Relevant bibliographies by topics / RFMOs

Academic literature on the topic 'RFMOs'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "RFMOs"

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McDorman, Ted. "Implementing Existing Tools: Turning Words Into Actions – Decision-Making Processes of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs)." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 423–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098595.

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AbstractThis paper deals with decision-making processes within those regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) with the capacity to adopt management measures respecting either straddling or highly migratory fish stocks. The perception is that the decisions emanating from RFMOs are not achieving the goal of sustainable management of the fish stocks. Concerns raised in this regard are the perceived: non-adherence of RFMO decisions to science; lack of timeliness in making decisions; ability of RFMO members to avoid certain decisions; and adoption of management decisions that are not sufficiently rigorous. This contribution does not seek to evaluate the validity of the perception, rather it explores the manner in which RFMO conventions (the constitutive texts of RFMOs) deal with the decision-making process by looking at the trends within RFMOs, the challenges that exist and suggests ways to meet the challenges.
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Yuliantiningsih, Aryuni. "The Participation of Indonesia in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): The Legal and Globalization Perspectives." UNIFIKASI : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (December 21, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/unifikasi.v6i2.1943.

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Abstract : The purpose of this research is to find out and analyse the participation of Indonesia in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) viewed from the legal and globalization perspectives. The method used in this research was a normative juridical by employing secondary data sources which were analysed qualitatively. The results showed that there are 4 (four) RFMOs bordering Indonesian waters, namely IOCT, CCSBT, WPPC, and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). Currently, Indonesia has participated as a member of RFMOs with the reasons, firstly, to participate in conserving fish resources and secondly, if Indonesia is not a member of RFMOs, the fishery products can be embargoed and categorized as IUU fishing. In relation to law and globalization, developed countries have implemented their hegemony to dominate the high seas through legal instruments, namely international treaties and organizations. On the other hand, the participation of Indonesia in RFMO is merely to facilitate the citizens to be able to access fish resources in the high seas.Keywords: Indonesia, RFMOs, law, globalization.�Keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Perspektif Hukum dan Globalisasi�Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam Regional Fisheries Management Organizatios (RFMOs) ditinjau dari perspektif hukum dan globalisasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, menggunakan sumber data sekunder dan analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian yaitu terdapat 4 (empat) RFMOs yang berbatasan dengan perairan Indonesia yaitu, IOCT, CCSBT, WPPC, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). Saat ini Indonesia telah ikut serta menjadi anggota RFMOs dengan alasan, pertama, ikut melakukan konservasi sumber daya ikan dan kedua,� jika tidak menjadi anggota RFMOs maka hasil tangkapan dapat� diembargo dan dikategorikan sebagai IUU fishing.� Dikaitkan dengan hukum dan globalisasi, negara maju telah menerapkan hegemoninya untuk menguasai laut lepas melalui instrumen hukum yaitu perjanjian internasional dan organisasi internasional. Di sisi lain keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam RFMO� untuk memfasilitasi warga negaranya agar dapat mengakses sumberdaya ikan di laut lepas.Kata Kunci: Indonesia, RFMOs, hukum, globalisasi.
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Axelrod, Mark. "Climate Change and Global Fisheries Management: Linking Issues to Protect Ecosystems or to Save Political Interests?" Global Environmental Politics 11, no. 3 (August 2011): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00069.

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This article explores the conditions under which regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) adopt climate actions. I test a series of hypotheses to explain when RFMOs move beyond their classic management approaches—assignment of property rights, catch limits, and gear restrictions—to include climate change in their research and management plans. I introduce a new data set that compares fisheries-climate linkages since 1992 in all available RFMO annual reports and meeting minutes. The analysis reveals a series of patterns surrounding linkage politics in RFMOs. Importantly, this study finds that climate linkages in RFMOs do not simply follow scientific knowledge or regional climate vulnerability. Instead, climate action coincides with member country efforts to avoid catch regulations, and secretariat efforts to exhibit organizational relevance.
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Ferri, Nicola. "The Legal Regime Governing Mediterranean Fisheries: The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean of the FAO and the Added-Value of Article XIV Bodies." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 31, no. 1 (November 11, 2022): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-03101010.

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Abstract The impact that the progressive development of public international law as relating to fisheries has had on the evolution of the role of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) is fairly well-known, having periodically attracted interest from public international law scholars and practitioners. There are some instances though where this development has not been the sole factor leading to the emergence of decision-making by RFMOs on the management of fisheries found in marine waters worldwide. The RFMOs family is broad and heterogeneous, also encompassing some organizations which belong to the institutional setting of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) is one of those FAO RFMOs. Established in 1949 through an international agreement adopted pursuant to Article XIV of the FAO Constitution, the GFCM is the RFMO currently exercising regulatory powers to ensure the sustainability of Mediterranean fisheries. Its institutional belonging to the FAO is key to understanding that throughout its seventy years of existence the GFCM has not been responsive only to the progressive development of public international law as relating to fisheries, like all other RFMOs. The story of its evolution and, consequently, that of the legal regime governing Mediterranean fisheries, is deeply intertwined with developments that took place within the FAO’s administrative framework. This piece will briefly detail these developments, trying to shed light on the fact that the internal decisions taken by the FAO to enable bodies established under Article XIV of the FAO Constitution to exercise their regulatory powers have been, in the specific case of the GFCM, as decisive as the progressive development of public international law relating to fisheries; not only in bringing about the legal regime governing Mediterranean fisheries, but also in ultimately ensuring that this regime is as effective as that implemented by other RFMOs established independently of the FAO.
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Ogawa, Mervin, and Joseph Anthony L. Reyes. "Assessment of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations Efforts toward the Precautionary Approach and Science-Based Stock Management and Compliance Measures." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158128.

