Journal articles: 'Rhinoceroses Breeding New South Wales'

1

Brennan, JP, LG Lewin, GR Marshall, and RF Reinke. "An economic assessment of rice breeding in New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940889.

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An economic assessment is made of the rice-breeding program at Yanco, New South Wales. The achievements of the breeding program over the past 30 years are identified and quantified. The economic assessment considers current investment in the breeding program and analyses the likelihood of the program achieving sufficient gains through breeding to justify that investment on economic grounds. We estimate the rate of improvement in yield and quality that would give the required increase in the industry's value of production. Based on the contribution of new varieties to past gains, the future gains needed through breeding to accomplish satisfactory economic returns are achievable. However, the analysis highlights the need for focused breeding efforts to maximise the returns from the breeding program.

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Brickhill, John. "Breeding Success of MalleefowlLeipoa ocellatain Central New South Wales." Emu - Austral Ornithology 87, no. 1 (March 1987): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9870042.

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3

Dungey, H. S., J. T. Brawner, F. Burger, M. Carson, M. Henson, P. Jefferson, and A. C. Matheson. "A New Breeding Strategy for Pinus radiata in New Zealand and New South Wales." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2009): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0004.

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Abstract A new breeding strategy is presented for the Radiata Pine Breeding Company, a New Zealand based research consortium, that drives the breeding program for Pinus radiata for both the New Zealand and New South Wales based Australian forest plantation industry. The new strategy builds on the existing base for P. radiata, and on the last strategy review in 2000. The new strategy comprises a large open-pollinated (OP) Main Population (MP) with 500 female parents and two sublines (250 female parents per subline). The MP will be tested using alpha designs, single-tree plots and incomplete blocks to maximise efficiency. Each subline will be tested on four sites, geographically distant from the other subline. The MP will be managed in discrete generations. Selection of the next generation will be using a combination of backward and forward selection, but the strict control of inbreeding with identified lineage will rely on the development of parental reconstruction for OP progeny. There are alternatives to this, however, such as estimating the group coancestry and accepting some additional increase in inbreeding. This is a new and significant departure from previous breeding strategies for P. radiata in New Zealand. There will also be a single, small Elite Population (EP), tested 50% as progeny and 50% as clones. Twenty four parents will be tested each year as clones and 24 as seedling progeny with some overlap between the two. It is expected that the clonal population will capture the greatest gains in traits with low heritabilities, and the half-sib progeny will capture the greatest gains in traits with high heritabilities. The two sublines will be maintained in the EP, and breeding will be managed as a rolling front with trials established every year, while trials of the MP will be established every 10 years.

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Rogers, T., G. Eldershaw, and E. Walraven. "Reproductive success of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, on Lion Lsland, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950709.

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Little penguins, Eudyptula minor, were once common along the Sydney coastline; however, today almost all breeding penguins in the region are found on a small island in the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. During a four-year study, the reproductive success of breeding birds on Lion Island was higher and less variable than that reported from other areas. The early commencement of breeding, and the high and stable breeding success during the study suggested that the colony had access to an abundant and stable food source. In addition, success was not reduced by introduced predators and human disturbance is relatively low. However, continued monitoring will be required to gain accurate information on the long-term viability of this colony as penguin breeding success is known to fluctuate widely between years.

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Briggs, SV, and MT Maher. "Limnological studies of waterfowl habitat in south-western New South Wales. II. Aquatic macrophyte productivity." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850707.

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Aquatic macrophyte productivity and soil organic matter were measured in two impermanent wetlands in south-western New South Wales. Macrophyte biomasses (≤463 g dry wt m-2) were similar to or higher than those in submerged communities elsewhere. Macrophyte productivities in both wetlands were greatest in the year following reflooding. But even in that year, macrophyte productivity in Lake Merrimajeel (the only wetland for which data are available) was considerably less than soil organic reserves before reflooding. It is suggested that these soil organic reserves directly contribute to the relationship between wetland flooding and waterfowl breeding, while macrophytes contribute indirectly by providing detritus for invertebrates. It is recommended that wetlands managed for waterfowl breeding should periodically dry out and reflood.

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Oliver, Damon L. "Activity budget of the regent honeyeater, Xanthomyza phrygia, in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 49, no. 6 (2001): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00034.

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One of the suggested reasons for the decline of the endangered regent honeyeater, Xanthomyza phrygia, is a decrease in foraging efficiency and increase in competition for resources due to the loss, fragmentation and degradation of woodlands and other habitats in south-eastern Australia. This study investigated the general behaviour of regent honeyeaters over 26 months during breeding and non-breeding seasons at three distinct locations in northern New South Wales. At the three locations, regent honeyeaters spent, on average, 43–52% of total time foraging, 22–40% resting, 6–10% flying, and 1.8–2.9% involved in aggression. In the Bundarra–Barraba region, regent honeyeaters spent 24% of total time breeding. In 1994 in the Warrumbungle National Park, birds that fed primarily on nectar spent more time in aggressive acts than birds that fed mostly on lerp. In 1995 in the Bundarra–Barraba region, nectar-feeding birds spent significantly less time foraging and more time in aggressive acts than lerp-feeding birds. In 1994, regent honeyeaters at Howes Valley spent less time foraging and in aggression and greater time resting in the afternoon than at other times of the day. In 1996 in the Bundarra–Barraba region, birds spent the greatest amount of time in aggressive acts and the least amount of time resting in the morning compared with other times of the day. Non-breeding regent honeyeaters in the Bundarra–Barraba region spent more time foraging, less time resting and less time in aggression in 1995 than in 1996. Non-breeding birds, on average, chased other birds 12.5 times per hour compared with an average of 20 times for breeding birds. Regent honeyeaters displayed a behavioural repertoire and proportion of time in different activities that is typical of other honeyeaters. Overall, this study showed that regent honeyeaters are not consistently or frequently suffering from a lack of, or problems with access to, food.

