influenced by several factors concerning to specific production area such as soil characteristics, environmental conditions, grape cultivar and winemaking practices. The study of mineral elements presents high interest, being used, when analyzed by multivariate statistics, for wine differentiation according to its geographical origin. Two studies characterizing and differentiating wines by their mineral composition are presented in this work. First study aimed to characterize and differentiate base wines (cvs. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul by physicochemical parameters and mineral elements analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Second study aimed to characterize and differentiate samples of sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Spain and France by mineral composition analysis followed by multivariate statistics. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In characterizing and differentiating base wines, elements found in higher and lower concentrations were, respectively, K, Mg, Ca and Ba, Fe, Sr, Al. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there is a natural separation tendency between wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. Five chemical descriptors were obtained by Discriminant Analysis (DA) for base wine from cv. Chardonnay (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH and alcohol) and six descriptors for base wine from cv, Pinot Noir (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH and volatile acidity). These descriptors were capable of classify samples of base wines according to geographical origin. Mn and Mg elements seem to be the elements with higher discrimination capacity between base wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. In sparkling wines characterization and differentiation, element K was found in higher concentration in all samples and Ba, Cu and Li were found in lower concentrations. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and PCA showed that there is a natural separation tendency between sparkling wines from Brazil and Argentina and those from Chile, Spain and France. A classification of 100, 95, 84, 90 and 83 % was obtained by DA for sparkling wines produced in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, France and Spain, respectively. Elements Mn, Li, Sr and Mg were found as the best chemical descriptors for discriminating sparkling wines from these five countries.
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Pereira, Ana Carolina Cardoso, and Ana Carolina Cardoso Pereira. "Estudo dos ventos no Rio Grande do Sul e simulação para um ciclone extratropical usando o Modelo MM5." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2193.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-18In this work a study of the winds in Rio Grande do Sul, during the period 2000-2007 is presented to identify where and when the wind were stronger in the State. The wind data obtained at 10m height, at three time observation (00, 12 and 18UTC) of 15 meteorological stations, well distributed in the State are utilized. The identification of the stations where the winds were stronger and with less spectrum of variation was made using a Weibull distribution to the monthly average values of velocity, calculated on the total period of data from each station (between 4 and 8 years) and for time. The similarity of velocities behavior between the stations with 8 years of data was obtained by applying the method K-means, non-hierarchical clustering technique, setting up 4 groups for homogeneous regions of pentad average velocities in the state, by hour of observation. Sensibility tests with two Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) parameterizations (Blackadar and MRF) of MM5 model were realized by using two nested grids with 35 sigma levels in vertical, centered in Rio Grande do Sul and with initial and contour data from NCEP (1º resolution in latitude and longitude). The validation of simulated versus observed velocities at 10m height was realized with the calculation of bias error, the mean square root of error and standard deviation of errors. The cities of São Luiz Gonzaga and Santa Vitória do Palmar stood out from the others because they had more often high values of k and c parameters. The homogeneous group, characterized by having the highest values of pentadal avegared velocities was constitued predominantly by the stations of Santa Vitória do Palmar (in the extreme south of the state) and Passo Fundo (located in the northern region). The highest velocities were observed in the month of November, in Santa Vitória do Palmar. The selected case study was the extratropical cyclone that struck the southern Rio Grande do Sul in the period from 9 to November 13, 2002. The errors between observed and simulated velocities in both experiments were relatively large. The comparison between results and observed data in some stations showed that Blackadar PBL parameterization was better than MRF parameterization.
Neste trabalho é mostrado o estudo sobre os ventos no Rio Grande do Sul, durante o período 2000-2007, para identificar onde e quando os ventos foram mais intensos no Estado. Foram utilizados dados de velocidades obtidos a 10m de altura, nos três horários de observação (00, 12 e 18UTC) de 15 estações meteorológicas, bem distribuídas no Estado. A identificação das estações onde os ventos foram mais fortes e com menor espectro de variação foi feita aplicando a distribuição Weibull aos valores médios mensais de velocidades, calculadas sobre o período total de dados de cada estação (entre 4 e 8 anos) e por horário. A similaridade de comportamento das velocidades entre as estações com 8 anos de dados, foi obtida pela aplicação do método K-means, definindo-se 4 grupos para regiões homogêneas de velocidades médias pentadais no Estado, por horário de observação.Testes de sensibilidade com duas parametrizações (Blackadar e MRF) de Camada Limite Planetária (CLP) do modelo MM5 foram realizados usando duas grades aninhadas com 35 níveis sigma na vertical, centradas no Rio Grande do Sul e com dados iniciais e de contorno do NCEP (resolução de 1º em latitude e longitude). A validação das velocidades simuladas versus observadas, a 10m de altura, foi realizada com o cálculo do erro de viés, da raiz do erro quadrático médio e do desvio padrão dos erros. As cidades de São Luiz Gonzaga e de Santa Vitória do Palmar se destacaram das demais por apresentarem mais frequentemente, os valores mais elevados dos parâmetros k e c, respectivamente. O grupo homogêneo, caracterizado por apresentar os maiores valores de velocidades médias pentadais foi constituído predominantemente pelas estações de Santa Vitória do Palmar (no extremo sul do Estado) e Passo Fundo (localizado na região norte). As velocidades mais elevadas foram observadas no mês de novembro, em Santa Vitória do Palmar. O caso de estudo selecionado foi o ciclone extratropical que atingiu o sul do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 9 a 13 de novembro de 2002. Os erros encontrados entre as velocidades observadas e simuladas nos dois experimentos foram relativamente grandes. A comparação entre os resultados e os dados observados em algumas estações mostrou que a parametrização de camada limite planetária Blackadar foi melhor que a parametrização MRF.
