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Journal articles on the topic 'Rhizomorph'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Twery, Mark J., Garland N. Mason, Philip M. Wargo, and Kurt W. Gottschalk. "Abundance and distribution of rhizomorphs of Armillaria spp. in defoliated mixed oak stands in western Maryland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-090.

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The abundance and distribution of rhizomorphs of Armillaria spp. in the soil were quantified in undisturbed stands and in stands defoliated 1 and 5 years previously by insects. Although the species of Armillaria was not determined, similar mixed oak forests in south central Pennsylvania contain North American biological species VII (Armillariabulbosa Barla.). Several analysis techniques were tested for sensitivity to differences in distribution of rhizomorphs. Rhizomorph distribution within the 0.04-ha study plots was uniform in the undisturbed stands, but was significantly greater near dead trees in the defoliated stands. Total rhizomorph abundance was greater on plots defoliated 5 years before sampling than on more recently defoliated plots, and it was least on undefoliated plots. Rhizomorph density near dead trees was highly correlated with overall rhizomorph density. Greater rhizomorph abundance near recently dead trees or stumps may have important implications for management decisions in the presence of gypsy moth (Lymantriadispar L.) infestations.

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2

Asef, Mohammad, Ebrahim Goltapeh, and Younes Danesh. "Antagonistic Effects of Trichoderma Species in Biocontrol of Armillaria Mellea in Fruit Trees in Iran." Journal of Plant Protection Research 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-008-0025-6.

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Antagonistic Effects ofTrichodermaSpecies in Biocontrol ofArmillaria Melleain Fruit Trees in IranRoot and butt rot caused by species ofArmillariais one of the most serious diseases of fruit and forest trees in Iran. In this study, antagonistic effects ofTrichodermain biocontrol ofArmillariawere investigated.Armillaria melleawas isolated from infected roots and butts of cherry and almond trees and identified with pairing tests method.Trichodermaspecies were recovered from rhizomorphs and around soil ofArmillariainfected roots.Trichodermaspecies identified wereT. virens(nine isolates) andT. harzianum(three isolates).Trichodermadiscs were placed onto cultures ofArmillariato study antagonistic effects. All isolates ofTrichodermacolonizedArmillariacolonies within 5-7 days. Volatile compounds ofTrichodermaisolates inhibitedArmillariacolony growth and rhizomorph formation. Mechanisms of biocontrol were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy, these included penetration ofTrichodermahyphae in rhizomorphs, colonization of rhizomorphs byTrichodermamycelia, colonization of apex meristemic center and apical buds of rhizomorphs, sporulation ofTrichodermain outer and inner surface of rhizomorphs, degeneration and lysis of rhizomorph tissue, and discharge of rhizomorph content.

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3

Lech, Paweł, and Anna Żółciak. "Influence of elevated CO2 concentrations on the growth of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink rhizomorphs in vitro." Forest Research Papers 78, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/frp-2017-0021.

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Abstract A comparative experiment was carried out in growth chambers to determine the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations (either 760 ppm or 1,140 ppm) versus ambient CO2 conditions on the growth of Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink rhizomorphs, which is the infectious organ of a fungal pathogen affecting many forest trees. We found that one out of three isolates in the experiment differed significantly in rhizomorph production, which was measured as rhizomorph dry mass/100 days of growth. Rhizomorph production was also affected by the tree species used as a food source in the inoculum preparation, with beech wood being significantly different from oak and hazel. Under higher CO2 regimes the production of rhizomorphs was consistently lower for all three isolates compared to ambient CO2 concentrations. For one isolate (no. 11) the growth differences were significant between 380 ppm and both elevated CO2 concentrations (760 ppm and 1,140 ppm), while for the other two (no. 30 and 32) significance was observed only between 380 ppm and 760 ppm. No statistically significant differences have been noted between 760 ppm and 1,140 ppm CO2 for these two isolates. it was concluded that elevated concentrations of CO2 inhibited A. ostoyae rhizomorph growth and therefore have the potential to lessen the pathogenicity of the fungus.

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4

Hetherington, Alexander J., Christopher M. Berry, and Liam Dolan. "Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 24 (May 25, 2016): 6695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514427113.