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The sustainable management of the ocean as a global food source has been prominent in recent debates due to the disproportionate rate of human consumption, depletion of fish stocks and shortcomings in conservation efforts. Criticisms from various sectors on the effectiveness of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO) in relation to their mandates have prompted performance reviews (PRs) to evaluate their efforts in fisheries management. Among concerns are slow implementation of comprehensive harvest strategies which use science-based indicators and management principles. Moreover, RFMOs are expected to apply the precautionary approach, in the hopes of anticipating, monitoring, preventing and mitigating potential threats. The emergent themes are revealed through content analysis pertaining to cooperation and compliance being essential to fisheries management activities in conjunction with choosing the right operational approaches and the proper implementation of various fisheries regulations. Government mandates and stakeholder’s recommendations support fisheries management organizations to function more effectively. This article discusses the role of coercive, normative and mimetic pressures in RFMOs activities, as described in recent performance reviews. It then analyses how RFMOs have implemented the precautionary approach together with science-based stock management and compliance measures, utilizing recent PRs to assess progress on relevant recommendations.
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Haas, Bianca, Marcus Haward, Jeffrey McGee, and Aysha Fleming. "The influence of performance reviews on regional fisheries management organizations." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (May 23, 2019): 2082–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz088.

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Abstract Regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) are key bodies responsible for managing fisheries on the high seas and also in areas of the ocean under national jurisdiction. The performance of RFMOs has, however, become the focus of broad-based criticism in the context of increasing fishing effort, the scale, and sophistication of illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, and concerns over the wider environmental impacts of fishing activities. In response to these criticisms, the United Nations General Assembly has called on RFMOs to carry out performance reviews (PRs) to assess their record in fisheries management. PRs can provide the opportunity to assess the strengths and weaknesses of past actions by specific RFMOs. There is, however, limited information and analysis available on the progress made by RFMOs after PRs have been carried out. To fill this gap, this paper assesses the performance of five RFMOs that have undergone PRs on two occasions. The paper assesses the performance of these five RFMOs against a scoring system that analyses improvements made after the first PR based on the recommendations made in the second PR. This analysis is encouraging, as all five RFMOs demonstrated significant improvement in their performance in the period after their initial PR, especially in “conservation and management” and “international cooperation” activities.
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Molenaar, Erik Jaap. "CCAMLR and Southern Ocean Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 16, no. 3 (2001): 465–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180801x00171.

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AbstractThe Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR Convention) forms the core of the regulatory regime for Southern Ocean fisheries. This article analyses the scope and extent of the Convention and the competence of the bodies established under it while also addressing the role of states and other international intergovernmental organisations with relevant competence. As part of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), the CCAMLR Convention is characterised by a unique sovereignty situation. The analysis thereof is complemented by a comparison with (other) regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) and illustrated by the difficulties in addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The article concludes inter alia that the CCAMLR Convention is unlike other RFMOs due to the special natural characteristics, its integration into the ATS and the ensuing sovereignty situation, and its conservationist objective. This notwithstanding, it seems justifiable to treat the CCAMLR Convention as "something more" than an RFMO for the purpose of international instruments on fisheries.
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PHAM DO, KIM HANG, HENK FOLMER, and HENK NORDE. "FISHERY MANAGEMENT GAMES: HOW TO ADMIT NEW MEMBERS AND REDUCE HARVESTING LEVELS." International Game Theory Review 10, no. 03 (September 2008): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198908001960.

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This paper applies game theory to address the problem of allocating profits among fishing nations, once the countries concerned have expressed an interest in achieving an agreement through a Regional Fishery Management Organization (RFMO). Proposing the population monotonic allocation scheme as management rule for division of profits, we argue that existing RFMOs can be expanded by means of the Shapley value. We also show that adjustment from the Nash equilibrium to sustainable or more efficient can be achieved by means of the proportional rule without harming any of the countries involved.
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Rayfuse, Rosemary. "To Our Children's Children's Children: From Promoting to Achieving Compliance in High Seas Fisheries." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 20, no. 3 (2005): 509–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180805775098577.

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AbstractRegional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) have adopted a range of measures aimed at promoting compliance with the conservation and management measures they adopt and at deterring IUU fishing. However, enforcement of those measures continues to be problematic. This article reviews current compliance and enforcement measures, and discusses their shortcomings. It then examines the legal basis for the adoption by RFMOs of an expanded range of measures aimed at strengthening their enforcement capability and provides practical suggestions as to the possible content of those new measures. Particular attention is paid to the modus operandi of international co-operation and the emerging practice of non-flag state enforcement.
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Merino, Gorka, Hilario Murua, Josu Santiago, Haritz Arrizabalaga, and Victor Restrepo. "Characterization, Communication, and Management of Uncertainty in Tuna Fisheries." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 8245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198245.

