Relevant bibliographies by topics / RH Sensing

Academic literature on the topic 'RH Sensing'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "RH Sensing"

1

Mishra, Surabhi, Pooja Lohia, Priyanka Chaudhary, B. C. Yadav, D. K. Dwivedi, Hassan Fouad, and M. S. Akhtar. "High-Performance Humidity Sensing of Arsenic Based Chalcogenide Thin Films at Different Frequencies." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 2033–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4153.

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Present paper consists of the study of arsenic-based chalcogenide thin film for sensing elements for humidity sensors. The chemical composition of the prepared sensing element makes it more sensitive towards water molecule absorption and hence affects sensitivity. The bulk samples of Ge–Se–Te–As composition were prepared using the conventional melt-quench technique and the thin films were obtained using the thermal evaporation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structural characteristics of the prepared sensing element. Tauc’s plot, using UV-Vis spectrophotometer data, was used to determine the optical bandgap of the sensing materials. The relative humidity (RH) variation of the prepared sensing element was recorded in the range of 10%–90%. The sensitivity of the prepared sensing membrane was obtained as 8.54 MΩ/%RH, 9.724 MΩ/%RH, 10.257 MΩ/%RH for x = 10, 20, 30 respectively. The repeatability of the prepared samples was also reported to increase with Arsenic concentration.
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Shi, Zhen, and Sheng-Yuan Xia. "First-Principle Study of Rh-Doped Nitrogen Vacancy Boron Nitride Monolayer for Scavenging and Detecting SF6 Decomposition Products." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203507.

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The scavenging and detection of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) decomposition products (SO2, H2S, SO2F2, SOF2) critically matters to the stable and safe operation of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) equipment. In this paper, the Rh-doped nitrogen vacancy boron nitride monolayer (Rh-VNBN) is proposed as a gas scavenger and sensor for the above products. The computational processes are applied to investigate the configurations, adsorption and sensing processes, and electronic properties in the gas/Rh-VNBN systems based on the first-principle calculations. The binding energy (Eb) of the Rh-VNBN reaches −8.437 eV, while the adsorption energy (Ead) and band gap (BG) indicate that Rh-VNBN exhibits outstanding adsorption and sensing capabilities. The density of state (DOS) analysis further explains the mechanisms of adsorption and sensing, demonstrating the potential use of Rh-VNBN in sensors and scavengers of SF6 decomposition products. This study is meaningful as it explores new gas scavengers and sensors of SF6 decomposition products to allow the operational status assessment of GIS equipment.
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Shi, Zhen, and Sheng-Yuan Xia. "First-Principle Study of Rh-Doped Nitrogen Vacancy Boron Nitride Monolayer for Scavenging and Detecting SF6 Decomposition Products." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203507.

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The scavenging and detection of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) decomposition products (SO2, H2S, SO2F2, SOF2) critically matters to the stable and safe operation of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) equipment. In this paper, the Rh-doped nitrogen vacancy boron nitride monolayer (Rh-VNBN) is proposed as a gas scavenger and sensor for the above products. The computational processes are applied to investigate the configurations, adsorption and sensing processes, and electronic properties in the gas/Rh-VNBN systems based on the first-principle calculations. The binding energy (Eb) of the Rh-VNBN reaches −8.437 eV, while the adsorption energy (Ead) and band gap (BG) indicate that Rh-VNBN exhibits outstanding adsorption and sensing capabilities. The density of state (DOS) analysis further explains the mechanisms of adsorption and sensing, demonstrating the potential use of Rh-VNBN in sensors and scavengers of SF6 decomposition products. This study is meaningful as it explores new gas scavengers and sensors of SF6 decomposition products to allow the operational status assessment of GIS equipment.
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Ngoune, Bernard Bobby, Hamida Hallil, Bérengère Lebental, Guillaume Perrin, Shekhar Shinde, Eric Cloutet, Julien George, Stéphane Bila, Dominique Baillargeat, and Corinne Dejous. "Selective Outdoor Humidity Monitoring Using Epoxybutane Polyethyleneimine in a Flexible Microwave Sensor." Chemosensors 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010016.

