Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rhineland (Germany) – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Rhineland (Germany) – History'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rhineland (Germany) – History"

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ROOS, JULIA. "Racist Hysteria to Pragmatic Rapprochement? The German Debate about Rhenish ‘Occupation Children’, 1920–30." Contemporary European History 22, no. 2 (April 4, 2013): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000039.

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AbstractThis essay revisits 1920s German debates over the illegitimate children of the Rhineland occupation to examine hitherto neglected fluctuations in the relationship between nationalism and racism in Weimar Germany. During the early 1920s, nationalist anxieties focused on the alleged racial ‘threats’ emanating from the mixed-race children of colonial French soldiers. After 1927, plans for the forced sterilisation and deportation of the mixed-race children were dropped; simultaneously, officials began to support German mothers’ paternity suits against French soldiers. This hitherto neglected shift in German attitudes towards the ‘Rhineland bastards’ sheds new light on the role of debates over gender and the family in the process of Franco–German rapprochement. It also enhances our understanding of the contradictory political potentials of popularised foreign policy discourses about women's and children's victimisation emerging from World War I.
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Naumov, Aleksandr O. "Moscow's Position on the Remilitarization of the Rhineland." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 4 (2022): 1199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.410.

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The article examines the problem of the remilitarization of the Rhineland by Nazi Germany in March 1936 through the prism of the perception of this event in the Soviet military and political-diplomatic circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of archival materials introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time, allowing a new look at the position of the USSR during the development of crisis trends in the Versailles system of international relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the Rhineland crisis played a crucial role in changing the balance of power in Europe, dramatically strengthening the position of Nazi Germany and weakening the position of France. Great Britain, after the remilitarization of the Rhineland, embarked on the path of appeasing the aggressors. In fact, this event was the starting point of the crisis of the interwar order, which eventually led to the outbreak of World War II. Surrendering one position after another and making concessions to Hitler’s Germany, Great Britain and France were unable to achieve their main goal – to prevent a new world war, only strengthening the confidence of European dictators in the expediency of achieving their goals by force. In these difficult conditions, as archival documents show, there was a clear understanding in Moscow how dangerous the development of destructive events in European politics was. When forming its own foreign policy line, the Kremlin objectively assessed both the true intentions of the Hitler regime and the essence of the foreign policy maneuvers of Western democracies.
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Hoffmann, Jürgen. "Co-ordinated Continental European Market Economies Under Pressure From Globalisation: Germany's “Rhineland capitalism”." German Law Journal 5, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 985–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013018.

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[Editors’ Note: The 22 July 2004 acquittals of all six defendants in the criminal proceedings against former Mannesmann CEO, Klaus Esser; Deutsche Bank's CEO (Vorstandssprecher) and then Member of Mannesmann's supervisory board, Josef Ackermann, and other members of Mannesmann's Supervisory Board have, once more, highlighted to German, European and International observers the particular features of law and politics in “Germany Inc.”, “Rhenish Capitalism”, or “Rhineland Capitalism”. As begun in the aftermath of Josef Ackermann's inthronization at the head of Deutsche Bank and Ackermann's subsequent transformation of the Board's control structure, German Law Journal has published several contributions to the ongoing changes in German corporate governance and its embeddedness within the specific German economic and legal system. In his fine piece, Jürgen Hoffmann, Professor of Sociology in Hamburg, surveys the current interdisciplinary debate over the future fate of so-called Rhineland Capitalism and reconstructs Germany's recent history in an international context. In the next issue, to be published on 1 September 2004, Professor Christopher Allen of the University of Georgia will further deepen this inquiry and place the contemporary debate over the possible end of Rhineland capitalism in the historical context of Germany's development in the 20th Century. The Editors of German Law Journal are very pleased and honored to be able to provide for a further forum for this important debate, bringing together lawyers, economists, political scientists and sociologists, for a much needed exploration of the historical and political origins as well as of the legal framework of Germany's much critizised and, at the same time, ardently praised system of corporate governance and industrial relations. We invite our readers to contribute to this debate, which has so far found too little resonance in Germany itself. The Editors.]
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Roos, Julia. "The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*." German History 37, no. 4 (October 12, 2019): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghz081.

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Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.
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Roos, Julia. "An Afro-German Microhistory: Gender, Religion, and the Challenges of Diasporic Dwelling." Central European History 49, no. 2 (June 2016): 240–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938916000340.