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NEPOMUCENO, Thiago Cabral. "Modelo para simulação de nitrogênio e fósforo em sistemas de recursos hídricos, aplicação em região do alto curso do Rio Piranhas-PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2018. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/389.
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Capes
O lançamento de efluentes domésticos em ambientes aquáticos sem o devido tratamento vem comprometendo a qualidade da água de reservatórios e rios. Esta torna-se ainda mais relevante quando, em torno desses corpos hídricos superficiais, existe uma intensa prática agrícola, com aplicação de fertilizantes a base de nitrogênio e fósforo, onde a ocorrência de eventos chuvosos pode gerar escoamento superficial e encaminhar o excesso desses nutrientes presentes no solo para os rios e reservatórios próximos. Portanto, o presente trabalho propôs o desenvolvimento e aplicação de um modelo para simulação de nitrogênio e fósforo em sistemas de recursos hídricos, que permita simular a interação de rios, reservatórios e áreas agrícolas em termos desses parâmetros de qualidade de água. No arranjo estrutural do modelo desenvolvido, duas etapas metodológicas merecem destaque, são elas: modelagem de nitrogênio e fósforo nas áreas agrícolas, considerando os principais fluxos de entrada e saída desses macronutrientes no solo, e definição dos sistemas de equações diferenciais ordinárias que possam representar a dinâmica comportamental de nitrogênio e fósforo nos corpos hídricos, ou seja, rios e reservatórios integrantes de um determinado sistema estudado. Como estudo de caso, foi selecionado um sistema de recursos hídricos localizado na unidade de planejamento hidrológico do Alto Piranhas-PB, compreendendo áreas agrícolas, rios e reservatórios, juntamente com as principais contribuições de nutrientes para o respectivo sistema, além de ser levado em consideração o aporte das águas da transposição do rio São Francisco, proveniente do Eixo Norte da transposição. Para a aplicação do modelo desenvolvido, foram analisados cenários que possibilitassem uma melhor avaliação da resposta do sistema estudado ao lançamento dos efluentes domésticos e agrícolas, além do impacto das águas da transposição. Os resultados das simulações indicaram que os recursos hídricos analisados são sensíveis a ação dos efluentes domésticos e agrícolas, principalmente nos períodos de seca, onde o volume dos reservatórios e vazões nos trechos dos rios são reduzidos. Com o acréscimo das águas da transposição, foram observadas atenuações significativas nos níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo nos corpos hídricos, devido ao maior poderio de diluição dos efluentes proporcionado por esse aporte hídrico, embora foram observados níveis críticos em alguns meses. Desta forma, medidas preventivas e corretivas devem ser adotadas a esse tipo de sistema, de maneira a evitar o comprometimento da biota aquática e dos múltiplos usos as quais as águas estão destinadas.
The release of domestic effluents in aquatic environments without the proper treatment has compromised the water quality of reservoirs and rivers. This becomes even more relevant when, around these surface water bodies, there is an intense agricultural practice, with the use of nitrogen and phosphorus base fertilizers, where the occurrence of rainfall events can generate runoff and return the excess nutrients present in the soil to nearby rivers and reservoirs. Therefore, this work proposed the development and application of a model for simulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in water resources systems, allowing the interaction of rivers, reservoirs and agricultural areas in terms of water quality parameters. In the structural arrangement of the developed model, two methodological steps are worth mentioning: nitrogen and phosphorus modeling in agricultural areas, considering the main input and output flows of these macronutrients in the soil, and definition of the systems of ordinary differential equations that can represent the behavioral dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies, ie, rivers and reservoirs that are part of a given system studied. As a case study, a water resource system was selected, located in the Alto Piranhas-PB hydrological planning unit, comprising agricultural areas, rivers and reservoirs, together with the main nutrient contributions to the respective system, besides being taken into account the contribution of the waters of the transposition of the São Francisco river, coming from the Eixo Norte of the transposition. For the application of the developed model, scenarios were analyzed to enable a better evaluation of the response of the studied system to the release of domestic and agricultural effluents, besides the impact of the transposition waters. The results of the simulations indicated that the analyzed water resources are sensitive to the action of domestic and agricultural effluents, mainly in periods of drought, where the volume of the reservoirs and flows in the stretches of the rivers are reduced. With the addition of the transposition waters, significant attenuations were observed in the nitrogen and phosphorus levels in the water bodies, due to the higher dilution power of the effluents provided by this water supply, although critical levels were observed in some months. Therefore, preventive and corrective measures should be adopted for this type of system in order to avoid compromising the aquatic biota and the multiple uses to which the waters are destined.