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Lycophyte trees, up to 50 m in height, were the tallest in the Carboniferous coal swamp forests. The similarity in their shoot and root morphology led to the hypothesis that their rooting (stigmarian) systems were modified leafy shoot systems, distinct from the roots of all other plants. Each consists of a branching main axis covered on all sides by lateral structures in a phyllotactic arrangement; unbranched microphylls developed from shoot axes, and largely unbranched stigmarian rootlets developed from rhizomorphs axes. Here, we reexamined the morphology of extinct stigmarian systems preserved as compression fossils and in coal balls from the Carboniferous period. Contrary to the long-standing view of stigmarian systems, where shoot-like rhizomorph axes developed largely unbranched, root-hairless rootlets, here we report that stigmarian rootlets were highly branched, developed at a density of ∼25,600 terminal rootlets per meter of rhizomorph, and were covered in root hairs. Furthermore, we show that this architecture is conserved among their only extant relatives, herbaceous plants in the Isoetes genus. Therefore, despite the difference in stature and the time that has elapsed, we conclude that both extant and extinct rhizomorphic lycopsids have the same rootlet system architecture.

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5

GE, WEI, ZHI-YUAN ZHANG, CHUN-BO DONG, YAN-FENG HAN, SUNIL K. DESHMUKH, and ZONG-QI LIANG. "Bacterial Community Analysis and Potential Functions of Core Taxa in Different Parts of the Fungus Cantharellus cibarius." Polish Journal of Microbiology 70, no. 3 (September 2021): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2021-035.

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Cantharellus cibarius is a widely distributed, popular, edible fungus with high nutritional and economic value. However, significant challenges persist in the microbial ecology and artificial cultivation of C. cibarius. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing data, this study analyzed bacterial community structures and diversity of fruit bodies and rhizomorph parts of C. cibarius and mycosphere samples (collected in the Wudang District, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China). It explored the composition and function of the core bacterial taxa. The analyzed results showed that the rhizomorph bacterial community structure was similar to mycosphere, but differed from the fruit bodies. Members of the Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium complex had the highest abundance in the fruit bodies. However, they were either absent or low in abundance in the rhizomorphs and mycosphere. At the same time, members of the Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia complex were abundant in the fruit bodies and rhizomorphs parts of C. cibarius, as well as mycosphere. Through functional annotation of core bacterial taxa, we found that there was an apparent trend of potential functional differentiation of related bacterial communities in the fruit body and rhizomorph: potential functional groups of core bacterial taxa in the fruit bodies centered on nitrogen fixation, nitrogen metabolism, and degradation of aromatic compounds, while those in rhizomorphs focused on aerobic chemoheterotrophy, chemoheterotrophy, defense against soil pathogens, decomposition of complex organic compounds, and uptake of insoluble inorganic compounds. The analysis of functional groups of bacteria with different structures is of great significance to understand that bacteria promote the growth and development of C. cibarius.

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6

Marçais, B., and P. M. Wargo. "Impact of liming on the abundance and vigor of Armillaria rhizomorphs in Allegheny hardwoods stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 12 (December 1, 2000): 1847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-107.

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Abundance of rhizomorphs of Armillaria was characterized in 1995-1996 in 32 plots located in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in the Susquehannock State Forest (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). All of the plots were thinned, and half of the plots were limed in 1985 when the plots were established. Frequency and abundance of Armillaria rhizomorphs in soil samples, on dead wood food bases (stumps, snags, fallen logs), and on the root collar of living sugar maples were determined in each plot. Rhizomorph vigor was evaluated by measuring their ability to colonize fresh striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.) stem sections in the soil, or potato tubers in the laboratory. Isolates of Armillaria were obtained from rhizomorphs in the soil samples and species were determined by somatic incompatibility tests. Armillaria calvescens Bérubé & Dessureault was the major species present, representing about 66% of the isolates. Armillaria gemina Bérubé & Dessureault and Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kummer were also identified in the plots. Frequency of rhizomorphs in the soil, on food bases, abundance of rhizomorphs on root collars, as well as the proportion of rhizomorphs per plot that regenerated and (or) colonized fresh substrates were all correlated. However, abundance of ectotrophic rhizomorphs on the root collar was only weakly correlated with the other components of rhizomorph abundance and vigor. Frequency of the rhizomorphs as well as their ability to colonize fresh substrates were greater in plots either limed or with a high proportion of the basal area in sugar maple prior to thinning. By contrast, abundance of ectotrophic rhizomorphs on root collars was not affected by these factors.

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7

Agerer, Reinhard, and Neale L. Bougher. "Amaurodon aquicoeruleus (Thelephoraceae, Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota), a new species from Australia with spores distinctly blue in water." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 4 (2001): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00030.

