Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rhizomes

Academic literature on the topic 'Rhizomes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 22 November 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rhizomes"

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Rusmin, Devi, M. R. Suhartanto, S. Ilyas, Dyah Manohara, and E. Widajati. "Growth Pattern, Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics to Determine Harvesting Time of Big White Ginger Rhizome Seeds." Buletin Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat 29, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bullittro.v29n1.2018.9-20.

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<p>The use of young seed rhizomes became one of the obstacles in large white ginger (JPB) cultivation. Young ginger rhizomes rapidly shrank and decrease their viability. The experiment was aimed to study growth patterns, biochemical changes, and physiology of ginger plants to produce good quality rhizome seeds. JPB rhizome seeds used were 9 months old, have been stored for 2 weeks after harvest, weighed 30-40 g with 2-3 buds, healthy, and given seed treatment. The rhizomes were planted in growth medium in polybags (60 cm x 60 cm). The study was conducted by direct observation, repeated 4 times, consisting of 50 plants per replication. Observations were made on the plant growth patterns (plant height, stem length, tillers number, leaves number); rhizome development (fresh weight, branch rhizomes number, moisture content, and dry weight during growth); starch and hormonal content (IAA, gibberellin, ABA and cytokinin) of the rhizomes; and viability of rhizome seeds (growth rate, seed height, and dry weight). The results showed that the rhizomes of the 7-month-old ginger after planting (MAP) has entered the ripening phase, the rhizome morphology was optimal, and the starch content was not different from the rhizome seeds at 8 and 9 MAP. In addition, physiologically, the rhizome's growth potential was maximal (100%), growth rate (4.3% etmal<sup>-1</sup>), and seed height (33.8 cm) were better than 8 MAP (80%, 2.9% etmal<sup>-1</sup>, 33.7 cm) and 9 MAP (70%, 2.3% etmal<sup>-1</sup>, 29.4 cm). This study indicated that ginger rhizomes harvested from 7 months old plants can be used for seeds.</p>
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Kim, Jung-Hoon, Eui-Jeong Doh, and Guemsan Lee. "Chemical Differentiation of Genetically Identified Atractylodes japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. chinensis Rhizomes Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemometric Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (August 2, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4860371.

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The rhizome of Atractylodes japonica, which is a herbal medicine used for gastrointestinal therapeutics, has been categorized with A. macrocephala rhizome or A. chinensis rhizome based on different therapeutic criteria in Korea, China, and Japan. In the present study, 61 A. japonica, A. macrocephala, and A. chinensis rhizomes were collected from Korea and China and were genetically identified by internal transcribed spacer sequencing analysis. Chromatographic profiles were obtained from high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the methanol and hot-water extracts of Atractylodes rhizomes and chemical differentiation of the rhizomes was carried out using chemometric statistical analyses such as principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis. The results from chromatographic profiles and chemometric analyses demonstrate that A. japonica rhizomes showed apparent chemical differences from A. macrocephala and A. chinensis rhizomes in the methanol extracts. In contrast, no clear distinction was apparent for the hot-water extracts of Atractylodes rhizomes, especially A. chinensis rhizomes. These results indicate that there is a clear chemical difference between A. japonica and A. macrocephala rhizomes; however, the chemical diversity of A. chinensis rhizome shows different chemical relationships with A. japonica or A. macrocephala rhizome, dependent on the chemical features.
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Corr, Brian E., and Richard E. Widmer. "Paclobutrazol, Gibberellic Acid, and Rhizome Size Affect Growth and Flowering of Zantedeschia." HortScience 26, no. 2 (February 1991): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.2.133.

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Growth and flowering of Zantedeschia elliottiana W. Wats. and Z. rehmannii Engl. were studied. Rhizomes of both species were produced either in a glasshouse or outdoors in California. Plants grown from glasshouse-produced rhizomes flowered within 90 days only when a preplant rhizome soak of 500 ppm GA, was applied. Control plants of both species flowered when grown from field-produced rhizomes, but a GA3 preplant rhizome soak significantly increased the number of flowers (spathe and spadix) produced. Paclobutrazol, applied as a preplant rhizome soak or as a soil drench when shoots were 2 to 3 cm long, significantly limited plant height of Z. rehmannii from either source if not treated with GA,. Paclobutrazol and GA, treatments interacted significantly to affect height and number of flowers of Z. rehmannii grown from field-produced rhizomes. Treatment with GA3 overcame the dwarfing effect of paclobutrazol, while paclobutrazol treatment limited flower production. Z. rehmannii rhizomes >6.5 cm in diameter produced more shoots and leaves than smaller rhizomes, regardless of GA3 treatment. Emergence, number of shoots, and number of leaves from Z. elliottiana were not significantly affected by the rhizome size-GA3 variable combination. Production of normal flowers was increased by GA3 treatment of all sizes of Z. rehmannii rhizomes except the smallest, with the most flowers being produced by plants from the largest rhizomes. Production of deformed flowers was greatest from rhizomes treated with 500 ppm GA3, with no deformed flowers on control plants.
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Corr, Brian E., and Richard E. Widmer. "Rhizome Storage Increases Growth of Zantedeschia elliottiana and Z. rehmannii." HortScience 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 1001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.1001.