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Santos, Martha Raquel Pereira. "Bacterial community as a complementary tool to the water directive framework in ecological quality assessment of Caima river." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21461.
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Mestrado em MicrobiologiaFreshwater ecosystems have been suffering severe degradation and loss of biodiversity, caused by human disturbances such as agriculture, industry, mining, urban development and climate changes. Therefore, the European Union reached an agreement and implemented the Water Framework Directive (WFD), with the main goal of reach a good ecological status in all water bodies. However, WFD is very complex, methodologies are time-consuming and costly. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop a rapid and cost-effective approach, by studying the bacterial community composition by flow cytometry, as a complementary methodology to WFD. To achieve this, we study 3 sampling sites at Caima River along the seasons (winter, spring and summer), with different levels of environmental impacts (Nascente- river source- with little impact, Bustelo- downstream WWTP and Palhal- exposed to mine drainage), applying first the WFD criteria and then multivariate analysis for macroinvertebrate, periphyton and bacteria communities. Physico-chemical, metals and bacteria samples were collected from the water column and sediment river bottom, showing that in all the parameters (with some exceptions) and metals the concentrations were higher in sediments. Results showed that not always the macroinvertebrate and periphyton communities were sensitive to an increased nutrient input, resulting in an ecological status higher than expected. On the other hand, community structure analysis for macroinvertebrates and periphyton was very discriminatory, associating high levels of nutrients and metals with more tolerant organisms in impacted sites, and sensitive organisms with high levels of dissolved oxygen corresponding to pristine environments. Bacteria community analysis revealed a clear separation of LNA and HNA bacteria in sediment according to the different environmental stress, being possible to dissociate the majority of the impacted sites from the clean sites, being HNA a good indicator of contamination. These results revealed that bacteria community in sediments has more reliable data about the impacts that a freshwater ecosystem can suffer. The discriminating power of bacteria community analyzed by FCM provided good responses, although, further investigations are needed to confirm the feasibility of this new method, as a complementary tool in the water quality assessment.
Os sistemas aquáticos de água doce têm vindo a sofrer uma severa degradação e perda de biodiversidade, derivado de atividades humanas como a agricultura, indústria, atividades mineiras desenvolvimento urbano e alterações climáticas. Assim, a União Europeia implementou a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA), com o principal objetivo de atingir o bom estado ecológico em todas as massas de água. No entanto, a DQA revelou ser bastante complexa, com metodologias muito morosas e dispendiosas. Com este estudo, pretende-se desenvolver uma metodologia rápida e económica, estudando a composição da comunidade bacteriana por citometria de fluxo, como ferramenta complementar à DQA. Para a concretização deste trabalho, foram estudados 3 locais do rio Caima com diferentes tipos de impactos: a nascente – local de referência; Bustelo - a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de águas residuais e o Palhal - com escorrências provenientes de uma mina desativada, no inverno, primavera e verão aplicando a metodologia estabelecidas pela DQA usando os macroinvertebrados e perifiton como comunidades biológicas estudadas. Adicionalmente foi aplicada a análise multivariada aos dados recolhidos por citometria de fluxo à comunidade de bactérias da coluna de água e dos elutriados dos sedimentos e aos resultados das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton obtidos da DQA. No geral, os parâmetros físico-químicos, e as quantificações de metais mostraram valores mais elevados nos elutriados dos sedimentos do rio, do que na coluna de água mostrando a importância da análise desta matriz que não está contemplada na DQA. Resultados sensu DQA mostraram que nem sempre as comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foram concordantes na resposta aos diferentes tipos de impactos e que a qualidade ecológica dos locais avaliados foi melhor do que era expectável. Por outro lado, a análise multivariada das comunidades de macroinvertebrados e perifiton foi bastante discriminatória, associando elevados níveis de nutrientes e metais com organismos mais tolerantes, que se encontram em locais mais impactados, e organismos sensíveis com altos níveis de oxigénio dissolvido em locais mais pristinos. A análise da comunidade bacteriana revelou uma distinta separação entre bactérias LNA e HNA nos sedimentos, de acordo com os diferentes stresses ambientais, sendo HNA, nos sedimentos, um ótimo indicador de contaminação. Estes resultados revelam que a comunidade bacteriana oferece uma boa resolução de locais contaminados usando a citometria de fluxo como metodologia rápida de avaliação complementar à avaliação do estado ecológico sensu DQA sendo, no entanto, necessárias mais estudos aplicados a outras tipologias de rios e outros tipos de impactos para confirmar a validade desta nova metodologia.
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Melton, Kyle Brady. "Reproductive ecology of Rio Grande wild turkey in the Edwards Plateau of Texas." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2617.