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Priddel, D., N. Carlile, C. Davey, and P. Fullagar. "The status of Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera, on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950601.

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Gould's petrel, Pterodroma leucoptera leucoptera, breeds only on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Annual surveys to estimate the size of the breeding population and the reproductive output were conducted between 1989 and 1992. Annual estimates of the total number of pairs breeding in the two gullies containing the main population were between 122 +/- 20 (s.e.) and 202 +/- 26. Breeding success was less than 20% between 1989 and 1991, but rose to 24.7% in 1992. This marginal improvement may be the result of management action undertaken to reduce mortality of breeding adults and fledglings. The total population is estimated to have declined from 2004 (95% confidence limits: 1464,3185) in 1970 to 1479 (1250,1815) in 1992, a decline of 26% in 22 years. The reasons for this decline are unclear.

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Briggs, SV, MT Maher, and SM Carpenter. "Limnological studies of waterfowl habitat in south-western New South Wales. I. Water chemistry." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 1 (1985): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850059.

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Water chemistry in two impermanent wetlands in inland south-westem New South Wales was studied as part of a larger investigation into the relationship between water level rises and waterfowl breeding in such wetlands. Ionic dominances, nutrient levels and relationships between nutrient or ion and wetland, season, water level and moisture regime are considered. Sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride concentrations, conductivity and pH were inversely related to water level. Total loads of iron, phosphate, nitrate and sulfate increased as the wetlands flooded during wetting phases. Nitrate and phosphate levels in experimental tanks also peaked after flooding. The effect of wetland drying and reflooding on nutrient availability is discussed.

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9

Oliver, Damon L. "The breeding behaviour of the endangered regent honeyeater, Xanthomyza phrygia, near Armidale, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 2 (1998): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97028.

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The regent honeyea ter, Xanthomyza phrygia, is an endangered woodland bird whose range and population size have decreased in the last thirty years. Suggested reasons for this decline include abnormal breeding behaviour, poor reproductive output, and excessive inter- and intra-specific aggression. This study investigated the breeding behaviour and aggressive interactions of regent honeyeaters during the nest construction, incubation, nestling, and fledgling stages in two consecutive breeding seasons in the Bundarra–Barraba region near Armidale, New South Wales. The female was entirely responsible for nest construction and incubation, which is typical of many honeyeaters. Both parents fed the nestlings, and at a similar rate, although only the female brooded chicks on the nest. Both parents fed the fledglings. The mean frequency at which nestlings (23 times per hour) and fledglings (29 times per hour) were fed is the highest published rate of any non-cooperative honeyeater. Breeding males were involved in significantly more aggressive interactions with conspecifics and other nectarivores than were females, although the overall percentage of day-time spent in aggression for both sexes was low (2.5%). It appears that abnormal breeding behaviour, poor reproductive effort, or excessive aggression are not experienced by this species in northern New South Wales, and that other factors are likely to be responsible for its current low population level.

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Rawsthorne, John. "Presence and breeding of the Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater in central New South Wales." Australian Field Ornithology 33 (2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo33097101.

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Ramsay, E. P. "Notes on the Birds breeding in the Neighbourhood of Sydney, New South Wales." Ibis 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb08149.x.

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Shaughnessy, PD, SV Briggs, and R. Constable. "Observations on Seals at Montague Island, New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01001.

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Australian fur-seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus and New Zealand fur-seals A. forsteri haul-out (come ashore) at the north end of Montague Island. They were counted from study boats on 82 occasions during nine trips to the island, each of about one week, between November 1997 and November 1998, and in July 1999 and April 2000. Highest numbers were recorded between August and October 1998, and more animals were ashore during 1997 and 1998 than Irvine et al. (1997) observed in 1993 and 1994. The maximum number of A. p. doriferus recorded ashore in this study was 540 in October 1998, compared with a little over 300 observed in September 1993. There are reports of a few fur-seal pups on Montague Island. An A. forsteri pup born there in the 1999/2000 summer survived for at least 4 months. Nevertheless, the island should be considered as supporting haul-out sites rather than breeding sites. A Subantarctic fur-seal A. tropicalis and an Australian sea-lion Neophoca cinerea were also recorded during the study. Seven juvenile A. p. doriferus were observed ashore with manmade debris (straps or portions of a trawl net) around their necks. Fur-seals at Montague Island generate interest because of tourism and interactions with local fisheries. Trends in their abundance should be monitored annually in March, for which there is a long-term data set, and in October, when they are most abundant.

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Lenz, Michael. "Mass-breeding by Hoary-headed Grebes Poliocephalus poliocephalus at Lake Bathurst, New South Wales." Australian Field Ornithology 36 (2019): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo36158162.

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Kavanagh, Rodney P. "The Breeding Biology and Diet of the Masked OwlTyto novaehollandiaeNear Eden, New South Wales." Emu - Austral Ornithology 96, no. 3 (September 1996): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9960158.

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Brickhill, J. "An Aerial Survey of Nests of Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata Gould (Megapodidae) in Central New South Wales." Wildlife Research 12, no. 2 (1985): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850257.

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Malleefowl nests were surveyed by air, in six breeding seasons, in Round Hill Nature Reserve in central New South Wales. A technique for marking the nests from a helicopter so that they can be easily relocated was used. In an area of 20 800 ha, a total of 19 1 old nests were marked, only three nests being used for breeding in 1979-80. Correction factors from a ground survey show that about 43% of the nests present were found in 22 days aerial survey. The results show a very low population of malleefowl on Round Hill Nature Reserve and suggest a decline in the population in the last few decades.

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Egan, EA, and DT Anderson. "Laval development of the Megabalanine Balanomorph Austromegabalanus nigrescens (Lamarck) (Cirripedia, Balanidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 4 (1987): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870511.