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Abstract Zantedeschia elliottiana Engl. and Z. rehmannii W. Wats. rhizomes replanted immediately after leaf removal (without a period of storage) did not grow. Rhizomes replanted after leaf senescence, induced by withholding water, sprouted without an additional storage period, but height and number of leaves and shoots per rhizome were greater from rhizomes stored for ≥3 weeks. Rhizomes stored at 22°C for 6 weeks lost significantly more weight than rhizomes stored at 4° or 9°. Height and number of leaves and shoots per rhizome were greatest after 9° storage for both species, but differences were significant for Z. rehmannii only.
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Silalahi, Marina, Nisyawati, Endang C. Purba, Daichiro W. Abinawanto, and Riska S. Wahyuningtyas. "Ethnobotanical Study of Zingiberaceae Rhizomes as Traditional Medicine Ingredients by Medicinal Plant Traders in the Pancur Batu Traditional Market, North Sumatera, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2021): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v4i2.54.

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Traditional markets are places for buying and selling medicinal plants and are a source of ethnobotany research data. This study aims to determine the uses and characteristics of Zingiberaceae rhizomes have been used as traditional medicine and traded in the traditional market of Pancur Batu, North Sumatra. This research was conducted with an ethnobotany approach through surveys, interviews and observation participatory. The respondents are all medicinal plants traders in the Pancur Batu traditional market. The things that were asked of the traders included local names, special characters, benefits, and how to recognize the rhizome. The medicinal plant traders in the Pancur batu traditional market have been utilized and traded as many as 10 species of Zingiberaceae rhizome, most of them belonging Curcuma and Zingiber genera. The characteristics of rhizomes are recognized by traders through their size, color, and aroma. The cross-section of the rhizomes of each species is different in structure and color which is used as the main marker for each species. Rhizoma Zingiberaceae is used as the main ingredient for tawar (semi-solid medicinal herbs consumed by brewing), parem (solid medicinal ingredients), and oukup (traditional Karo sauna). The rhizome aroma of each species belonging Zingiberaceae is very distinctive which is related to the content of essential oils. The use of Zingiberaceae rhizomes as tawar and parem ingredients needs to be studied further so that they are developed into standardized herbs.
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Salachna, Piotr, Agnieszka Zawadzińska, Rafał Piechocki, and Andżelika Wośkowiak. "The growth and flowering of Rhodohypoxis baurii (Baker) Nel cultivars depending on rhizome weight." Folia Horticulturae 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2015-0027.

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Abstract Rhodohypoxis baurii is an ornamental plant recommended for pot and garden cultivation. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between rhizome weight and the growth, flowering and rhizome yield in two cultivars (‘Dusky’ and ‘Ruth’) of R. baurii grown as pot plants. The rhizomes were sorted into three groups by weight: 0.10-0.20 g, 0.21-0.30 g and 0.31-0.40 g. The study revealed that the plants developed from the largest rhizomes were the highest, the widest, produced the most leaves, inflorescences per rhizome, flowers per inflorescence and were the first to flower. The plants developed from rhizomes of 0.21-0.30 g and 0.31-0.40 g did not differ in their flowering rate, flower diameter or the weight of rhizomes at the end of the growing season. Flowers developed in all of the plants grown from rhizomes weighing at least 0.2 g. A comparison of cultivars showed that 'Dusky' plants were higher, wider, had more leaves, inflorescences and flowers per inflorescence, flowered earlier and produced rhizomes of greater weight than 'Ruth' plants, which had a higher greenness index and larger flowers. Both cultivars did not differ in their flowering rate. Rhizome weight gain after the cultivation period depended rather on the cultivar than on the size of the planted rhizomes.
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Harker, K. Neil, and John S. Taylor. "Chlormequat Chloride (CCC) Pretreatments May Enhance Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Control with Sethoxydim." Weed Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039580.

