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Saputra, Fadhlon, Muhammad Bin Abubakar, and M. Akmal. "The Reward and Punishment of the Civil Servants Apparatus In the Civil Service Police Unit and Wilayatul Hisbah Bener Meriah Regency." Malikussaleh Social and Political Reviews 1, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/mspr.v1i1.3136.
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This study examines the provision of rewards and punishments to ASN. The research objective was to understand how the process and impact of reward and punishment for ASN in Satpol PP and WH Bener Meriah Regency. The theoretical perspective used is the theory of public organizations, reward, and punishment, and the state civil apparatus. The research method used is qualitative. The results showed that the process of giving rewards and punishments was carried out in three stages: ASN inventory, priority scale creation, and decision making. The positive impact of giving rewards and punishments for ASNs in the Satpol PP and WH Office of Bener Meriah Regency is to increase work motivation and can help develop careers for ASNs. Whereas punishment has a positive impact on ASNs as a deterrent effect from repeating violations of duty and can improve their behavior at work which is then able to improve their performance in the future. The negative impact did not change the attitude/behavior of ASNs who were given punishment because they were annoyed at getting punished, or it could be said that ASN was not deterred by the actions of giving punishment by the leaders of Satpol PP and WH in Bener Meriah Regency.
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Zhang, Liying, Chengliang Wu, and Yan Hao. "How to Improve the Supply of Quasi-Public Forest Infrastructure When Government Is the Leader: Evidence from Experimental Economics." Forests 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2023): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020275.
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Forest infrastructure is an important material basis for healthy forests. According to public goods theory, most forest infrastructures are quasi-public goods, with demand exceeding supply, more than one supplier, unclear responsibilities between suppliers, and a resultant free-rider problem. This study explored ways to improve the supply of goods for forest infrastructure when the government—as leader—cooperates with foresters—as followers. Experimental economics were used to explain the factors that influence the behaviour of forest infrastructure quasi-public goods suppliers; to design twelve policy scenarios by communication, information feedback, rewards and punishments, and leadership styles; and to simulate the changes in foresters’ supply behaviour in different scenarios to analyse which policies were conducive to improving the supply of quasi-public forest infrastructures. The results were as follows: communication, rewards and punishments, information feedback, and leadership style reduce foresters’ free-riding behaviour; communication, rewards, and punishment increase supply, and, furthermore, the supply of the scenario with rewards and punishment is 1.792–4.616 times that of the situation without rewards and punishment; without the constraints of rewards and punishment, only feedback information reduces the supply; and the p values of the Mann–Whitney U test for the influence of leadership style on the supply level of forest infrastructure were all greater than 0.05, which indicates that no significant difference exists between leading by words and leading by example in supply improvement. When foresters are able to communicate with each other, reward and punishment exist, and information feedback is provided; hence, the supply of foresters is higher regardless of whether the government leads by words or by example. This study provided policy suggestions on how to improve the supply of quasi-public goods for forestry infrastructure, namely, that the organizer should organize foresters to fully negotiate before raising funds for infrastructure construction; publish, when appropriate, the supply and income of foresters; and formulate appropriate reward and punishment measures.
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Wei, Guolong, Guoliang Li, and Xue Sun. "Evolutionary Game Analysis of the Regulatory Strategy of Third-Party Environmental Pollution Management." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 15449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215449.
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The “multiple-interaction” model of third-party management for environmental pollution has gradually replaced the traditional “command-and-control” model and become a new trend in governance. This new governance system is accompanied by a lack of regulatory capacity, a single reward and punishment mechanism, and frequent rent-seeking behavior, and other governance problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on the premise of limited rationality, considering the possible rent-seeking behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model with pollution control enterprises, professional environmental testing institutions, and government regulatory departments as the main bodies. The evolutionary stabilization strategy of the three-party game is analyzed according to Lyapunov’s theory, and the system is optimized through a computational experimental simulation in MATLAB. The research results show that the government can effectively regulate the behavior of pollution control enterprises and professional environmental testing institutions by appropriately increasing the rewards and punishments, but excessive rewards are not conducive to increasing the government regulators’ own performance; the existing static reward and punishment mechanism of the government regulators fails to reward and punish the behavior of governance subjects in real time, and the linear dynamic punishment mechanism greatly increases the probability of rent-seeking behavior, neither of which is a stable control strategy for the system. The non-linear dynamic reward and punishment mechanism takes into account both dynamic incentives and dynamic constraints to make the system achieve the desired evolutionary stability strategy, i.e., pollution control enterprises follow regulations, professional environmental testing agencies refuse to seek rent, and the government actively regulates the system as the final evolutionary direction. The research findings and management implications provide countermeasures and suggestions for government regulators to improve the regulatory mechanism for the third-party management of environmental pollution.
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Li, Tao, and Yun Chen. "Do Regulations Always Work? The Moderate Effects of Reinforcement Sensitivity on Deviant Tourist Behavior Intention." Journal of Travel Research 58, no. 8 (October 15, 2018): 1317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287518804679.
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Deviant tourist behavior is destructive to both the tourist experience and tourism development. Punishment and reward are two regulation approaches that are widely used to reduce deviant tourist behavior. However, few scholars have considered why punishment and reward are occasionally ineffective. Based on reinforcement sensitivity theory, this article explored the effects of punishment and reward on reducing deviant tourist behavior intention. Following the rules of a quasi-experiment design, a scenario-based survey was conducted to test hypotheses. The results showed that both punishment and reward have negative effects on deviant tourist behavior intention. However, groups with high sensitivity and groups with low sensitivity to punishment or reward exhibited significant disparities. In addition, the awareness of the impact of tourism was found to mediate the effects of punishment and reward on reducing deviant tourist behavior intention. This study contributes to a better understanding of this phenomenon for scholars and practitioners.
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Zhang, Ziming, Xinping Wang, Chang Su, and Linhui Sun. "Evolutionary Game Analysis of Shared Manufacturing Quality Synergy under Dynamic Reward and Punishment Mechanism." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 6792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136792.