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Chaves, Alexsandra Cristina. "S?ntese, estudo cin?tico e an?lise microestrutural do sistema c?rio-n?quel obtido pelo m?todo pechini." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12732.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-10Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The cerium oxide has a high potential for use in removing pollutants after combustion, removal of organic matter in waste water and the fuel-cell technology. The nickel oxide is an attractive material due to its excellent chemical stability and their optical properties, electrical and magnetic. In this work, CeO2-NiO- systems on molars reasons 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-citric acid were synthesized using the Pechini method. We used techniques of TG / DTG and ATD to monitor the degradation process of organic matter to the formation of the oxide. By thermogravimetric analysis and applying the dynamic method proposed by Coats-Redfern, it was possible to study the reactions of thermal decomposition in order to propose the possible mechanism by which the reaction takes place, as well as the determination of kinetic parameters as activation energy, Ea, pre-exponential factor and parameters of activation. It was observed that both variables exert a significant influence on the formation of complex polymeric precursor. The model that best fitted the experimental data in the dynamic mode was R3, which consists of nuclear growth, which formed the nuclei grow to a continuous reaction interface, it proposes a spherical symmetry (order 2 / 3). The values of enthalpy of activation of the system showed that the reaction in the state of transition is exothermic. The variables of composition, together with the variable temperature of calcination were studied by different techniques such as XRD, IV and SEM. Also a study was conducted microstructure by the Rietveld method, the calculation routine was developed to run the package program FullProf Suite, and analyzed by pseudo-Voigt function. It was found that the molar ratio of variable metal-citric acid in the system CeO2-NiO (I), (II), (III) has strong influence on the microstructural properties, size of crystallites and microstrain network, and can be used to control these properties
O ?xido de c?rio tem um alto potencial em uso para remo??o de p?s poluentes de combust?o, remo??o de mat?rias org?nicas de ?guas residuais e na tecnologia de c?lulas a combust?vel. O ?xido de n?quel ? um material atraente devido a sua excelente estabilidade qu?mica, bem como suas propriedades ?pticas, el?tricas e magn?ticas. Neste trabalho, sistemas de CeO2-NiO nas raz?es molares 1:1(I), 1:2(II) e 1:3(III) metal-?cido c?trico foram sintetizados utilizando o m?todo Pechini. Foram utilizadas t?cnicas de TG / DTG e DTA para monitorar o processo de degrada??o da mat?ria org?nica at? a forma??o do ?xido. Atrav?s da an?lise termogravim?trica e aplicando-se o m?todo din?mico proposto por Coats-Redfern, foi poss?vel realizar estudos das rea??es de decomposi??o t?rmica com o intuito de propor o poss?vel mecanismo pelo qual a rea??o se processa, como tamb?m, a determina??o de par?metros cin?ticos como energia de ativa??o, Ea, fator pr?-exponencial e par?metros termodin?micos de ativa??o. Foi observado que ambas as vari?veis exercem grande influ?ncia na forma??o do complexo polim?rico precursor. O modelo que melhor ajustou-se aos dados experimentais no modo din?mico foi o R3, que consiste de crescimento nuclear, onde, os n?cleos formados crescem at? atingirem uma interface de rea??o cont?nua, este, prop?e uma simetria esf?rica (ordem 2/3). Os valores de entalpia de ativa??o do sistema evidenciaram que a rea??o no estado de transi??o ? exot?rmica. As vari?veis de composi??o, juntamente com a vari?vel temperatura de calcina??o foram estudadas por diferentes t?cnicas, tais como: DRX, IV e MEV. Tamb?m foi realizado um estudo microestrutural pelo m?todo de Rietveld, cuja rotina de c?lculo foi desenvolvida para ser executada no pacote do programa Fullprof Su?te, e analisada pela fun??o pseudo-Voigt. Verificou-se que a vari?vel raz?o molar metal-?cido c?trico no sistema CeO2-NiO (I),(II),(III) tem forte influ?ncia nas propriedades microestruturais, tamanho de cristalito e microdeforma??o de rede, e podem ser usados para controlar estas propriedades
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FORMIGA, Aliane Cristiane de Sousa. "Variação Espaço/Temporal da qualidade de água subterrânea do Município de Juazeiro do Norte- CE." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/490.
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Como incremento da atividade antrópica e seus efeitos, a disponibilidade de água potável para consumo humano tornou-se um bem escasso e valioso, sendo necessária, frequentemente, uma avaliação que permita identificar sua qualidade para seus diversos usos. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água subterrânea da região de mananciais do município de Juazeiro do Norte - CE, oriundas dos poços tubulares operados pela CAGECE, na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Salgado, sob os aspectos físico-químico, referentes a sua variação espaço/temporal e aos limites estabelecidos pela portaria 2914/11 do Ministério da Saúde. Os dados dos parâmetros estudados, para os períodos de maio e novembro de 2013, maio e novembro de 2014, referentes a 33 poços de patrimônio da empresa CAGECE, somando um total de 124 amostras, divididas entre os 4 períodos. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos ao Diagrama de Piper para posterior classificação e comparação de distintos grupos de águas quanto aos íons dominantes. Em geral, as águas subterrâneas foram classificadas como águas bicarbonatadas mistas. Em função do tempo, usando o teste de Tukey foram observadas interferências ao nível de 5% de probabilidade nos teores de pH, Magnésio, Fluoreto e Alumínio. Quanto ao fator espacial, destaca-se variações significativas nos níveis de 5%, de probabilidade nos parâmetros pH, Alcalinidade, Dureza, Cálcio, Cloreto, Ferro, STD e CE. Níveis de 1% e 0,1% de significância foram detectados em todos os poços com o Nitrato, através do teste de Tukey. De acordo com a Portaria 2914/11 MS, ficou confirmado que alguns poços apresentaram índices relacionados a determinados parâmetros acima dos toleráveis de potabilidade de água, durante os quatro períodos monitorados. A água do município é de boa qualidade em termos de potabilidade, porém algumas áreas podem estar sendo contaminadas por ações antrópicas, desta maneira, torna-se necessário um monitoramento para verificar a ocorrência deste fato observado principalmente através do parâmetro nitrato.