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The rise of gas-sensing applications and markets has led to microwave sensors associated to polymer-based sensitive materials gaining a lot of attention, as they offer the possibility to target a large variety of gases (as polymers can be easily functionalised) at ultra-low power and wirelessly (which is a major concern in the Internet of Things). A two-channel microstrip sensor with one resonator coated with 1,2 epoxybutane-functionalised poly(ethyleneimine) (EB-PEI) and the other left bare was designed and fabricated for humidity sensing. The sensor, characterised under controlled laboratory conditions, showed exponential response to RH between 0 and 100%, which is approximated to −1.88 MHz/RH% (−0.03 dB/RH%) and −8.24 MHz/RH% (−0.171 dB/RH%) in the RH ranges of 30–80% and 80–100%, respectively. This is the first reported use of EB-PEI for humidity sensing, and performances, especially at high humidity level (RH > 80%), as compared with transducer working frequencies, are better than the state of the art. When further tested in real outdoor conditions, the sensor shows satisfying performances, with 4.2 %RH mean absolute error. Most importantly, we demonstrate that the sensor is selective to relative humidity alone, irrespective of the other environmental variables acquired during the campaign (O3, NO, NO2, CO, CO2, and Temperature). The sensitivities obtained outdoors in the ranges of 50–70% and 70–100% RH (−0.61 MHz/%RH and −3.68 MHz/%RH, respectively) were close to lab results (−0.95 MHz/%RH and −3.51 MHz/%RH, respectively).
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Ye, Lun, Xiao Liu, Danyang Pei, Jing Peng, Shuchang Liu, Kai Guo, Xiaogang Li, Xuanyu Chen, Xuan Zhang, and Daquan Yang. "Simultaneous Detection of Relative Humidity and Temperature Based on Silicon On-Chip Cascaded Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121559.

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In this paper, we propose and numerically demonstrate a novel cascaded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) dual-parameter sensor for the simultaneous detection of relative humidity (RH) and temperature. The structure consists of two independent PCNCs supporting two different resonant modes: a dielectric-mode and an air-mode, respectively. The dielectric-mode nanobeam cavities (cav1) are covered with SU-8 cladding to increase the sensitivity ratio contrast between RH sensing and temperature sensing. The air-mode nanobeam cavities (cav2) are coated with a water-absorbing polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) layer that converts the change in RH into a change in refractive index (RI) under different ambient RH levels, thereby inducing a wavelength shift. Due to the positive thermo-optic (TO) coefficient of silicon and the negative TO coefficient of SU-8 cladding, the wavelength responses take the form of a red shift for cav2 and a blue shift for cav1 as the ambient temperature increases. By using 3D finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulations, we prove the feasibility of simultaneous sensing by monitoring a single output transmission spectrum and applying the sensor matrix. For cav1, the RH and temperature sensitivities are 0 pm/%RH and −37.9 pm/K, while those of cav2 are −389.2 pm/%RH and 58.6 pm/K. The sensitivity ratios of temperature and RH are −1.5 and 0, respectively, which is the reason for designing two different resonant modes and also implies great potential for realizing dual-parameter sensing detection. In particular, it is also noteworthy that we demonstrate the ability of the dual-parameter sensor to resist external interference by using the dual wavelength matrix method. The maximum RH and temperature detection errors caused by the deviation of resonance wavelength 1 pm are only 0.006% RH and 0.026 K, which indicates that it achieves an excellent anti-interference ability. Furthermore, the structure is very compact, occupying only 32 μm × 4 μm (length × width). Hence, the proposed sensor shows promising prospects for compact lab-on-chip integrated sensor arrays and sensing with multiple parameters.
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Fort, Ada, Anna Lo Grasso, Marco Mugnaini, Enza Panzardi, Lorenzo Parri, Valerio Vignoli, Cecilia Viti, Ammar Al-Hamry, and Olfa Kanoun. "QCM Measurements of RH with Nanostructured Carbon-Based Materials: Part 2-Experimental Characterization." Chemosensors 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10080320.

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In this series of two papers, the humidity sensing of a carbon nanotube (CNT) network-based material is transduced and studied through quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. To this aim, quartzes functionalized with different amounts of sensing material were realized, exposed to different humidity levels, and characterized. In this second paper, the experimental results are presented and discussed. The sensing mechanisms are elucidated exploiting the theory presented in the first paper of this series. The presented results show that the investigated material functionalization induces a large response of QCM to humidity in terms of resonant frequency even at low RH levels, with a sensitivity of about 12 Hz/%RH (at RH < 30% and room temperature and 10 ug of deposited SWCNT solution) and an increase in sensitivity in the high RH range typical of nanostructured film. Regarding the response in terms of motional resistance, a large response is obtained only at intermediate and high humidity levels, confirming that condensation of water in the film plays an important role in the sensing mechanism of nanostructured materials.
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Șerban, Bogdan Cătălin, Octavian Buiu, Cornel Cobianu, Viorel Avramescu, Nicolae Dumbrăvescu, Mihai Brezeanu, Marius Bumbac, Cristina Mihaela Nicolescu, and Roxana Marinescu. "Ternary Carbon-Based Nanocomposite as Sensing Layer for Resistive Humidity Sensor." Proceedings 29, no. 1 (October 18, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019029114.