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The presence of embryos in the mantle cavity of A. nigrescens was monitored over a 2-year period. A, nigrescens maintains some breeding individuals throughout the year but shows peak breeding during the late autumn, winter and early spring in the vicinity of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The larval stages of A. nigrescens are described from larvae reared in the laboratory. A. nigrescens larvae can be easily distinguished from other nauplii described from balanomorphs of New South Wales by their distinctive marginal spines and paired dorsal shield spines. The duration of larval development in A. nigrescens, 13-23 days, is similar to that of other Australian balanids and does not appear to accord with the concept that the distribution of Austromegabalanus species has involved long-range epiplanktonic dispersal. The separation of Austromegabaianus, Notomegabalanus and Megabalanus is supported by larva! differences.

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Daly, Garry. "The distribution and status of the Giant Burrowing Frog Heleioporus australiacus in the Shoalhaven region of south-eastern New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 40, no. 2 (December 2019): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.011.

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Surveys were conducted for the Giant Burrowing Frog Heleioporus australiacus within 50 km of Nowra, on the south coast of New South Wales using a variety of methods. Thirty-eight 250 m transects were surveyed at night for 30 min each and 0–12 adult frogs were detected during these searches. Additional diurnal searches for tadpoles proved to be the most efficient method to detect the species and locate breeding sites. Of 102 sites surveyed, fragmented populations were found at 27 by the presence of tadpoles and adult frogs. The vegetation at these sites was woodland and open forest with a dense shrublayer of heath, but was often ecotonal. Forty-six percent of the sites were within 100 m of cliff edges/waterfalls. The lithology of sites where the frog was found varied from Hawkesbury, Nowra and Snapper Point sandstones. The exception was a population south of Ulladulla that occurs on undifferentiated sediments, but at that site exposed sandstone and a sandy overlay was present. The location of tadpoles indicated that adults were highly selective of the section of drainage line used for breeding. Often these sites consisted of a few small pools in non-perennial creeks. Breeding behaviour was associated with late summer and autumn rain, but in some sites reproduction did not occur annually. Based on distribution and habitat preference, the region has five discrete populations. Urban development has fragmented populations.

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Semeniuk, M., F. Lemckert, and R. Shine. "Breeding-site selection by cane toads (Bufo marinus) and native frogs in northern New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 34, no. 1 (2007): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06112.

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Previous research on cane toads (Bufo marinus) has documented non-random selection of breeding sites by this invasive species. In the wet–dry tropics of the Northern Territory, toads selected spawning sites in open areas with gently sloping banks and shallow water. If consistent, such biases may present opportunities for toad control via waterbody manipulation – but first we need to know whether such criteria for spawning-site selection (1) are consistent across other parts of the toad’s extensive Australian range, and (2) differ from those of native anurans breeding at the same waterbodies. We quantified the attributes of potential and actual spawning-sites in north-eastern New South Wales, in temperate-zone habitat where cane toads have been present for many decades; our study area thus differs in many ways from the previously studied tropical site. We compared habitat and water chemistry variables between 23 cane toad breeding sites and 23 nearby unused sites. To examine habitat use at an even finer scale, we conducted nocturnal surveys of microhabitat use by calling male toads and native anurans. Our results revealed that cane toads in this region were highly selective in their choice of breeding sites, and that the criteria they used in this respect were similar to those used by toads in the Northern Territory. Calling male cane toads also used microhabitats non-randomly within each pond, apparently based on similar criteria to those used when selecting among ponds. Toads differed significantly from native anurans in these respects, suggesting that it may be feasible to manipulate waterbody attributes to impact on invasive toads without disrupting reproduction by native anurans.

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J. S. Debus, S. "Breeding-habitat and nest-site characteristics of Scarlet Robins and Eastern Yellow Robins near Armidale, New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 12, no. 4 (2006): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc060261.

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I studied the selection of breeding habitat and nest microhabitat in Scarlet Robins Petroica multicolor and Eastern Yellow Robins Eopsaltria australis, in remnant woodland on the New England Tablelands of New South Wales in 2000?2002. Yellow Robins used breeding territories (n = 10) with significantly higher densities of rough-barked saplings, acacias and other (non-Acacia) shrubs than Scarlet Robin breeding territories (n = 10) and plots lacking Yellow Robins (n = 7). Yellow Robins nested mostly in gully and lower-slope positions, with a southerly aspect, >40 m from the woodland edge, whereas Scarlet Robins nested mostly on upper slopes and ridges, with no preferred minimum distance from the woodland edge. Most Yellow Robin nests (86% of 58) had overhead foliage within 1 m, shielding them from above, whereas over half (58% of 54) of Scarlet Robin nests were in unconcealed positions. Yellow Robin nests had significantly greater density of cover, and the surrounding habitat was more complex, than for Scarlet Robin nests, in 0.13-ha plots centred on the nest. Breeding success and fledgling survival in the Yellow Robin were positively related to the density of acacias, non-Acacia shrubs and rough-barked saplings (but not gum saplings) in breeding territories. Fledging success and juvenile survival in the Yellow Robin were also positively related to habitat complexity around nest-sites (but not distance to nearest cover, or items of cover within 20 m). Scarlet Robins had exposed nests and suffered high nest predation, with too few successful nests for comparison with unsuccessful nests. Habitat conservation for the Yellow Robin should address the complexity of the ground, shrub and sapling layer in woodland remnants; that for the Scarlet Robin may need to address foraging substrate and ecologically based control of nest predators.

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Rourke, Jeremy, and Stephen Debus. "The breeding cycle of a pair of Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus in New South Wales." Australian Field Ornithology 33 (2016): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo33151155.