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Tunas sustain important fisheries that face sustainability challenges worldwide, including the uncertainty inherent to natural systems. The Kobe process aims at harmonizing the scientific advice and management recommendations in tuna regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) toward supporting the sustainable exploitation of tunas globally. In this context, we review the similarities and differences among tuna RFMOs, focusing on stock assessment methodologies, use of information, characterization of uncertainty and communication of advice. Also, under the Kobe process, tuna RFMOs have committed to a path of adopting harvest strategies (HSs), also known as management procedures (MPs), which are the series of actions undertaken to monitor the stock, make management decisions, and implement the management measures. The adoption of HSs for tuna stocks is supported by Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE), which is considered the most appropriate way to assess the consequences of uncertainty for achieving fisheries management goals. Overall, notable progress has been made in achieving some of the Kobe objectives, but there are still some aspects that are inconsistent and need to be agreed upon, due to their management implications. First, not all RFMOs report on stock status based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) as a reference. Instead, some use depletion level to represent the available fish biomass. Also, the definition of overexploited is not common in all oceans. Finally, very few stock assessments characterize all major sources of uncertainty inherent to fisheries. With regards to HSs, two different approaches are being followed: One is designed to adopt an automatic decision rule once the stock status and management quantities have been agreed upon (harvest control rules (HCRs), not strictly an HS) and the other aims at adopting all the components of HSs (data, use of information and decision rule).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "RFMOs"

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FERRI, NICOLA. "Trade measures for conservation of fisheries and third states: an evolutionary trend in international law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/29835.

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Over the last 2 centuries international law in relation to the law of the sea and fisheries has been progressively evolving. For a long time, general norms of international law, such as the principle of freedom of fishing in the high seas and the principle of pacta tertiis, have been immutable. The situation has drastically changed with the emergence of a modern approach to fisheries after the UNCED in 1992. Developments occurred ever since, most notably at regional level within RFMOs, attest to the existence of new norms. These norms mainly revolve around a duty of cooperation for all fishing States, including those that ar not Parties to RFMOs. Non Parties that fish in disregard of conservation measures in place are targeted through the adoption of trade measures against them. This recent practice might violate the legal framework established under the WTO. However, it seems possible to avoid conflicts between trade measures and the WTO by ensuring mutual supportiveness between environmental norms and trade norms. This ultimately demonstrates that trade measures against third States can be adopted and, consequently, the evolution of international law in relation to the law of the sea and fisheries.
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Song, Giljoo. "Caractérisation des propriétés électrochromes de couches minces V2O5 déposées par pulvérisation cathodique : comparaison de la méthode HiPIMS et de la méthode RFMS." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0062.

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Des couches minces d'oxyde de vanadium, V2O5, ont été déposées à température ambiante sur substrat ITO/verre en utilisant trois conditions de dépôt différentes, à savoir la pulvérisation cathodique par magnétron haute fréquence (RFMS) avec cible métallique en V (métal V2O5RF) et cible d’oxyde de V2O5 (oxyde V2O5RF) et la pulvérisation cathodique par magnétron en régime d’impulsions de haute puissance (HiPIMS) avec cible métallique (V2O5HiPIMS), respectivement. L’optimisation des différents paramètres de dépôt conduit à une modulation de la structure et morphologie des films, d’amorphes à cristallisés et de denses à poreux. Le cyclage en milieu lithié ou sodé montre un multichromisme associé à un changement réversible de coloration impliquant 4 couleurs, orange, vert, bleu et gris, en fonction des états de réduction et d’oxydation. Un cyclage prolongé sur 1000 CV, indique une différence de stabilité en fonction de la méthode de dépôt. Les films denses déposés par HiPIMS présentent une grande stabilité tandis qu’une dégradation très rapide est observée pour les films amorphes (oxyde V2O5RF) et qu’une augmentation de capacité est observée pour les films (métal V2O5RF). Ces différences de comportement sont attribuables à des différences de morphologie faisant apparaitre des films fissurés et fragiles dans un cas et denses sans grande évolution dans l’autre cas. Par ailleurs, le cyclage longue durée entraine une amorphisation des films. La caractérisation par un grand nombre de techniques (GIXRD, XPS, TOF-SIMS, AES et RBS / NRA) des différents comportements au cours du processus électrochrome a mis en évidence que le mécanisme ne peut être simplement décrit par une unique réaction d’insertion/désinsertion. Les propriétés électrochromes prometteuses des couches unitaires de V2O5 (métal V2O5RF) ont permis leur intégration dans des dispositifs complets à base d’électrolyte transparent ou opaque. Ainsi, des dispositifs WO3/V2O5 et V2O5/V2O5 ont été caractérisés pour des applications vitrage et afficheur
Vanadium oxide thin films were deposited on ITO coated glass substrate at room temperature using three different deposition conditions, namely radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) with V metallic target (V2O5RF-metal) or V2O5 oxide target (V2O5RF-oxide) and High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) with V metallic target (V2O5HiPIMS), respectively. Significant difference in structure and morphologies are reported. V2O5RF-metal films are crystalline and dense with a disturbed surface which is thickness dependent, while V2O5RF-oxide and V2O5HiPIMS films are amorphous and porous or dense respectively. V2O5 thin films show reversible electrochromism with 4 colors, which are orange, green, blue and gray, in reduction/oxidation states when cycled in Li and Na based electrolytes. However, depending on the deposition method, V2O5 films show different cycling stability, recorded up to 1000 cycles, that is attributed to a modification of the morphology (i.e. increase of the surface area due to cracks and increase porosity, as well as a progressive amorphization particularly in lithium electrolyte. The different behaviors during the electrochromic process were investigated with GIXRD, XPS, TOF-SIMS, AES and RBS/NRA indicating a mechanism more complex than a simple insertion/deinsertion. Finally, two types of ECDs using either transparent electrolyte membrane or opaque are fabricated coupling V2O5 thin films to WO3 or to V2O5 in a symmetrical device aiming at application in smart windows and displays, respectively
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Oliver, John Marcus. "3D Micromachined Passive Components and Active Circuit Integration for Millimeter-wave Radar Applications." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77049.