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Laboratory, greenhouse, and field experiments were conducted at the Lacombe Research Station to determine if CCC, ethephon, or CCC/ethephon had direct activity on quackgrass rhizome buds, and to determine if foliar applications of CCC/ethephon could predispose quackgrass to more effective control with sethoxydim. CCC, ethephon, and CCC/ethephon had growth regulating effects on the axillary buds and the apex of detached quackgrass rhizomes. CCC increased rhizome bud sprouting on rhizomes with the apex excised, but not on rhizomes with an intact apex. Ethephon or CCC/ethephon inhibited bud sprouting on rhizomes with an intact or excised apex. CCC/ethephon, but not CCC or ethephon alone, increased rhizome elongation on rhizomes with intact apices. In the greenhouse, pretreatments of CCC/ethephon increased sethoxydim activity on quackgrass rhizome buds and caused lower shoot emergence from one-bud rhizome segments. Results of field experiments were less consistent than those in the greenhouse. However, sometimes CCC or CCC/ethephon pretreatments resulted in increased quackgrass control in the field with sethoxydim.
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Moen, Jon, Pär K. Ingvarsson, and David WH Walton. "Estimates of structural complexity in clonal plant morphology: comparisons of grazed and ungrazed Acaena magellanica rhizomes." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 6 (October 30, 1999): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-047.

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The aim of this study is to examine the information given by various indices of rhizome morphology that describe grazed and ungrazed rhizome systems of Acaena magellanica (Rosaceae). Internode lengths, branching probabilities, and branching angles were estimated from grazed and ungrazed rhizomes in the field. These parameter values were then used in computer simulations of rhizome growth, and the structural complexity of the simulated rhizomes were described using size, topology, and fractal dimensions. Grazed rhizomes had shorter internodes, higher probabilities of branching, and more open branching angles than ungrazed rhizomes. This resulted in a more directional growth (herring-bone pattern) in the simulated ungrazed rhizomes, whereas the grazed rhizomes had a more space-filling growth pattern. Most indices, even though they are based on different mathematical and theoretical backgrounds, were highly correlated and thus equally good at describing the structural complexity exhibited by the rhizomes. However, indices have different relationships to theories about function, and we suggest that any study of structural complexity of branching systems should use several different indices of shape depending on the questions asked.Key words: Acaena magellanica, fractal dimension, grazing, growth simulation, topology.
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Kara, Nimet, and Gökhan Gürbüzer. "Effect of Harvest Times on Rhizoma Yield, Essential Oil Content and Composition in Iris germanica L. Species." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.707-713.2163.

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Research was conducted to examining the effects of harvest periods on root yield, essential oil content, resinoid content and essential oil composition of Iris species. Iris germanica field in Kuyucak town of Isparta which plant 3 years were constituted in 2016 year as three replications plots according to randomized block experimental design. Harvest was made in the middle each month from April to September (6 periods). Number of rhizomes weight, fresh rhizome yield, dry rhizome yield, essential oil ratio, resinoid ratio and composition in the Iris germanica were determined. In the study, differences between rhizome yield and examining characteristics of Iris germanica according to harvesting periods were statistically significant. Number of rhizomes varied between 3.27-6.47 per plant, rhizome weight 85.55-186.52 g per plant, fresh rhizome yield 972.8-1651.2 kg da-1, dry rhizome yield 212.33-457.50 kg da-1, essential oil and resinoid ratio of rhizome obtained after harvest 0.057-0.076%, 8.00-10.57% essential oil and resinoid ratio in stored rhizomes 0.10-0.14%, 6.95-10.45%, respectively. Rate of α-iron and ɣ-iron components that determine to qualities in essential oil of Iris rhizomes in after harvest varied between 16.1-27.7% and 23.4-50.8% and 29.4-31.2% and 55.2-59% in the essential oil stored rhizomes of Iris germanica, respectively.
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Kamal, M. Z. U., and M. N. Yousuf. "Effect of Organic Manures on Growth, Rhizome Yield and Quality Attributes of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11060.

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The investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of different organic manures on turmeric with reference to vegetative growth, biomass production, rhizome yield and its attributes of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Turmeric showed better response to the application of organic manures. Plant with neem cake application had the taller plant (79.30 cm), maximum number of tillers per plant (5.40), leaf number (5.40), leaf area (44.09) leaf area index (0.429), fresh weight of halum ( 190.05g), fresh weight of root (49.13 g), fresh weight of rhizome per plant (256.21 g) and dry weight of halum (15.21g), dry weight of root (7.32 g), dry weight of rhizome per plant (40.35 g), total dry matter yield (6.85 t ha-1) than those received other types of manures. Moreover, yield attributes such as number of mother rhizomes per plant-1 (1.75), more number of primary rhizomes per plant-1 (5.19), secondary rhizomes per plant-1 (18.03) and tertiary rhizomes per plant (7.69) were also highly accelerated by neem cake application. Similarly, the same treatment expressed the best in terms of size of mother rhizome (7.69 cm), primary rhizome (21.86 cm) and secondary rhizomes (7.05 cm).All these parameters in cumulative contributed to produce the highest estimated fresh rhizomes yield & cured rhizomes yield (29.48 t ha-1, 5.59 t ha-1 respectively). The highest curing percentage (20.28) was observed in T3 treatment having mustard cake@ 2.0 t/ha. Thus, organic manure like neem cake was best fitted natural fertilizer for turmeric cultivation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11060The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 16-22
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rhizomes"

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McCauley, Kym. "Collision/collusion : editing - rhizomes - hypertext /." requires logon and password, 1998. http://www.adfa.edu.au/kmthesis.