As increased human activity and its effects, the availability of clean drinking water has become a scarce and valuable, requiring often an assessment to identify its quality for its various uses. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the quality of groundwater sources region of Juazeiro Municipality - EC, coming from the wells operated by CAGECE in the river basin Salgado, under the physical-chemical aspects, concerning the variation space / time and the limits established by Decree 2914/11 the Ministry of Health. The data of the parameters for the periods of May and November 2013, May and November 2014, regarding the company's heritage of 33 wells CAGECE, for a total of 124 samples, divided between the four periods. The results were submitted to the Piper diagram for further classification and comparison of different water groups as the dominant ions. In general, the groundwater were classified as mixed bicarbonated water. In function of time, using the Tukey test were observed interference level of 5% probability in pH, magnesium, and aluminum fluoride. As for the spatial factor, there is significant variation in the level of 5% probability the parameters pH, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, chloride, iron, STD and CE. Levels of 1% and 0.1% significance level were detected in all wells with the nitrate by the Tukey test. According to the Ordinance 2914/11 MS, it was confirmed that some wells showed indices related to certain parameters above the tolerable water potability, during the four monitored periods. The city's water is of good quality in terms of drinkability, however some areas may have been contaminated by human actions, in this way, it is necessary monitoring to verify the occurrence of this fact observed mainly by nitrates parameter.
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Telles, Wagner Rambaldi. "Previsão do comportamento hidráulico de um rio com base na estimativa de coeficientes que controlam seu escoamento. Estudo de caso: Rio Bengalas, Nova Friburgo-RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7363.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorNesta tese é realizada a modelagem do comportamento hidráulico dos principais rios que compõem a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Bengalas, localizada no município de Nova Friburgo-RJ, a qual abrange a área mais urbanizada da referida cidade. Para a realização das simulações foi utilizado o Sistema de Modelagem de Águas MOHID, ferramenta MOHID Land. Já para a calibração do modelo foram adotados alguns métodos de otimização, mais precisamente, os algoritmos de Luus- Jaakola (LJ) e Colisão de Partículas (PCA), acoplados ao referido sistema, com o intuito de determinar os principais parâmetros necessários à modelagem de corpos hídricos, bem como suas bacias hidrográficas. Foram utilizados dados topográficos do IBGE disponibilizados pela prefeitura após a elaboração do Plano de Águas Pluviais da região de interesse. Com o modelo devidamente calibrado por meio de dados experimentais, foi realizada a validação do mesmo através da simulação de inundações nesta região. Apesar de técnicas de otimização acopladas à plataforma MOHID terem sido utilizadas pela primeira vez em um rio de montanha, os resultados apresentaram-se importantes e qualitativamente satisfatórios do ponto de vista de auxílio à tomada de decisões, tendo como base a prevenção de danos causados pelas elevações da lâmina dágua que ocorrem frequentemente em Nova Friburgo, como por exemplo, a recente tragédia de janeiro de 2011 ocorrida na Região Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
In this thesis is held the modeling of the hydraulic behavior of the main rivers that form the Bengalas River watershed, located in the municipality of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, which covers the most urbanized area of that city. To perform the simulations was used MOHID Waters Modeling System, Land MOHID tool. As for the calibration of the model were adopted some optimization methods, more precisely, the Luus-Jaakola (LJ) and Particle Collision (PCA) algorithms coupled to said system, in order to determine the main parameters needed for modeling bodies water and their watersheds. We used topographic data from the IBGE provided by the city after the preparation of the Stormwater Plan for the region of interest. With the model calibrated through experimental data, the same was validated by simulating flooding in this region. Although optimization techniques coupled to the platform MOHID were first used in a mountain river, the results presented are important and qualitatively satisfactory from the point of view of aid to decision making, based on the prevention of damage caused by increases in water level that often occur in Nova Friburgo, such as the recent tragedy that occurred in January 2011 in the mountainous region of the Rio de Janeiro State.