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Quality improvement is crucial for manufacturing, and existing research has paid less attention to the influence of regulatory factors and irrational factors of decision makers. Considering the impact of the reward and punishment strategy of the shared platform on quality decision-making, this paper introduces prospect theory and mental account theory into the process of multi-agent evolutionary game of shared manufacturing, constructs a co-evolutionary game model of shared manufacturing quality synergistic improvement under the dynamic reward and punishment mechanism, and analyzes the dynamic evolution law of each game agent. The research results show that: (1) The synergistic improvement of shared manufacturing quality is the consequence of the combined action of numerous interrelated and interacting factors, rather than the linear effect of a single element. (2) Although the combination of multiple incentive and punishment methods can significantly alter the effect of shared manufacturing quality synergy, there are certain effectiveness gaps. (3) The subsidy mechanism can effectively compensate for the effectiveness gap of the reward and punishment mechanism, and it can also strengthen the internal driving force of shared manufacturing quality coordination. The main management insights are as follows: (1) Consider strong external regulation to be the framework constraint, and positive internal control to be the detail specification. (2) Create a reliable reward and punishment mechanism and dynamically alter the intensity of rewards and penalties. (3) To close the effectiveness gap, strengthen the subsidy mechanism as an essential addition to the incentive and punishment mechanisms. This study can give a new reference path for quality improvement of shared manufacturing, allowing shared manufacturing to play a more constructive role in supporting the transformation and development of the manufacturing industry.
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Setiawan, Wahyudi. "Reward and Punishment dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam." AL-MURABBI: Jurnal Studi Kependidikan dan Keislaman 4, no. 2 (December 24, 2017): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.53627/jam.v4i2.3171.
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Realizing the nature of the purpose of education is our duty together. A variety of efforts in achieving the goal of education is carried out by all parties, ranging from models, devices, education/educators, and parents together. Reward and punishment is part of the model and strategy in education. A cornerstone in the application of reward and punishment found in the human psychic instincts will feel pleasure when accepting gifts and grieve while receiving punishment. In Islam, there are several verses of the Quran which explains about reward and punishment, and in the West, there is a psychological theory that explains the importance of reward and punishment. Reward aims to provide motivation and a new spirit for the children so that repetition of the conduct plus behaviour, while the punishment is given to give a deterrent effect to the child and deliver a message to other children so as not to do the violation of a rule.
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Beauducel, André, Martin Kersting, and Detlev Liepmann. "A Multitrait-Multimethod Model for the Measurement of Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment." Journal of Individual Differences 26, no. 4 (July 2005): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.26.4.168.
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Abstract. It was investigated whether sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment as conceived in Gray's (1991) Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory could be measured by means of a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) model containing method factors representing situational variance. On the basis of the similarities between sensitivity to reward and punishment with promotion- and prevention-orientation, as discussed in the organizational context, the situational contexts were mainly chosen from school and organization. A total of 347 German participants completed a 58-item questionnaire measuring sensitivity to reward and punishment in the context of the team, of supervisors/instructors, and consumption. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a factor for sensitivity to reward, for sensitivity to punishment, and three situational context factors (team, supervisor/instructor, and consumption). Thus, the situational variance could be controlled by means of the MTMM design. Moreover, some relations of sensitivity to reward and punishment with educational performance were found.
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Buck, Ross. "Conceptualizing motivation and emotion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00262420.
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Motivation and emotion are not clearly defined and differentiated in Rolls's The brain and emotion, reflecting a widespread problem in conceptualizing these phenomena. An adequate theory of emotion cannot be based upon reward and punishment alone. Basic mechanisms of arousal, agonistic, and prosocial motives-emotions exist in addition to reward-punishment systems.
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Rolls, Edmund T. "Précis of The brain and emotion." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 2 (April 2000): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00002429.
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The topics treated in The brain and emotion include the definition, nature, and functions of emotion (Ch. 3); the neural bases of emotion (Ch. 4); reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design (Ch. 10); a theory of consciousness and its application to understanding emotion and pleasure (Ch. 9); and neural networks and emotion-related learning (Appendix). The approach is that emotions can be considered as states elicited by reinforcers (rewards and punishers). This approach helps with understanding the functions of emotion, with classifying different emotions, and in understanding what information-processing systems in the brain are involved in emotion, and how they are involved. The hypothesis is developed that brains are designed around reward-and punishment-evaluation systems, because this is the way that genes can build a complex system that will produce appropriate but flexible behavior to increase fitness (Ch. 10). By specifying goals rather than particular behavioral patterns of responses, genes leave much more open the possible behavioral strategies that might be required to increase fitness. The importance of reward and punishment systems in brain design also provides a basis for understanding the brain mechanisms of motivation, as described in Chapters 2 for appetite and feeding, 5 for brain-stimulation reward, 6 for addiction, 7 for thirst, and 8 for sexual behavior.
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Aghajani, Mitra, Mahshid Izadi, Noorali Farrokhi, and Fariba Hassani. "Investigation of Relationships Between Sensitivity to Reinforcement Traits and Emotion Dysregulation." Practice in Clinical Psychology 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.9.4.771.2.
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Objective: We investigated the relationship between the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) traits and emotion dysregulation signs, including social anxiety, general anxiety, and depression in students. Methods: A total of 189 students of the public universities in Tehran were selected by convenience sampling and answered the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, and Punishment Sensitivity Questionnaire and Reward Sensitivity. Data analysis was done using SPSS v. 26 software by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient showed a significant relationship between punishment and reward sensitivity and symptoms of emotional dysregulation. Also, multiple regression analysis showed that reward and punishment sensitivity could predict emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: Punishment hypersensitivity and reward hyposensitivity were higher-order, shared factors for emotion dysregulation signs, including depression, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. These findings emphasize the effect of behavioral activation as a technique to increase reward pursuit by the individual and suggested that this technique is able to increase reward-seeking and consequently, improve emotional regulation.
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Tashjian, Sarah M., Toby Wise, and Dean Mobbs. "Model-based prioritization for acquiring protection." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): e1010805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010805.
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Protection often involves the capacity to prospectively plan the actions needed to mitigate harm. The computational architecture of decisions involving protection remains unclear, as well as whether these decisions differ from other beneficial prospective actions such as reward acquisition. Here we compare protection acquisition to reward acquisition and punishment avoidance to examine overlapping and distinct features across the three action types. Protection acquisition is positively valenced similar to reward. For both protection and reward, the more the actor gains, the more benefit. However, reward and protection occur in different contexts, with protection existing in aversive contexts. Punishment avoidance also occurs in aversive contexts, but differs from protection because punishment is negatively valenced and motivates avoidance. Across three independent studies (Total N = 600) we applied computational modeling to examine model-based reinforcement learning for protection, reward, and punishment in humans. Decisions motivated by acquiring protection evoked a higher degree of model-based control than acquiring reward or avoiding punishment, with no significant differences in learning rate. The context-valence asymmetry characteristic of protection increased deployment of flexible decision strategies, suggesting model-based control depends on the context in which outcomes are encountered as well as the valence of the outcome.
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van der Linden, Dimitri, Debby G. J. Beckers, and Toon W. Taris. "Reinforcement sensitivity theory at work: punishment sensitivity as a dispositional source of job‐related stress." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 7 (November 2007): 889–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.660.