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Opalka, David W. "Carbohydrate status of in vitro grown trillium rhizomes." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 0.64 Mb., 101 p, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1432293.

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Tanti, Rose-Marie. "Hémisynthèse des irones à partir de rhizomes d'iris." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30050.

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Une nouvelle methode de preparation des irones est decrite. L'oxydation par le permanganate de potassium dans les conditions de transfert de phase de l'extrait lipidique de rhizomes frais d'iris pallida permet d'obtenir plus de deux grammes d'irones par kilogramme de rhizomes poids sec, ce qui correspond a environ cinq fois le rendement obtenu par la methode traditionnelle. De plus, le melange des irones forme est analogue a celui de l'absolue d'iris actuellement commercialisee. Les conditions operatoires optimales de cette reaction ont ete determinees: duree de la reaction, quantite d'oxydant, choix et quantite de catalyseur. L'etude de l'oxydation de differents melanges d'irones a permis de mettre en evidence une difference de reactivite de chacun des isomeres qui les composent. Des methodes de separation et de dosage des precurseurs des irones sont proposees. Elles constituent les etapes cles d'un test permettant d'evaluer la qualite d'un lot de rhizomes vis-a-vis de la production des irones
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Myers, Emily. "Of Rhizomes and Radio: Networking Indigenous Community Media in Oaxaca, Mexico." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20700.

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In the face of a shifting political climate in Latin America, movements for indigenous rights and autonomy are leveraging community media in new ways transcending the state-market binary. Through ethnographic research with Zapotec media producers in Oaxaca and the supportive organizations forming points of connection between radios and activists, I argue that the strength of the indigenous community media movement in Oaxaca, and its potential to build a movement to resist destructive state and market forces, is best explained by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari’s concept of the rhizome, which portrays Oaxacan indigenous media as a map of heterogeneous interconnections defying structural hierarchies and binaries. With this picture of a rhizomatic media movement, I demonstrate how radios have paved the way for innovations, revealing creative ways that indigenous groups are connecting with each other and the outside world, while asserting agency in their interactions with the market and the state.
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Roger, Benoît. "Contribution à l'étude des rhizomes, huiles essentielles et extraits d'Iris germanica L. Et d'Iris pallida Lam. Du Maroc." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4084.

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Ce mémoire est consacré à l’étude des rhizomes, huiles essentielles, et extraits d’Iris germanica L. Et d’I. Pallida Lam. Du Maroc. Une méthode de dosage direct des irones dans les rhizomes par HS-SPME/GC a tout d’abord été développée et comparée à une méthode de dosage plus classique (extraction solide / liquide suivie d’une quantification par GC) avant d’étudier l’évolution de la teneur en irones en fonction de la durée de stockage des rhizomes. L’étude de la composition chimique du résinoïde d’Iris germanica a ensuite été réalisée. Elle révèle notamment la présence dans le résinoïde de flavonoïdes, d’iridals, d’esters d’iridals, d’irones, d’acides gras, de stéroïdes, d’alcanes et de glucides. La composition chimique des résinoïdes d’Iris pallida a également été comparée ainsi que celle de résinoïdes d’Iris pallida obtenues à partir de rhizomes provenant de différentes origines géographiques. Cette étude a conduit à l’identification de trois isoflavones caractéristiques de l’Iris germanica (la nigricanine, l’iriflogénine et l’irisolidone) et de quatre composés caractéristiques de l’Iris pallida permettant également de distinguer l’origine géographique des rhizomes (l’iriflophénone, la 2,6,4’-trihydroxy-4-méthoxybenzophénone, la 8-hydroxyrigénine et la 2,3-dihydrorigénine). La composition chimique d’autres extraits d’Iris germanica (absolue, extrait éthanolique et extraits au CO2 supercritique) a également été comparée à celle du résinoïde. Enfin, la distillation et la qualité des différents beurres d’Iris du Maroc (Iris germanica et Iris pallida) ont été étudiés ainsi que la valorisation des sous-produits de la distillation. Nous contribuons ainsi à une meilleure connaissance des rhizomes, huiles essentielles et extraits des différents iris cultivés au Maroc
This report is dedicated to the chemical study of rhizomes, essential oil, and extracts of Iris germinaca L. And Iris pallida Lam. From Morocco. A method of direct quantification of irones in rhizomes by HS-SPME / GC is presented first and compared with a classical method (solid / liquid extraction followed by quantification by GC) before studying the evolution of the irones content according to the storage time of rhizomes. The study of the chemical composition of Iris germanica resinoid is then presented. It reveals the presence in the resinoid of flavonoids, iridals, iridals esters, irones, fatty acids, steroids, alkanes and carbohydrates. The comparison of Iris germanica and Iris pallida resinoids is also presented as well as that of iris pallida resinoid obtained from rhizomes resulting from various geographic origins. This study led to the identification of four characteristics compounds of the pallida species : the 2,6,4-‘’trihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, the 8-hydroxyirigenine, the 2,3-dihydroirigenine and the iriflophenone. These four compouds also allow distinguishing Iris pallida resinoids obtained from rhizomes of four geographic studied origins (Morocco, Italy,France and China). The chemical composition of others Iris germanica extracts (absolute, alcohol extract and supercritical CO2 extract) is also presented. Finally, the distillation and the quality of the butters of iris from Morocco is presented (Iris germanica and Iris pallida) and a possibility of valuation of the distillation by-products is proposed. In this way, we contribute to a better knowledge of rhizomes, essential oil and extracts of vaious iris cultivated in Morocco
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Shaerf, David. "Rhizomes and non-linear pathways : new approaches to narrative in the competitive hobbyist documentary." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3242.