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Bacharach, Lucien. "Caractérisation des limites fondamentales de l'erreur quadratique moyenne pour l'estimation de signaux comportant des points de rupture." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS322/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des performances d'estimateurs en traitement du signal, et s'attache en particulier à étudier les bornes inférieures de l'erreur quadratique moyenne (EQM) pour l'estimation de points de rupture, afin de caractériser le comportement d'estimateurs, tels que celui du maximum de vraisemblance (dans le contexte fréquentiste), mais surtout du maximum a posteriori ou de la moyenne conditionnelle (dans le contexte bayésien). La difficulté majeure provient du fait que, pour un signal échantillonné, les paramètres d'intérêt (à savoir les points de rupture) appartiennent à un espace discret. En conséquence, les résultats asymptotiques classiques (comme la normalité asymptotique du maximum de vraisemblance) ou la borne de Cramér-Rao ne s'appliquent plus. Quelques résultats sur la distribution asymptotique du maximum de vraisemblance provenant de la communauté mathématique sont actuellement disponibles, mais leur applicabilité à des problèmes pratiques de traitement du signal n'est pas immédiate. Si l'on décide de concentrer nos efforts sur l'EQM des estimateurs comme indicateur de performance, un travail important autour des bornes inférieures de l'EQM a été réalisé ces dernières années. Plusieurs études ont ainsi permis de proposer des inégalités plus précises que la borne de Cramér-Rao. Ces dernières jouissent en outre de conditions de régularité plus faibles, et ce, même en régime non asymptotique, permettant ainsi de délimiter la plage de fonctionnement optimal des estimateurs. Le but de cette thèse est, d'une part, de compléter la caractérisation de la zone asymptotique (en particulier lorsque le rapport signal sur bruit est élevé et/ou pour un nombre d'observations infini) dans un contexte d'estimation de points de rupture. D'autre part, le but est de donner les limites fondamentales de l'EQM d'un estimateur dans la plage non asymptotique. Les outils utilisés ici sont les bornes inférieures de l’EQM de la famille Weiss-Weinstein qui est déjà connue pour être plus précise que la borne de Cramér-Rao dans les contextes, entre autres, de l’analyse spectrale et du traitement d’antenne. Nous fournissons une forme compacte de cette famille dans le cas d’un seul et de plusieurs points de ruptures puis, nous étendons notre analyse aux cas où les paramètres des distributions sont inconnus. Nous fournissons également une analyse de la robustesse de cette famille vis-à-vis des lois a priori utilisées dans nos modèles. Enfin, nous appliquons ces bornes à plusieurs problèmes pratiques : données gaussiennes, poissonniennes et processus exponentielsThis thesis deals with the study of estimators' performance in signal processing. The focus is the analysis of the lower bounds on the Mean Square Error (MSE) for abrupt change-point estimation. Such tools will help to characterize performance of maximum likelihood estimator in the frequentist context but also maximum a posteriori and conditional mean estimators in the Bayesian context. The main difficulty comes from the fact that, when dealing with sampled signals, the parameters of interest (i.e., the change points) lie on a discrete space. Consequently, the classical large sample theory results (e.g., asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator) or the Cramér-Rao bound do not apply. Some results concerning the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood only are available in the mathematics literature but are currently of limited interest for practical signal processing problems. When the MSE of estimators is chosen as performance criterion, an important amount of work has been provided concerning lower bounds on the MSE in the last years. Then, several studies have proposed new inequalities leading to tighter lower bounds in comparison with the Cramér-Rao bound. These new lower bounds have less regularity conditions and are able to handle estimators’ MSE behavior in both asymptotic and non-asymptotic areas. The goal of this thesis is to complete previous results on lower bounds in the asymptotic area (i.e. when the number of samples and/or the signal-to-noise ratio is high) for change-point estimation but, also, to provide an analysis in the non-asymptotic region. The tools used here will be the lower bounds of the Weiss-Weinstein family which are already known in signal processing to outperform the Cramér-Rao bound for applications such as spectral analysis or array processing. A closed-form expression of this family is provided for a single and multiple change points and some extensions are given when the parameters of the distributions on each segment are unknown. An analysis in terms of robustness with respect to the prior influence on our models is also provided. Finally, we apply our results to specific problems such as: Gaussian data, Poisson data and exponentially distributed data
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Djama, Fares. "Mesures de precision au LEP et au SppS et instrumentation aupres du LHC." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00687252.
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Pajgrt, Michal. "Programové vybavení pro komunikaci a nastavení jednotky pro sběr dat JSD600." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412780.
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This diploma thesis describes a JSD600 unit intended for mathematical processing, measuring and data recording. The JSD600 unit is highly intended for industrial measuring of water steam energy delivery.First part of the work focuses on basics of the JSD600 unit detailing and describing main structures and principles for relevant data storing.Next part summarizes some basic facts and knowledge from the area of industrial liquid flow, energy measuring and describes water steam states. All these points within this range are needed for dilemma understanding.Last task deals with complete list of communication datagrams, which have been used for communication with JSD600 unit, including a main packet of structure descriptions.The second part of this dissertation brings the unit setup application description including some implementation details of the most interesting parts.
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Bayes, Ryan David. "Measurement of the decay parameter rho and a search for non-Standard Model decays in the muon decay spectrum." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2973.