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Kaňok, Roman, Petr Hlubina, Lucie Gembalová, and Dalibor Ciprian. "Efficient Optical Sensing Based on Phase Shift of Waves Supported by a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 6535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196535.

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Interferometric methods of optical sensing based on the phase shift of the Bloch surface waves (BSWs) and guided waves (GWs) supported by a one-dimensional photonic crystal are presented. The photonic crystal, composed of six SiO2/TiO2 bilayers with a termination layer of TiO2, is employed in the Kretschmann configuration. Under resonance condition, an abrupt phase change is revealed, and the corresponding phase shift is measured by interferometric techniques applied in both the spectral and spatial domains. The spectral interferometric technique employing a birefringent quartz crystal is used to obtain interference of projections of p- and s-polarized light waves reflected from the photonic crystal. The phase shifts are retrieved by processing the spectral interferograms recorded for various values of relative humidity (RH) of air, giving the sensitivity to the RH as high as 0.029 rad/%RH and 0.012 rad/%RH for the BSW and GW, respectively. The spatial interferometric technique employs a Wollaston prism and an analyzer to generate an interference pattern, which is processed to retrieve the phase difference, and results are in good agreement with those obtained by sensing the phase shift in the spectral domain. In addition, from the derivative of the spectral phase shifts, the peak positions are obtained, and their changes with the RH give the sensitivities of 0.094 nm/%RH and 0.061 nm/%RH for the BSW and GW, respectively. These experimental results demonstrate an efficient optical sensing with a lot of applications in various research areas.
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Dias, Bernardo, João Carvalho, João P. Mendes, José M. M. M. Almeida, and Luís C. C. Coelho. "Analysis of the Relative Humidity Response of Hydrophilic Polymers for Optical Fiber Sensing." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030439.

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Relative humidity (RH) monitorization is of extreme importance on scientific and industrial applications, and optical fiber sensors (OFS) may provide adequate solutions. Typically, these kinds of sensors depend on the usage of humidity responsive polymers, thus creating the need for the characterization of the optical and expansion properties of these materials. Four different polymers, namely poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), Hydromed™ D4 and microbiology agar were characterized and tested using two types of optical sensors. First, optical fiber Fabry–Perot (FP) tips were made, which allow the dynamical measurement of the polymers’ response to RH variations, in particular of refractive index, film thickness, and critical deliquescence RH. Using both FP tips and Long-Period fiber gratings, the polymers were then tested as RH sensors, allowing a comparison between the different polymers and the different OFS. For the case of the FP sensors, the PEG tips displayed excellent sensitivity above 80%RH, outperforming the other polymers. In the case of LPFGs, the 10% (wt/wt) PVA one displayed excellent sensitivity in a larger working range (60 to 100%RH), showing a valid alternative to lower RH environment sensing.
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Maciak, Erwin. "Low-Coherence Interferometric Fiber Optic Sensor for Humidity Monitoring Based on Nafion® Thin Film." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030629.

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The main aim of this work was the design and development simple fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) sensor devices for relative humidity (RH) sensing with emphasis on high sensitivity and good stability. The RH fiber FPI sensor is fabricated by coating the end of a cleaved standard multi-mode (MM) fiber with hydrophilic Nafion® sensing film. The Nafion® thin film acts as an active resonance cavity of the low-coherence interferometric sensing structure. The fringe pattern, which is caused by interfering light beam in the Nafion® thin film will shift as the RH changes because the water molecules will swell the Nafion® film and thus change optical pathlength of the sensing structure. The operating principle of a FPI sensor based on the adsorption and desorption of water vapour in the Nafion® and the limitations of this sensor type are discussed in this work. The fiber optic hygrometer was tested in the visible (400–900 nm) region of spectra for measurement of relative humidity (RH) in the range of 5.5–80% at room temperature (RT) in air. The fiber optic humidity sensor has a very short response time (t90 = 5–80 s) and a fast regeneration time (t10 = 5–12 s) as good as commercial sensors.
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Conference papers on the topic "RH Sensing"

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Mohan, Sunil, Fatima Banoo, and Sunil Khijwania. "Graphene-Oxide Based Humidity Sensor Employing Few Micron Diameter Optical Fiber." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2022.ath2k.3.