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The development of millimeter-wave (30-300 GHz) sensors and communications systems has a long history of interest, spanning back almost six decades. In particular, mm-wave radars have applications as automotive radars, in remote atmospheric sensing applications, as landing radars for air and spacecraft, and for high precision imaging applications. Mm-wave radar systems have high angular accuracy and range resolution, and, while susceptible to atmospheric attenuation, are less susceptible to optically opaque conditions, such as smoke or dust. This dissertation document will present the initial steps towards a new approach to the creation of a mm-wave radar system at 94 GHz. Specifically, this dissertation presents the design, fabrication and testing of various components of a highly integrated mm-wave a 94 Ghz monopulse radar transmitter/receiver. Several architectural approaches are considered, including passive and active implementations of RF monopulse comparator networks. These architectures are enabled by a high-performance three-dimensional rectangular coaxial microwave transmission line technology known as PolyStrataTM as well as silicon-based IC technologies. A number of specific components are examined in detail, including: a 2x2 PolyStrata antenna array, a passive monopulse comparator network, a 94 GHz SiGe two-port active comparator MMIC, a 24 GHz RF-CMOS 4-port active monopulse comparator IC, and a series of V- and W-band corporate combining structures for use in transmitter power combining applications. The 94 GHz cavity-backed antennas based on a rectangular coaxial feeding network have been designed, fabricated, and tested. 13 dB gain for a 2 x 2 array, as well as antenna patterns are reported. In an effort to facilitate high-accuracy measurement of the antenna array, an E-probe transition to waveguide and PolyStrata diode detectors were also designed and fabricated. AW-band rectangular coaxial passive monopulse comparator with integrated antenna array and diode detectors have also been presented. Measured monopulse nulls of 31.4 dB in the ΔAZ plane have been demonstrated. 94-GHz SiGe active monopulse comparator IC and 24 GHz RF-CMOS active monopulse comparator RFIC designs are presented, including detailed simulations of monopulse nulls and performance over frequency. Simulations of the W-band SiGe active monopulse comparator IC indicate potential for wideband operation, with 30 dB monopulse nulls from 75-105 GHz. For the 24-GHz active monopulse comparator IC, simulated monopulse nulls of 71 dB and 68 dB were reported for the azimuthal and elevational sweeps. Measurements of these ICs were unsuccessful due to layout errors and incomplete accounting for parasitics. Simulated results from a series of rectangular coaxial power corporate power combining structures have been presented, and their relative merits discussed. These designs include 2-1 and 4-1 reactive, Wilkinson, and Gysel combiners at V- and W-band. Measured back-to-back results from Gysel combiners at 60 GHz included insertion loss of 0.13 dB per division for a 2-1 combination, and an insertion loss of 0.3 dB and 0.14 dB for "planar" and "direct" 4-1 combinations, respectively. At 94 GHz, a measured insertion loss of 0.1 dB per division has been presented for a 2-1 Gysel combination, using a back-to-back structure. Preliminary designs for a solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) structure have also been presented. Finally, two conceptual monopulse transceivers will be presented, as a vehicle for integrating the various components demonstrated in this dissertation.
Ph. D.
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Meyer, Thibault. "La dégradation des acides hydroxycinnamiques comme signal de perception de la plante : régulation et rôle dans l’écologie d’Agrobacterium fabrum." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1101.

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Les agrobactéries établissent des relations à long terme avec les plantes et ce, dans deux styles de vie différents, rhizosphérique et pathogène (galle du collet). Dans ce mode de vie, les bactéries modifient génétiquement leur hôte et se créent ainsi une niche écologique spécifique (tumeur). La transition entre les deux styles de vie est déclenchée par la perception de signaux végétaux, parmi lesquels des acides hydroxycinnamiques (HCAs) comme l’acide férulique. Or dans l’espèce Agrobacterium fabrum, des gènes spécifiques permettent la dégradation des HCAs. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que cette dégradation était un signal de proximité de la plante et influençait alors des fonctions importantes pour l’interaction avec celle-ci. Nous avons caractérisé la régulation de la dégradation des HCAs, évalué son rôle dans la valeur sélective d’A. fabrum, et suggéré son importance dans la transition entre les styles de vie rhizosphérique et pathogène. Nous avons montré que la dégradation des HCAs module le métabolisme carboné bactérien, notamment l’utilisation d’acide aminés et d’oligosaccharides de la famille du raffinose. Nous avons caractérisé la protéine MelB qui permet l’import de ces sucres, du mélibiose et du galactinol. Leur utilisation est importante pour la colonisation des plantes dès la germination. L’analyse de l’expression des gènes et du métabolisme bactérien en présence d'un composé signal de la plante, nous a révélé de nouveaux déterminants importants pour l’écologie de ce phytopathogène, notamment des facteurs de transcription. En outre, cette analyse a confirmé l’importance des échanges cellulaires et de déterminants impliqués dans la compétition bactérienne
Agrobacterium establish long term interactions with plants, either in a rhizosphere or pathogenic lifestyle. Pathogenic agrobacteria are causing the crown gall disease by genetically modifying the plant cells host, thus creating a specific ecological niche (tumor). The transition from the rhizosphere to the pathogenic lifestyle is triggered by bacterial perception of plant-derived signals, including hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) such as ferulic acid. However, A. fabrum strains have species-specific genes that allow HCAs degradation.We hypothesized that in A. fabrum, the degradation of the HCAs is perceived as a plant signal which influences important functions involved in the interaction with plants. We characterized the regulation of HCAs degradation, evaluated its role in the fitness of A. fabrum, and suggested its importance for the transition between the rhizosphere and pathogenic lifestyles. Then, we showed that the degradation of HCAs modulates carbon metabolism, such as the use of amino acids and sugars belonging to the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO). We have demonstrated that besides these sugars, the MelB protein allows the import melibiose and galactinol. Their use is important for plant colonization, since seed germination. The analyzes of gene expression and bacterial metabolism in the presence of a plant signal compound, revealed new determinants important for A. fabrum ecology, including transcription factors. In addition, it confirmed the importance of cellular exchanges and bacterial competition for Agrobacterium fitness in planta
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Clark, EA. "Compliance enforcement in regional fisheries management organisations to which Australia is a party." Thesis, 2011. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/12423/1/Final_Thesis.pdf.