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The study of the muon decay process μ+ → e+νeν ̄μ is a powerful constraint on the behaviour of the weak interaction, without contamination of the other, stronger, fundamental interactions. The spectrum measured from the momentum and angles of the decay positrons is parametrized using a set of four decay parameters. The purpose of the TWIST experiment is to measure these decay parameters to an unprecedented precision; an order of magnitude improvement in the uncertainties over measurements completed before the TWIST experiment. Measurements of the muon decay parameters constrain the values of a series of 19 weak coupling constants. In the standard model, V-A weak interaction, 18 of these constants are 0, while the remaining constant describes interactions between left handed particles, gV_LL= 1.The decay parameter ρ quantifies the behaviour of the spectrum with respect to momentum. According to the standard model the value of this parameter is 3/4. TWIST measured a value of ρ = 0.74991±0.00009(stat)±0.00028(sys). The measurement is limited by its systematic uncertainty, so a large focus of the experiment was on the determination and control of these uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties are derived from uncertainties in the detector construction and uncertainties in the biases generated by differences between the data and a matching Monte Carlo.
Muon decay also limits the possibility of family symmetry breaking interactions. TWIST can be used to search for the possibility of muons decaying into a positron and a single unidentified neutral particle μ+ → e+X0 that does not otherwise interact with normal matter. The large momentum and angle acceptance of the TWIST spectrometer allows for searches of two body decays for masses of the X0 boson mX0 ∈ [0,80] MeV/c, with a variety of behaviours with respect to the angle of the positron track. Upper limits on massive and mass-less X0 decays are set with a 90% confidence level separately at parts per million for massive decays and parts in 10000 for mass-less decays.
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"Bayesian Framework for Sparse Vector Recovery and Parameter Bounds with Application to Compressive Sensing." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.55639.
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abstract: Signal compressed using classical compression methods can be acquired using brute force (i.e. searching for non-zero entries in component-wise). However, sparse solutions require combinatorial searches of high computations. In this thesis, instead, two Bayesian approaches are considered to recover a sparse vector from underdetermined noisy measurements. The first is constructed using a Bernoulli-Gaussian (BG) prior distribution and is assumed to be the true generative model. The second is constructed using a Gamma-Normal (GN) prior distribution and is, therefore, a different (i.e. misspecified) model. To estimate the posterior distribution for the correctly specified scenario, an algorithm based on generalized approximated message passing (GAMP) is constructed, while an algorithm based on sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) is used for the misspecified scenario. Recovering sparse signal using Bayesian framework is one class of algorithms to solve the sparse problem. All classes of algorithms aim to get around the high computations associated with the combinatorial searches. Compressive sensing (CS) is a widely-used terminology attributed to optimize the sparse problem and its applications. Applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), image acquisition in radar imaging, and facial recognition. In CS literature, the target vector can be recovered either by optimizing an objective function using point estimation, or recovering a distribution of the sparse vector using Bayesian estimation. Although Bayesian framework provides an extra degree of freedom to assume a distribution that is directly applicable to the problem of interest, it is hard to find a theoretical guarantee of convergence. This limitation has shifted some of researches to use a non-Bayesian framework. This thesis tries to close this gab by proposing a Bayesian framework with a suggested theoretical bound for the assumed, not necessarily correct, distribution. In the simulation study, a general lower Bayesian Cram\'er-Rao bound (BCRB) bound is extracted along with misspecified Bayesian Cram\'er-Rao bound (MBCRB) for GN model. Both bounds are validated using mean square error (MSE) performances of the aforementioned algorithms. Also, a quantification of the performance in terms of gains versus losses is introduced as one main finding of this report.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Computer Engineering 2019
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MEHRPOUYAN, HANI. "Estimation and Effects of Imperfect System Parameters on the Performance of Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications Systems." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7475.
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To date the majority of research in the area of cooperative communications focuses on maximizing throughput and reliability while assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) and synchronization. This thesis, seeks to address performance enhancement and system parameter estimation in cooperative networks while relaxing these idealized assumptions.
In Chapter 3 the thesis mainly focuses on training-based channel estimation in multi-relay cooperative networks. Channel estimators that are capable of determining the overall channel gains from source to destination antennas are derived. Next, a new low feedback and low complexity scheme is proposed that allows for the coherent combining of signals from multiple relays. Numerical and simulation results show that the combination of the proposed channel estimators and optimization algorithm result in significant performance gains.
As communication systems are greatly affected by synchronization parameters, in Chapter 4 the thesis quantitatively analyzes the effects of timing and frequency offset on the performance of communications systems. The modified Cramer-Rao lower bound (MCRLB) undergoing functional transformation, is derived and applied to determine lower bounds on the estimation of signal pulse amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to timing offset and frequency offset, respectively. In addition, it is shown that estimation of timing and frequency offset can be decoupled in most practical settings.
