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1
Smith, Graeme C. "The Future of Consultation–Liaison Psychiatry." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01136.x.
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Objective: To review the status of consultation–liaison psychiatry and the factors shaping it, and suggest strategies for its future development. Method: In addition to searches of the main computerized psychiatric databases and review of relevant Commonwealth of Australia publications, the author drew on discussions with national and international colleagues in his role as convenor of the International Organization for Consultation–Liaison Psychiatry. Results: Physical/psychiatric comorbidity and somatization, the conditions in which consultation–liaison psychiatry specializes, are the commonest forms of psychiatric presentation in the community. They are as disabling as psychotic disorders, and comorbid depression in particular is a predictor of increased morbidity and mortality. Acknowledging this, the Second Australian National Mental Health Plan called for consultation–liaison psychiatry to be allowed to participate fully in the mental health care system. It stated that failure to define the term ‘severe mental health problems and mental disorders’ in the First Plan had led to some public mental health systems erroneously equating severity with diagnosis rather than level of need and disability. The call has been largely unheeded. The implication for patient care is both direct and indirect; the context created for psychiatry training by such a restricted focus is helping to perpetuate the neglect of such patients. This is a worldwide problem. Conclusions: Proactive involvement with consumers is required if the problem is to be redressed. At a service level, development of a seamless web of pre-admission/admission/post-discharge functions is required if patients with physical/psychiatric comorbidity and somatoform disorders are to receive effective care, and consultation–liaison psychiatry services are to be able to demonstrate efficacy. Focus on comorbidity in the Australian Third National Mental Health Plan may force resolution of the current problems.
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O'Neil, Allan. "Coutts v Commonwealth of Australia." Federal Law Review 16, no. 2 (June 1986): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x8601600204.
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Natural justice — Judicial review — Armed forces — Air force officer — Power to dismiss where appointment held at pleasure — Governor-General in Council — Air Force Regulations 1927 (Cth) regulations 72(1), 628(1)
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Gow, Lyn, John Balla, Judy Hall, Deslea Konza, and Dianne Snow. "Towards Effective Integration in Australia." Australasian Journal of Special Education 10, no. 2 (November 1986): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1030011200021588.
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AbstractFor the past twenty years integration of students with special needs has been emerging as one of the most significant educational and social challenges facing the world’s communities. Since the early 1970’s, the Commonwealth Schools Commission has supported attempts throughout Australia to integrate students with special needs into ordinary school settings, rather than to expand provision of segregated schools and centres. The nature and funding level of the Commission’s integration element has been the subject of extensive discussion in recent years and these discussions have now extended to the regular school arena where increasing numbers of students with special needs are being integrated. There was, therefore, wide consenus throughout Australia that a review of integration was needed at this time. The national review reported in this paper was commissioned by the Commonwealth Schools Commission in response to a request from the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation to participate in a three-country (Australia, Sweden and France) review of integration policies and practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the factors identified in this review as being vital to effective integration in Australia.
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Smith, S. J. "ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW 2000." APPEA Journal 41, no. 2 (2001): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00055.
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Last year the petroleum industry witnessed the enactment of new legislation both at Commonwealth and State levels. The principal legislative change to environmental management was the introduction of the Commonwealth Government’s Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act, 2000 (EPBC Act). South Australia and Victoria also implemented new Petroleum Acts and/ or Regulations.Construction of the Eastern Gas Pipeline was also completed last year, whilst preliminary approvals and environmental assessment continues for the Papua New Guinea, Timor Sea and Tasmania Natural Gas pipelines. Offshore exploration continued, particularly in the North West Shelf, Otway Basin, Timor Sea and Bass Strait.Other critical areas of environmental management included greenhouse gases, national pollution inventory reporting and the increasing requirements for environmental approval and management under various state environmental legislation.This paper provides an overview of environmental developments in the petroleum industry during the year 2000, in particular, the implication of new legislation, new technology, e-commerce and a greater focus on environmental reporting.
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Howe, Anna L. "Health care costs of an aging population: the case of Australia." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 7, no. 4 (November 1997): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259897007491.