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One of the key problems facing regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) in the twenty-first century is a lack of compliance by flag States. Non-compliance by both contracting and non-contracting parties to RFMOs threatens the effectiveness of a regime which relies almost entirely upon cooperation and the interests of individual States to function. The political will of States to effectively address problems caused by non-compliance including, inter alia, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, has recently been deemed wanting. This thesis is concerned with the need for better implementation of compliance enforcement mechanisms by RFMOs to which Australia is a party (AusRFMOs). It examines the range of compliance enforcement mechanisms available to RFMOs and evaluates how AusRFMOs are currently tackling the problem of non-compliance. It recognises the difficulties faced by RFMOs in implementing their mandate and demonstrates that policy and diplomatic avenues along with a range of countermeasures may be, and have been, evoked by RFMOs to tackle flag State noncompliance. This thesis concludes that AusRFMOs could improve their compliance enforcement across the board. It demonstrates that despite the widespread adoption of mechanisms such as IUU vessel lists, there remains a gap between the theoretical mandate of these organisations and their adoption of measures to enable more effective enforcement. The thesis submits that AusRFMOs must better utilise their enforcement capabilities if they are to fulfil the role envisaged for them under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other associated international agreements. It concludes that AusRFMOs should take steps to move beyond their role as cooperative entities towards an enforcement capacity if they are to make a real contribution to achieving sustainable global fisheries.
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MIdson, DW. "Legal frameworks and the use of science in regional fisheries management organisations." Thesis, 2017. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/23869/1/Midson_whole_thesis.pdf.

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This thesis compares the role of science in the decision making processes and legal frameworks of a selection of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) in order to understand the features of those frameworks which influence their use of science. The RFMOs analysed are the six largest non-tuna RFMOs, the: • Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, • South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation, • General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean, • Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization, • North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission, and • South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation. Each of these RFMOs enshrines science as the key input into fisheries management. However the thesis shows that there are variations between them regarding the consistency with which they followed the advice of their scientific advisors. These variations have enabled a comparison of both the legal frameworks and the decision making records of each body. The thesis submits that both the ability of the decision maker to take decisions in the absence of scientific consensus (or in the face of scientific uncertainty) and, transparency in the decision making process, are important factors which increase the effectiveness of the use of science in the decision making process. The comparative analysis conducted in the thesis has allowed the suggestion of modifications that could be made to RFMO legal frameworks in order to strengthen the ability of scientific advisors to provide salient advice, thereby improving quality and transparency in decision making processes.
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Wen-Sen, Chen, and 陳文深. "Vessel Monitoring System and Fisheries Management：A Study of International Trends, Practices of States and RFMOs, and Taiwan’s Policy." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88071764387985997759.

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碩士
國立海洋大學
應用經濟研究所
91
This study focuses on regulations of vessel monitoring system (VMS) and the development of VMS technology. Through the discoveries of the study, it is hoped that the local management system of VMS could have a connection to international fisheries management and develop in accordance with it. International fisheries organizations are authorized by international conventions and agreements with the rights of conservation, management and trade sanctions, and they practically enforce these rights through monitoring, control and surveillance measures. VMS is able to provide near real-time vessel position and catch information; hence, in the near future, main commercial fisheries will be required to install VMS on the vessels. International fisheries laws related have already requested flag states to develop appropriate VMS and their fishing vessels are supposed to install VMS according to the rules set by flag states. To ensure the practice of fisheries resources reservation, coastal states can also ask foreign fishing vessels operating in their Exclusive Economic Zone or territorial seas to be equipped with VMS. Moreover, if fishing vessels entering port states with VMS, it is helpful for the port states to get aboard the vessels for inspection. Therefore, it is expected that VMS will be widely used in fisheries management in the future. Our fishing vessels usually operate for a long period of time on the sea, which may extend to over one year and they use foreign ports as bases for repair. As a result, the VMS already installed is either an old version or an updated one, many of whose additional functions do not work effectively. In addition, since catch report is becoming more detailed, the software of catch report keeps changing and this causes vessel crew to spend time getting familiar with operating the software. Consequently, when planning catch report software, the government should ask experts to develop a catch report software which can be updated on-line, so as to avoid causing trouble for the crew. As to the steady catch report coming from the software of VMS, measures of procedure simplification should be taken in the future. For example, fishing vessels that report catch through VMS should be allowed not to fill out logbook, so as to encourage catch report through VMS and promote the policy of electronicalizing logbook and thereby the goals of transparent vessel operation, real-time monitoring and conservation of manpower can be reached. When it comes to the standardization of installing VMS and identification procedures, the government should set clear regulations with reference to the management of information security and confidentiality adopted by international fisheries organizations. Furthermore, speaking of the VMS frequency of vessel position report in terms of the international trend, it’s very likely to be once every 6 hour. Consequently, the fisheries industry should be informed and get themselves prepared.
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PAI, TING-WEI, and 白庭瑋. "A Novel RFOS Method for Imbalanced Data Classification." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/efu7nm.