The distributed nature of cooperative relay networks may result in multiple timing and frequency offsets. Chapters 5 and 6 address multiple timing and frequency offset estimation using periodically inserted training sequences in cooperative networks with maximum frequency reuse, i.e., space-division multiple access (SDMA) networks. New closed-form expressions for the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for multiple timing and multiple frequency offset estimation for different cooperative protocols are derived. The CRLBs are then applied in a novel way to formulate training sequence design guidelines and determine the effect of network protocol and topology on synchronization parameter estimation. Next, computationally efficient estimators are proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed estimators outperform existing algorithms and reach or approach the CRLB at mid-to-high SNR. When applied to system compensation, simulation results show that application of the proposed estimators allow for synchronized cooperation amongst the nodes within the network.Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-29 16:52:50.272
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Caetano, Conceição Alexandra Costa. "Intertidal meiofauna communities along the south arm of Mondego estuary: Spatial and temporal variability in relation to environmental parameters." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/24719.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.As comunidades meiobentónicas apresentam distribuições espacialmente heterogéneas e experienciam variações sazonais devido a pressões naturais e antropogénicas. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os padrões espaciais e temporais das comunidades de meiobentos na zona intertidal de um estuário temperado mesotidal e identificar as variáveis ambientais mais importantes que influenciam estas comunidades. Nesse sentido, foram recolhidas amostras de material bentónico em quatro locais ao longo do ramo sul do estuário do rio Mondego em três períodos diferentes. Simultaneamente foram medidos vários parâmetros ambientais. Para descrever a estrutura das comunidades de meiofauna (em geral) e mais especificamente dos nematodes (geralmente o grupo dominante da meiofauna) e relacioná-las com os parâmetros ambientais, foram aplicadas tanto a abordagem taxonómica como funcional. A variabilidade sazonal pareceu ser mais importante do que a heterogeneidade espacial na diferenciação entre as duas comunidades, verificando-se valores mais elevados de densidade e diversidade durante o outono. As comunidades de meiofauna mostraram um predomínio de Nematoda (como esperado), seguido dos taxa Copepoda e Polychaeta. Os géneros de nemátodes identificados assemelharam-se aos descritos para os estuários do norte europeu. Os padrões de distribuição de meiofauna em geral e nemátodes em particular foram influenciados por três principais fatores ambientais, nomeadamente a concentração de fosfatos, a salinidade e o oxigênio dissolvido. Este estudo sugere que tanto os nemátodes (menor resolução taxonómica) como a meiofauna em geral (maior resolução taxonómica) podem fornecer uma medida sensível e clara da condição ambiental estuarina.
Meiobenthic communities exhibit heterogeneous spatial distributions and seasonal variations due to both natural and anthropogenic driven pressures. The main goal of this study was to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of the intertidal meiobenthic assemblages of a Portuguese temperate mesotidal estuary and relate them with the environment. Benthic samples were collected along the southern branch of the Mondego River estuary in three sampling occasions at four locations, and several environmental parameters were measured simultaneously. Both taxonomic and functional approaches were applied to meiofauna in general and also more specifically to nematodes (usually the dominant group in meiofauna) communities to describe their structure relating it to environmental parameters along the south arm of the Mondego estuary. Seasonal heterogeneity appeared to be more important than spatial heterogeneity in differentiating both communities, with higher values of density and diversity occurring in autumn. The meiofauna communities showed a dominance of Nematoda (as expected), followed by Copepoda and Polychaeta. The Nematoda genera identified resembled those of the Northern European estuaries. The distribution patterns of meiofauna in general and nematodes were commonly structured by three main environmental factors, namely phosphates concentration, salinity and dissolved oxygen. This study suggests that information based on meiofauna higher taxa resolution may provide a sensitive and clear measure of estuarine environmental condition, as much as nematode genera.
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Suchoń, Sławomir. "Związki parametrów reologicznych mieszanki betonowej z jej stanem struktury : model predykcji z aplikacją komputerową." Rozprawa doktorska, 1995. https://repolis.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=3974.
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Suchoń, Sławomir. "Związki parametrów reologicznych mieszanki betonowej z jej stanem struktury : model predykcji z aplikacją komputerową." Rozprawa doktorska, 1995. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=3974.
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Patro, Rajesh Kumar. "A Nonlinear Stochastic Optimization Framework For RED." Thesis, 2005. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1439.
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Sýkorová, Aneta. "Vyhledávání a hodnocení závažnosti endoteliální dysfunkce u dětí s chronickým autoimunitním onemocněním." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396317.
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We aimed to evaluate the endothelial function by combining RHI measurements and specific biochemical markers in the children with possible risk of premature manifestation of atherosclerosis and in the control group of healthy children. In all, 124 children (of which 106 patients divided into five groups according to diagnosis - type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 18 healthy controls) were enrolled in the study. During the study, we measured RHI using a new plethysmographic method and further evaluated biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction (ADMA, E-selectin, hsCRP and VCAM) and lipidogram in individual groups of children. The primary objective of our study was the determination of RHI and biochemical parameters in healthy subjects and in selected risk groups of children (type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia and children after successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia). At the same time, we compared patients from individual groups with the control group. We found significantly elevated RHI values in groups of children with type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, and children after successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia....