Journal articles: 'RFMOs'

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McDorman, Ted. "Implementing Existing Tools: Turning Words Into Actions – Decision-Making Processes of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 423–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098595.

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AbstractThis paper deals with decision-making processes within those regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) with the capacity to adopt management measures respecting either straddling or highly migratory fish stocks. The perception is that the decisions emanating from RFMOs are not achieving the goal of sustainable management of the fish stocks. Concerns raised in this regard are the perceived: non-adherence of RFMO decisions to science; lack of timeliness in making decisions; ability of RFMO members to avoid certain decisions; and adoption of management decisions that are not sufficiently rigorous. This contribution does not seek to evaluate the validity of the perception, rather it explores the manner in which RFMO conventions (the constitutive texts of RFMOs) deal with the decision-making process by looking at the trends within RFMOs, the challenges that exist and suggests ways to meet the challenges.

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Yuliantiningsih, Aryuni. "The Participation of Indonesia in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): The Legal and Globalization Perspectives." UNIFIKASI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/unifikasi.v6i2.1943.

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Abstract : The purpose of this research is to find out and analyse the participation of Indonesia in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) viewed from the legal and globalization perspectives. The method used in this research was a normative juridical by employing secondary data sources which were analysed qualitatively. The results showed that there are 4 (four) RFMOs bordering Indonesian waters, namely IOCT, CCSBT, WPPC, and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). Currently, Indonesia has participated as a member of RFMOs with the reasons, firstly, to participate in conserving fish resources and secondly, if Indonesia is not a member of RFMOs, the fishery products can be embargoed and categorized as IUU fishing. In relation to law and globalization, developed countries have implemented their hegemony to dominate the high seas through legal instruments, namely international treaties and organizations. On the other hand, the participation of Indonesia in RFMO is merely to facilitate the citizens to be able to access fish resources in the high seas.Keywords: Indonesia, RFMOs, law, globalization.�Keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Perspektif Hukum dan Globalisasi�Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam Regional Fisheries Management Organizatios (RFMOs) ditinjau dari perspektif hukum dan globalisasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, menggunakan sumber data sekunder dan analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian yaitu terdapat 4 (empat) RFMOs yang berbatasan dengan perairan Indonesia yaitu, IOCT, CCSBT, WPPC, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). Saat ini Indonesia telah ikut serta menjadi anggota RFMOs dengan alasan, pertama, ikut melakukan konservasi sumber daya ikan dan kedua,� jika tidak menjadi anggota RFMOs maka hasil tangkapan dapat� diembargo dan dikategorikan sebagai IUU fishing.� Dikaitkan dengan hukum dan globalisasi, negara maju telah menerapkan hegemoninya untuk menguasai laut lepas melalui instrumen hukum yaitu perjanjian internasional dan organisasi internasional. Di sisi lain keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam RFMO� untuk memfasilitasi warga negaranya agar dapat mengakses sumberdaya ikan di laut lepas.Kata Kunci: Indonesia, RFMOs, hukum, globalisasi.

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Axelrod, Mark. "Climate Change and Global Fisheries Management: Linking Issues to Protect Ecosystems or to Save Political Interests?" Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 3 (August 2011): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00069.

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This article explores the conditions under which regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) adopt climate actions. I test a series of hypotheses to explain when RFMOs move beyond their classic management approaches—assignment of property rights, catch limits, and gear restrictions—to include climate change in their research and management plans. I introduce a new data set that compares fisheries-climate linkages since 1992 in all available RFMO annual reports and meeting minutes. The analysis reveals a series of patterns surrounding linkage politics in RFMOs. Importantly, this study finds that climate linkages in RFMOs do not simply follow scientific knowledge or regional climate vulnerability. Instead, climate action coincides with member country efforts to avoid catch regulations, and secretariat efforts to exhibit organizational relevance.

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Ferri, Nicola. "The Legal Regime Governing Mediterranean Fisheries: The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean of the FAO and the Added-Value of Article XIV Bodies." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 31, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03101010.

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Abstract The impact that the progressive development of public international law as relating to fisheries has had on the evolution of the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) is fairly well-known, having periodically attracted interest from public international law scholars and practitioners. There are some instances though where this development has not been the sole factor leading to the emergence of decision-making by RFMOs on the management of fisheries found in marine waters worldwide. The RFMOs family is broad and heterogeneous, also encompassing some organizations which belong to the institutional setting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is one of those FAO RFMOs. Established in 1949 through an international agreement adopted pursuant to Article XIV of the FAO Constitution, the GFCM is the RFMO currently exercising regulatory powers to ensure the sustainability of Mediterranean fisheries. Its institutional belonging to the FAO is key to understanding that throughout its seventy years of existence the GFCM has not been responsive only to the progressive development of public international law as relating to fisheries, like all other RFMOs. The story of its evolution and, consequently, that of the legal regime governing Mediterranean fisheries, is deeply intertwined with developments that took place within the FAO’s administrative framework. This piece will briefly detail these developments, trying to shed light on the fact that the internal decisions taken by the FAO to enable bodies established under Article XIV of the FAO Constitution to exercise their regulatory powers have been, in the specific case of the GFCM, as decisive as the progressive development of public international law relating to fisheries; not only in bringing about the legal regime governing Mediterranean fisheries, but also in ultimately ensuring that this regime is as effective as that implemented by other RFMOs established independently of the FAO.

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Ogawa, Mervin, and Joseph Anthony L. Reyes. "Assessment of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations Efforts toward the Precautionary Approach and Science-Based Stock Management and Compliance Measures." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158128.

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The sustainable management of the ocean as a global food source has been prominent in recent debates due to the disproportionate rate of human consumption, depletion of fish stocks and shortcomings in conservation efforts. Criticisms from various sectors on the effectiveness of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO) in relation to their mandates have prompted performance reviews (PRs) to evaluate their efforts in fisheries management. Among concerns are slow implementation of comprehensive harvest strategies which use science-based indicators and management principles. Moreover, RFMOs are expected to apply the precautionary approach, in the hopes of anticipating, monitoring, preventing and mitigating potential threats. The emergent themes are revealed through content analysis pertaining to cooperation and compliance being essential to fisheries management activities in conjunction with choosing the right operational approaches and the proper implementation of various fisheries regulations. Government mandates and stakeholder’s recommendations support fisheries management organizations to function more effectively. This article discusses the role of coercive, normative and mimetic pressures in RFMOs activities, as described in recent performance reviews. It then analyses how RFMOs have implemented the precautionary approach together with science-based stock management and compliance measures, utilizing recent PRs to assess progress on relevant recommendations.

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Haas, Bianca, Marcus Haward, Jeffrey McGee, and Aysha Fleming. "The influence of performance reviews on regional fisheries management organizations." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (May 23, 2019): 2082–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz088.

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Abstract Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) are key bodies responsible for managing fisheries on the high seas and also in areas of the ocean under national jurisdiction. The performance of RFMOs has, however, become the focus of broad-based criticism in the context of increasing fishing effort, the scale, and sophistication of illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, and concerns over the wider environmental impacts of fishing activities. In response to these criticisms, the United Nations General Assembly has called on RFMOs to carry out performance reviews (PRs) to assess their record in fisheries management. PRs can provide the opportunity to assess the strengths and weaknesses of past actions by specific RFMOs. There is, however, limited information and analysis available on the progress made by RFMOs after PRs have been carried out. To fill this gap, this paper assesses the performance of five RFMOs that have undergone PRs on two occasions. The paper assesses the performance of these five RFMOs against a scoring system that analyses improvements made after the first PR based on the recommendations made in the second PR. This analysis is encouraging, as all five RFMOs demonstrated significant improvement in their performance in the period after their initial PR, especially in “conservation and management” and “international cooperation” activities.

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Molenaar, Erik Jaap. "CCAMLR and Southern Ocean Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 3 (2001): 465–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00171.

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AbstractThe Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR Convention) forms the core of the regulatory regime for Southern Ocean fisheries. This article analyses the scope and extent of the Convention and the competence of the bodies established under it while also addressing the role of states and other international intergovernmental organisations with relevant competence. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the CCAMLR Convention is characterised by a unique sovereignty situation. The analysis thereof is complemented by a comparison with (other) regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and illustrated by the difficulties in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The article concludes inter alia that the CCAMLR Convention is unlike other RFMOs due to the special natural characteristics, its integration into the ATS and the ensuing sovereignty situation, and its conservationist objective. This notwithstanding, it seems justifiable to treat the CCAMLR Convention as "something more" than an RFMO for the purpose of international instruments on fisheries.

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PHAM DO, KIM HANG, HENK FOLMER, and HENK NORDE. "FISHERY MANAGEMENT GAMES: HOW TO ADMIT NEW MEMBERS AND REDUCE HARVESTING LEVELS." International Game Theory Review 10, no. 03 (September 2008): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198908001960.

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This paper applies game theory to address the problem of allocating profits among fishing nations, once the countries concerned have expressed an interest in achieving an agreement through a Regional Fishery Management Organization (RFMO). Proposing the population monotonic allocation scheme as management rule for division of profits, we argue that existing RFMOs can be expanded by means of the Shapley value. We also show that adjustment from the Nash equilibrium to sustainable or more efficient can be achieved by means of the proportional rule without harming any of the countries involved.

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Rayfuse, Rosemary. "To Our Children's Children's Children: From Promoting to Achieving Compliance in High Seas Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098577.

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AbstractRegional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) have adopted a range of measures aimed at promoting compliance with the conservation and management measures they adopt and at deterring IUU fishing. However, enforcement of those measures continues to be problematic. This article reviews current compliance and enforcement measures, and discusses their shortcomings. It then examines the legal basis for the adoption by RFMOs of an expanded range of measures aimed at strengthening their enforcement capability and provides practical suggestions as to the possible content of those new measures. Particular attention is paid to the modus operandi of international co-operation and the emerging practice of non-flag state enforcement.

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Merino, Gorka, Hilario Murua, Josu Santiago, Haritz Arrizabalaga, and Victor Restrepo. "Characterization, Communication, and Management of Uncertainty in Tuna Fisheries." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 8245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198245.

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Tunas sustain important fisheries that face sustainability challenges worldwide, including the uncertainty inherent to natural systems. The Kobe process aims at harmonizing the scientific advice and management recommendations in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) toward supporting the sustainable exploitation of tunas globally. In this context, we review the similarities and differences among tuna RFMOs, focusing on stock assessment methodologies, use of information, characterization of uncertainty and communication of advice. Also, under the Kobe process, tuna RFMOs have committed to a path of adopting harvest strategies (HSs), also known as management procedures (MPs), which are the series of actions undertaken to monitor the stock, make management decisions, and implement the management measures. The adoption of HSs for tuna stocks is supported by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE), which is considered the most appropriate way to assess the consequences of uncertainty for achieving fisheries management goals. Overall, notable progress has been made in achieving some of the Kobe objectives, but there are still some aspects that are inconsistent and need to be agreed upon, due to their management implications. First, not all RFMOs report on stock status based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) as a reference. Instead, some use depletion level to represent the available fish biomass. Also, the definition of overexploited is not common in all oceans. Finally, very few stock assessments characterize all major sources of uncertainty inherent to fisheries. With regards to HSs, two different approaches are being followed: One is designed to adopt an automatic decision rule once the stock status and management quantities have been agreed upon (harvest control rules (HCRs), not strictly an HS) and the other aims at adopting all the components of HSs (data, use of information and decision rule).

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Kao, Shih-Ming, and Huan-Sheng Tseng. "Scientific Research and Its Influence in Decision-Making of Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations: Case Studies in the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean." Fishes 7, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020076.