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Debus, S. J. S., J. E. Dunne, J. P. Hosking, K. Jones, D. A. Kane, C. J. Kane, G. I. Mitchell, and T. Stewart. "Breeding behaviour of a pair of Spotted Harriers Circus assimilis near Tamworth, New South Wales." Australian Field Ornithology 39 (2022): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo39019030.

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A pair of breeding Spotted Harriers Circus assimilis was observed in an agricultural environment near Tamworth, New South Wales, in winter–spring 2020 for 290 hours over 68 days from pre-laying and incubation to the post-fledging period. Laying occurred at the end of June, hatching at the beginning of August and fledging in mid September. Only the female incubated and brooded, and the male supplied all prey from the incubation period to late in Week 3 of the nestling period, after which the female contributed. Two chicks fledged of three that hatched; there was some sibling competition for food. The incubation period lasted 34 ± 1 days, and the nestling period 43 days for the older (female) chick and c. 40 days for the younger (male) chick. Prey consisted of ground-dwelling small mammals, birds and reptiles that are typical of agricultural land. The male’s prey-delivery rate to the incubating female was 0.22 item/h. Overall, the male delivered 0.31 item/h and the female 0.09 item/h to the nestlings, for a combined average of 0.4 item/h, peaking in the pre-fledging fortnight. The combined rate in the post-fledging period was 0.39 item/h (Week 1), declining to 0.16 item/h to the fledglings in Week 2 when only the male delivered prey and the adult female consumed some of his catch. Estimated biomass delivered ranged between ~20 and ~100 g/item (often 20–50 g/item). Breeding behaviour and nestling/fledgling growth and development are described. The juveniles appeared to be dependent or partly so for at least 3 weeks, and apparently roosted in the nest area in Week 4, after which they could not be located.

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Geering, David, and Kristine French. "Breeding Biology of the Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia in the Capertee Valley, New South Wales." Emu - Austral Ornithology 98, no. 2 (June 1998): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu98011.

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Lemckert, Francis Laurence. "Managing pond-breeding anurans in the selectively harvested forests of coastal New South Wales, Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 262, no. 7 (October 2011): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.014.

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Saunders, G. "The Demography of Feral Pigs (Sus Scrofa) in Kosciusko National Park, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 20, no. 5 (1993): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930559.

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The demography of a sub-alpine population of feral pigs was examined at Kosciusko National Park in south-eastern New South Wales. Reproductive data and age structures indicated a seasonal pattern of breeding, most births occurring in summer and autumn. It is proposed that a decreasing availability of high protein food in the autumn and winter months caused reduced rates of conception. Sows produced 0.84 litters per year with postnatal mortality as high as 85%. The population appeared relatively stable at a density of 1.6 pigs kg-2. Hunting, although illegal in a national park, removed 4.4-15.4% of pigs each year. The overall health and body condition of pigs was good, with no evidence of heavy parasitic burdens or disease. Age-specific body weight and body length in this study were greater than those reported for pigs in semi-arid wester New South Wales.

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Lane, L. A., J. F. Ayres, J. V. Lovett, and R. D. Murison. "Morphological characteristics and agronomic merit of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99152.

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Aset of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) populations collected from old pasture sites in northern New South Wales was characterised in situ at the collection sites and under uniform glasshouse conditions, and then evaluated for agronomic merit in the field. The data were examined to determine whether ecotype development through genetic differentiation had occurred in these white clover populations, and to assess their potential value for future breeding. Environmental conditions at the collection sites represented a wide diversity of rainfall, altitude, soil type, companion grass, and grazing intensity conditions. The populations generally were found to be medium-leaf and mid- to late-flowering and derived from early New Zealand introductions to Australia. The populations showed significant (P < 0.05) variation in morphological characteristics (leaf size and stolon characters) and this variation was expressed in all 3 environments. It was concluded that significant genetic differentiation affecting stolon and flowering characteristics had occurred, with implications for agronomic value. A small cluster of the populations was found to possess useful characteristics for white clover breeding where persistence in dryland environments is the primary breeding objective.

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Baxter, GS, and PG Fairweather. "Comparison of the Diets of Nestling Cattle Egrets and Intermediate Egrets in the Hunter Valley, New-South-Wales." Wildlife Research 16, no. 4 (1989): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890395.

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The foods of Ardeola ibis coromandus and Egretta intermedia plumijera were determined from boluses regurgitated by chicks. There were 61 boluses collected from A. ibis and 33 from E. intermedia over four breeding seasons. A. ibis ate orthopteran insects (66% bulk weight) with fewer vertebrates (23%). E. intermedia relied on vertebrates (69%), mainly fish (58%), but also ate orthopterans (22%). Each species was largely opportunistic in its feeding but probably selected different habitats in which to forage. From the small dietary overlap revealed in this study, we conclude that interspecific competition for food was unlikely during the 1985-1987 breeding seasons.

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Hardner, Craig, João Costa e Silva, Emlyn Williams, Noel Meyers, and Cameron McConchie. "Breeding New Cultivars for the Australian Macadamia Industry." HortScience 54, no. 4 (April 2019): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13286-18.

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In 2017, five new cultivars specifically selected for Australian conditions were released. These were developed from an improvement program initiated by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in the early 1990s. Progeny seeds were produced by crossing industry standard cultivars with other cultivars with elite kernel production per unit projected canopy area. Seedlings were planted at two densities (2 m and 4 m along rows) in field trials at Bundaberg in 1997 and 1998, and Northern New South Wales in late 1997, along with replicated plants of parents grafted onto seedling rootstocks. Trials were assessed for commencement of flowering, growth, yield, kernel recovery, and components of kernel quality over 8 years. Best linear unbiased predictions of clonal values were obtained for each individual progeny using a pedigree-based mixed linear model. A bio-economic model was used to estimate economic weights for a selection index of clonal values to identify elite candidates. Final approval of 20 candidates for second-stage assessment was made by an industry committee using selection index rankings and observations of tree field performance and kernel quality.