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Amaurodon aquicoeruleussp. nov. from Australia is characterised by rough, subglobose, bright blue spores and blue subiculum hyphae when mounted in water or KOH. No other species of Amaurodon with blue spores in water have been reported. Amaurodon aquicoeruleus has a green hymenium and superficially resembles A. viridis.Amaurodon aquicoeruleus possesses thin rhizomorphs that are formed by runner hyphae with clamp connections and by other, simple septate hyphae. This contrasts with the consistently clamp-bearing basidia and hyphae of the trama and subiculum. Rhizomorph formation is similar to the boletoid rhizomorph type but atypical of the closely related genus Tomentella. Discrete masses of structurally undamaged, mature basidiospores on the hymenium and at the fruit body margin of A. aquicoeruleus may be deposited by grazing insects.

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8

Keca, Nenad. "In vitro interactions between Armillaria species and potential biocontrol fungi." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 100 (2009): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0900129k.

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Interaction between Armillaria species and seven other fungi were tested in vitro. Tree antagonistic (Trichoderma viride, Trichotecium roseum and Penicillium sp.) and four decaying (Hypholoma fasciculare? Hypholoma capnoides, Phlebiopsis gigantea, and Pleurotus ostreatus) fungi were chosen for this study. The best results were noted for Trichoderma viride, because fungus was able to kill both mycelia and rhizomorphs of Armillaria species, while Hypholoma spp. inhibited both growth of Armillaria colonies and rhizomorph production.

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9

Toapanta-Alban, Cristina E., María E. Ordoñez, Charles W. Barnes, and Robert A. Blanchette. "Taxonomy of the major rhizomorphic species of the “Melanopus group” within Polyporaceae in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): e0254567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254567.

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Yasuní National Park in Ecuador is one of the most biodiverse places on earth. The fungi in this tropical rainforest are also diverse but have received little research attention. This research paper focuses on an important group of fungi in the family Polyporaceae and examines the genera Polyporus, Atroporus, and Neodictyopus that form aerial melanized cord-like structures called rhizomorphs. Phylogenetic analyses, macro and micromorphological descriptions of basidiomata and rhizomorphs, as well as cultural characterization were completed to better understand these ecologically important fungi. Here we describe four new species: Atroporus yasuniensis, Atroporus tagaeri, Neodictyopus sylvaticus, and Polyporus taromenane, and a new variety Polyporus leprieurii var. yasuniensis. The information presented in this study adds important new knowledge about the unusual rhizomorph producing fungi found in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador and other tropical rainforests.

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10

Cairney, J. W. G., D. H. Jennings, and C. J. Veltkamp. "A scanning electron microscope study of the internal structure of mature linear mycelial organs of four basidiomycete species." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-290.

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The internal structure of mature mycelial cords of Lycoperdon pyriforme, Mutinus caninus, Steccherinum fimbriatum, and Tricholomopsis platyphylla was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Although interspecific differences in the degree of internal differentiation were observed, linear mycelial organ structure in all four species was similar, in that they consisted of a cortex of fine hyphae surrounding a medulla containing large diameter "vessel" hyphae. Based on similarities between the internal structure of rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea and the mycelial cords of the species considered in this study, the exclusive use of the term "rhizomorph," qualified by adjectives describing development at the growing front and the degree of internal differentiation, is proposed in describing all linear mycelial aggregates.

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11

Mihail, Jeanne D., and Johann N. Bruhn. "Foraging behaviour of Armillaria rhizomorph systems." Mycological Research 109, no. 11 (November 2005): 1195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756205003606.

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12

Cairney, J. W. G. "Rhizomorph structure and development in Marasmius crinisequi." Mycological Research 95, no. 12 (December 1991): 1429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80397-3.

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13

Desjardin, Dennis E., Scott A. Gordon, and Ronald H. Petersen. "Observations on two rhizomorph-forming species of Marasmiellus." Mycological Research 97, no. 1 (January 1993): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81147-7.

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14

PATIL, SACHIN M., RONAK N. KACHHIYAPATEL, RAVI S. PATEL, and KISHORE S. RAJPUT. "Ophioglossum gujaratense, a new species from Gujarat State, India." Phytotaxa 351, no. 4 (June 7, 2018): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.351.4.3.

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A new species, Ophioglossum gujaratense, is described from Gujarat state (India). It resembles O. polyphyllum in the presence of sheathing rhizomorph and 1–4 (rarely 5) trophophylls. On the other hand, rhizomorph morphology, common stalk, trophophyll arrangement, leaf lamina and leaf base make it distinct from O. polyphyllum. Stoloniferous roots, trophophyll number and their arrangement of the new species also resemble O. parvifolium and O. nudicaule. However, both these species lack a sheath around the leaf-stem base. A comparative account of morphologically similar species, viz. O. gujaratense, O. polyphyllum, O. parvifolium and O. nudicaule is provided. The distinctness of the new taxon has been confirmed using molecular data from chloroplast genome markers viz rbcL, trnH-psbA, trnF-trnE and trnL-trnF.