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Scientific research has played an important role in the conservation and management of high seas fisheries resources since the adoption and entry into the force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In addition, regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) have become the most important platform in addressing fisheries-related issues under the contemporary international fisheries legal regime, which also includes the responsibility to ensure that their decisions have to properly incorporate recommendations of scientific research into their decisions. This paper aims to analyze, from a legal aspect, how scientific research plays its role in the formation and adoption of conservation and management measures (CMMs) in RFMOs and finds that scientific research has become an essential and integral part of both International Commission on the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Although, on some occasions, these recommendations will not be totally accepted and adopted by the Commission due to social, economic, and political considerations, the results from scientific research have become the basis for issues related to conservation and management measures discussed in RFMOs and will be more influential if the Scientific Committee provides a more concrete recommendation to the Commission.

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Leroy, Antonia, and Michel Morin. "Innovation in the decision-making process of the RFMOs." Marine Policy 97 (November 2018): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.05.025.

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Tladi, Dire. "The Proposed Implementing Agreement: Options for Coherence and Consistency in the Establishment of Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 30, no. 4 (November 23, 2015): 654–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341375.

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The purpose of this article is to provide initial thoughts on potential conflicts between the mandates of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (rfmos) and any mechanisms for establishing Marine Protected Areas in the high seas and how these conflicts might be avoided. The article addresses first, whether the fears that may exist concerning the conflicts are, as a matter of international law, real and to the extent that they are real, how an Implementing Agreement (ia) might be shaped to avoid them. As the article is intended to provide only initial thoughts, the range of rfmos and possible conflicts are only illustrative and are not intended to be comprehensive. With the potential conflicts in mind, the article then provides, in the third section, possible approaches that the drafters of the ia could adopt to avoid and/or mitigate these conflicts. Finally, the article offers some concluding remarks.

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Hanich, Quentin, and Yoshitaka Ota. "Moving Beyond Rights-Based Management: A Transparent Approach to Distributing the Conservation Burden and Benefit in Tuna Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 28, no. 1 (2013): 135–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341268.

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Abstract Determining the distribution of the conservation burden and benefit is a critical challenge to the conservation and management of trans-boundary fish stocks. Given current levels of overfishing and overcapacity in many trans-boundary fisheries, some or all participating States must necessarily reach a compromise with regard to their interests and carry some share of the conservation burden. This article proposes a new approach to distributing the conservation burden and benefit in trans-boundary fisheries, and explores this approach in the world’s largest tuna fishery: the tropical tuna fisheries of the western and central Pacific. Such an approach would enable Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) to transparently ensure that conservation burden and benefit distributions are consistent with international obligations. The article recommends that RFMOs consider developing decision-making frameworks that would enable existing scientific processes to determine the necessary extent of conservation measures, while a new conservation burden methodology would then determine the implementation of the measure and its impact on each member.

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Poisson, François, Francisco Abascal Crespo, Jim R. Ellis, Pierre Chavance, Pascal Bach, Miguel N. Santos, Bernard Séret, et al. "Technical mitigation measures for sharks and rays in fisheries for tuna and tuna-like species: turning possibility into reality." Aquatic Living Resources 29, no. 4 (October 2016): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2016030.

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Tuna fisheries have been identified as one of the major threats to populations of other marine vertebrates, including sea turtles, sharks, seabirds and marine mammals. The development of technical mitigation measures (MM) in fisheries is part of the code of conduct for responsible fisheries. An in-depth analysis of the available literature regarding bycatch mitigation in tuna fisheries with special reference to elasmobranchs was undertaken. Studies highlighting promising MMs were reviewed for four tuna fisheries (longline, purse seine, driftnets and gillnet, and rod and line – including recreational fisheries). The advantages and disadvantages of different MMs are discussed and assessed based on current scientific knowledge. Current management measures for sharks and rays in tuna Regional Fishery Management Organizations (t-RFMOs) are presented. A review of relevant studies examining at-vessel and postrelease mortality of elasmobranch bycatch is provided. This review aims to help fisheries managers identify pragmatic solutions to reduce mortality on pelagic elasmobranchs (and other higher vertebrates) whilst minimizing impacts on catches of target tuna species. Recent research efforts have identified several effective MMs that, if endorsed by t-RFMOs, could reduce elasmobranchs mortality rate in international tropical purse seine tuna fisheries. In the case of longline fisheries, the number of operational effective MMs is very limited. Fisheries deploying driftnets in pelagic ecosystems are suspected to have a high elasmobranchs bycatch and their discard survival is uncertain, but no effective MMs have been field validated for these fisheries. The precautionary bans of such gear by the EU and by some t-RFMOs seem therefore appropriate. Recreational tuna fisheries should be accompanied by science-based support to reduce potential negative impacts on shark populations. Priorities for research and management are identified and discussed.

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Hutniczak, Barbara. "Coordination between RFMOs on mutual recognition of IUU vessel lists." Marine Policy 107 (September 2019): 103596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103596.

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Sinan, Hussain, and Megan Bailey. "Understanding Barriers in Indian Ocean Tuna Commission Allocation Negotiations on Fishing Opportunities." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166665.

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Tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) have been given an arduous mandate under the legal framework of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement. Member states with different interests and objectives are required to cooperate and collaborate on the conservation and management of tuna and tuna-like species, which includes the allocation of fishing opportunities. It is well understood that the main RFMO allocation disagreements are the inability to agree on a total allowable catch, the lack of willingness to accept new members, disagreement on who should bear the conservation burden, and non-compliance with national allocations owning to perceived inequities. Addressing these elements is crucial for any organization if it is to sustain its credibility stability and legitimacy. This paper identifies additional barriers facing an equitable allocation process at the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). These challenges are multi-faceted and include institutional, political, and scientific barriers in the ongoing allocation negotiations, and further inhibit effective negotiation and resolution adoption as a whole. After almost 10 years of negotiations, the process has progressed little, and without agreement on these barriers it will be a challenge to adopt a stable systematic allocation process.