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Weerheim, Marieke S., Nicholas I. Klomp, Arend M. H. Brunsting, and Jan Komdeur. "Population size, breeding habitat and nest site distribution of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) on Montague Island, New South Wales." Wildlife Research 30, no. 2 (2003): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02115.

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The distribution of little penguin nest sites on Montague Island, New South Wales, was examined in relation to vegetation type, distance to landing sites and local footpaths. Nest site density was negatively correlated with distance to landing sites and positively correlated with distance to footpaths. The latter may be related to disturbance. Comparisons with the transect data of previous years showed a significant shift in nest distribution away from areas dominated by dense kikuyu grass. In October 2000, the little penguin population on Montague Island was estimated at 5000 breeding pairs. However, repeat surveys in November and December showed that single counts underestimate the actual size of the breeding population. This study has demonstrated the value of line transects to examine the relationship between little penguins and their breeding habitat. Transect surveys on Montague Island should continue in future years to monitor the effects of ongoing vegetation changes on nest distribution and population size.

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Meek, Paul D., and Glen Saunders. "Home range and movement of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in coastal New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 6 (2000): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98030.

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Data on the home range and activity of 14 foxes was collected from coastal habitat in Jervis Bay, New South Wales during 1993–95. Radio-collared foxes had a mean home range of 135 ha and core activity areas of 23 ha (determined by the Minimum Convex Polygon method). There were no significant differences in the home ranges of male and female foxes. The home ranges of some foxes shifted throughout the study. Some animals went on long forays beyond their normal range. All animals displayed nocturnal activity patterns except during the breeding season or after long spells of wet weather when some foraging occurred during daylight hours. The information collected in this study is discussed in the context of fox control.

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RECHER, H. F., R. P. KAVANAGH, J. M. SHIELDS, and P. LIND. "Ecological association of habitats and bird species during the breeding season in southeastern New South Wales." Austral Ecology 16, no. 3 (September 1991): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1991.tb01062.x.

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Debus, S. J. S. "Breeding and population parameters of robins in a woodland remnant in northern New South Wales, Australia." Emu - Austral Ornithology 106, no. 2 (June 2006): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu04013.

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32

Bomford, M. "Food and reproduction of wild house mice. 1. Diet and breeding seasons in various habitats on irrigated cereal farms in New South Wales." Wildlife Research 14, no. 2 (1987): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870183.

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The diet and breeding seasons of house mice, Mus musculus L., were monitored for 16 months in six habitats on two cereal farms: fields of barley, wheat, sorghum and rice stubble, and contour banks in rice fields, and channel banks. In all habitats mice were mainly granivorous. Because of rotational cropping and irrigation, seeds were available in different habitats in each season and this was reflected in the diets. Cereal grains spilt at harvest and other stale seeds were the main food in the nonbreeding season. It is proposed that the low quality of this food limited breeding. When milk-ripe grass seeds became available, mice switched to this fresh food, and started breeding about 1 month later. The onset of breeding was asynchronous between different habitats; this suggests that time of onset of breeding was determined by availability of food.

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33

Herring, M. R., and L. O'Brien. "A regional adaptation analysis of oats in New South Wales and southern Queensland for grain yield and dry matter production." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00016.

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A regional adaptation analysis was conducted to identify oat genotypes with potential for release as varieties or use as parents in breeding programs for New South Wales (NSW) and southern Queensland. This analysis used 5 trial sites (Toowoomba, Moree, Narrabri, Armidale, Temora) and was conducted over 3 years using 71 oat (Avena sp.) genotypes. Genotypes were selected to represent various phenology types from early to late maturing as well as being representative of a variety of end uses including grain, grazing, dual purpose, and naked oats. Australian breeding lines and varieties composed most of the genotypes in the analysis; however, overseas material was also included. Multivariate analysis indicated that the area studied could be divided into 2 subregions. The northern sites of Toowoomba, Moree, and Narrabri were in one cluster, whereas Temora and Armidale formed another. Genotypes formed groups which were largely related to their phenology. Results indicated that there was a group of genotypes which produced above average grain yields over the entire region. Oats in this group were primarily of mid-season phenology and were all from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. Oats of mid- and late-season phenology were better suited to the Armidale and Temora region where conditions are cooler and the growing season longer. Early maturing oats were identified as types suitable for high yielding grain oats for the northern region. However, it is recognised that improvement in rust resistance of these genotypes would be necessary for reliable and profitable grain production in this area. Breeding oats for northern NSW and southern Queensland would be possible using genotypes from the existing Australian oat breeding programs. The quick maturing oats from Agriculture Western Australia seemed especially well suited to this purpose. From the genotypes used in this study there seemed to be a shortage of late maturing oat types. If oats for hay or forage production were required, evaluation of late maturing genetic material from overseas may be required.

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34

Twigg, LE, and BJ Kay. "The Ecology of House Mice (Mus Domesticus) in and Around Irrigated Summer Crops in Western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 22, no. 6 (1995): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950717.

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A 28-month live-trapping survey was undertaken to investigate the ecology of house mice in an irrigated summer cropping system in western New South Wales. Five broad habitat types were examined: refuge habitat (e.g. roadside verges), grazed dryland pasture, and the irrigated summer crops soyabeans, sorghum/maize and cotton. Mouse abundance in most habitats peaked around March-April in each year, and then declined to relatively low levels by the end of spring. Mice were always present in refugia but were often at very low numbers or absent from pasture and cotton. Very few mice were caught on paddocks used for summer crops during their fallow stage, but quickly appeared immediately following sowing. Of the summer crops, the maintenance of relatively high numbers of mice was greatest in soyabean crops. Breeding occurred in several habitats throughout much of the year but was generally greatest in October-March. Grazed pasture and cotton had the fewest breeding females and refuge habitat the most. These results are compared with other published studies, and their implications for management strategies are discussed.