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Novel relative-humidity (RH) sensor employing GO as sensing medium onto few micron diameter optical fiber is reported. Very high sensitivity with linear response over dynamic range 5%RH- 87%RH is observed.
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Sima, Karel, Jiri Stulik, Josef Slauf, Tomas Blecha, and Ales Hamacek. "Investigation of π Stacking Functionalization of Carbon Allotropes for RH Sensing." In 2021 44th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse51996.2021.9467585.

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Mohan, Sunil, and Sunil K. Khijwania. "Graphene oxide Quantum dots (GQDs) based optical fiber humidity sensor." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.2022.th4.37.

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A novel optical fiber humidity sensor employing GQDs diffused microstructure sensing cladding is reported. Sensor exhibits linear sensitivity (0.0679dB/%RH) which is 7 times higher in comparison to the sensor based on pure silica nanostructured cladding.
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Sharma, Kusum, Noor Alam, and S. S. Islam. "Investigation of morphological dependence on the sensing performance of porous anodic alumina based humidity sensor at low RH." In PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT TRENDS IN MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING: ICRTMME 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0025730.

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Sugimoto, Toshiki, Yuhei Horiuchi, and Takuto Araki. "Developments of MEMS-Based Thermocouple Array for Sensing Effects of a Flow Channel on PEMFC Local Temperature Distribution." In ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2013-73198.

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Measuring temperature inside PEMFCs is necessary for proper water management, because water vapor pressure is a strong function of temperature. In this paper, we have developed thin film thermocouple (TFTC) array to measure temperature distributions near the Cathode Catalyst layer (CCL) with a resolution smaller than the rib-channel scale. The sensor array was placed between CL and gas diffusion layer (GDL) at the cathode. No performance decrement was observed with the insertion of TFTC array. The measurements of temperature distributions showed that the temperature rises at the cathode CL is about 9 °C at 1.2 A/cm2 with supplying 98.5 % RH Hydrogen / Air.
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Lall, Pradeep, Amrit Abrol, and David Locker. "Effects of Sustained Exposure to Temperature and Humidity on the Reliability and Performance of MEMS Microphone." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74252.

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MEMS microphones are extensively used in many applications that require reliability, small size, and high sound quality. For harsh environment reliability data MEMS microphones need to be monitored under conditions mimicking their areas of applications. MEMS microphones have an opening/sound port in order to interact with the environment, therefore cannot be sealed completely since the sensing mechanism requires interaction between sound waves and the sensing element. Little to no information exists on reliability data for MEMS microphones under low/high temperature operating life and temperature humidity bias condition. Our work is primarily focused on providing harsh environmental reliability data which can be useful to MEMS designers and engineers. In this paper the test vehicles with MEMS Microphones have been tested under three different harsh environmental conditions: high temperature operating life (HTOL) at 125°C at 3.3V, low temperature storage (LTS) at −35°C and temperature humidity 85°C/85%RH at 3.3V. The main motive of this study is to document the incremental shift and degradation in output parameters namely distortion, frequency response, power supply rejection capability of IC, frequency vs pressure characteristics and analog output voltage of the MEMS microphone. The survivability of MEMS microphone, ADMP401, has been demonstrated as a function of change in the output parameters. Failure analysis has been conducted on the microphone samples to study failure modes and sites using analytical methods such as SEM, EDS and X-ray.
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Yaqoob, Usman, Nizar Jaber, Nouha Alcheikh, and Mohammad I. Younis. "Mode-Dependent Selective Detection of Humidity and Helium Using Electromagnetically Actuated Clamped Guided MEMS Resonators." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71131.

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Abstract In this work, we demonstrate a selective gas sensor based on monitoring two different detection mechanisms; absorption and thermal conductivity. To illustrate the concept, we utilize a resonator composed of a clamped-guided arch beam connected to flexural beams and a T-shaped moveable mass. The resonator has two distinct out-of-plane modes in which the mass motion dominates the first mode while the motion of the flexural beam dominates the second mode. A highly disperse graphene oxide (GO) solution is prepared and drop-casted over the moveable mass structure using the inkjet printer for humidity sensing. On the other hand, the He is detected using the hot flexural beams. The results show no significant effect of humidity on the flexural mode (FM) nor for He on the mass mode (MM). This indicates a new technique for selectivity and identification. The device shows good sensitivity (50.1% to 50% RH @ MM and 39.2% to 50% He @ FM: (Vac = 1.5V)), linearity, and repeatability with excellent selectivity. It is demonstrated that the FM has great potential for detecting and categorizing different gases according to their thermal conductivity. The demonstrated multimode MEMS resonator can be a promising approach for the development of smart, highly selective, and sensitive gas/chemical sensors.
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Nguyen, Quang, M. Kaysar Rahim, Jordan C. Roberts, Jeffrey C. Suhling, and Richard C. Jaeger. "Characterization of Die Stresses in Plastic Packages Subjected to Moisture and Thermal Exposures." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48627.