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Swan, Judith. "Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing: Are RFMOs Effectively Addressing the Problem?" Ocean Yearbook Online 34, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 297–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004426214_013.

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Bekyashev, Kamil, and Susanna Vaniyan. "Sharks protected by international law." Fisheries 2021, no. 4 (July 28, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2021-4-27-32.

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The article considers the international legal problems of shark protection in the high sea. The analysis of all existing intergovernmental conventions is given in detail; the recommendations of CCAMLR, NEAFC, NAFO, ICCAT and other RFMOs are considered on the topic of the article. The typical content of National Plans of Action for the Conservation of sharks is given. The contribution of the Russian Federation to the protection of sharks is shown.

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Pentz, Brian, Nicole Klenk, Sharron Ogle, and Jonathan A. D. Fisher. "Can regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) manage resources effectively during climate change?" Marine Policy 92 (June 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.011.

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Aranda, Martin, Hilario Murua, and Paul de Bruyn. "Managing fishing capacity in tuna regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs): Development and state of the art." Marine Policy 36, no. 5 (September 2012): 985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.01.006.

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Molenaar, Erik Jaap. "Addressing Regulatory Gaps in High Seas Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 533–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098559.

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AbstractGeographical and substantive regulatory gaps in high seas fisheries are serious weaknesses in the current global regime for the governance of marine capture fisheries. This article discusses recent developments on the establishment of new regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and arrangements, identifies geographical gaps and examines scenarios to fill these. In view of the need for upgrading existing fishery bodies to ensure compatibility with the UN Fish Stocks Agreement, ample attention is devoted to the tool of performance assessments. Also examined in depth are the constraints for coastal States that wish to exercise their sovereign rights in relation to fishing practices that impact on sedentary species on their outer continental shelf. The discussion of the reform of the international legal regime for high seas fisheries is in particular devoted to discrete high seas fish stocks.

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Nandan, Satya, and Michael Lodge. "Some Suggestions Towards Better Implementation of the United Nations Agreement on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks of 1995." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 345–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098540.

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AbstractIn light of the upcoming Conference to review implementation of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), this article: (1) reviews the main contribution of UNFSA to high seas fisheries governance; (2) notes issues that have arisen regarding implementation of UNFSA; and (3) suggests ways these might be addressed. Though the main problems pertain to inadequate implementation of the provisions of UNFSA, the article also addresses two areas that require further attention at the global level within the framework of UNFSA. The first involves discrete high seas fish stocks, particularly deep sea fish stocks and the impacts of destructive fishing practices. The second is the absence within RFMOs of a mechanism for allocation of allowable catches or levels that also takes conservation interests into consideration together with the economic and social interests of states. Specific recommendations for action are summarised in Annex II.

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Croxall, John P. "The role of science and advocacy in the conservation of Southern Ocean albatrosses at sea." Bird Conservation International 18, S1 (August 7, 2008): S13—S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000300.

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AbstractMortality of albatrosses (and petrels) as bycatch in longline fisheries is one of the most important and pervasive sources of mortality for many species and is often closely linked to observed population declines. In the area of the Southern Ocean managed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which includes the waters around South Georgia, Prince Edward Islands, Iles Crozet and Kerguelen (the most important sub-Antarctic breeding sites for many albatross - and petrel - species), such bycatch was reduced to negligible levels (in demographic terms) over the last decade. The process by which this was achieved, in terms of data, policy and practice, together with an assessment of the main drivers and obstacles, is described. The extent to which the CCAMLR example is a model for other Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) (and even for states with jurisdiction in relevant coastal waters) is assessed. Some current actions and priorities for further action in relation to seabird bycatch are summarised.

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Scanlon, Zoe. "The art of “not undermining”: possibilities within existing architecture to improve environmental protections in areas beyond national jurisdiction." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 1 (November 24, 2017): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx209.

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Abstract United Nations General Assembly resolution 69/292 provides that in developing an internationally legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the process should “not undermine” relevant existing legal instruments and frameworks and relevant global, regional, and sectoral bodies. An analysis of the varied interpretations of this ambiguous expression and its surrounding language raises questions about the role envisaged for such existing architecture. This article considers the practice of regional fisheries management organizations as an illustration of the possibilities and potential for improved practices generated from within existing architecture. It reviews measures taken to protect biodiversity and innovative applications of international law that have improved the ability of RFMOs to take such environmental measures. It seeks to highlight the importance of avoiding too narrow an interpretation of the notion of “not undermining”, and of recognizing the potential in existing architecture when designing an improved regime for the protection of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction.

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de Bruyn, Paul, Hilario Murua, and Martín Aranda. "The Precautionary approach to fisheries management: How this is taken into account by Tuna regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs)." Marine Policy 38 (March 2013): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.06.019.

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Pentz, Brian, and Nicole Klenk. "The ‘responsiveness gap’ in RFMOs: The critical role of decision-making policies in the fisheries management response to climate change." Ocean & Coastal Management 145 (August 2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.05.007.

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Báez, José Carlos, Santiago Déniz, María Lourdes Ramos, Maitane Grande, Jon Ruiz, Hilario Murua, Josu Santiago, et al. "Data Provision for Science-Based FAD Fishery Management: Spanish FAD Management Plan as a Case Study." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 3278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063278.

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The use of fish aggregating devices (FADs) in tropical tuna fisheries has increased significantly during recent decades. Concurrently, concern about juvenile tuna mortality, bycatch, and marine debris associated with FAD fisheries increased, and this led to the implementation of FAD management measures and more sustainable designs (e.g., non-entangling or biodegradable FADs, limits on active FADs, etc.). This document reviews data collection and reporting requirements of tuna-Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (t-RFMOs) on drifting FADs and summarizes the work carried out since 2010 under the Spanish FAD management plan to create an adequate standard data collection aimed at improving science-based decision making. The aim of this study is to assist in the strengthening of data collection systems through: (1) a review of the existing data requirements, (2) a review of the status of FAD data collection worldwide and identification of data gaps, and (3) recommendations aimed at improving FAD management through the strengthening of FAD data requirements. Due to the complexities of data collection, we summarize the difficulties faced when processing the data and propose concrete and practical solutions to improve both the data collection system and information quality.