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碩士
輔仁大學
數學系碩士班
106
According to the continuous development of Internet and the incremental data storages, methods of data analysis have been widely applied to several fields. Therefore, providing an efficient decision to classify or predict an issue based on mining the rule of data classification plays an important role recently. However, since the classification data were considered in real-life, some of them would have problem with imbalanced data simultaneously. In other words, imbalanced data means the sample size of one class is smaller than other classes, the employed classification methods will tend to have higher error rate in this class. To solve this situation, lots of researches have provided different improvements. Furthermore, the most popular method is called SMOTE. Although SMOTE method can approximately solve the problem mentioned above, it expends another flaw which is unable to process mixed data efficiently. Hence, this research attempts to combine missing value imputation and random forest similarity matrix for gaining a higher and more balance accuracy. Consequently, 4 different data sets are selected to analysis with SMOTE method. Moreover, the results show that the classifications of minority and majority are more balance and have a higher accuracy in most situations. In conclusion, RFOS (Random Forest Over-Sampling) method, which is developed in this research, is an efficient way to solve unbalanced data.
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Chyuan, Lan Chorng, and 藍重泉. "Study of P+ Polysilicon Resistor Mis-matching Effect in 0.18μm RFCMOS Process Technology." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52638082196081966037.

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碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
94
The thesis is mainly discussed the passive resistor device matching effect on the integrated circuit. Though design the analog circuit that use the resistor is unavoidable. Hence the precision of the resistor will effects the resolution bit of the analog to digital or digital to analog converter and the multi-tasking process that have voltage offset and current offset problems. It is very important to match the effect of the circuit. This paper uses the p+ poly non-silicide to act as the study of the target and to make use of the TSMC 0.18μm CMOS process technology and to use this resistor device layout on the 1.44*1.44mm2 IC. In generally, the analog circuit to be particular about symmetry and the structure of the resistor inside use the device array of the 8*8 and layout in the I/O pad of the 6*6. These four pairs resistors has include variations of the width, length and contact number. This study doesn’t provide in the TSMC spice model and can use this to apply in the analog circuit, analog to digital converter or digital to analog converter.
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Silva, Vitor Filipe Henriques da. "Neuromodulador implantável com alimentação e comunicação sem fios em tecnologia RFCMOS 180 nm." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/49786.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica (área de especialização em Eletrónica Médica)
Existem diversas patologias associadas ao cérebro que não podem ser tratadas com o recurso a medicamentos. Para estas, é necessária a utilização de outro tipo de abordagens de tratamento. Um exemplo de uma doença neurológica que apresenta resistência a medicamentos é a epilepsia. Vários são os métodos alternativos para o tratamento desta doença, sendo a modulação térmica um deles. Apesar da elevada eficiência deste método, existem poucos dispositivos capazes de realizar este tipo de modulação, sendo que a maioria se encontra em investigação. Posto isto, é necessária a criação de sistemas de controlo para este tipo de modulação. O objetivo desta dissertação passa pela elaboração de um chip que possa ser usado como controlador de um neuromodulador térmico. Este chip controla a saída de uma fonte de corrente, limitando a corrente que atravessa o Peltier. No desenvolvimento do chip considerou-se que o sistema possui uma bateria como elemento armazenador de energia, sendo possível o seu carregamento sem fios, através da técnica de RF powering. Este dispositivo possui também comunicação bidirecional sem fios (com modulação OOK). Tanto as comunicações sem fios como o carregamento foram projetados para operar a uma frequência de 2 GHz. O chip foi fabricado utilizando a tecnologia UMC 0.18 μm CMOS e apresenta as dimensões de 1.5 x 1.5 !!". O seu consumo é de 17 mW quando se encontra com as suas funcionalidades reduzidas (emissor e fonte de corrente desligados) e 222 mW com todas as suas funcionalidades ativas. Este tipo de dispositivos apresenta diversas limitações e devem ser desenvolvidos tendo em conta alguns requisitos tais como: dimensão e capacidade de integração, consumo de energia, elemento armazenador de energia, fonte de energia, comunicação sem fios e o tipo de modulação. O chip desenvolvido, apesar de respeitar todos os requisitos referidos anteriormente, apresenta algumas características que ainda não se encontram otimizadas. Tal será feito numa próxima versão deste sistema. Adicionalmente, este dispositivo será implantado e testado em ratos.
There are several pathologies associated with the brain that cannot be treated with medication. For this type of pathologies, it is necessary to use other approaches. An example of a neurological disease that is drug resistant is epilepsy. There are several alternative methods for the treatment of this disease, with thermal modulation being one of them. Despite of the high efficiency of this method, there are few devices capable of performing this type of modulation, and most are under investigation. Therefore, it is necessary to create control systems for this type of modulation. The aim of this dissertation is to elaborate a chip that can be used as a thermal neuromodulator controller. This chip controls a current source which has its output current regulated, limiting the current that flows through the Peltier. In the development of this chip it was considered that the system has got a battery as the energy storage element, being possible to charge it wirelessly through RF powering. This device also has got bidirectional wireless communication (with OOK modulation). Both wireless communications and charging were designed to operate at a frequency of 2 GHz. The chip was fabricated using UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology and measures 1.5 x 1.5 !!". Its power draw is 17 mW when it has its functionalities reduced (emitter and current source turned off) and 222 mW with all its functionalities active. This type of device has several limitations and must be developed taking into account certain requirements such as: size and integration capacity, power consumption, energy storage element, power source, wireless communication and type of modulation. The developed chip, despite complying with all the requirements mentioned above, presents some features that are not yet optimized and should be optimized in an upcoming version of it. Furthermore, this device will be implanted and tested in rats.
Integração no projeto de investigação PTDC/EEI-TEL/5250/2014, POCI-01-145-FEDER-16695.
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Books on the topic "RFMOs"

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United States. Dept. of Education, ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education, ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education., ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education, ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education., ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education., ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education, ed. 1999-2000 federal Pell grant program: Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS). [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, 1998.