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15

Stanosz, G. R., and R. F. Patton. "Armillaria root rot in aspen stands after repeated short rotations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 1001–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-155.

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Aspen suckers and stump/root-collar sprouts were sampled in short-rotation plots established by the U.S. Forest Service in Minnesota and by the Petawawa National Forestry Institute in Ontario. Roots exhibited lesions and decay typical of Armillaria root rot. Infection had occurred by direct rhizomorph penetration, entry of rhizomorphs through stubs of previously cut sprouts, and growth of mycelium through proximal parent roots. Stump/root-collar sprouts were more frequently colonized than suckers. Incidence was highest in the Minnesota plot, sampled 5 years after the start of the third 8-year rotation, where 11 of 12 stump/root-collar sprouts and 12 of 18 suckers were infected (77% overall). After three or more rotations of 4 or 5 years in both locations, sprouting was severely reduced and sproutless stubs from previously cut sprouts were invariably colonized. After successive rotations in all plots, decreases in stem numbers and sizes have occurred. Thus, Armillaria root rot may limit rotation length and the number of times aspen stands can be successfully vegetatively regenerated.

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16

Kwaśna, Hanna, Urszula Kotyńska, Piotr Łakomy, and Ken Mallet. "Stimulation of Armillaria rhizomorph growth by oak root fungi." Acta Mycologica 36, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2001.018.

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Thirty one different genera of fungi were isolated from the wood of roots of 5O·year·old oak (<i>Quercus robur</i>). The most frequently isolated fungi were: <i>Mycelium radicis atrovirens alpha (MRAA), Clonostachys</i> sp. and <i>Penicillium daleae, Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys sp., Cryplosporiopsis rodicicolo, Geotrichum candidum, Mortierella vinacea, MRAA, P. daleae, P. janczewskii P. spinulosum, Sporothrix schenckii</i> and <i>Tolypocladium niveum</i> significantly enhanced <i>Armillaria mellea</i> rhizomorph initiation and growth from oak branch segments <i>in vitro</i>. The biggest stimulation effect was noticed when the dematiaceous hyphomycetes, e.g. <i>MRAA, P. dimorphospora</i> and <i>S. schenckii</i> were studied.

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17

Agerer, Reinhard. "Rhizomorph structures confirm the relationship between Lycoperdales and Agaricaceae (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycota)." Nova Hedwigia 75, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2002): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2002/0075-0367.

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18

Schnabel, G., K. E. Bussey, and P. K. Bryson. "First Report of Armillaria gallica Causing Armillaria Root Rot in Daylily in South Carolina." Plant Disease 89, no. 6 (June 2005): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0683a.

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Daylily (Hemerocallis sp.) plants declined in a homeowner's backyard in Walhalla, SC in June 2004. The backyard in northwestern South Carolina contained multiple, hardwood tree stumps, was surrounded by mature hardwood trees, and contained a dogwood tree showing symptoms of Armillaria root rot. Daylily plants were stunted and necrosis of leaves began at the leaf tips. A cross section through the crown of the wilting plants revealed necrotic areas with the presence of white mycelial fans. Rhizomorphs were found in the direct vicinity of the daylily root system, on the roots of the dogwood, and throughout surrounding soil. Diseased daylily crowns, rhizomorphs, and dogwood bark containing mycelial fans were collected. Small sections of white mycelial fans from daylily crowns and the dogwood sample were transferred to benomyl dichloran streptomycin (BDS) selective medium. Rhizomorph pieces were surface sterilized in a 0.6% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and rinsed with sterile water before being transferred to BDS selective medium. Fungal cultures from all three sources looked similar on BDS medium and developed mainly crustose mycelium with some parts being aerial. After 1 week of incubation at room temperature in the dark, all cultures developed nonmelanized, mycelial fans that initiated from the center of the colony. The nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 and the intergenic spacer region 1 were identical for all isolates, and a BLAST search in GenBank of these sequences confirmed the identity of the pathogen as A. gallica (Marxmueller & Romagnesi) for both loci. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. gallica causing disease on Hemerocallis spp. Our findings indicate that daylilies might be at risk for infection and should not be cultivated in soils containing rhizomorphs from pathogenic Armillaria species.

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19

Przybył, Krystyna, and Małgorzata Mańka. "Influence of mineral salts upon activity of Trichoderma harzianum non-volatile metabolites on Armillaria spp. rhizomorphs." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 73, no. 4 (2011): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2004.042.