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This PhD study will serve to question and explore questions and methods of narratology (more specifically narrative structure) within the construct of the documentary filmmaking process. The arguments that follow in the written section of this thesis will serve as a text that allows a synthesis between my practical work in the documentary film, The Love for the Game (2010), and the underlying narratological theories posited in this PhD submission. Ultimately, this thesis’ aim is to contribute to and expand upon theories of narrative structure within documentary film; a largely underdeveloped area within documentary theory. More specifically, the thesis is inspecting the genre of documentary which I am calling competitive hobbyist films: a group of films that has recently emerged within the documentary field of filmmaking which closely inspect niche interest groups within a competitive environment. The documentary titled The Love for the Game (2010), then, will document the community that surrounds the game of Backgammon (predominantly in the United States). Both the film and supporting text will look at new approaches to documentary practice within the competitive hobbyist genre. More specifically, an inspection of the film’s narrative structure serves to expand upon the competitive hobbyist genre and examine how the films within this genre are approached from a narratological perspective. I will conclude by illustrating how my research, looking specifically at alternative narrative structures, deploying non-linear, Rhizomatic forms, is relevant, not only to narrative fiction films, but also very much within documentary film. Moreover, I will illustrate how these non-linear forms have affected the way documentary filmmakers may approach the genre of competitive hobbyist documentaries.
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Gutt, Blake Ajax. "Rhizomes, parasites, folds and trees : systems of thought in medieval French and Catalan literary texts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278413.

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This thesis investigates conceptual networks —systems of organising, understanding and explaining thought and knowledge— and the ways in which they underlie both text and its mise en page across a range of thirteenth- and fourteenth-century French and Catalan literary texts and their manuscript witnesses. Each of the three chapters explores a separate corpus of texts, using two of four interrelated network theories: Michel Serres’ notion of parasites and hosts as the basic interconnecting units that combine to constitute all relational networks; the ubiquitous organizational tree; Gilles Deleuze’s concept of the fold as the primary factor in producing differentiation and identity; and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s unruly, anti-hierarchical and anti-arborescent rhizomatic systems. The first chapter engages primarily with parasites and trees; the second with trees and folds; and the third with folds and rhizomes. However, resonances with the other network theories are discussed as they occur, in order to demonstrate the fundamentally interconnected and often interchangeable nature of these systems. Each chapter includes close analysis of manuscript witnesses of the texts under discussion. The first chapter, ‘Saints Denis and Fanuel: Parasitism and Arborescence on the Manuscript Page’, examines parasitic and arboreal networks in two hagiographic texts: late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century prose redactions of the Vie de Saint Denis, and the thirteenth‐century hagiographic romance Li Romanz de Saint Fanuel. The second chapter, ‘Ramon Llull’s Folding Forests: The World, the Tree and the Book’, addresses arborescent and folding structures in Llull’s encyclopaedic Arbre de ciència [Tree of Science], composed between 1295 and 1296. The third chapter, ‘Transgender Genealogy: Turning, Folding and Crossing Gender’, considers three characters in medieval French texts who can be read as transgender: Saint Fanuel; the King of Torelore in Aucassin et Nicolette; and Blanchandin/e in Tristan de Nanteuil. The chapter explores the ways in which these characters’ queer trajectories can be understood through conceptions of directionality which relate to the fold and the rhizome.
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Pergent, Gérard. "Recherches lépidochronologiques chez posidonia océanica (potamogetonaceae) : fluctuation des paramètres anatomiques et morphologiques des écailles des rhizomes." Aix-Marseille 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX22111.