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Stress sensing test chips are a powerful tool for measuring in-situ stresses in electronic packages. In this study, we have applied (111) silicon test chips to perform a variety of measurements of die stresses in plastic packages. In particular, stresses were characterized in 240 pin Quad Flat Packs (QFPs) subjected to various thermal and moisture loadings. The utilized 10 × 10 mm sensor chips incorporated optimized eight-element piezoresistive rosettes that were capable of measuring the complete state of stress at the die surface (including the interfacial shear stresses). The fabricated test chips were initially used to measure die stresses in the QFPs after molding and post mold bake. Measurement results were correlated with finite element simulations of the molding process. Subsequently, the effects of thermal cycling on the measured die stress distributions for selected packages were investigated. After these initial measurements, the samples were stored at room temperature and ambient humidity for 17 years. The samples were then re-measured after this long term storage to evaluate the degree of die stress relaxation that had occurred. Several packages were then exposed to a harsh high temperature and high humidity environment (85 C, 85% RH) for various time durations, and allowed to absorb moisture. The die stresses at several locations were characterized as a function of time during the hygrothermal exposure. The weight variations in each sample were also measured during the 85/85 exposure to gauge the moisture uptake, and reversibility tests were conducted to see whether the effects of moisture uptake were permanent. Using these measurements and numerical simulations, valuable insight has been gained on moisture induced failure phenomena in plastic packages. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured die normal stress distributions occurring after molding of the QFP. The magnitudes of the in-plane normal and shear stresses were found to have decreased by up to 30% after moderate levels of thermal cycling. After long term storage, the experimental measurements showed that the die normal stresses in the QFPs relaxed significantly (up to 40%), while the die shear stresses exhibited only small variations. In addition, the 85/85 hygrothermal exposures had strong effects, generating tensile die normal stress changes of up to 130 MPa. Upon fully redrying in reversibility tests, it was observed that the moisture-induced normal stress changes were not recovered. Good correlations were observed between the variations of sample weight (increases in moisture content) and the variations of the die normal and shear stress changes.
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Reports on the topic "RH Sensing"

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He, Rui, Na (Luna) Lu, and Jan Olek. Development of In-Situ Sensing Method for the Monitoring of Water-Cement (w/c) Values and the Effectiveness of Curing Concrete. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317377.

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As the most widely used construction material, concrete is very durable and can provide long service life without extensive maintenance. The strength and durability of concrete are primarily influenced by the initial water-cement ratio value (w/c), and the curing condition during the hardening process also influences its performance. The w/c value is defined as the total mass of free water that can be consumed by hydration divided by the total mass of cement and any additional pozzolanic material such as fly ash, slag, silica fume. Once placed, field concrete pavements are routinely cured with liquid membrane-forming compounds. For laboratory study, concrete samples are usually cured in saturated lime water or a curing room with a relative humidity (RH) value higher than 95%. Thus, the effectiveness of curing compounds for field concrete needs to be studied. In this study, the dielectric constant value of plastic concrete was measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR). The w/c value of the plastic concrete was calculated by a mathematical model from the measured dielectric constant value. The calculated w/c value was compared with the microwave oven drying measurement determined result in AASHTO T318. A modified coarse aggregate correction factor was proposed and applied in microwave oven drying measurement to determine the w/c value of plastic concrete in AASHTO T318. The effectiveness of curing compound was evaluated by field concrete slabs by GPR measurement. It was found that GPR can be a promising NDT method for In this study, the dielectric constant value of plastic concrete was measured by ground penetrating radar (GPR). The w/c value of the plastic concrete was calculated by a mathematical model from the measured dielectric constant value. The calculated w/c value was compared with the microwave oven drying measurement determined result in AASHTO T318. A modified coarse aggregate correction factor was proposed and applied in microwave oven drying measurement to determine the w/c value of plastic concrete in AASHTO T318. The effectiveness of curing compound was evaluated by field concrete slabs by GPR measurement. It was found that GPR can be a promising NDT method for w/c determination of plastic concrete and curing effectiveness evaluation method for hardened concrete.
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