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United States. Dept. of Education. Student Financial Assistance Programs. Announces the new 1999-2000 Recipient Financial Management System (RFMS) for reporting and requesting funds under the Federal Pell Grant Program. [Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Education, Student Financial Assistance Programs, 1998.

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Rosemary, Rayfuse. 20 Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.003.0020.

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This chapter assesses the contribution of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) to the achievement of the principles of conservation and cooperation articulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). It begins with a brief historical introduction to the institutionalisation of cooperation through RFMOs and an examination of their structural limitations. It then considers the role and contribution of RFMOs in developing the specific content of the obligation to conserve, including the implications for RFMOs of the increasing recognition of the need to protect, conserve, and manage marine biodiversity in general. Finally, it examines the challenges to RFMOs posed by climate change.
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James, Harrison. 7 Fishing and the Conservation of Marine Living Resources. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198707325.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 reviews the legal framework for the regulation of fishing in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and explains how States have developed additional rules and standards for the conservation of marine living resources at global and regional levels. In particular, the analysis considers the extent to which States have implemented a precautionary and ecosystems approach to fisheries, as well as how they have sought to adopt law-making techniques that overcome the challenges of regulating the open-access resources of the high seas. The chapter covers major developments in the international law of fisheries, including the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries, the Fish Stocks Agreement, the Port State Measures Agreement, and the International Guidelines on Deep-Sea Fisheries. The role of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) in implementing these instruments is considered a key feature of the law-making process. The chapter also addresses the specific regimes that apply to anadromous species, catadromous species, and marine mammals.
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Book chapters on the topic "RFMOs"

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Taşabat, Semra Erpolat, Tayfun Özçay, Salih Sertbaş, and Esra Akca. "A New RFM Model Approach: RFMS." In Industry 4.0 and the Digital Transformation of International Business, 143–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7880-7_9.

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Gonçalves, Leandra R. "CCAMLR: To Be or Not To Be an RFMO?" In Regional Fisheries Management Organizations, 21–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70362-2_2.

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Tiebout, Marc. "Design and Optimization of RFCMOS-Circuits for Integrated PLL’s and Synthesizers." In Analog Circuit Design, 325–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3198-9_15.

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Shauly, Eitan N. "Planar CMOS Process Flow for Digital, Mixed-Signal, and RFCMOS Applications." In Design Rules in a Semiconductor Foundry, 511–680. New York: Jenny Stanford Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003311720-8.

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van de Plassche, Rudy J., Johan H. Huijsing, and Willy Sansen. "Erratum to: Design and Optimization of RFCMOS-Circuits for Integrated PLL’s and Synthesizers." In Analog Circuit Design, 401–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3198-9_19.

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Link, Jason S., and Anthony R. Marshak. "Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs)." In Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management, 545–610. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843463.003.0011.

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The U.S. participates in transboundary management of migratory and high seas fisheries species as a signatory to 14 major intergovernmental conventions, treaties, and regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) throughout the Atlantic and Pacific basins. The U.S. is also a participant in several other international living marine resource (LMR), conservation, and scientific organizations. The reason is that in addition to domestic fisheries resources contained within its EEZ, international, transboundary, and high seas fisheries contribute significantly to U.S. fisheries landings, revenue, and LMR-based employments. This chapter briefly describes those participatory RFMOs and related organizations, and presents some summary statistics related to the ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria noted throughout the regional chapters in this book. Significant progress has been made toward greater understanding of Atlantic and Pacific ecosystems within RFMO jurisdictions, but as expected, generally, progress toward EBFM in RFMOs has been slower than in other regions within the US EEZ, with several challenges remaining unique to what are often taxa-oriented organizations. Given that advances toward EBFM have been occurring throughout several RFMOs, with specific progress of adopting ecosystem considerations occurring in various jurisdictions, particularly in the Antarctic.
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Hosch, Gilles. "RFMOs and DSF management." In Catch Documentation Schemes for Deep-sea Fisheries in the ABNJ, 45–56. UN, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/db4abb11-en.

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Unterweger, Ingo. "Chapter III The five tuna RFMOs – Differences and Similarities." In International Law on Tuna Fisheries Management, 103–74. Nomos, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845263915-103.

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"Chapter 19. In Combating and Deterring IUU Fishing: Do RFMOs Work?" In The Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction, 431–47. Brill | Nijhoff, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004262591_022.

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Watling, Les, Lissette Victorero, Jeffrey Drazen, and Matthew Gianni. "Exploitation of deep-sea fishery resources." In Natural Capital and Exploitation of the Deep Ocean, 71–90. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841654.003.0004.