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AbstractThis article traces the biography of an Afro-German woman born during the 1920s Rhineland occupation to examine the peculiarities of the black German diaspora, as well as potential connections between these peculiarities and larger trends in the history of German colonialism and racism. “Erika Diekmann” was born in Worms in 1920. Her mother was a German citizen, her father a Senegalese French soldier. Separated from her birth mother at a young age, Erika spent her youth and early adulthood in a school for Christian Arab girls in Jerusalem run by the Protestant order of the Kaiserswerth Deaconesses (KaiserswertherDiakonissen). After World War II, Erika returned to West Germany, but in 1957, she emigrated to the United States, along with her (white) German husband and four children. Erika's story offers unique opportunities for studying Afro-German women's active strategies of making Germany their “home.” It underlines the complicated role of conventional female gender prescriptions in processes of interracial family-building. The centrality of religion to Erika's social relationships significantly enhances our understanding of the complexity of German attitudes toward national belonging and race during the first half of the twentieth century.
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Rowe, Michael. "France, Prussia, or Germany? The Napoleonic Wars and Shifting Allegiances in the Rhineland." Central European History 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 611–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906000203.

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The following article focuses on the Rhineland, and more specifically, the region on the left (or west) bank of the Rhine bounded in the north and west by the Low Countries and France. This German-speaking region was occupied by the armies of revolutionary France after 1792. De jure annexation followed the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), and French rule lasted until 1814. Most of the Rhineland was awarded in 1815 to Prussia and remained a constituent part until after the Second World War. The Rhineland experienced Napoleonic rule first hand. Its four departments—the Roër, Rhin-et-Moselle, Sarre, and Mont-Tonnerre—were treated like the others in metropolitan France, and it is this status that makes the region distinct in German-speaking Europe. This had consequences both in the Napoleonic period and in the century that followed the departure of the last French soldier. This alone would constitute sufficient reason for studying the region. More broadly, however, the Rhenish experience in the French period sheds light on the much broader phenomena of state formation and nation building. Before 1792, the Rhenish political order appeared in many respects a throwback to the late Middle Ages. Extreme territorial fragmentation, city states, church states, and mini states distinguished its landscape. These survived the early-modern period thanks in part to Great Power rivalry and the protective mantle provided by the Holy Roman Empire. Then, suddenly, came rule by France which, in the form of the First Republic and Napoleon's First Empire, represented the most demanding state the world had seen up to that point. This state imposed itself on a region unused to big government. It might be thought that bitter confrontation would have resulted. Yet, and here is a paradox this article wishes to address, many aspects of French rule gained acceptance in the region, and defense of the Napoleonic legacy formed a component of the “Rhenish” identity that came into being in the nineteenth century.
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Brownlee, David B. ""Neugriechisch/Néo-Grec:" The German Vocabulary of French Romantic Architecture." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 50, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990543.

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The enigmatic term néo-grec, attached to the architecture and architectural thinking of mid-nineteenth-century France, seems to have been born in Germany. There, in the first years of the century, neugriechisch was used to describe the Byzantine-influenced Romanesque architecture of the Rhineland. Ludovic Vitet, soon to be named Inspecteur général des Monuments historiques, learned about this terminology in 1829, when he toured Germany and met with Sulpiz Boisserée, the antiquarian who had invented it. Vitet translated the term and took it home, along with the romantic view of history that it embodied.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Stresemann and Locarno." Contemporary European History 4, no. 2 (July 1995): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003350.

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The significance of the Locarno treaties remains one of the central issues of the interwar period. Did they mark, as Austen Chamberlain claimed, ‘the real dividing line between the years of war and the years of peace’ or were they, at best, a truce masking the incompatible ambitions of France and Germany and, at worst, a first act of appeasement by which France and Britain obtained security for the Rhineland at the expense of Poland and Czechoslovakia? A different approach is offered by economic history: from this perspective the significant events are seen as the defeat of the French occupation of the Ruhr and the acceptance of the Dawes Plan in July 1924. France had to abandon its attempt to break the power of German industry and had to accept the British and American view that European peace required German economic recovery. The Locarno treaties may be seen simply as the best arrangements that France could make for its security following this decisive defeat.
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Deter, Gerhard. "Agrarrechtsgeschichte – ein konstitutiver Gegenstand der Erforschung landschaftsbezogener Rechtsgemeinschaften." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 140, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 456–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2023-0015.