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Usmawadi, Usmawadi. "Implementation of the UNCLOS 1982 in Utilization of Highly Migratory Species By Indonesia." Sriwijaya Law Review 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol4.iss2.119.pp124-135.

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Indonesia is one of the producers of tuna and tuna species (tuna, skipjack, and mackerel tuna), which are increasing every year. Its geographical location and area of its many Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) bordering many neighboring countries, requires Indonesia to implement the CLS 1982 provisions on far-migratory fish. In this connection, Indonesia implements two forms. Firstly, in the form of legislation, which Indonesia has issued about 17 regulations, starting from the level of the Law to the Ministerial Regulation. Secondly, Indonesia has been active as a member of regional fisheries organizations whose territory borders on the Indonesian EEZ. Consequently, from the issuance of this Ministerial Regulation, Indonesia must carry out fisheries monitoring on board, to meet the higher quality data needs. So that Indonesia is faced with carrying out monitoring on fishing vessels operating in the convention area of the RFMOs, namely the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, the Commission for Southern Blue Fin Tuna Conservation, and the Central and Western Pacific Fisheries Commission. In order to optimize this implementation, Indonesia needs to prepare officials, facilities, and infrastructure that can support the compliance and enforcement of legislation that has been issued. Indonesia should immediately formulate fisheries policies in the high seas outside the Indonesian EEZ, which involve and benefit Indonesian fishermen.

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Indriyani, Rachma, Asmar Abdul Rahim, and Ruzita Azmi. "Fishing Quota and International Obligation: Why Has Indonesia been Indicated as a Non-Compliant State." Hasanuddin Law Review 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v7i2.2841.

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Indonesia committed to conserving the tuna resources by participating in some RFMOs. From all regional organizations where Indonesia has been joined, the CCSBT is the unique one, due to it governs a single tuna species, which is called Southern Bluefin Tuna. This kind of tuna is essential for Indonesia because it is the world’s most expensive tuna and SBT migrates through Indonesian fisheries management zones and goes even further within the territorial waters, where the SBT spawning area is located. This natural characteristic distinguishes Indonesia from other Parties to CCSBT. Nevertheless, the Country has been dealing with its obligation to comply with national quota allocation. For some fishing season periods, the CCSBT indicated Indonesia as a non-compliant. By applying the qualitative approach, this study considers how Indonesia’s non-compliance has been addressed in fishing for shared fish stocks. The data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and legal analysis of law and policy instruments. This method leads the elaboration to reveal domestic factors affecting non-compliance by Indonesia. This study argues, the fisheries legislation should consider the provision concerning fishing for resources under quota system, hence, it will provide sufficient legal base to take enforcement measures towards non-compliance with fishing quota.

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CROXALL, J. P., and S. NICOL. "Management of Southern Ocean fisheries: global forces and future sustainability." Antarctic Science 16, no. 4 (November 30, 2004): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102004002330.

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The marine resources of the Antarctic region are of global significance. In managing Southern Ocean marine resources, especially fisheries, the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has adopted principles that aim: to balance harvesting and conservation; to protect the needs of dependent species, and to avoid changes that are irreversible in 20–30 years. CCAMLR has pioneered ecosystem approaches to fishery and environmental management, through the incorporation of precaution and uncertainty into its management procedures and by establishing an ecosystem monitoring programme using indicator species and processes. This pioneering application of precautionary and ecosystem approaches in the management of harvesting has met with some success, notably in applying conservative yield models for toothfish and krill stocks and in establishing strict rules for undertaking new and exploratory fisheries. However, toothfish management has been recently compromised by Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing which is driven by forces outside the Southern Ocean. Southern Ocean harvestable resources are also subject to other global forces such as environmental changes, and their management systems remain very vulnerable to rapid shifts in worldwide fishery economics, and to inadequate management in adjacent areas, particularly high seas. CCAMLR needs quickly to develop the basis of more flexible and effective management to cater for rapid shifts in capacity and demand. The complementary task, however, is to raise the management standard of other Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) to those of CCAMLR if global high seas marine resources are to be sustainable for the rest of this century.

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Tong, Ah Fatt, Wei Meng Lim, Choon Beng Sia, Kiat Seng Yeo, Zee Long Teng, and Pei Fern Ng. "RFCMOS Unit Width Optimization Technique." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 55, no. 9 (September 2007): 1844–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.903348.

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Tong, A. F., Wei Meng Lim, K. S. Yeo, Choon Beng Sia, and Wen Cong Zhou. "A Scalable RFCMOS Noise Model." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 57, no. 5 (May 2009): 1009–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2017245.

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Alizadeh Moghaddam, S. H., M. Mokhtarzade, A. Alizadeh Naeini, and S. A. Alizadeh Moghaddam. "STATISTICAL METHOD TO OVERCOME OVERFITTING ISSUE IN RATIONAL FUNCTION MODELS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W4 (September 26, 2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w4-23-2017.

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Rational function models (RFMs) are known as one of the most appealing models which are extensively applied in geometric correction of satellite images and map production. Overfitting is a common issue, in the case of terrain dependent RFMs, that degrades the accuracy of RFMs-derived geospatial products. This issue, resulting from the high number of RFMs’ parameters, leads to ill-posedness of the RFMs. To tackle this problem, in this study, a fast and robust statistical approach is proposed and compared to Tikhonov regularization (TR) method, as a frequently-used solution to RFMs’ overfitting. In the proposed method, a statistical test, namely, significance test is applied to search for the RFMs’ parameters that are resistant against overfitting issue. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated for two real data sets of Cartosat-1 satellite images. The obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method in term of the achievable level of accuracy. This technique, indeed, shows an improvement of 50–80% over the TR.