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Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) describes two important personality constructs; sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment. In two studies, we examine whether these constructs can be considered dispositions to work stress. Results of Study 1 (N = 105 employees in different occupations) indicated that employees with strong punishment sensitivity reacted more strongly to work stressors than others. This idea was confirmed in a longitudinal design in Study 2. Reward sensitivity was unrelated to stress in both studies. Overall, results strongly support the idea that punishment sensitivity is a dispositional source of work stress. Results further confirm that RST and its derived personality measures can contribute to theorizing about personality–environment interactions in a highly relevant daily setting, namely the working environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Le, Thang M., Wuyi Wang, Simon Zhornitsky, Isha Dhingra, Sheng Zhang, and Chiang-Shan R. Li. "Interdependent Neural Correlates of Reward and Punishment Sensitivity During Rewarded Action and Inhibition of Action." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 1662–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz194.
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Abstract Imaging studies have distinguished the brain correlates of approach and avoidance behaviors and suggested the influence of individual differences in trait sensitivity to reward (SR) and punishment (SP) on these neural processes. Theoretical work of reinforcement sensitivity postulates that SR and SP may interdependently regulate behavior. Here, we examined the distinct and interrelated neural substrates underlying rewarded action versus inhibition of action in relation to SR and SP as evaluated by the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Forty-nine healthy adults performed a reward go/no-go task with approximately 2/3 go and 1/3 no-go trials. Correct go and no-go responses were rewarded and incorrect responses were penalized. The results showed that SR and SP modulated rewarded go and no-go, respectively, both by recruiting the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and left middle frontal gyrus (rACC/left MFG). Importantly, SR and SP influenced these regional activations in opposite directions, thus exhibiting an antagonistic relationship as suggested by the reinforcement sensitivity theory. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that heightened SR contributed to higher rewarded go success rate via enhanced rACC/left MFG activity. The findings demonstrate interrelated neural correlates of SR and SP to support the diametric processes of behavioral approach and avoidance.
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Krigolson, Olav E., Cameron D. Hassall, and Todd C. Handy. "How We Learn to Make Decisions: Rapid Propagation of Reinforcement Learning Prediction Errors in Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 3 (March 2014): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00509.
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Our ability to make decisions is predicated upon our knowledge of the outcomes of the actions available to us. Reinforcement learning theory posits that actions followed by a reward or punishment acquire value through the computation of prediction errors—discrepancies between the predicted and the actual reward. A multitude of neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that rewards and punishments evoke neural responses that appear to reflect reinforcement learning prediction errors [e.g., Krigolson, O. E., Pierce, L. J., Holroyd, C. B., & Tanaka, J. W. Learning to become an expert: Reinforcement learning and the acquisition of perceptual expertise. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, 1833–1840, 2009; Bayer, H. M., & Glimcher, P. W. Midbrain dopamine neurons encode a quantitative reward prediction error signal. Neuron, 47, 129–141, 2005; O'Doherty, J. P. Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 769–776, 2004; Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review, 109, 679–709, 2002]. Here, we used the brain ERP technique to demonstrate that not only do rewards elicit a neural response akin to a prediction error but also that this signal rapidly diminished and propagated to the time of choice presentation with learning. Specifically, in a simple, learnable gambling task, we show that novel rewards elicited a feedback error-related negativity that rapidly decreased in amplitude with learning. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of a reward positivity at choice presentation, a previously unreported ERP component that has a similar timing and topography as the feedback error-related negativity that increased in amplitude with learning. The pattern of results we observed mirrored the output of a computational model that we implemented to compute reward prediction errors and the changes in amplitude of these prediction errors at the time of choice presentation and reward delivery. Our results provide further support that the computations that underlie human learning and decision-making follow reinforcement learning principles.
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Kweon, Mi-Yun. "The Reward and Punishment points (“Green Mileage”) system in light of Nietzsche’s Theory of Punishment." Journal of Ethics Education Studies 46 (October 31, 2017): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18850/jees.2017.46.02.
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Tri Yuningsih, Titin, and Ilham Sunaryo. "Implementation of Reward and Punishment in Forming Discipline Charachter Early Childhood." Early Childhood Research Journal (ECRJ) 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/ecrj.v4i2.12164.
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According to the theory of Sr. Bondreward and punishment functions to influence positive responses or negative responses. The purpose of a positive response is to change someone's behavior for the better so that their good behavior will always repeat or increase. Meanwhile, the purpose of negative responses is to eliminate someone's bad behavior. Discipline is generally understood as personality and proper rules with certainty or personality that is gained from training such as, for example, "discipline in the classroom" (Dr. Thomas Gordon, 1996: 3). This study aims to analyze a literature, scientific articles, journals and documents. This study has the results to determine the application of reward and punishment when building characteristicsearly childhood discipline. In tracing research articles carried out in several databases using a word and the concept of special privileges in the 2016-2020 period. From several searches, it was found that 100 national and international research journals, 65 journals met the criteria, 35 journals did not meet the criteria and 20 journals met the criteria consisting of 15 national journals and 5 international journals. Literature review shows that the application of reward and punishments when building characteristicsearly childhood discipline Early stages have variations in several aspects of research design, sample and population (individuals involved), variables, methods, data analysis, specificity, and effectiveness. From statistical data analysis, it shows that a method used can increase the knowledge and actions of parents. Application of reward and punishments when building characteristicsearly childhood disciplinecan form discipline and change attitudes or behavior of children for the better.
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Wang, Mingbao, Zhiping Du, and Hong Duan. "Study on Participant Behavior Game of Electronic Products Reverse Supply Chain Based on ECP." Journal of Systems Science and Information 5, no. 5 (October 30, 2017): 411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2017-411-24.
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Abstract In this paper, a game model composed of three subjects — government, manufacturer and consumer has been built by using Evolutionary Game Theory on the basis of analyzing the trilateral game strategy of waste mobile reverse supply chain based on ECP; an evolutionary equilibrium model is to be sought for by utilizing the replication dynamic differential equation method; and the trilateral game strategy’s revolutionary trend and consistency have been analyzed by means of SD simulation method when government implements the static or dynamic reward and punishment strategy. The finding results reveal that, under the static reward and punishment strategy, the revolutionary process of trilateral game strategy is always unstable whether the initial behavior strategy is unitary or mixed. Therefore, it is more reasonable for the government to adopt the strategy of dynamic reward and punishment, and it is also stable and reciprocal for all the stakeholders when implementing this strategy.
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Guo, Feng, Junwu Wang, Denghui Liu, and Yinghui Song. "Evolutionary Process of Promoting Construction Safety Education to Avoid Construction Safety Accidents in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (October 2, 2021): 10392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910392.