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Summary Ever since regional history has developed as an independent discipline alongside national/state history, the historical landscape has been seen independent of the boundaries of the 19th century. By elaborating the legal phenomena of a historical landscape, legal historians can also contribute substantially to the goals of historical regional studies. With his dissertation discussed here, Esser takes up the problem of the so-called ground release as part of the agrarian reforms or peasants’ liberation at the beginning of the 19th century, which, however, he examines only within the boundaries of one West German territory, the Duchy of Julich. Thus, he misses the opportunity to embed his subject in the larger framework of the landscape-based legal community of the Rhineland. Nevertheless, his account makes an important contribution to the study of land release as part of the agrarian reforms in Germany.
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Grünewald, Martin, and Florian Schimikowski. "Eastern Bloc Agents in West Germany." Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 10, no. 2 (April 15, 2024): 192–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jca.25281.

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This paper highlights how contemporary archaeology can contribute to our knowledge of contemporary history, in a case where written sources no longer exist and any surviving protagonists either will not or cannot divulge what they know. Its focus is on a Soviet spy radio from the last years of the Cold War which was discovered during a recent archaeological excavation in Germany’s Rhineland. The radio was probably produced in 1987 and was soon afterwards concealed in woodland, most likely by someone working for Soviet military intelligence, the GRU. The findspot is close to various Cold War military installations involving nuclear weapons, and the radio would have enabled the swift transmission of military information into the Eastern Bloc that would have been useful in the event of war. As rare archaeological evidence of espionage, the radio can also help us to understand continuities between the Cold War and the present time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rhineland (Germany) – History"

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Parkes, Henry Richard Maclay. "Liturgy and music in Ottonian Mainz, 950-1025." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283895.

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Nickel, Carsten. "Rhineland revisited : subsidiarity and the historical origins of coordination : comparing Germany with the Netherlands and France (800-1914)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9b3f50c9-cddf-43a2-bf5b-c6ab5689a4a3.

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What explains the historical emergence of coordinated economic institutions for human capital formation and welfare provision? Surveying roughly one millennium of political and economic development in Germany, the Netherlands and France up until 1914, this thesis argues that da-ting back to the Middle Ages, the earliest forerunners of modern economic coordination could develop only in institutional complementarity with a specific form of political decentralisation, connected via their jointly enabling effect on collective action. This mutually re-enforcing com-plementarity gave rise to societies organised around the principle of subsidiarity, in which an often structurally unclear distribution of decision-making powers prompts political and eco-nomic actors to coordinate across different hierarchical levels. The comparison of eventually federal Germany with the ultimately unitary Netherlands - both of which developed significant patterns of economic coordination - demonstrates that political decentralisation under subsidi-arity does not simply equal the modern (American) reference model of clear-cut, rights-based federalism. Meanwhile the experience of strongly centralised France highlights that without this decentralisation, institutions of economic coordination hardly develop. Collective action is diffi-cult to harness if subsidiarity is absent because on the central state level, and unlike in economically more homogenous local contexts, economic interests often remain too diverse to coordi-nate. The historical result has been the emergence of decentralised-coordinated political econo-mies under subsidiarity in Germany and the Netherlands, and of a centralised, non-coordinated system in France. A better understanding of these institutional complementarities can help us historically inform recent scholarly debates on the emergence of modern political-economic organisation in the 19th century and on current governance problems in the Eurozone. The thesis seeks to contribute to the historical study of comparative political economy by highlighting how particular complementary institutions of political and economic governance have co-developed over time. It is argued that this understudied aspect of institutional development is crucial for understanding processes of continuity and change in advanced capitalism.
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Rommel, Martina. "Demut und Standesbewusstsein Rekrutierung und Lebenswelt des Säkularklerus der Diözese Mainz 1802-1914 /." Mainz : C.P. Verlag e.K, 2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=2yLZAAAAMAAJ.

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Grün, Louis Anne François. "American Benevolence and German Reconstruction: "Americanizing" Germany through Humanitarian Relief 1919-1924." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami159612068829224.

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Hayworth, Jordan R. "Conquering the Natural Frontier: French Expansion to the Rhine River During the War of the First Coalition, 1792-1797." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822845/.