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L'epaisseur des ecailles (petiole persistant), presentent le long des rhizomes de posidonia oceanica, montre des variations cycliques en fonction de leur rang d'insertion. Le terme de lepidochronologie a ete propose pour definir l'etude de ces variations et des principaux phenomenes y afferant. Une telle etude a ete entreprise dans differentes localites de la mediterranee: banyuls-sur-mer et port-cros (france), urla-iskele (turquie), kerkennah et zembra (tunisie). L'etude phenologique des herbiers rencontres nous a permis de mieux apprehender leur structure. La densite des faisceaux au m**(2), la biometrie des feuilles, le coefficient "a", l'indice foliaire et le taux de floraison ont ete evalues. Dans certaines localites des prefeuilles atypiques ont pu etre decrites
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Pergent, Gérard. "Recherches lépidochronologiques chez Posidonia oceanica (Potamogetonaceae) fluctuations des paramètres anatomiques et morphologiques des écailles des rhizomes /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608764g.

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Shoko, Ryman. "A proteomic investigation of the rhizomes of the resurrection fern Mohria caffrorum L. (Desv.) in response to desiccation." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16779.

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Includes bibliographical references
As there is limited information on the mechanisms of vegetative desiccation-tolerance in resurrection plant rhizomes, this work was undertaken to study the mechanisms of desiccation-tolerance in Mohria caffrorum rhizomes. Fronds of this plant have been previously characterized as being desiccation-tolerant in summer and desiccation-sensitive in winter. Since fern rhizomes are perennial organs, it was of interest to establish whether these organs are also perennially desiccation-tolerant and, whether or not the rhizomes regulate desiccation-tolerance in the fronds. Ultra-structural evidence using transmission electron microscopy and viability studies using electrolyte leakage analysis showed that the rhizomes were desiccation-tolerant throughout the seasons. Quantitative proteomics analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification was employed to investigate molecular mechanisms of desiccation-tolerance in the rhizomes of this plant. Using a custom fern rhizome specific peptide sequence database, 236 proteins were identified. Of these, 16 proteins increased in abundance while 14 declined, in the summer collected rhizomes. On the other hand, 16 proteins increased in abundance and 20 declined in the winter form. Western blot analysis confirmed the expression trends of heat shock protein 70-2 and superoxide dismutase-[Cu-Zn], which were among the differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis of the differentially expressed proteins was carried out using network enrichment tools, to identify key molecular processes and pathways involved in the rhizome response to desiccation stress. Results indicate that the rhizomes use different molecular mechanisms to achieve desiccation-tolerance in winter and summer. Potential cross-talks and cross-tolerances were identified in which mechanisms protecting the rhizomes against desiccation-tolerance appeared to also protect them against heat stress, and in winter an apparent cross-talk against desiccation and pathogen stresses was also identified. This study is the first report of evidence that M.caffrorum rhizomes are the 'master-regulator organs' responsible for regulating desiccation-tolerance in the fronds. This role was inferred from the rhizome's predicted up-/down-regulation of biological processes and pathways that relate to leaf senescence, shoot system morphogenesis and gametophyte development, among others.
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Books on the topic "Rhizomes"

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Condamin, Andrée. Rhizomes. Québec (Québec): Éditions GID, 2015.

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Duncan, Kate. Contemporary Chicano literature: From roots to rhizomes. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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Pierre, Filion, David Claire, and Centre culturel canadien (Paris, France), eds. Le sang des promesses: Puzzle, racines et rhizomes. Montréal: Actes Sud / Leméac, 2009.

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Imagining literacy: Rhizomes of knowledge in American culture and literature. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

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P, Singh B. Production of disease free quality planting material propagated through tubers and rhizomes. Edited by Central Potato Research Institute (India). Shimla: Central Potato Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2011.

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How to create a spectacular garden through the year with bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes. London: Anness Publishing, 2005.

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Elliott, Douglas B. Wild roots: A forager's guide to the edible and medicinal roots, tubers, corms, and rhizomes of North America. Rochester, Vt: Healing Arts Press, 1995.

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Silva, Gerard, and Andreina Castillo. Diálogo 365: New Rhizomes Exhibition Catalogue. Fleisher Art Memorial, 2022.

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Fernandez, Ramona. Imagining Literacy: Rhizomes of Knowledge in American Culture and Literature. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2010.

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Fagerlid, Cicilie, and Michelle A. Tisdel. Literary Anthropology of Migration and Belonging: Roots, Routes, and Rhizomes. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rhizomes"

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Xia Probst, Freya. "Rhizomes." In Shared Habitats, 89–95. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839456477-006.