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Effect of non-volatile metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum together with certain salts containing Mg<sup>++</sup>, Fe<sup>+++</sup>, Mn<sup>++</sup>, Cu<sup>++</sup>, Al<sup>+++</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, K<sup>++</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, PO<sub>4</sub><sup>---</sup> and SO<sub>3</sub><sup>---</sup> on the production and length of rhizomorphs of <em>Armillaria borealis</em>, <em>A. gallica</em> and <em>A. ostoyae</em> was studied. In pure medium, <em>T. harzianum</em> exhibited stimulating effect on rhizomorphs of <em>A. borealis</em> (both number and length) and <em>A. ostoyae</em> (only initiation). Cu<sup>++</sup> salt totaly inhibited the initiation of rhizomorphs of <em>Armillaria borealis</em>, <em>A. gallica</em> and <em>A. ostoyae</em>. Effect of other compounds on the activity of <em>T. harzianum</em> depended on <em>Armillaria</em> species. The majority of chemical compounds tested supressed the activity of non-volatile metabolites of <em>T. harzianum</em>. Evident stimulating effect was observed under influence of sulphate salts consisting Al<sup>++</sup> and Fe<sup>+++</sup> on the rhizomorph number of <em>A. borealis</em> and <em>A. gallica</em>, respectively.

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20

Schweiger, Peter F., Hervé Rouhier, and Bengt Söderström. "Visualisation of ectomycorrhizal rhizomorph structure using laser scanning confocal microscopy." Mycological Research 106, no. 3 (March 2002): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756202005579.

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21

WORRALL, J. J., I. CHET, and A. HUTTERMANN. "Association of Rhizomorph Formation with Laccase Activity in Armillaria spp." Microbiology 132, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 2527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-132-9-2527.

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22

Clémençon, H. "Mycelial morphology, rhizomorph anatomy and primordium formation ofGymnopiluspenetrans (Cortinariaceae, Basidiomycetes)." Feddes Repertorium 113, no. 1-2 (May 2002): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1522-239x(200205)113:1/2<63::aid-fedr63>3.0.co;2-q.

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23

Kwaśna, Hanna. "Microfungi in the soil beneath common oak and their effect on Armillaria occurrence." Acta Mycologica 38, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2014): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2003.016.

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Microfungal assemblages in a soil beneath 30- and 50·year-old oaks and their 2-year-old stumps were studied using the soil dilution plate method. A total of 98 culturable microfungi were isolated. Compared to the living oaks before felling and the control living oaks, the density of <i>Mortierella macrocystis, Penicillium jonczewskii, Pseudogymnoascus roseus Sporothrix schenckii, Tolypoccladiumum inflatum</i> and <i>Umbelopsis vinacea</i> sigificantly inacased in the soil beneath slumps in the 32- and 52-year-old stands. Density of <i>Aspergillus kanagawaensis, Monodictys lepraria, P. daleae</i> and sterile dematiaceous hyphomycetes increased significantly in the 32-year-old stand and <i>Chrysosporium merdarium</i> in the 52·year-old stand. These fungi are known 'stimulants' of <i>Armillaria</i> rhizomorph formation. It is suggested that the increase in density of <i>Armillaria</i> rhizomorph 'stimulants' in a soil beneath oak stumps may increase the possibility of colonization of stumps by <i>Armillaria</i>.

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24

Sanders, W. B., Carmen Ascaso, and J. Wierzchos. "Physical Interactions of two Rhizomorph-forming Lichens with their Rock Substrate." Botanica Acta 107, no. 6 (December 1994): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1994.tb00818.x.

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25

Morrison, D. J. "Rhizomorph growth habit, saprophytic ability and virulence of 15 Armillaria species." Forest Pathology 34, no. 1 (February 2004): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2003.00345.x.

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26

Pareek, Mamta, William G. Allaway, and Anne E. Ashford. "Armillaria luteobubalina mycelium develops air pores that conduct oxygen to rhizomorph clusters." Mycological Research 110, no. 1 (January 2006): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2005.09.006.

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27

Morrison, D. J. "Identity of Armillaria isolates used in studies of rhizomorph behaviour and pathogenicity." Mycological Research 95, no. 12 (December 1991): 1437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80400-0.

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28

Blenis, Peter V., Martin S. Mugala, and Yasuyuki Hiratsuka. "Soil affects Armillaria root rot of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 1638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-248.

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A total of 768 two-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings were transplanted into four different soils, having different capabilities for supporting lodgepole pine growth. Thirty days later, they were inoculated with either of two isolates of North American Biological Species I (Armillariaostoyae (Romag.) Herink) of Armillaria. Log–linear analysis indicated that soil type had a significant effect on inoculum viability, rhizomorph production, frequency of seedling infection, and the likelihood of tree death following infection.