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35

Pachaly, José R., Luiz P. C. Monteiro-Filho, Daniela D. Gonçalves, and Evandra M. Voltarelli-Pachaly. "Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (Diptera: Oestridae, Gasterophilinae) in white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) imported from South Africa: occurrence in Itatiba, São Paulo, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36, no. 8 (August 2016): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2016000800012.

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Abstract: Fly larvae from the Gasterophilinae subfamily of the Oestridae family are parasites of domestic (equine) and wild (rhinos and equine) odd-hoofed ungulates (Perissodactyla). The gastric parasite of African Rhinos is Gyrostigma rhinocerontis (formerly Gyrostigma pavesii), which in its larva phase can be found in the feces of their hosts and can reach 40mm length. The adult is the largest fly in Africa, reaching 41mm long, with 71-mm wingspan. The Gyrostigma genus does not occur naturally in Brazil. There is one previous report of the occurrence of its larvae in the feces of a white rhino brought from South Africa in the 1990's, which was housed in a zoo located in Rio Grande do Sul. The present paper furnishes data from a zoo of the city of Itatiba, São Paulo state, Brazil, where Gyrostigma rhinocerontis larvae were found in 2005 in the feces of a group of white rhinos (Ceratotherium simum) legally imported from South Africa. The rhinos were kept in a breeding and preservation farm. This paper also reports the measures taken to control the case and avoid the dissemination of the parasite, calling attention to the fact of globalization, which allows international and intercontinental transit of wild animals with potential risks of adaptation of exotic parasites to new ecosystems.

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Penrose, L. D. J. "Prediction of ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 4 (1997): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96031.

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This study examined factors that determine ear emergence in winter wheats grown at Temora, New South Wales. Three development factors were considered: degree of winter habit, response to photoperiod, and intrinsic earliness. The effect of winter habit was first examined by using 3 pairs of related wheats that differed for spring–winter habit. Wheats were sown under irrigation from mid February to June, for up to 4 consecutive years. Ear emergence was recorded in days of the year for ease of field interpretation, and in photo-thermal time to measure delay in development. Winter habit was found to delay ear emergence throughout this sowing range. Ear emergence was then studied in 23 winter wheats that as a group encompassed a broad range for each of the 3 development factors, and these winter wheats were grouped on the basis of combinations of development factors. Differences in ear emergence between these groups guided the construction and testing of regression equations that described ear emergence as a function of sowing date and of the 3 development factors. Many combinations of factors were associated with the time of ear emergence (i.e. 1 October) at Temora that best optimises the balance between frost risk and yield potential. Combinations of development factors also influenced the flexibility of sowing time for winter wheats grown at Temora. These findings may assist the breeding of new winter wheats that can be sown over a longer period than current winter cultivars.

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Bollen, Chris. "Breeding behaviour and diet of the Brown Falcon Falco berigora near Goulburn, New South Wales, in 2018." Australian Field Ornithology 36 (2019): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo36121123.

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38

Llewellyn, L. C. "Breeding biology, and egg and larval development ofGalaxias rostratusKlunzinger, the Murray Jollytail from inland New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 33, no. 2 (December 2005): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2005.011.

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39

Oliver, Damon L., Andrew J. Ley, and Beth Williams. "Breeding Success and Nest Site Selection of the Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia near Armidale, New South Wales." Emu - Austral Ornithology 98, no. 2 (June 1998): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu98010.

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40

Mcnee, A., and A. Cockburn. "Specific Identity Is Not Correlated With Behavioral and Life-History Diversity in Antechinus-Stuartii Sensu-Lato." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 2 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920127.

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Two genetically distinct forms of Antechinus stuartii coexist in southern New South Wales, and apparently do not hybridise. We show that sympatric populations cohabit in communal nests both outside and during the breeding season. Contrary to previous claims, there is no evidence that the species are isolated allochronically. There is no evidence that variation in behaviour within A. stuartii is associated with the species difference.

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41

Johnson, I. G., A. J. Carnegie, and M. Henson. "Growth, Form and Quambalaria Shoot Blight Tolerance of Spotted Gum in North-eastern New South Wales, Australia." Silvae Genetica 58, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2009): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2009-0024.

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AbstractA young provenance/progeny trial of spotted gums, which are major hardwood plantation species in subtropical eastern Australia, was studied for growth, form, and damage from Quambalaria shoot blight. The trial contained a wide range of genotypes, mainly of Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata, with between one and 21 families per provenance. Genetic parameters were calculated from 23 provenances with four or more families. Provenances superior for growth included four well-represented C. citriodora subsp. variegata provenances, all from south-east Queensland, which also had a high proportion of superior families. Overall, Queensland provenances had significantly higher mean diameter and height than those from New South Wales (NSW), although there were several superior NSW families. Provenances superior for growth also displayed good straightness and relatively fine branching. Relatively low Quambalaria shoot blight damage was recorded for four Queensland provenances and one coastal NSW provenance, which all had high proportions of families with low damage. Provenances that were putative intergrades between C. citriodora subsp. variegata and C. maculata tended to have high damage levels. However, some mediocre provenances contained superior families potentially useful for breeding. Regressions of Quambalaria damage index (QDI) on latitude, and mean height growth on QDI, were highly significant and moderately strong (0.51 and 0.58, respectively), indicating increasing damage in more southern material, and a retarding effect (although not striking) of damage on growth. Individual heritability estimates were low (zero to 0.14) for growth and form, and moderate for QDI (0.31). The genetic correlations for QDI with growth traits were strong and negative (-0.77 and -0.88), supporting a strategy of selecting vigorous trees for breeding programs from provenances and families superior for these traits.