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Construction safety is related to the life and health of construction workers and has always been a hot issue of concern for government and construction units. The government can use “construction safety education” to reduce the probability of safety accidents in the construction process and avoid the loss of life and property of construction workers. To encourage construction units to provide safety education for construction workers before construction starts and promote construction workers to actively participate in safety education. In this paper, a tripartite evolutionary game model of government–construction units–construction workers is established, and the factors affecting each party’s behavior strategy are comprehensively analyzed. Firstly, evolutionary game theory is used to investigate the influence of different behavior strategies among government, construction units, and construction workers on the behavior strategies of the other two parties. Secondly, according to the events in different situations, the influence of critical factors on the evolution process of the model is analyzed. On this basis, combined with the construction experience and construction data of actual construction projects, the established model and preliminary conclusions are verified. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of all parameters is carried out. The results show that: (1) The government’s enhancement of reward and punishment is conducive to promoting the choice of "providing safety education" for construction orders and the choice of “actively participating in safety education” for construction workers, but the excessive reward will lead to the government’s unwillingness of participation; (2) The reasonable reward and punishment mechanism set by the government must meet the condition that the sum of rewards and punishments for all parties is more significant than their speculative gains, to ensure the construction safety under the evolutionary stability; (3) Increasing welfare subsidies for construction workers who choose to participate in safety education actively is an effective way to avoid unwilling participation of construction workers.
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Guo, Shaoyong, and Ting Pang. "Simulation of Subject Coordination for a Smart Campus Based on Complex Network and Evolutionary Game Theory." Journal of Function Spaces 2022 (June 26, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4141475.
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The construction of smart campuses can help realize the modernization of higher education. However, the subjects and mechanisms are easily ignored in the construction of smart campuses in colleges and universities. The purpose of this paper is to construct an evolutionary game model based on the complex network structure characteristics of smart campus subjects and the dynamic relationship of collaborative games. Taking the scale-free network as the carrier, the decision-making behavior among subjects is explained. Then, the importance of subject coordination and the effectiveness of the mechanisms of leadership organization, special funds, assessment rewards, and punishments are analyzed through the simulation platform, i.e., Simpy. The results show that (1) moderate subject collaboration helps to avoid the phenomenon of getting something for nothing, (2) appropriate leadership and organization mechanisms can promote the construction process, (3) special fund mechanisms can ensure sustainable development, and (4) assessment reward and punishment mechanisms can increase the popularity of achievements. The proposed method enriches relevant theories of smart campus research and provides a reference for decision-making in smart campus construction.
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Vizcaíno, E. J. V., M. M. Mayor, I. M. Gras, G. P. Alfaro, M. Á. J. Arriero, and G. R. Valladolid. "Sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment as factors for predicting an alcohol use disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71833-8.
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RationaleGray's theory of personality distinguishes two personality dimensions: Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). This construct has been widely used in the field of addictions and the study of impulsivity. BIS and BAS can be measured using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). This questionnaire has been carried out in cross-sectional studies related to alcohol misuse, eating disorders, pathological gambling and cannabis misuse.ObjectivesTo study Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment as factors that could predict the development of Alcohol Dependence.Methods380 subjects completed the SPSRQ at the beginning of the study and were followed-up for 4 years. At this point, participants completed a protocol that assessed drinking-related variables and drinking patterns. Statistic was performed using regression analysis.ResultsLow scores obtained in the Reward Sensitivity Subscale was a significant predictor for developing an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). High scores obtained in the Punishment Sensitivity Subscale were not significantly related to the subsequent development of an AUD.ConclusionsLow scores obtained in the Reward Sensitivity Subscale predict a higher risk for the development of Alcohol Dependence. This could be due to more difficulties that these individuals exhibit, despite the negative consequences, when they have to inhibit their seeking behavior and intake of alcohol.
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Li, Dayin, and Yubiao Wang. "Online Learning Management for Primary and Secondary Students during the COVID-19 Epidemic: An Evolutionary Game Theory Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 12416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912416.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the management of primary and secondary school students’ online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the impact of stakeholders’ behavioral choices on students’ online learning management. Based on evolutionary game theory, this paper constructs two-game models of "schools-students" and “schools-students-parents”, analyzes the influence of the behavioral interaction of game subjects on the game equilibrium in the two scenarios, and uses MATLAB 2018 software to carry out the numerical simulation. The results show significant differences in different game players’ strategy choices on students’ online learning management. Among them, the benefits brought by learning are the main factors affecting students’ strategic choices. Although the participation of parents has a positive effect on promoting students’ game strategy selection towards cooperation, there is a participation boundary to the involvement of parents. The school’s choice of punishment or reward has no significant effect on students’ online learning management. Compared with schools, punishments and rewards from parents have a substantial impact on promoting students’ strategic choices towards cooperation.
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Sadurski, Wojciech. "Social Justice and the Problem of Punishment." Israel Law Review 25, no. 3-4 (1991): 302–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002122370001044x.
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Until very recently the dominant approach to the theory of punishment has been to discuss it in isolation from any general theory of the just distribution of benefits and burdens in a society. Almost without exception, the debate between the competing theories of punishment has run separately from the theory of distributive justice, as if the words “just” in “just punishment” and “just reward” belonged to two different species of “justice”. Perhaps the most important exception to this rule has been the position of radical utilitarians — i.e., act-utilitarians of J. J. C. Smart's genre, or wealth-maximization theorists of Richard Posner's ilk — who consciously treat the domains of economic distribution and of criminal punishment as two areas of application of one and the same set of over-arching principles. But, since neither for Smart nor for Posner is distributive justice (whether regarding economic goods, or penalties) a morally significant virtue, their theories really do not detract from the general trend that, in the literature on punishment, the conceptions of retributive and distributive justice are largely independent.
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Freiberg, Arie. "Reward, Law and Power: Toward a Jurisprudence of the Carrot." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 19, no. 2 (June 1986): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486908601900203.
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Positive sanctions play an important but underestimated role in societal regulation. This article examines reward in political and legal theory and explores the conceptual and practical dimensions of reward in the civil and criminal law. It argues that the mechanisms and ideology of reward have facilitated state intervention into private and corporate activity, delayed or denied due process and maintained social inequality. Possible changes in the nature of social control, from punishments to institutionalized rewards through the welfare state, are observed and the implications of such a change for sanction theory are discussed.
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Xiong, Xuezhen. "The Impact of Environmental Protection Requirements on the Development of Green Animal Husbandry: An Evolutionary Game between Local Governments and Breeding Companies." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 14374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114374.