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29

César, Enrique, Leticia Montoya, Víctor M. Bandala, and Antero Ramos. "Three new marasmioid-gymnopoid rhizomorph-forming species from Mexican mountain cloud forest relicts." Mycological Progress 19, no. 10 (October 2020): 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01608-1.

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30

Wagner, Jean, and Marie-Agnès Letrouit-Galinou. "Structure et ontogenèse du thalle squamuleux du lichen Endocarpon pusillum (Pyrénolichens, Verrucariacées)." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-290.

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Observations concerning morphology, structure, and ontogeny of the thallus of a squamulous species, Endocarpon pusillum Hedw., are presented. The latter is composed of squamules, most of which are interconnected by a well developed network of rhizomorphs. Four types of squamules have been distinguished according to their morphological characters and their location with regard to rhizomorphs. The squamules of E. pusillum are characterized by the lack of lacunae and the presence of numerous rhizomorphic-like hyphae in the medulla, which are in topographical relation with the hyphae of the rhizomorphs. Morphological and structural data allowed us to follow an ontogenic continuum from the smallest squamules, i.e. the least differentiated, to the one bearing fruiting-bodies, which show numerous rhizomorphs.

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31

Boddy, Lynne, and Sarah C. Watkinson. "Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-400.

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Dead wood litter input to mature forest ecosystems represents 30–40% of the total biomass, containing about 1–4 and 0.1–0.8 kg/(ha∙year), of N and P, respectively. However, since wood decomposes relatively slowly, it represents a much larger proportion of the standing crop of plant litter on the forest floor, forming a large reservoir of mineral nutrients, which are unavailable for primary producers until they are released by decomposer organisms, primarily basidiomycetes and to a lesser extent ascomycetes. Readily available nutrients are utilized rapidly leaving other nutrients locked up in the recalcitrant lignocellulose complex. As decomposition proceeds the relative concentration of N and P in wood increases (i.e., carbon/nutrient ratio decreases), as C is lost as CO2, but these nutrients are rapidly sequestered in mycelial biomass. Formerly it was thought that nutrients were released when the carbon/nutrient ratio of the wood approximated that of mycelium. However, fungi are inherently greedy using excess nutrients for production of reproductive structures and foraging mycelium. The latter, which is often aggregated to form rhizomorphs or cords, grows out of wood in search of new resources, often forming extensive long-lived networks that exhibit remarkable patterns of reallocation of fungal biomass and nutrients. Within these systems, nutrients are conserved and are often relocated for many metres and may aid in establishment of mycelia in new resources. Nutrients are probably largely released when mycelia are grazed upon by invertebrates, nonbiotically damaged, interact with other fungi and bacteria, or die. Key words: ecology, lignocellulose, basidiomycetes, rhizomorph, translocation.

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32

Kwaśna, H., and P. Lakomy. "Stimulation of Armillaria ostoyae vegetative growth by tryptophol and rhizomorph produced by Zygorhynchus moelleri." Forest Pathology 28, no. 1 (January 1998): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1998.tb01165.x.

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33

Zamora, Juan Carlos, Francisco De Diego Calonge, and María Paz Martín. "New sources of taxonomic information for earthstars (Geastrum, Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): phenoloxidases and rhizomorph crystals." Phytotaxa 132, no. 1 (September 18, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.1.

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The taxonomic utility of two characters not previously used for identification of Geastrum species is evaluated. First, macrochemical spot tests with chemicals detecting phenoloxidase enzymatic activity (1-naphthol, guaiac gum, and syringaldazine), are performed. In addition, the usefulness of the crystalline deposits from the rhizomorphs, formed by calcium oxalate as monohydrate or whewellite, and dihydrate or weddellite, was evaluated. These features provide valuable data to distinguish some taxa difficult to separate using traditional morphology, such as G. lageniforme, G. saccatum, and G. triplex.

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34

Rothwell, Gar W., and Diane M. Erwin. "THE RHIZOMORPH APEX OF PAURODENDRON; IMPLICATIONS FOR HOMOLOGIES AMONG THE ROOTING ORGANS OF LYCOPSIDA." American Journal of Botany 72, no. 1 (January 1985): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1985.tb05347.x.

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35

Kwaśna, Hanna, and Anna Szynkiewicz-Wronek. "Culturable microfungi inhibitory to Armillaria rhizomorph formation from Fagus sylvatica stump roots and soil." Journal of Phytopathology 166, no. 5 (February 15, 2018): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jph.12689.

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36

Clémençon, Heinz. "Rhizomorph anatomy of Ossicaulis lignatilis (Tricholomatales), with special attention to its haustoria-like intrahyphal hyphae." Mycological Progress 4, no. 2 (May 2005): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0120-x.