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42

Bomford, M. "Food and reproduction of wild house mice. 2. A field experiment to examine the effect of food availability and food quality on breeding in spring." Wildlife Research 14, no. 2 (1987): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9870197.

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Free-ranging populations of house mice, Mus musculus L., on contour banks in a rice field in New South Wales were provided with three types of supplementary food of differing nutritional quality for 10 weeks in spring. Four live-trapping sessions were conducted 3-10 weeks after supplementary feeding started. The percentage of females breeding averaged 47% on banks with supplementary food, and 0% on control banks with no supplementary food. The quality of the supplementary food did not affect breeding performance. It is concluded that breeding in rice fields in spring is limited by the food supply, and it is probably the supply of energy, rather than that of specific nutrients, that is limiting.

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A. Seddon, J., S. V Briggs, and S. J. Doyle. "Relationships between bird species and characteristics of woodland remnants in central New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 2 (2003): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030095.

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This study investigated relationships between birds and characteristics of woodland remnants in the central wheat/sheep belt of New South Wales, in order to provide information for conservation management of woodland birds and their habitats in this region. Birds were surveyed in standard area plots in 36 woodland remnants, which ranged from 1 to 1 376 hectares in size, in the central Lachlan catchment in the wheat/sheep belt of New South Wales. Habitat (e.g., shrub cover) and landscape (measures of isolation) characteristics of the remnants were recorded also. Presence/absence occurrences of 20 or more bird species, mostly woodland birds, were positively related to remnant area, shrub cover, number of shrub species, pine cover, fallen logs and branches, and number of remnants within two and five kilometres of the survey remnant. Species of birds that are habitat generalists showed negative or no relationships with these habitat and landscape variables. Richness of all bird species was positively related to remnant area and shrub cover. Number of woodland bird species was positively related to remnant area, shrub cover and tree hollows. Lower species diversities in smaller remnants were most likely caused by lower chances of survival or of successful breeding in small remnants, effects of isolation on the ability of birds to recolonize smaller remnants, small remnants being of insufficient area for some species to form territories, and generally poor habitat quality in small remnants. Retention, management and enhancement of woodland remnants 10 to 20 hectares or larger in size with good understorey cover are necessary for the future viability of woodland birds in the wheat/sheep belt of New South Wales.

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44

Larkin, Candice, Ross Jenkins, Paul G. McDonald, and Stephen J. S. Debus. "Breeding habitat, nest-site characteristics and productivity of the little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides) near Armidale, New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 26, no. 3 (2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc19033.

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We aimed to elucidate nesting requirements and nest success of the threatened little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides). Nest sites (n=12 active and 2–5 recent historical nests) near Armidale, New South Wales, were measured in 2017 at three scales: the nest tree, the nest woodland (≤25m from the nest tree), and (using GIS) the landscape scale (within 200-m and 2-km radii of the nest). The eagles typically nested ≥14m above ground in the canopy of emergent (>20m tall) living eucalypts in sheltered positions (midslope, with a north-easterly to southerly aspect), in woodland patches >5ha (mean 76ha), <200m (mean 78m) from the woodland edge, though ≥11m (mean 190m) from an agricultural edge, ≥38m (mean 485m) from the nearest rural dwelling, >1km from suburbia, and farther from sealed roads (mean 832m) than gravel roads (mean 490m) than minor tracks (mean 291m). Breeding productivity in 2017–18 (n=15 and 18 territories, respectively) was 0.91 young fledged per attempt (clutch laid) and 0.67 young fledged per occupied territory per year. Nest sites were used annually for at least 3–7 years. Nest abandonments or site shifts were associated with human disturbance (e.g. clearing, earthmoving, subdivision and construction in or beside the nest patch), death of the nest tree or nest stand (‘eucalypt dieback’ or rural tree decline), pindone baiting for rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and displacement by wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax) and ravens (Corvus sp.). As most little eagle nests were located on private land, we recommend, inter alia, greater protection of breeding habitat, nest sites and foraging habitat, woodland regeneration (especially riparian), and a buffer around established nests of ≥1km from major developments such as urbanisation.

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45

Smith, GC, N. Carlile, and S. Tully. "Breeding and movements of wing-tagged silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae) at the largest colony in New South Wales." Wildlife Research 19, no. 2 (1992): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920161.

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Wing tags were used in preference to colour/metal band combinations to increase sighting frequency of silver gulls. Wing tags did not affect return rate of breeding adults to the colony compared with banded gulls. Approximately one-third of gulls lost their nests following wing-tagging. There were no instances of double-brooding with fledging success from both attempts. A total of 42% of adults that returned and bred, nested more than once in a season. Up to 4 clutches were produced by pairs within a season. Successful raising of young typically occurred from the first brood of the season. Successful breeders usually nested only once in any one season. In all, 19% of pairs successfully fledged young, but the percentage of young fledged from the number of eggs laid was much lower (5.3%). Nest sites were rarely repeatedly used by the same nesting pair. Individuals moved considerable distances between successive nesting sites within and between seasons. Fidelity to colony was 68% and to mate 22%; these estimates are lower than those from other colonies.

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Liu, S. M., L. O'Brien, and S. G. Moore. "A single recessive gene confers effective resistance to powdery mildew of field pea grown in northern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (2003): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01142.