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Laga, Barry. "Cultivating rhizomes." In Using Key Passages to Understand Literature, Theory and Criticism, 108–16. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203710173-14.

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Gurr, Jens Martin. "Palimpsests, Rhizomes, Nodes." In Charting Literary Urban Studies, 52–83. New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111009-4.

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Brailas, Alexios. "Rhizomes, nomads, and complexity." In New Directions in Rhizomatic Learning, 98–116. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003376378-9.

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Ikechukwu, Gbasouzor Austin, and Sam Nna Omenyi. "Convective Drying of Ginger Rhizomes." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 83–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2191-7_7.

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Sharma, Sanjay. "Teaching Difference: Representations and Rhizomes." In Multicultural Encounters, 48–75. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599321_3.

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Best, Steven, and Douglas Kellner. "Deleuze and Guattari: Schizos, Nomads, Rhizomes." In Postmodern Theory, 76–110. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21718-2_3.

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Pluquailec, Jill. "Talking: The Rhizomes of Everyday Autism." In Dis/orientating Autism, Childhood, and Dis/ability, 123–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09274-9_6.

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Price, N. S. "Banana morphology — part I: roots and rhizomes." In Bananas and Plantains, 179–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0737-2_7.

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Smith, Christian. "Translating Orchids: Rhizomes in German Shakespeare Translation." In The Shakespearean International Yearbook, 231–43. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003227359-23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rhizomes"

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Sharma, Neha, Yugal Khajuria, Jitendra Sharma, Mohammad A. Gondal, Vinay Kumar, Y. Dwivedi, and Vivek K. Singh. "Spectroscopic analysis of rhizomes of black turmeric (Curcuma caesia)." In NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL PHYSICS (RAETP-2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5051292.

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Agustian, Bayu, and Maimunah. "Machine Learning Approach for Rhizomes Classification Based on Color." In 2nd Borobudur International Symposium on Science and Technology (BIS-STE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.210810.057.

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Kaur, Arshpreet, Navreet Saini, Ranjit Kaur, and Amitava Das. "Automatic classification of turmeric rhizomes using the external morphological characteristics." In 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2016.7732261.

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Bardot, V., A. Leblanc, I. Guinobert, L. Berthomier, I. Ripoche, M. Leremboure, P. Chalard, and M. Dubourdeaux. "Characterization of a standardized extract of fresh Curcuma Longa rhizomes." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400420.

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Laksmitawati, Dian, Diah Pratami, Wahyu Widowati, Hanna Kusuma, Cahyaning Wijayanti, Cintani Wahyuni, Ervi Afifah, and Rizal Rizal. "Antioxidant Properties of Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorriza Rhizomes." In International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering, and Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010745300003113.

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Voicu, Gheorghe, Gabriel-Alexandru Constantin, Petru Cardei, and Ion Cristian Poenaru. "Theoretical and experimental research in fuel consumption at miscanthus rhizomes planting." In 18th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2019.18.n403.

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Saini, Navreet, and Amitava Das. "An approach towards quality assessment of turmeric rhizomes using surface thermal profiles." In 2016 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacci.2016.7732260.

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Kurkin, V. A., and T. K. Ryazanova. "CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF STANDARDIZATION OF RHIZOMES AND ROOTS OF RHODIOLA ROSEA L." In 90 лет - от растения до лекарственного препарата: достижения и перспективы. Москва: Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт лекарственных и ароматических растений", 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52101/9785870191003_2021_245.

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Laksmitawati, Dian Ratih, Wahyu Widowati, Hana Sari Widya Kusuma, Diah Kartika Pratami, Cahyaning Riski Wijayanti, Cintani Dewi Wahyuni, Ervi Afifah, and Rizal Rizal. "Antioxidant Potency of Kaempferia galanga Linn and Zingiber officinale var. Rubra rhizomes." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Health, Instrumentation & Measurement, and Natural Sciences (InHeNce). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inhence52833.2021.9537220.

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Diastuti, Hartiwi, Purwati, Suwandri, Sri Indriani, Restu Pamukasari, and Oto Dwi Wibowo. "Brine shrimp lethality bioassay of Zingiber zerumbet and Z. cassumunar rhizomes extracts." In VIII INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL CONFERENCE “INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ENGINEERING” (ICITE 2021). AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0103680.

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Reports on the topic "Rhizomes"

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Kasper, G. J., J. C. van der Kolk, and J. C. van der Putten. Samenstelling van blad, stengel en rhizomen in relatie tot optimaal oogst-tijdstip van Miscanthus x giganteus. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/414498.

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van Sambeek, Dana M., Thomas E. Weber, Brian J. Kerr, Johannes van Leeuwen, and Nicholas K. Gabler. Evaluation of Rhizopus oligosporus Yeast Supplementation on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Nursery Pigs. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1226.