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After conquering Belgium and the Rhineland in 1794, the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse faced severe logistical, disciplinary, and morale problems that signaled the erosion of its capabilities. The army’s degeneration resulted from a revolution in French foreign policy designed to conquer the natural frontiers, a policy often falsely portrayed as a diplomatic tradition of the French monarchy. In fact, the natural frontiers policy – expansion to the Rhine, the Pyrenees, and the Alps – emerged only after the start of the War of the First Coalition in 1792. Moreover, the pursuit of natural frontiers caused more controversy than previously understood. No less a figure than Lazare Carnot – the Organizer of Victory – viewed French expansion to the Rhine as impractical and likely to perpetuate war. While the war of conquest provided the French state with the resources to survive, it entailed numerous unforeseen consequences. Most notably, the Revolutionary armies became isolated from the nation and displayed more loyalty to their commanders than to the civilian authorities. In 1797, the Sambre and Meuse Army became a political tool of General Lazare Hoche, who sought control over the Rhineland by supporting the creation of a Cisrhenan Republic. Ultimately, troops from Hoche’s army removed Carnot from the French Directory in the coup d’état of 18 fructidor, a crucial benchmark in the militarization of French politics two years before Napoleon Bonaparte’s seizure of power. Accordingly, the conquest of the Rhine frontier contributed to the erosion of democratic governance in Revolutionary France.
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Books on the topic "Rhineland (Germany) – History"

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Ford, Ken. The Rhineland 1945: The final push into Germany. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2004.

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Weiler, Heinrich. Vorrevolutionäre Justizverhältnisse im Bezirk der heutigen Landgerichte Zweibrücken und Kaiserslautern, ihre Veränderung unter französischer Herrschaft und der pfälzische Anschluss an Bayern. Frankfurt: R.G. Fischer, 1989.

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1948-, Finger Heinz. Gisbert Longolius: Ein niederrheinischer Humanist (1507-1543). Dusseldorf: Droste, 1990.

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M, Bayliss Gwyn, and Imperial War Museum (Great Britain), eds. The Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918-1929. London: H.M.S.O., 1987.

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Meier, Gerry. The Becker family history: From the Rhineland, Germany to St. Louis, Missouri. Salem, MA: Higginson Books, 2000.

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Michael, Rowe. From Reich to state: The Rhineland in the revolutionary age, 1780-1830. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Ministerrat, Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Die Protokolle des Ministerrats von Rheinland-Pfalz. Mainz: V. Hase & Koehler, 2007.

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Osmond, Jonathan. Rural protest in the Weimar Republic: The free peasantry in the Rhineland and Bavaria. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993.

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Sven, Paulsen, and Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany) Oberlandesgericht (Zweibrücken), eds. 175 Jahre pfälzisches Oberlandesgericht: 1815 Apellationshof, Oberlandesgericht 1990 : Festschrift. Neustadt an der Weinstrasse: Meininger, 1990.

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Shelagh, Whitaker, ed. Rhineland: The battle to end the war. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rhineland (Germany) – History"

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Renker, Carsten, Bettina Henrich, and Uwe Hildebrand. "MAINZ: The Zoological Collections of the Mainz Natural History Museum/State Collection of Natural History of Rhineland Palatinate." In Zoological Collections of Germany, 519–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44321-8_43.

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Weber, Klaus. "Injection: Atlantic Slavery and Commodity Chains." In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History, 413–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13260-5_23.

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AbstractSouth Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe were more closely involved with slavery in the Americas than is commonly assumed. Lower costs for labor, raw materials, and solid fuel gave specific regions a competitive edge in the production of commodities used in the barter trade for slaves from West Africa, as well as in provisioning New World plantations. Ironware from the Rhineland; copper and iron from Sweden; Bohemian glassware; and especially Indian cottons and German linen, all contributed to lowering costs in the acquisition of slaves and in the maintenance of plantations. The purchasing power thus generated in Central Europe contributed to the growth of the population and of proto-industries, and ultimately to industrialization. This injection essay illuminates the impact of commodity chains on New World slavery by focusing on the single most important plantation product destined for Europe—sugar—and the two single most important barter commodities destined for Africa: textiles and metalware.
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Ostler, Rosemarie. "Rosie the Riveter and G.I. Joe." In The Oxford History of World Cinema, 71–94. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198112570.003.0004.