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Reactions to powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi Syd.) of a range of varieties, advanced lines and pea germplasm from the Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection (ATFCC) were evaluated under field conditions at Narrabri, New South Wales. Thirteen resistant genotypes, including 3 M257 sister lines [M257-2-1 (Mukta), M257-3-6 and M257-5-1], Glenroy, Kiley and PSI 11 from Australian breeding programs, and LE 25 (ATC 1275), ATC 649, ATC 767, ATC 823, ATC 1036, ATC 1121 and ATC 1181 from the ATFCC, along with 8 susceptible lines Dinkum, Bohatyr, Jupiter, Greenfeast, Solara, P441-6, Trapper and Cressy Blue, were used to make resistant × resistant, resistant × susceptible and susceptible × susceptible combinations to examine the inheritance of resistance. Parental lines and F1 and F2 populations were evaluated in the field under natural disease epiphytotics at the Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri, during the winters of 1996 and 1997. In 1996, resistant and susceptible F2 plants were selected from 5 crosses, and further examined as F3 families in 1997. No fully resistant line was identified among the parents. F1 reactions indicated that resistance was governed by recessive genes and there were no maternal effects. Segregation patterns in the F2 and F3 generations supported the hypothesis of resistance in the genotypes M257-5-1, Glenroy, Kiley, ATC 649 and ATC 1121 being conferred by the same single recessive gene.

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47

Penrose, LDJ, M. Mosaad, TS Payne, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, and HJ Braun. "Comparison of controls on development in breeding lines from Australian and CIMMYT/ICARDA winter and facultative wheat breeding programs." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960001.

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This study sought to compare developmental controls in breeding a within two winter wheat improvement programs, one Australian and a CIMMYT/ICARDA program based in West Asia. Developmental controls considered were intrinsic earliness, and responses to photoperiod and to vernalization. The reliability with which each control on development had been measured was tested in separate experiments using the wheats utilized in the Australian program. Measures of intrinsic earliness showed significant agreement between experiments, better agreement being found for response to photoperiod and between integrated response to vernalization and time to double ridge after late summer sowings. The wheats utilized in the CIMMYTI/CARDA programs were found to be quick in intrinsic earliness, and to possess little response to photoperiod. While these controls varied more for the wheats utilized in the Australian program, commercial Australian winter wheats were similar to the CIMMYTI/CARDA lines. Lines utilized by both programs were represented by types with spring, facultative and winter habit. The clearest differences between programs were that CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats appeared to have much stronger response to vernalization than the Australian winter wheats. These findings suggest breeders would find a good proportion of segregates, from crosses between the Australian and the CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats, to be developmentally adapted to south-central New South Wales. This suggests CIMMYTI/CARDA winter wheats provide a matching pool from which to access germplasm to introduce new characters into Australian winter wheats.

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Nogueira, D. M., B. Gummow, C. P. Gardiner, J. Cavalieri, L. A. Fitzpatrick, and A. J. Parker. "A survey of the meat goat industry in Queensland and New South Wales. 2. Herd management, reproductive performance and animal health." Animal Production Science 56, no. 9 (2016): 1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14794.

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An interview-based questionnaire survey was conducted on 31 goat properties in New South Wales and Queensland in 2013. This study has gathered information on goat herd management, reproductive performance and animal health, and has identified constraints that may limit goat productivity. Producers from high-rainfall regions reported having full blood Boer goats for stud breeding. In contrast, producers from pastoral regions had rangeland goats and Boer-cross goats. Overall, 87% of the producers identified a natural breeding season in goats and 61% separated kids from their mothers at weaning. The weaning age varied between 3.0 and 6.0 months. A total of 52% of producers castrated male kids. Only 10% of producers used ultrasound to conduct pregnancy diagnosis on their goats. The reported pregnancy rate was 60% for the pastoral regions and 94% for the high-rainfall regions. The average prolificacy was 1.4 kids/doe and the kidding interval was 12 months. Overall, 68% of producers fed their goat herd with supplements, with the exception that most producers from western New South Wales and south-western Queensland did not use supplements. Producers considered gastrointestinal parasites (61%) and body lice (48%) as the main diseases associated with their goat herds, although only 52% mentioned drenching the animals with anthelmintics. In general, properties in the pastoral regions showed low pregnancy and kidding rates, early age at first mating, high mortality rates, poor performance of Boer bucks and lower weights and weight gain compared with properties in the high-rainfall regions. The survey has highlighted areas that require further study to validate the observations of producers, for instance, factors that may be limiting the fertility of Boer goats in rangeland environments, the incidence of diseases, the use of Kidplan and management activities to improve goat productivity.

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Ayres, J. F., J. R. Caradus, R. D. Murison, L. A. Lane, and D. R. Woodfield. "Grasslands Trophy — a new white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivar with tolerance of summer moisture stress." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04029.

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A breeding project has developed a new synthetic white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivar, Grasslands Trophy, that possesses tolerance of summer moisture stress in dryland pasture environments in the 850–1250 mm average annual rainfall temperate perennial pasture zone in eastern Australia. The breeding strategy used to develop Grasslands Trophy was an in situ breeding cycle for: (i) identifying and selecting superior genotypes, (ii) crossing elite germplasm and (iii) progeny testing derived breeding lines for the expression of key agronomic and grazing value traits. The primary selection criteria were early vigour, herbage yield, persistence and seed yield potential. Parental selection was also applied for seed yield, uniformity of leaf size, uniform flowering pattern and freedom from disease and virus symptoms. Grasslands Trophy is medium–large in leaf size with stable leaf size, combines intermediate stolon density with intermediate stolon thickness, and expresses high stolon survival and strong autumn regrowth following summer moisture stress. Grasslands Trophy has mid-season flowering maturity, intensive flowering prolificacy and high seed yield capability. Agronomic results from trials in northern New South Wales and New Zealand indicate that Grasslands Trophy has broad adaptation, expresses high summer and winter growth activity, and is reliably persistent for at least 4 years.

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Llewellyn, L. "Observations on the breeding biology ofAmbassis agassiziiSteindachner, 1867 (Teleostei: Ambassidae) from the Murray Darling Basin in New South Wales." Australian Zoologist 34, no. 4 (January 2008): 476–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2008.026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rhinoceroses Breeding New South Wales'

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