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The enhancement of green animal husbandry has a significant effect on carbon emissions, carbon neutrality, and ecological development. Promoting the production transformation of polluting enterprises has caught the attention of local governments, and breeding companies are faced with either maintaining current practices or green development. This study investigated the evolution of decision-making processes between local governments and breeding companies from the perspective of evolutionary game theory, offering an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for both parties, based on replicator dynamics. Within the model, the static rewards and punishments were framed by conventional environmental protection requirements, and the dynamic rewards and punishments were based on stricter environmental standards. Numerical simulation and sensitivity analyses were then performed. We found that when environmental protection policy was not considered, no ESS emerged in the replicator dynamic system. When tightening of environmental protection policy was considered, the system spirally converged to a stable equilibrium point. Hence, more demanding environmental protection requirements facilitated the development of green animal husbandry. Reasonable reward and punishment mechanisms can achieve the goal of the green development of enterprises under the premise of reducing regulatory costs. This study provides guidance for optimizing government decision-making and promoting the green development of animal husbandry.
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Yang, Zhengfan, Kai Zhao, and Qichang Guo. "Mathematical Problems in Engineering Pharmaceutical Cold Chain Transportation Decision Making under the Government’s Reward–Penalty Mechanism: A Perspective of Evolutionary Game Theory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (May 11, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1555042.
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In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the cold chain transportation of medicines is becoming more and more critical to the quality and safety of drugs. In order to better motivate the logistics service providers to adopt the cold chain transportation strategy, this paper constructs a multiparty evolutionary game model composed of the government, logistics service providers, and medical institutions, and models behavioral strategies. The interaction is simulated and analyzed. Focusing on the contradictions between cost and service level in cold chain transportation, the revenue-sharing coefficient between medical institutions and logistics service providers and the government's reward and punishment mechanism are introduced. The results show the following: (1) a reasonable revenue sharing contract between the medical institution and logistics service provider will prompt the logistics service provider to use cold chain transportation. (2) With the government's penalties and rewards being further increased, the logistics service provider will tend to use noncold chain transportation. Therefore, the government must set a reasonable reward and punishment mechanism to ensure drug safety. (3) With the increasing revenue of the medical institution, the probability of the logistics service provider using noncold chain transportation decreases. In order to avoid medical malpractice related to noncold chain transportation, the government should appropriately adjust drug price restrictions to increase drug sales revenue. (4) With the rate of medical malpractice being increased, the evolution of each stakeholder to the equilibrium point of the game is accelerated.
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Carlin, Laurence. "Reward and Punishment in the Best Possible World: Leibniz's Theory of Natural Retribution." Southern Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 2 (June 2002): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-6962.2002.tb01894.x.
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Wilson, Glenn D., Paul T. Barrett, and Jeffrey A. Gray. "Human reactions to reward and punishment: A questionnaire examination of Gray's personality theory." British Journal of Psychology 80, no. 4 (November 1989): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1989.tb02339.x.
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Fitriani, Apris, and Erwin Dyah Nawawiwetu. "The Relationship Between Antecedent And Consequence Factors With Safety Behaviour In PT.X." Journal Of Vocational Health Studies 1, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jvhs.v1.i2.2017.50-57.
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Background : Safety behaviour is an act worker to minimize the possibility of accidents in workplace. Based on the Antecedents-Behaviour-Consequence (ABC) theory, safety behaviour of worker related with the antecedent and consequence factors. Purpose : The purpose of this research was to study the association between antecedent and consequence factors with safety behaviour of workers in Ring Frame Unit Spinning II PT. X. Methods : This was an observational descriptive research with cross sectional approach. Sample size was the total population 24 workers. The variables studied were level of knowledge, motivation, perception, private problem, OSH regulation, availability of safety facilities, frequency of OSH training, controlling, positive reinforcement (reward), and negative reinforcement (punishment). The strength of relationship between variables dependent and independent were analyzed by using Contingency Coefficient (C). Results : The results showed that there were strong association between motivation, private problem, frequency of OSH training, positive reinforcement (reward), and negative reinforcement (punishment) with safety behaviour (C = 0.622, C = 0.508, C = 0.702, C = 0.669, dan C = 0.707, respectively). There were very strong association between knowledge, perception, OSH regulation, and controlling with safety behaviour (C = 0.763, C = 0.797, C = 0.768, dan C = 0.797, respectively). Conclusion : the higher the knowledge and motivation to work safely the higher the safety behaviour of the workers would be. Workers who have not personal problem, have already participated in OSH training, feeling supervised and given reward and punishment applied higher safety behaviour.
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Liu, Nana, and Guohua Zhou. "ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATIVE INNOVATION BEHAVIOR OF MEGAPROJECT PARTICIPANTS UNDER THE REWARD AND PUNISHMENT MECHANISM." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 26, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2022.17151.
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Megaprojects are characterized by significant environmental uncertainty and technical complexity, which bring great challenges to engineering construction. Cross-organizational collaborative innovation is an important way to solve these problems. As the main body that understands the difficulties of the construction site and uses innovative products, the participation of megaproject participants is not only conducive to increasing innovation efficiency but also conducive to the application and promotion of innovative achievements. The collaborative innovation behavior of the participants in megaprojects under the reward and punishment incentive mechanism was studied. A game model between different participants was built by combining evolutionary game theory with prospect theory. Then, the dynamic evolution process of the collaborative innovation strategy of participants was analyzed, and the main factors affecting the evolutionary stability strategy of collaborative innovation through numerical simulation were examined. The research results indicate that reward and punishment incentives of collaborative innovation can encourage participants to choose the evolutionary stability strategy of participating in collaborative innovation from both objective and subjective aspects. Factors, such as the cost of participating, the synergy coefficient, the proportion of collaborative revenue distribution, and risk preference, can influence participants’ willingness to engage in collaborative innovation to different degrees.
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Harbeck, Emma L., A. Ian Glendon, and Trevor J. Hine. "Reward versus punishment: Reinforcement sensitivity theory, young novice drivers’ perceived risk, and risky driving." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 47 (May 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.04.001.
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Asparida, Asparida. "BAHASA GURU DALAM MENGEKSPRESIKAN PENGHARGAAN (REWARD) DAN HUKUMAN (PUNISHMENT) KEPADA SISWA DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK (TK ) AISYIYAH IV KOTA BENGKULU." Diksa : Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 1, no. 1 (June 20, 2015): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/diksa.v1i1.3137.