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Abstract The year 1940 found Americans waiting for war. The Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan had been on the move since the mid-1930s. Adolph Hitler’s Nazis invaded the Rhineland in 1936, then annexed Austria. Fellow fascists in Italy under Benito Mussolini had already taken over Ethiopia. On the other side of the world, Japan waged war against China. After a 1938 meeting with Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain predicted peace for our time, but most people expected conflict. Barely a year later, it came. When Germany invaded Poland, Poland’s Allies, France and Britain, declared war.
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Sheehan, James J. "Eighteenth-century Society." In German History 1770-1866, 72–143. Oxford University PressOxford, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198204329.003.0003.

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Abstract IN 1765, when Goethe went from Frankfurt to Leipzig to begin studying law, his clothes, speech, and manners marked him as a foreigner; some female companions told him, none too gently, that he looked as if he had ‘dropped down out of another world’. Karl Heinrich Lang had a similar experience when he and his family moved from one Swabian village to another in the 1770s; although their journey lasted no more than four hours, the Langs found themselves in an ‘island of different customs, dialects, and manners’. The same sort of thing struck Georg Forster when he travelled through the Rhineland in 1791. Even in neighbouring towns such as Boppard and Andernach, Forster discovered that people spoke and behaved quite differently. Nowhere else,-wrote Freiherr von Knigge, is it harder to know how to act than in Germany, since ‘nowhere else can one find such a great multiplicity of conversational tones, educational methods, opinions on religion and other matters, and such a great diversity of conditions which claim the attention of various social groups in the different provinces’.
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Sheehan, James J. "Eighteenth-century Society." In German History 1770-1866, 72–143. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198221203.003.0003.

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Abstract N 1765, when Goethe went from Frankfurt to Leipzig to begin studying law, his clothes, speech, and manners marked him as a foreigner; some female companions told him, none too gently, that he looked as if he had ‘dropped down out of another world’. Karl Heinrich Lang had a similar experience when he and his family moved from one Swabian village to another in the 1770s; although their journey lasted no more than four hours, the Langs found themselves in an ‘island of different customs, dialects, and manners’. The same sort of thing struck Georg Forster when he travelled through the Rhineland in 1791. Even in neighbouring towns such as Boppard and Andernach, Forster discovered that people spoke and behaved quite differently. Nowhere else,-wrote Freiherr von Knigge, is it harder to know how to act than in Germany, since ‘nowhere else can one find such a great multiplicity of conversational tones, educational methods, opinions on religion and other matters, and such a great diversity of conditions which claim the attention of various social groups in the different provinces’. This fragmentation of social experience reflected and was reinforced by the backwardness of the communications system throughout central Europe. Goethe’s trip from Frankfurt to Leipzig, for instance, was filled with delays and discomforts; even so, he was more fortunate than Casanova, who once had to spend three long days trying to traverse eighteen short leagues. Under the best of circumstances, it took nine days to go from Berlin to Frankfurt, two from Augsburg to Munich.
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Davis, Paul K. "Poland I September-5 October 1939." In 100 Decisive Battles, 372–76. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143669.003.0086.

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Abstract In the spring of 1933, German Chancellor Adolph Hitler began dismantling the Versailles Treaty, the peace agreement that ended World War I, and imposed impossible financial burdens on Germany. After he refused to continue payment of reparations for damages caused during the First World War, and the western Allies failed to force compliance, the treaty had become another in a long line of history’s scraps of paper. In violation of the Versailles Treaty, he rebuilt the armed forces and embarked on a mission to return Germany to greatness by acquiring territory where German speaking people lived and lands that Germany needed for lebensraum, living space. Hitler proceeded to implement his plans by reoccupying the Rhineland in 1936, acquiring Austria in March 1938 and the Czech province of the Sudetenland in September 1938, and then occupying the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. The western Allies, Britain and France, stood back and watched, refusing to honor their defense agreements with the Czechs.
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Zagare, Frank C. "Game Theory and Diplomatic History." In Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies, 25–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831587.003.0003.

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This chapter explores a number of issues connected with the use of game-theoretic models to organize analytic narratives. First, a causal explanation of the 1936 Rhineland crisis is developed within the confines of a game-theoretic model of asymmetric or unilateral deterrence with incomplete information. In this context, the chapter then introduces the concept of a perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Then, some methodological obstacles that may arise in a more complex case, such as the 1879 Austro-German alliance, are discussed, and suggestions for overcoming them are offered. Finally, the advantages of using game models to more fully understand real world events are highlighted.
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"James M. Brophy (2004), ‘Violence Between Civilians and State Authorities in the Prussian Rhineland, 1830–1846’, German History, 22, pp. 1–35." In 1848, 273–308. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315264127-21.

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