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Yang, Kun, Vladimir A. Paramygin, and Y. Peter Sheng. "A Rapid Forecasting and Mapping System of Storm Surge and Coastal Flooding." Weather and Forecasting 35, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 1663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0150.1.

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AbstractA prototype of an efficient and accurate rapid forecasting and mapping system (RFMS) of storm surge is presented. Given a storm advisory from the National Hurricane Center, the RFMS can generate a coastal inundation map on a high-resolution grid in 1 min (reference system Intel Core i7–3770K). The foundation of the RFMS is a storm surge database consisting of high-resolution simulations of 490 optimal storms generated by a robust storm surge modeling system, Curvilinear-Grid Hydrodynamics in 3D (CH3D-SSMS). The RFMS uses an efficient quick kriging interpolation scheme to interpolate the surge response from the storm surge database, which considers tens of thousands of combinations of five landfall parameters of storms: central pressure deficit, radius to maximum wind, forward speed, heading direction, and landfall location. The RFMS is applied to southwest Florida using data from Hurricane Charley in 2004 and Hurricane Irma in 2017, and to the Florida Panhandle using data from Hurricane Michael in 2018 and validated with observed high water mark data. The RFMS results agree well with observation and direct simulation of the high-resolution CH3D-SSMS. The RFMS can be used for real-time forecasting during a hurricane or “what-if” scenarios for mitigation planning and preparedness training, or to produce a probabilistic flood map. The RFMS can provide more accurate surge prediction with uncertainties if NHC can provide more accurate storm forecasts in the future. By incorporating storms for future climate and sea level rise, the RFMS could be used to generate future flood maps for coastal resilience and adaptation planning.

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Moustakas, K., T. Noulis, and S. Siskos. "High frequency RFCMOS substrate noise sensor." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 144 (February 2022): 154046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2021.154046.

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MARTÍNEZ-VILLALUENGA, CRISTINA, JUANA FRÍAS, CONCEPCIÓN VIDAL-VALVERDE, and ROSARIO GÓMEZ. "Raffinose Family of Oligosaccharides from Lupin Seeds as Prebiotics: Application in Dairy Products." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1246.

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The raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) isolated from lupin seeds (Lupinus albus var. Multolupa) was evaluated for bifidogenic effects during the manufacture of probiotic fermented milk. A mixed starter inoculum was composed of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus (1:1). Lupins are a rich source of RFOs that can be used as functional food ingredients. The addition of RFOs to milk increased B. lactis Bb-12 and L. acidophilus populations at the final fermentation time compared with controls. Final fermentation products are positively affected by addition of RFOs, and time of fermentation was reduced from 12 to 10 h. When RFOs were added to milk, they were preferentially used as a carbon source (57.7%) compared with lactose (23.7%) at the end of fermentation. These results suggest that the eventual choice of B. lactis Bb-12 and L. acidophilus in a mixed culture at a 1:1 ratio and addition of RFOs to produce a fermented milk product would have the advantages of rapid growth and acidification rate and would likely increase the probiotic effect of the final functional product.

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de Goeij, Christiaan, Luca Mattia Gelsomino, Federico Caniato, Antonella Maria Moretto, and Michiel Steeman. "Understanding SME suppliers' response to supply chain finance: a transaction cost economics perspective." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 51, no. 8 (June 2, 2021): 813–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-04-2020-0125.

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PurposeReverse factoring (RF) is one of the most prevalent supply chain finance (SCF) solutions. This study challenges the view that suppliers accept financially attractive reverse factoring offers (RFOs) and reject financially unattractive ones. Specifically, it focuses on small and medium enterprise (SME) suppliers and how transaction cost economics (TCE) factors affect their decision.Design/methodology/approachThe authors study eight cases of RFOs, interviewing suppliers, buyers and financial service providers (FSPs) and using several sources of private and publicly available secondary data.FindingsIn five out of eight RFOs, suppliers either accepted unattractive offers or rejected attractive ones. Bounded rationality and opportunism seem to explain such misalignment, while asset specificity and frequency play a minor role in decisions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study shows the need for further investigation linking analytical assessment of SCF benefits with qualitative factors.Practical implicationsSME suppliers cannot assume an RFO will benefit them. They must critically evaluate their buyers' offers, ideally with self-awareness towards how the abovementioned factors might affect their decisions. For buyers and banks, this study gives clear insights on how to approach SME suppliers to avoid rejection of financially attractive RFOs.Originality/valueThis contribution analyses financial attractiveness of RFOs in conjunction with qualitative factors, including rejected RFOs and without assuming that RFOs are financially attractive for suppliers. This is original and relevant for both research and practice, since it extends the understanding of the supplier response to RFOs, thanks to the consideration of TCE factors.

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Zhang, Jian, Guangsen Song, Yunjun Mei, Rui Li, Haiyan Zhang, and Ye Liu. "Present status on removal of raff inose family oligosaccharides – a Review." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 3 (July 3, 2019): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/472/2016-cjfs.

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Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) are α-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose or glucose. They are found in a large variety of seeds from many different families such as beans, vegetables and whole grains. Due to absence of α-galactosidase in the digestive tract of humans and other monogastric animals, RFOs are responsible for intestinal disturbances (flatulence) following the ingestion of legume-derived products. Structural relationships of RFOs and their enzymatic degradation mechanism are described. Concentration and distribution from various seed sources are introduced. The present status on removal of the RFOs (such as soaking, cooking, germination, and addition of α-galactosidase) is summarized. At the meantime, α-galactosidases from botanic and microbial sources and their partial enzymatic properties are also presented in detail. Based on a comparison of various removal treatments, the microbial α-galactosidases are thought as the most optimum candidate for removing RFOs in legumes, and the ideal system for the RFO removal is proposed.