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This study aims to determine the teachers' use of language in expressing appreciation and punishment in Kindergarten (TK ) Aisyiyah IV Bengkulu City. The theory is used with respect to theories of language teachers, the theory of appreciation, and the theory of punishment. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. With the source data comes from the learning activities undertaken by teachers and students in kindergarten classes B-1 and B-3 IV Aisyiyah city of Bengkulu with data in the form of language teachers in learning activities obtained from the recording. Data collection techniques using the recording techniques. Then, data analysis techniques with the following steps: (a) transcription, (b) identification, (c) reduction, (d) coding and classification, (e) interpretation, and (f) conclusion. The study suggests that teachers in TK Aisyiyah IV Bengkulu award by 28 dialog (51.85%) in Teaching and Learning Activities (KBM) in the Class B-1 from a total of 54 teachers dialog. While the teaching in the class B-3 teachers awarded the dialogue as much as 22 (30.55%) of the number of teachers is 72 dialog dialog. Both of KBM in the Class B-1 as well as teaching at the Class B-3, overall teacher award in the form of praise. Forms of teacher praise given the form of words: children pious, smart kid, smart, dear, industrious boy, the son of a quick, great kids, correct, and neat. Then, in giving punishment (punishment) there are 4 dialog teachers (0.74%) in Teaching and Learning Activities (KBM) in the Class B-1 of the overall total of 54 teachers dialog dialog. Whereas the KBM in Class B-3, the teacher punishes the dialogue as much as 13 (1.80%) of the overall dialogue sebayak 72 teacher dialogue. Punishment by teachers, both in the Class B-1 and the Class B-3 as a whole in the form of preventive punishment in the form of advice and words of command and the contents of the advice, such as the use of the phrase should not, take turns speaking, no, not a pious child, should see the teacher, should not break, should not eat, repeat attached, should not be throwing, and should not be saying nasty.
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Schreurs, Bert, Hannes Guenter, I. M. 'Jim' Jawahar, and Nele De Cuyper. "Speaking up when feeling job insecure." Journal of Organizational Change Management 28, no. 6 (October 12, 2015): 1107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-02-2015-0027.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which felt job insecurity facilitates or hinders employees from raising voice (i.e. speaking up to their authority). The authors introduce punishment and reward sensitivity, two constructs of reinforcement sensitivity theory, as dispositional factors that might lead employees to appraise felt job insecurity as a hindrance vs challenge stressor. The authors propose employees high on punishment sensitivity to feel more constrained in raising voice because felt job insecurity to them is akin to a threat. Employees high on reward sensitivity should see felt job insecurity as a challenge, making it more likely that they will speak up. Design/methodology/approach – Hypotheses were tested using moderated structural equation modeling analysis. The sample consisted of 232 employees confronted with organizational change. Findings – The results are in line with the view of felt job insecurity as a hindrance stressor. Felt job insecurity negatively affected voice among both high and low punishment-sensitive individuals. Similarly, felt job insecurity was negatively related to voice in both low and high reward-sensitive individuals, although in the latter group the relationship was less pronounced. Originality/value – The literatures on felt job insecurity and voice have developed parallel to one another, without much cross-dialogue. Furthermore, the few existing studies that did relate felt job insecurity to employee voice have yielded conflicting results. The present study offers a theoretical account of the existing ambiguities in the literature, and generates new insights into why some employees more than others react to felt job insecurity by self-censoring their ideas and opinions.
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Simmons, Jonathan S., and Stephen A. Kent. "Expansion of the Rational Choice Approach." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v6i1.20430.
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Using primary documents from the Children of God and interviews with current and former members, we argue that commitment to this deviant Christian group during the 1970s must be understood as a complex system of immediate an compensatory rewards and punishments. By arguing in this manner, we critically expand upon the Stark/Bainbridge theory of religion, which underemphasizes or ignores the crucial control functions played by punishment systems. Children of God’s punishment system involved purposive, affective, material, and sensual or bodily restraints, which operated both on immediate and postponed (i.e., otherworldly) levels.
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Zarza-Alzugaray, Francisco Javier. "Relación Entre La Sensibilidad Al Premio Y Al Castigo Y Los Niveles Motivacionales. Estudiantes Superiores De Música, Instrumentistas De Viento Metal." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 11 (April 30, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n11p23.
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The sensitivity to reward and punishment, within the theory of anxiety of Gray (1986) is considered as one of the ways to explain different motivational aspects and activators or inhibitors of behavior. In this sense, in this article we present how from the two activation or inhibition of behavior ways we can see how the motivation of a sample of students of higher level wind instruments is modulated and explained. Thus, the specific demands of task related together with the sensitivity to punishment are the factors that have the greatest explanatory and associative power, while factors such as sensitivity to punishment or perfectionism need further study to clarify their role in the explanation of the general motivation and of the presence of behavior activation. Finally, a better knowledge of these constructs will allow the educational community to improve the teaching practice.
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Krupić, Dino, Benjamin Banai, and Philip J. Corr. "Relations Between the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Self-Reported Life History Traits." Journal of Individual Differences 39, no. 2 (April 2018): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000256.
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Abstract. The behavioral approach system (BAS) has been shown to be important in everyday life. However, its putative evolutionary origins have not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between BAS processes and life history strategies, or lifestyles, within life history theory. The BAS scales were assessed by the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ-20), while lifestyles were measured by the Mini-K. Data from 457 participants (173 males) were analyzed by structural equation modelling, followed by set correlation to examine personality and Mini-K relationships. The structural model showed that RST-PQ Reward Interest, Goal-Drive Persistence and Reward Reactivity correlated with a slow lifestyle, while RST-PQ Impulsivity and (SPSRQ) Sensitivity to Reward (SR) did not correlate with the Mini-K. However, set correlation analysis revealed that SR correlated negatively with the Mini-K subscale Experience in romantic relationship and highlighted the importance of Insight, planning, and control in explaining the role of the BAS within slow lifestyle strategy. The findings are discussed in terms of possible evolutionary origins of the BAS.
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Leng, Xiamin, Debbie Yee, Harrison Ritz, and Amitai Shenhav. "Dissociable influences of reward and punishment on adaptive cognitive control." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 12 (December 28, 2021): e1009737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009737.
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To invest effort into any cognitive task, people must be sufficiently motivated. Whereas prior research has focused primarily on how the cognitive control required to complete these tasks is motivated by the potential rewards for success, it is also known that control investment can be equally motivated by the potential negative consequence for failure. Previous theoretical and experimental work has yet to examine how positive and negative incentives differentially influence the manner and intensity with which people allocate control. Here, we develop and test a normative model of control allocation under conditions of varying positive and negative performance incentives. Our model predicts, and our empirical findings confirm, that rewards for success and punishment for failure should differentially influence adjustments to the evidence accumulation rate versus response threshold, respectively. This dissociation further enabled us to infer how motivated a given person was by the consequences of success versus failure.