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37

ZONG, TONG-KAI, JIAN-RONG WU, and CHANG-LIN ZHAO. "Three new Xenasmatella (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) species from China." Phytotaxa 489, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.1.

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Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Xenasmatella rhizomorpha, X. tenuis and X. xinpingensis spp. nov., are proposed based on a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular BLAST analyses. Xenasmatella rhizomorpha is characterized by annual, resupinate, gossypine basidiomata with rhizomorphs, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores measuring 3.1–4.9 × 2.3–3.3 µm. Xenasmatella tenuis is characterized by annual, resupinate, very thin basidiomata with ceraceous to membranous, white to lilac hymenial surface, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and ellipsoid, thin-walled, warted basidiospores. Xenasmatella xinpingensis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata, a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae and subglobose to globose, thin-walled, warted basidiospores (3.5–4.9 × 3–4.2 µm).

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38

Joseph, Siljo, and Gopal Prasad Sinha. "Contributions to the genus Synarthonia (lichenized Ascomycota, Arthoniaceae)." Lichenologist 47, no. 2 (March 2015): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002428291500002x.

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AbstractThe type specimens of Synarthonia bicolor and S. stigmatidialis were examined, leading the authors to revise their descriptions as well as the generic description. Also, two new species of Synarthonia, viz. S. psoromica and S. sikkimensis are described from India. Synarthonia psoromica, collected from the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, is characterized by immersed synascomata and the presence of psoromic acid. Synarthonia sikkimensis, collected from Sikkim-Himalaya, is characterized by the sorediate thallus with a rhizomorph-like prothallus. These distinguishing characters are observed for the first time in Synarthonia. After considering the protologue of the recently described S. sarcographoides, a comprehensive account of this genus is made. In addition, a world key to all known species of Synarthonia is provided.

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39

Prospero, S., O. Holdenrieder, and D. Rigling. "Rhizomorph production and stump colonization by co-occurring Armillaria cepistipes and Armillaria ostoyae: an experimental study." Forest Pathology 36, no. 1 (February 2006): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00426.x.

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40

Koch, Rachel A., D. Jean Lodge, Susanne Sourell, Karen Nakasone, Austin G. McCoy, and M. Catherine Aime. "Tying up loose threads: revised taxonomy and phylogeny of an avian-dispersed Neotropical rhizomorph-forming fungus." Mycological Progress 17, no. 9 (June 8, 2018): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1411-8.

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41

THOMAS, BARRY A., and LEYLA J. SEYFULLAH. "StigmariaBrongniart: a new specimen from Duckmantian (Lower Pennsylvanian) Brymbo (Wrexham, North Wales) together with a review of known casts and how they were preserved." Geological Magazine 152, no. 5 (February 23, 2015): 858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000035.

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AbstractStigmariais one of the iconic plant fossils of the Carboniferous and fragments of the narrower parts of the rhizomorph are found in most museum collections. However, very few almost entire specimens have been found and preserved. A new specimen ofStigmariafrom Brymbo, North Wales is described and compared with other preserved examples from Europe and North America. The Brymbo specimen shows a large portion of trunk still attached to the large stigmarian base, which is a rare find, and this specimen supports our ideas of how these impressively large casts were formed. Stigmarias were preserved by the deposition of minerals around them following a sediment inundation, which gave sufficient support while the tissues rotted and filled with sediments. Remnants of the outer tissues were compressed to form a thin surrounding coal layer.

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42

Xu, Hong-He, and Yi Wang. "The earliest cormose rhizomorph of putative lycopsid affinity from the Middle Devonian of West Junggar, Xinjiang, China." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 226 (March 2016): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.12.005.

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43

PRITCHARD, S. G., A. E. STRAND, M. L. McCORMACK, M. A. DAVIS, and R. OREN. "Mycorrhizal and rhizomorph dynamics in a loblolly pine forest during 5 years of free-air-CO2 -enrichment." Global Change Biology 14, no. 6 (February 15, 2008): 1252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01567.x.

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44

Stanosz, G. R., and R. F. Patton. "Armillaria root rot in Wisconsin aspen sucker stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 9 (September 1, 1987): 995–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-154.

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Roots of 50 healthy-appearing dominant or codominant aspen suckers were examined for signs of Armillaria root rot in each of nine stands (three each 3, 9, or 15 years after clear-cutting). Lesion numbers, sizes, and positions were also recorded for two of these stands of each age. Infection had occurred by rhizomorph penetration, mycelial growth through roots from parent stumps, and by contact with colonized roots and was only infrequently associated with obvious injuries. Rot incidence increased as a function of stand age, with > 70% of sampled trees affected in 15-year-old stands. More lesions per infected tree and shorter distances from stems to nearest lesions also occurred in the 15-year-old stands. There colonization extended to stem bases in > 25% of infected root systems and to within 10 cm of stem bases in > 50%. Results indicate the potential for losses caused by Armillaria root rot in aspen sucker stands as they continue to develop and approach harvest age.