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Deep-sea fisheries occur at depths between 200 and 1800 m, using bottom trawls, long lines, and occasionally pots and gillnets. These fisheries were of minor interest and value until the mid-1980s when large stocks of fish were discovered, mostly on high-seas seamounts. However, because of the life-history characteristics of deep-dwelling fish, most seamount fish stocks were soon overfished, and few have recovered. Total deep-sea fish catch since 1950 represents about 3 per cent of the global catch, yet the environmental harm caused to deep-sea bottom communities by bottom trawling is extensive and long lasting, far exceeding the value of the fishery. In response, the United Nations has passed several resolutions since 2004 requiring the establishment of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) who would be responsible for setting catch limits for the target species and requiring actions that would limit the damage to the habitat by fishing gear. To date, the latter of these two requirements, at least, has not been successfully met.
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Conference papers on the topic "RFMOs"

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Nguyen, Henry, Ali Md Alikat, Dongho Lee, and Haiying Shi. "Developing High Yielding Soybean Varieties with Desirable Carbohydrate Fraction for Enhancing Nutrition." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/equd9211.

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Soybean is the major seed oil and protein crop in the global market. The majority of soybean protein meal in the U.S. is used for feeding poultry and pigs. Raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soybean meal reduce feeding efficiency due to their anti-digestibility in monogastric animals. Current commodity soybeans do not have desirable carbohydrate fraction; thus, the development of new and improved varieties with reduced RFOs and increased sucrose is of great interest and adds value to the swine, poultry, and aquaculture industries. This presentation will summarize current progress in soybean breeding and the discovery of novel genetic resources which provide a great opportunity for improving the carbohydrate composition of US soybeans in all major maturity groups.
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Costa, J., M. Carroll, D. Kerr, C. Iversen, P. Mason, and E. Spears. "RFCMOS SOI technology for 4G reconfigurable RF solutions." In 2013 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2013. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2013.6697754.

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Wang, X., Y. Chen, S. Sweeney, J. Lee, R. Anna, J. Pekarik, D. Sanderson, and D. Wang. "Circuit Enablement for SiGe BiCMOS and RFCMOS Technologies." In 2006 8th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology Proceedings. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsict.2006.306108.

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Ujiie, Ryuichi, Hisayasu Sato, and Noboru Ishihara. "A Dual Band RFCMOS Amplifier Using Inductive Reactance Switching." In 2007 Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smic.2007.322798.

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Lai, Bobby, Chris Rivera, and Khurram Waheed. "Low Cost Testing of Quadruple Band GSM RFCMOS SOC." In 2007 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vdat.2007.373217.

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Wang, X., S. Fan, B. Qin, J. Liu, L. Lin, H. Tang, H. Zhao, et al. "Full band UWB LNA with 8kV+ ESD protection in RFCMOS." In 2011 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rws.2011.5725431.

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Lixin, Liang, Guo Gang, and Philippe Royannez. "Low power optimization for a 40nm RFCMOS wireless connectivity chip." In 2012 IEEE Faible Tension Faible Consommation (FTFC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ftfc.2012.6231744.

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Tabrizi, Mohammad Moghaddam, Morteza Fathipour, Ehsan Fathi, Yousof Mortazavi, Nasser Masoumi, and Mohammad Reza Ghaderi. "A new methodology for substrate network resistance extraction in RFCMOS." In 2004 10th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics and URSI Conference. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/antem.2004.7860651.

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Wei, J. M., C. N. Chen, K. T. Chen, C. F. Kuo, B. H. Ong, C. H. Lu, C. C. Liu, et al. "A 110nm RFCMOS GPS SoC with 34mW −165dBm tracking sensitivity." In 2009 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isscc.2009.4977404.

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Wang, Dawn, Jack Ou, and Xudong Wang. "RF Design Challenges at 90nm RFCMOS Technology Under Low Voltage Applications." In 2006 8th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology Proceedings. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsict.2006.306277.

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Reports on the topic "RFMOs"

1

Buzzo, Bruce. Automation and Remote Control Instrumentation Development. Rocket First Motion Timing System (RFMTS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249970.

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Máñez Costa, Maria, Amy M. P. Oen, Tina-Simone Schmid Neset, Loius Celliers, Mirko Suhari, Jo-Ting Huang-Lachmann, Rafael Pimentel, et al. Co-production of Climate Services : A diversity of approaches and good practice from the ERA4CS projects (2017–2021). Linköping Univeristy Electronic Press, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179291990.

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This guide presents a joint effort of projects funded under the European Research Area for Climate Services (ERA4CS) (http://www.jpi-climate.eu/ERA4CS), a co- funded action initiated by JPI Climate with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462), 15 national public Research Funding Organisations (RFOs), and 30 Research Performing Organisations (RPOs) from 18 European countries. This guide sets out to increase the understanding of different pathways, methods, and approaches to improve knowledge co-production of climate services with users as a value-added activity of the ERA4CS Programme. Reflecting on the experiences of 16 of the 26 projects funded under ERA4CS, this guide aims to define and recommend good practices for transdisciplinary knowledge co-production of climate services to researchers, users, funding agencies, and private sector service providers. Drawing on responses from ERA4CS project teams to a questionnaire and interviews, this guide maps the diversity of methods for stakeholder identification, involvement, and engagement. It also conducts an analysis of methods, tools, and mechanisms for engagement as well as evaluation of co-production processes. This guide presents and discusses good practice examples based on the review of the ERA4CS projects, identifying enablers and barriers for key elements in climate service co-production processes. These were: namely (i) Forms of Engagement; (ii) Entry Points for Engagement; and, (iii) Intensity of Involvement. It further outlines key ingredients to enhance the quality of co-producing climate services with users and stakeholders. Based on the analysis of the lessons learned from ERA4CS projects, as well as a review of key concepts in the recent literature on climate service co-production, we provide a set of recommendations for researchers, users, funders and private sector providers of climate services.
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