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Saguni, Fatimah. "PANDANGAN TENTANG PERKEMBANGAN JENDER." Musawa: Journal for Gender Studies 10, no. 1 (April 20, 2019): 105–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24239/msw.v10i1.389.
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The development of thought and empirical studies among experts on human development has given birth to a variety of diverse theories in accordance with the perspectives of thoughts and personal experiences of experts who built the theory. Two social views about gender are psychoanalytic theory and social cognitive theory. According to social cognitive theory, gender develops through a mechanism consisting of observation, imitation, appreciation, and punishment. According to the cognitive view, interaction between children and the social environment is the main key to gender development. However, the role of reward and punishment cannot be separated from the child's gender development, so that children can understand and determine which gender behavior is appropriate for their gender. Psychoanalytic theory states that children in preschool age tend to experience attraction to parents of different sexes. But at the age of 5-6 years, the child is no longer interested in the opposite parent, on the contrary he will identify himself with parents of the same sex. So that unconsciously, he will have the same gender behavior as parents of the same sex.
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Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Richard Nadeau, and Martial Foucault. "The Compleat Economic Voter: New Theory and British Evidence." British Journal of Political Science 43, no. 2 (September 25, 2012): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123412000440.
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Almost all the prolific work done on economic voting has been based on the classic reward–punishment model, which treats the economy as a valence issue. The economy is a valence issue, but it is much more than that. This article explores two other dimensions of economic voting – position and patrimony. Investigating a 2010 British survey containing relevant measures on these three dimensions, the authors estimate their impact on vote intention, using a carefully specified system of equations. According to the evidence reported, each dimension of economic voting has its own independent effect. Moreover, together, they reveal a ‘compleat’ economic voter, who wields considerable power over electoral choice in Britain. This new result confirms and extends recent work on American and French elections.
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Shemesh, Yael. "Punishment of the offending organ in biblical literature." Vetus Testamentum 55, no. 3 (2005): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568533054359869.
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AbstractOne aspect of the principle of "measure for measure" is considered—the idea that the offending organ is punished. This concept can be found in all the biblical genres: narrative, law, the prophetic literature, poetry, and the wisdom literature. The organs that are punished run almost the full length of the body, from head to toe. Sometimes the concept is invoked literally, sometimes only metaphorically. In most cases the punishment is heaven-sent; but there are no few incidents where human action is involved and even animals (twice). In every case, the principle serves a theological function, in that it corroborates the existence of reward and punishment in the world.
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Slikboer, Reneta, Imogen C. Rehm, Luke Smillie, Susan L. Rossell, and Maja Nedeljkovic. "How reward and punishment are viewed by individuals experiencing trichotillomania according to revised reinforcement sensitivity theory." Clinical Psychologist 23, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cp.12160.
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Rahman, Anugrah Visar, and Endang Dwiyanti. "The Analysis of Worker Safe Behaviour based on the Antencendent Behaviour Consequence (ABC) Behaviour Model." Indonesian Journal Of Occupational Safety and Health 9, no. 3 (November 15, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v9i3.2020.309-317.
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Introduction: PT. Kreasindo Wira Darma is an electrical construction company offering substation and electrical transmission installation in Indonesia. The common basic cause of work accident is unsafe behaviour and unsafe condition. This research aimed to analyze the safe behaviour of construction workers at Blimbing substation using behaviour-based safety approach and Antencendent, Behaviour, Consequence (ABC) theory. Method: This research was an observational descriptive study using cross-sectional design. The data were collected using questionnaire, observation, and interview. There were a total of 20 construction workers at PT. Kreasindo Wira Darma which became the respondents for this study, and total population was used as the samples. This study’s variables include antencendent and consequence as independent variables and worker’s safe behaviour as the dependent variable. Results: most of construction workers had good knowledge by 90%, good awareness by 90%, all workers have good motivation and fulfilled need for safety by 100%, 18 workers said that there were Occupational Health Safety (OHS) rules in effect at the company by 90%, and workers said that they have received rewards/praises and punishments by 95%. Results also showed that most cosntruction workers have applied safe behaviour at the workplace. Conclusion: Workers will consistently practice safe behaviour when they are equipped with knowledge, awareness, good motivation, compliance with Occupational Health Safety (OHS) rules, and are given reward and punishment. Keywords: behavior-based safety, electrical construction, safe behaviour
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Gleave, Robert. "Moral Assessments and Legal Categories." Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 21 (January 4, 2022): 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jais.9375.
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In this chapter, I examine the discussion around the rational and moral basis for legal categories in postclassical Imāmī Twelver Shīʿī legal theory. The debate was pushed forward by the Akhbārī movement in the 17th century CE; they proposed a novel position concerning the rational basis for the law in which reason can determine certain moral aspects of an action (e.g., a good action can be recognised by reason, and its performance attracts praise), but not legal elements (e.g., that the performance of a good action deserves a reward beyond praise). This leaves, for them, the Lawgiver (that is, God) to connect the moral aspects of an act with its legal consequences (that is punishment for a morally bad action and reward for a morally good action); that causal connection cannot be made by reason alone. Based on these findings, I conclude that Akhbārī moral theory, often read along literalist lines, showcases an adherence to the Muʿtazilī-derived framework common to the Imāmī Twelver Shīʿī theology and law generally, whilst also reserving ultimate legal authority to God.
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Bojar, Abel. "Counter-cyclical Voting in the United Kingdom." Political Studies 65, no. 4 (September 6, 2017): 1040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717702399.
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By extending the time-tested reward–punishment hypothesis in economic voting, this article argues that rational voters hold incumbents accountable for the macroeconomic policies they pursue rather than purely for the economic climate that prevails under their tenure. Building on this premise, I first put forward a theory where business cycle fluctuations realign relative fiscal preferences among income groups. This theory’s implications predict that the aggregate electoral response to fiscal decisions evolves in a counter-cyclical fashion. Using quarterly measures of vote intention shares of incumbent parties in the United Kingdom, I provide time-series evidence from a set of error correction models supporting this proposition: at times of low unemployment, the electorate punishes profligate incumbents; in deteriorating labour market conditions, however, they reward expansionary policies. The immediate electoral impact is non-significant across the models, and most of the estimated effect is spread out across subsequent quarters.
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Jiayi, Wang, and Cheng Ling. "Reviewing Teacher Evaluation of Rewards and Punishments: The Overview of Chinese Teacher Evaluation Research." Education Research International 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/184640.