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Tong, Ah Fatt, Wei Meng Lim, Choon Beng Sia, Xiaopeng Yu, Wanlan Yang, and Kiat Seng Yeo. "Scalable RFCMOS Model for 90 nm Technology." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2011 (December 21, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/452348.

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This paper presents the formation of the parasitic components that exist in the RF MOSFET structure during its high-frequency operation. The parasitic components are extracted from the transistor's S-parameter measurement, and its geometry dependence is studied with respect to its layout structure. Physical geometry equations are proposed to represent these parasitic components, and by implementing them into the RF model, a scalable RFCMOS model, that is, valid up to 49.85 GHz is demonstrated. A new verification technique is proposed to verify the quality of the developed scalable RFCMOS model. The proposed technique can shorten the verification time of the scalable RFCMOS model and ensure that the coded scalable model file is error-free and thus more reliable to use.

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Pope, Janet E., Mohammad Movahedi, Emmanouil Rampakakis, Angela Cesta, John S. Sampalis, Edward Keystone, Carter Thorne, and Claire Bombardier. "ACPA and RF as predictors of sustained clinical remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Ontario Best practices Research Initiative (OBRI)." RMD Open 4, no. 2 (November 2018): e000738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2018-000738.

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Objective(s)This study evaluated the interaction of anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) in predicting sustained clinical response in an observational registry of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) followed in routine practice.MethodsPatients with RA enrolled in the Ontario Best Practices Research Initiative registry, with ≥1 swollen joint, autoantibody information and ≥1 follow-up assessment were included. Sustained clinical remission was defined as Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤2.8 in at least two sequential visits separated by 3–12 months. Time to sustained remission was assessed using cumulative incidence curves and multivariate cox regression.ResultsAmong 3251 patients in the registry, 970 were included, of whom 262 (27%) were ACPAneg/RFneg, 60 (6.2%) ACPApos /RFneg, 117 (12.1%) ACPAneg/RFpos and 531 (54.7%) ACPApos /RFpos at baseline. Significant between group differences were observed in age (p=0.02), CDAI (p=0.03), tender joint count (p=0.02) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (p=0.002), with ACPApos patients being youngest with lowest disease activity and disability. No difference in biologic use was found between groups (20.2% of patients).Over a mean follow-up of 3 years, sustained remission was achieved by 43.5% of ACPApos/RFpos patients, 43.3% of ACPApos /RFneg patients, 31.6 % of ACPAneg/RFpos patients and 32.4% of ACPAneg/RFneg patients (p=0.01). Significant differences were observed in CDAI improvement based on ACPA and RF status where ACPApos/RFpos had a shorter time to achieving sustained remission (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.67) and experienced significantly higher improvements compared with ACPAneg/RFneg patients.Conclusion(s)Combined ACPA and RF positivity were associated with improved and faster response to antirheumatic medications in patients with RA.

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Chih-Yuan Lee, Tung-Sheng Chen, and Chin-Hsing Kao. "Methods for noise isolation in RFCMOS ICs." IEEE Electron Device Letters 24, no. 7 (July 2003): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/led.2003.815001.

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Pan, Jie, and Hai-Gang Yang. "Direct model extraction of RFCMOS spiral transformers." International Journal of Electronics 97, no. 11 (November 2010): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2010.488906.

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Lahuta, Lesław B., and Joanna Goszczyńska. "Inhibition of raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl pinitols breakdown delays germination of winter vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) seeds." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 78, no. 3 (2011): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2009.025.

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Beside RFOs, which are commonly present in legume seeds, seeds of some species contain galactosyl pinitols (GPs). These carbohydrates, like RFOs, have been hypothesized to constitute an important energy and carbon skeletal source during germination. To test this hypothesis we have applied a specific α-galactosidase inhibitor (1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, DGJ) to germinating winter vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) seeds, containing more galactosyl pinitols than RFOs. The breakdown of RFOs but not that of GPs was completely blocked in both embryonic axes and cotyledons tissues, during the first 18 h of imbibition in DGJ. The inhibitor only decreased the rate of GPs degradation. The inhibitory effect of DGJ on GPs degradation was partially alleviated by addition of sucrose or galactose to DGJ solutions. After three days of germination in water, RFOs and GPs disappeared in axial tissues of seeds imbibed in water, galactose or sucrose. Eighteen-hour imbibition of seeds in DGJ drastically reduced germination, by ca 50%, during the first three days. The inhibitory effect of DGJ decreased during the next seven days of germination. The presence of galactose or sucrose in imbibition solution initially stimulated seed germination, but later this effect was not statistically significant. Our study provides clear evidence that galactosyl pinitols play an important role in early winter vetch seeds germination. Additionally, we suggest that galactosyl pinitols can replace RFOs as reserve material necessary for early germination.

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Bloemers, Margreet, and Annalisa Montesanti. "The FAIR Funding Model: Providing a Framework for Research Funders to Drive the Transition toward FAIR Data Management and Stewardship Practices." Data Intelligence 2, no. 1-2 (January 2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dint_a_00039.

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A growing number of research funding organizations (RFOs) are taking responsibility to increase the scientific and social impact of research output. Also reusable research data are recognized as relevant output for gaining impact. RFOs are therefore promoting FAIR research data management and stewardship (RDM) in their research funding cycle. However, the implementation of FAIR RDM still faces important obstacles and challenges. To solve these, stakeholders work together to develop innovative tools and practices. Here we elaborate on the role of RFOs in developing a FAIR funding model to support the FAIR RDM in the funding cycle, integrated with research community specific guidance, criteria and metadata, and enabling automatic assessments of progress and output from RDM. The model facilitates to create research data with a high level of FAIRness that are meaningful for a research community. To fully benefit from the model, RFOs, research institutions and service providers need to implement machine actionability in their FAIR RDM tools and procedures. As many stakeholders still need to get familiar with “human actionable” FAIR data practices, the introduction of the model will be stepwise, with an active role of the RFOs in driving FAIR RDM processes as effectively as possible.