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Cen, Mingzheng, and Yuhua Zhao. Clinical efficacy of Asari Radix et Rhizoma preparations for asthma in adults: a protocol for systemic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0023.

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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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Crowley, David, Yitzhak Hadar, and Yona Chen. Rhizosphere Ecology of Plant-Beneficial Microorganisms. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695843.bard.

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Rhizoferrin, a siderophore produced by Rhizopus arrhizus, has been shown in previous studies to be an outstanding Fe carrier to plants. However, calculations based on stability constants and thermodynamic equilibrium lead to contradicting conclusions. In this study a kinetic approach was employed to elucidate this apparent contradiction and to determine the behavior of rhizoferrin under conditions representing soil and nutrient solutions. Stability of Fe3+ complexes in nutrient solution, rate of metal exchange with Ca, and rate of Fe extraction by the free ligand were monitored for rhizoferrin and other chelating agents by 55Fe labeling. Ferric complexes of rhizoferrin, desferri-ferrioxamine-B (DFOB), and ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA) were found to be stable in nutrient solution at pH 7.5 for 31 days, while ferric complexes of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mugineic acid (MA) lost 50% of the chelated Fe within 2 days. Fe-Ca exchange in Ca solutions at pH 8.7 revealed rhizoferrin to hold Fe at non-equilibrium state for 3-4 weeks at 3.3 mM Ca and for longer periods at lower Ca concentrations. EDTA lost the ferric ion at a faster rate under the same conditions. Fe extraction from freshly prepared Fe-hydroxide at pH 8.7 and with 3.2 mM Ca was slow and followed the order. DFOB > EDDHA > MA > rhizoferrin > EDTA. Based on these results we suggest that a kinetic rather than equilibrium approach should be the basis for predictions of Fe-chelates efficiency. We conclude that the non-equilibrium state of rhizoferrin is of crucial importance for its behavior as a Fe carrier to plants.
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Irudayaraj, Joseph, Ze'ev Schmilovitch, Amos Mizrach, Giora Kritzman, and Chitrita DebRoy. Rapid detection of food borne pathogens and non-pathogens in fresh produce using FT-IRS and raman spectroscopy. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587221.bard.

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Rapid detection of pathogens and hazardous elements in fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest requires the use of advanced sensor technology at each step in the farm-to-consumer or farm-to-processing sequence. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the complementary Raman spectroscopy, an advanced optical technique based on light scattering will be investigated for rapid and on-site assessment of produce safety. Paving the way toward the development of this innovative methodology, specific original objectives were to (1) identify and distinguish different serotypes of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, (2) develop spectroscopic fingerprint patterns and detection methodology for fungi such as Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (3) to validate a universal spectroscopic procedure to detect foodborne pathogens and non-pathogens in food systems. The original objectives proposed were very ambitious hence modifications were necessary to fit with the funding. Elaborate experiments were conducted for sensitivity, additionally, testing a wide range of pathogens (more than selected list proposed) was also necessary to demonstrate the robustness of the instruments, most crucially, algorithms for differentiating a specific organism of interest in mixed cultures was conceptualized and validated, and finally neural network and chemometric models were tested on a variety of applications. Food systems tested were apple juice and buffer systems. Pathogens tested include Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitis, Shigella boydii, Staphylococus aureus, Serratiamarcescens, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Hafniaalvei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. coli (O103, O55, O121, O30 and O26), Aspergillus niger (NRRL 326) and Fusarium verticilliodes (NRRL 13586), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 24859), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 11443), Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora and Clavibacter michiganense. Sensitivity of the FTIR detection was 103CFU/ml and a clear differentiation was obtained between the different organisms both at the species as well as at the strain level for the tested pathogens. A very crucial step in the direction of analyzing mixed cultures was taken. The vector based algorithm was able to identify a target pathogen of interest in a mixture of up to three organisms. Efforts will be made to extend this to 10-12 key pathogens. The experience gained was very helpful in laying the foundations for extracting the true fingerprint of a specific pathogen irrespective of the background substrate. This is very crucial especially when experimenting with solid samples as well as complex food matrices. Spectroscopic techniques, especially FTIR and Raman methods are being pursued by agencies such as DARPA and Department of Defense to combat homeland security. Through the BARD US-3296-02 feasibility grant, the foundations for detection, sample handling, and the needed algorithms and models were developed. Successive efforts will be made in transferring the methodology to fruit surfaces and to other complex food matrices which can be accomplished with creative sampling methods and experimentation. Even a marginal success in this direction will result in a very significant breakthrough because FTIR and Raman methods, in spite of their limitations are still one of most rapid and nondestructive methods available. Continued interest and efforts in improving the components as well as the refinement of the procedures is bound to result in a significant breakthrough in sensor technology for food safety and biosecurity.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.

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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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