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The authors chose the teacher evaluation pieces literature of Chinese academic studies as the research object, analyzed the domestic dynamic and the views of some experts in this field, and summarized and compiled the research approaches and research methods of the UK and USA. The study found that whether at China or abroad, the study route is basically along the reward and punishment evaluation, from developmental evaluation to the performance evaluation, and compared to the foreign study, the Chinese studies, whether in theory or in practice, are relatively backward. Combined with the domestic situation, this study proposes a number of constructive suggestions.
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Sudić, Mislav, Pavle Valerjev, and Josip Ćirić. "Deontic Moral Reasoning Task." Psihologijske teme 28, no. 3 (2019): 483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.28.3.2.
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Domain theory suggests that moral rules and conventions are perceived differently and elicit a different response. A special procedure was designed to test this hypothesis in a laboratory setting using a deontic reasoning task. The goal was to gain insight into the cognitive and metacognitive processes of deontic reasoning from simple deontic premises. In the 3x2x2 within-subjects design, we varied rule-content (moral, conventional, abstract), rule-type (obligation, permission) and the induced dilemma (punishment dilemma, reward dilemma). Participants (N = 78) were presented with 12 laws. After memorizing a law, eight cases were presented to participants so that they make a quick judgment. Participants were tasked with punishing rule-violators, ignoring rule-conformists, and rewarding rule-supererogation. Response times (RT) and accuracy were measured for each judgment, and final confidence was measured after a set of judgments. No differences were expected between rule-types, except for superior performance for moral content and punishment dilemmas. RT correlated negatively with confidence levels, while accuracy correlated positively. Moral reasoning was more accurate than conventional and abstract reasoning, and produced higher confidence levels. Better performance was found for punishment dilemmas than reward dilemmas, likely due to the presence of a cheater-detection module; but the differences were not found in moral reasoning. Moral reasoning was also independent of rule-type, while conventional and abstract reasoning produced superior performance in obligation-type than in permission-type rules. A large drop-off in accuracy was detected for rules that allowed undesirable behaviour, a phenomenon we termed the "deontic blind spot". However, this blind spot was not present in moral reasoning. Three lines of evidence indicate a qualitative difference between the moral and other deontic domains: (1) performance for moral content was independent of rule-type, (2) moral content produced an equal activation of violator- and altruist-detection modules, and (3) moral content produces higher levels of confidence.
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Marshall, Douglas A. "The Rewards of Punishment: A Relational Theory of Norm Enforcement." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 3 (May 2010): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306110367909z.
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Jiang, Linnie, and Ashok Litwin-Kumar. "Models of heterogeneous dopamine signaling in an insect learning and memory center." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e1009205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009205.
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The Drosophila mushroom body exhibits dopamine dependent synaptic plasticity that underlies the acquisition of associative memories. Recordings of dopamine neurons in this system have identified signals related to external reinforcement such as reward and punishment. However, other factors including locomotion, novelty, reward expectation, and internal state have also recently been shown to modulate dopamine neurons. This heterogeneity is at odds with typical modeling approaches in which these neurons are assumed to encode a global, scalar error signal. How is dopamine dependent plasticity coordinated in the presence of such heterogeneity? We develop a modeling approach that infers a pattern of dopamine activity sufficient to solve defined behavioral tasks, given architectural constraints informed by knowledge of mushroom body circuitry. Model dopamine neurons exhibit diverse tuning to task parameters while nonetheless producing coherent learned behaviors. Notably, reward prediction error emerges as a mode of population activity distributed across these neurons. Our results provide a mechanistic framework that accounts for the heterogeneity of dopamine activity during learning and behavior.
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Cooper, Andrew, and Rapson Gomez. "The Development of a Short Form of the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 2 (January 2008): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.2.90.
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The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) has been proposed as a measure of the behavioral approach system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). Previous research with the SPSRQ has highlighted potential problems with the factor structure of the measure and individual item properties. The aim of the current studies was to use factor analytic and item response theory (IRT) methods to examine the psychometric properties of the SPSRQ. A further aim was to develop a short version of the SPSRQ. In Study 1, 393 adult participants completed the SPSRQ. The results from this study highlighted problems with the factor structure and item properties that had been noted in previous research. On this basis, a short form of the measure was proposed. In Study 2, the short form of the SPSRQ was tested with an independent sample (N = 327). These analyses suggested the short form of the SPSRQ had an improved factor structure, good item properties, and acceptable reliability.
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Young, RJ, and CF Cipreste. "Applying animal learning theory: training captive animals to comply with veterinary and husbandry procedures." Animal Welfare 13, no. 2 (May 2004): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600026968.
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AbstractAnimals within zoo environments are learning continuously: they learn signals that predict when food is going to arrive or that the presence of a certain person means that something unpleasant may happen. They may learn to control their environment and caregivers: for example, they may learn that if they perform a particular behaviour (eg repetitive behaviour) they will receive a reward (ie food or attention from a caregiver). Using standard operant conditioning and classical conditioning techniques we can easily modify the behaviour of animals in zoos. Animals can be trained to comply with almost all minor veterinary procedures and examinations, such as injection, the measurement of heart rate, the cleaning of teeth and the treatment of superficial injuries. Compliance can be achieved using standard animal learning abilities without the need for punishment type I (ie physical punishment) or immobilisation (chemical or physical). In this paper we discuss how we apply learning theory to such procedures, the dangers associated with such programs (eg injury to the trainer) and the benefits (eg the treatment of large endangered animal species without the use of anaesthetic drugs). Additionally, we briefly discuss the selection and management of animal trainers. The methods we describe here are equally applicable to laboratory, farm and pet animals. Finally, as with all management processes applied to animals, a written policy on animal training needs to be produced by any institution training animals.
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Orejudo, Santos, Francisco Javier Zarza-Alzugaray, Oscar Casanova, César Rodríguez-Ledo, and Beatriz Mazas. "The relation of music performance anxiety (MPA) to optimism, self-efficacy, and sensitivity to reward and punishment: Testing Barlow’s theory of personal vulnerability on a sample of Spanish music students." Psychology of Music 45, no. 4 (November 12, 2016): 570–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616674791.
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Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a phenomenon often encountered among professionals and students who make public appearances. This article presents the results of a study carried out on a sample of music students in superior music conservatories in Spain ( N = 434). Our goal was to analyze MPA on the basis of Barlow’s (2000) anxiety theory, supplementing it with further personality constructs such as dispositional optimism, general auto-efficacy, and sensitivity to reward and punishment. Our structural equation modeling (SEM) results reveal that several of those constructs exert their effect via the helplessness factor – the central construct in Barlow’s theory – and that they likewise exert a further series of direct effects on MPA. All in all, the variables taken into consideration account for 45.6% of variance in MPA in males and of 52.1% thereof in females. This study thus upholds Barlow’s theory of anxiety, while broadening it with further explanatory mechanisms.