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Jamal, M. S., M. S. Chowdhury, Saraswati Bajgai, M. Hossain, A. Laref, Pankaj Kumar Jha, and Kuaanan Techato. "Comparative studies on the morphological, structural and optical properties of NiO thin films grown by vacuum and non-vacuum deposition techniques." Materials Research Express 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 126404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac4340.

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Abstract The structural and optical characteristics of Nickel oxide thin films (NiOTF) formed on the soda-lime glass substrate (SLG) under vacuum and non-vacuum conditions are investigated in this work. The difference between RFMS (Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering; vacuum) and SP (spray pyrolysis; non-vacuum) was helpful in the development of NiOTF. Deposited films data for this study were characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), and optical spectrophotometer. Structural studies disclosed that NiOTF developed via RFMS technique was more uniform with large crystals and lower surface roughness in contrast to that of developed via SP technique. Transmittance spectrum divulged that the transmittance of spray pyrolyzed NiO films are ∼10% less than that of ones produced by RFMS. Urbach energy analysis of NiOTF developed by RFMS and SP affirmed the findings of structural studies.

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Molenaar, Erik Jaap. "The Concept of "Real Interest" and Other Aspects of Co-operation through Regional Fisheries Management Mechanisms." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 15, no. 4 (2000): 475–531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180800x00226.

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AbstractThe concept of "real interest" is incorporated in Article 8(3) of the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement as a condition that states (parties) must fulfil before they can participate in a regional fisheries management mechanism (RFMM). As the 1995 Agreement does not define the concept, this article examines its possible meaning. A general discussion on the need for, and duties of, co-operation in the conservation and management of transboundary stocks provides the context in which the concept of "real interest" is placed. Arguments justifying the use of the concept of "real interest" as a bar to participation in RFMMs are examined in addition to the concept's potential use in dealing with flag states with bad performance records. Ample attention is given to the practice of states co-operating in existing RFMMs and in negotiation processes aimed at establishing RFMMs, as this will play a decisive role in giving effective meaning to the concept.

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Lahuta, Lesław B., Wojciech Święcicki, Tomasz Dzik, Ryszard J. Górecki, and Marcin Horbowicz. "Feeding stem–leaf–pod explants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with d-chiro-inositol or d-pinitol modifies composition of α-d-galactosides in developing seeds." Seed Science Research 20, no. 4 (September 15, 2010): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025851000022x.

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AbstractFeeding stem–leaf–pod explants with d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol was used as a method to modify α-d-galactosides in developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Four genotypes differing in the composition of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides or RFOs) in seeds – high RFOs (cv. Tiny), low RFOs (SZD175) and low verbascose (cv. Hubal and cv. Wt 506) – were studied. Although seeds of all examined pea lines were able to take up both d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol, only d-chiro-inositol was effectively converted into its galactosides: mainly fagopyritol B1 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol) and fagopyritol B2 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol). In seeds of pea lines naturally containing low levels of verbascose (cv. Hubal) and low RFOs (SZD175), the enhanced accumulation of fagopyritols depressed the RFO level by c. 64 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, in both genotypes, about 25 and 30% of total galactose bound in α-d-galactosides occurred in fagopyritols. d-Pinitol present in the pea seeds was converted into monogalactosides, but their accumulation was several-fold lower than that of fagopyritols and did not significantly influence the accumulation of RFOs. Pea seeds with the composition of soluble carbohydrates modified by feeding with either of the cyclitols were able to complete germination.

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Muhamad, Maizan, Hanim Hussin, and Norhayati Soin. "Design of 130nm RFCMOS differential low noise amplifier." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i1.pp172-177.

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In this paper, an inductively degenerated CMOS differential low noise amplifier circuit topology is presented. This low noise amplifier is intended to be used for wireless LAN application. The differential low noise amplifier proposed provide high gain, low noise and large superior out of band IIP3. The LNA is designed in 130 nm CMOS technology. Simulated results of gain and NF at 2.4GHz are 20.46 dB and 2.59 dB, respectively. While the simulated S11 and S22 are −11.18 dB and −9.49 dB, respectively. The IIP3 is −9.05 dBm. The LNA consumes 3.4 mW power from 1.2V supply.

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Górecki, R. J., A. I. Piotrowicz-Cieślak, L. B. Lahuta, and R. L. Obendorf. "Soluble carbohydrates in desiccation tolerance of yellow lupin seeds during maturation and germination." Seed Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 1997): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500003445.

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AbstractMaturing yellow lupin seeds were desiccation tolerant. Glucose, sucrose and cyclitols (mainly D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol and myo-inositol) were predominant at the early stages of seed growth. Accumulation of the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and the galactosyl cyclitols including galactinol, digalactosyl myo-inositol, galactopinitol A, galactopinitol B, trigalactopinitol A, ciceritol, fagopyritol B1 and fagopyritol B2 appeared during seed maturation; their increase correlated with seed germinability after desiccation. The loss of desiccation tolerance after seed germination was also studied. For the desiccation tolerance test, intact seedlings were dried rapidly or slowly followed by rehydration. Soluble carbohydrates were assayed before and after drying. Root tissues were more sensitive to desiccation than hypocotyl tissues and completely lost desiccation tolerance within 36 h of imbibition after both fast and slow-drying treatments. Survival of hypocotyls decreased gradually up to 96 h after imbibition. Loss of RFOs and galactosyl cyclitols in axis tissues preceded visible germination. Loss of desiccation tolerance was accompanied by loss of RFOs and galactosyl cyclitols and an increase in reducing sugars in cotyledon, hypocotyl and radicle tissues. Drying did not induce the accumulation of RFOs and galactosyl cyclitols in seedling tissues.

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Journal articles on the topic 'RFMOs'

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