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GREEN, T. G. Allan, Ana PINTADO, Jose RAGGIO, and Leopoldo Garcia SANCHO. "The lifestyle of lichens in soil crusts." Lichenologist 50, no. 3 (May 2018): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282918000130.

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AbstractLichens are one of the common dominant biota in biological soil crusts (biocrusts), a community that is one of the largest in extent in the world. Here we present a summary of the main features of the lifestyle of soil crust lichens, emphasizing their habitat, ecophysiology and versatility. The soil crust is exposed to full light, often to high temperatures and has an additional water source, the soil beneath the lichens. However, despite the open nature of the habitat the lichens are active under shady and cooler conditions and avoid climate extremes of high temperature and light. In temperate and alpine habitats they can also be active for long periods, several months in some cases. They show a mixture of physiological constancy (e.g. similar activity periods and net photosynthetic rates) but also adaptations to the habitat (e.g. the response of net photosynthesis to thallus water content can differ for the same lichen species in Europe and the USA and some species show extensive rhizomorph development). Despite recent increased research, aspects of soil crust ecology, for example under snow, remain little understood.

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46

Kwaśna, H. "The Effect of Felling on the Occurrence of Microfungi Stimulatory to Armillaria Rhizomorph Formation in Thin Roots of Quercus robur." Journal of Phytopathology 151, no. 4 (April 2003): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00703.x.

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47

Mihail, Jeanne D., Johann N. Bruhn, and Theodor D. Leininger. "The effects of moisture and oxygen availability on rhizomorph generation by Armillaria tabescens in comparison with A. gallica and A. mellea." Mycological Research 106, no. 6 (June 2002): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756202005920.

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48

Hahn, Christoph, and Josef Christan. "Ramaria chocoënsis sp. nov., a gomphoid member of Ramaria sect. Dendrocladium from Colombia, El Chocó, with special regards to rhizomorph anatomy." Mycological Progress 1, no. 4 (November 2002): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0035-6.

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49

Snaddon, Jake L., Edgar C. Turner, Tom M. Fayle, Chey V. Khen, Paul Eggleton, and William A. Foster. "Biodiversity hanging by a thread: the importance of fungal litter-trapping systems in tropical rainforests." Biology Letters 8, no. 3 (December 21, 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1115.

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The exceptionally high species richness of arthropods in tropical rainforests hinges on the complexity of the forest itself: that is, on features such as the high plant diversity, the layered nature of the canopy and the abundance and the diversity of epiphytes and litter. We here report on one important, but almost completely neglected, piece of this complex jigsaw—the intricate network of rhizomorph-forming fungi that ramify through the vegetation of the lower canopy and intercept falling leaf litter. We show that this litter-trapping network is abundant and intercepts substantial amounts of litter (257.3 kg ha −1 ): this exceeds the amount of material recorded in any other rainforest litter-trapping system. Experimental removal of this fungal network resulted in a dramatic reduction in both the abundance (decreased by 70.2 ± 4.1%) and morphospecies richness (decreased by 57.4 ± 5.1%) of arthropods. Since the lower canopy levels can contain the highest densities of arthropods, the proportion of the rainforest fauna dependent on the fungal networks is likely to be substantial. Fungal litter-trapping systems are therefore a crucial component of habitat complexity, providing a vital resource that contributes significantly to rainforest biodiversity.

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Karasiński, Dariusz. "Type study of Peniophora inflata (Agaricomycetes), and the introduction of the term “subicystidium”." Phytotaxa 174, no. 1 (July 4, 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.1.4.

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The type specimen of the corticioid fungus Peniophora inflata was re-examined. The term “subicystidium” (plural: subicystidia) is introduced to define basally clamped and encrusted cystidia of subicular or rhizomorphic origin. Peniophora inflata is characterized by the presence of subicystidia and hymenial lamprocystidia, a smooth, resupinate basidioma, a monomitic hyphal system, small, clavate basidia, minute ellipsoidal basidiospores negative in Melzer’s reagent and Cotton Blue, thickening hymenium and the development of rhizomorphs. The morphological similarities of Peniophora inflata with some corticioid species are discussed. Recently the generic name Sceptrulum was erected for this species. Because the introduction of the latter name lacked any discussion and clarity, the aim of this study is to provide a detailed examination of P. inflata.

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