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Since pronounced aging of the population became evident in the 1976 Australian census, there have been repeated expressions of concern about the health care costs associated with this trend. The latest of these has come from the National Commission of Audit (NCA) which was established by the newly elected conservative Commonwealth Government in June 1996 to undertake a wide-ranging review of the financial position of the Commonwealth Government. The Terms of Reference on which the NCA was to report included 'the impact of demographic change on Commonwealth finances, with the intention of making recommendations as to how emerging pressures could be provisioned'. Many of the themes canvassed in its report are in common with those raised in analyses of the implications of aging for health care costs in other countries, but some reflect particular characteristics of the Australian aged care system and social policy context.
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Tabor, Ala E. "A Review of Australian Tick Vaccine Research." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091030.
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Tick vaccine research in Australia has demonstrated leadership worldwide through the development of the first anti-tick vaccine in the 1990s. Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s (CSIRO) research led to the development of vaccines and/or precursors of vaccines (such as crude extracts) for both the cattle tick and the paralysis tick. CSIRO commercialised the Bm86 vaccine in the early 1990s for Rhipicephalus australis; however, issues with dosing and lack of global conservation led to the market closure of Tick-GARD in Australia. New research programs arose both locally and globally. The Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus has perplexed research veterinarians since the 1920s; however, not until the 2000s did biotechnology exist to elucidate the neurotoxin—holocyclotoxin family of toxins leading to a proof of concept vaccine cocktail. This review revisits these discoveries and describes tributes to deceased tick vaccine protagonists in Australia, including Sir Clunies Ross, Dr Bernard Stone and Dr David Kemp.
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Heiden, K. "OVERVIEW AND REVIEW OF THE COMMONWEALTH ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ACT 1999." APPEA Journal 42, no. 1 (2002): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01043.
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This paper provides a brief overview of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (the Act) and discusses the operational performance of the Act in the first 18 months.The introduction of the Act on 16 July 2000 has created a new environmental assessment and approval regime at the Commonwealth level. Proposals are no longer referred for assessment on the basis of government decisions, but on the basis of the potential for a proposal to impact upon a matter of National Environmental Significance (NES). An analysis of projects that have been referred, assessed and approved provides a useful guide to the types of activities, and the circumstances under which proposals are captured by the Act. This exercise is particularly valuable for the oil and gas sector.With a significant proportion of referrals received being generated by the petroleum industry, many issues with the administration of the Act have been identified. Environment Australia has undertaken a number of initiatives to address these concerns. Examples include involvement in the Strategic Assessment being conducted by the Department of Industry Tourism and Resources (DITR), a review of the Referral form and an undertaking to provide a more industry-specific form, and regular, high level meetings between Environment Australia, the DITR and APPEA to facilitate and streamline the working arrangements between parties.The paper also identifies areas where industry can work closely with the Commonwealth Government in new ways to achieve a balance between environmental protection and the continued development of the oil and gas industry.
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Peiris, G. L. "The Administrative Appeals Tribunal of Australia: the first decade." Legal Studies 6, no. 3 (November 1986): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1986.tb00346.x.
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A legislative package which transformed the landscape of Australian administrative law during the last decade by invigorating prosaic models of judicial review, has attracted attention throughout the Commonwealth as ‘an awesome leap’. A burgeoning bureaucracy, whose commitment to legal norms is all too often diluted by excessive zeal in the pursuit of administrative goals, and the perceived inadequacy of conventional restraints including legislative scrutiny, the supervisory jurisdiction of regular courts and internal checks operating at different levels of the executive hierarchy, have heralded bold, innovative approaches.
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Carlberg, Ulf. "Review: Insects - a World of Diversity." Entomologica Fennica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83838.
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Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (Ed.) 1994: Insects- a World of Diversity. - C.S.I.R.O., Information Services, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. CDROM Version 1.0 and printed Teachers' Guide, 104 pp (A4 size, alternatively spiralbound 17.5 x 24.5 em). CD-ROM available for both Windows and Macintosh versions. System requirements: Windows: IBM-compatibel computer 386-33 or faster, super VGA video card and monitor; 4Mb of RAM, Microsoft Windows 3.1 or later, Microsoft Windows compatible digital audio card and CD-ROM drive. Macintosh: Apple Macintosh computer, 13 inch colour monitor (or larger), 4Mb of RAM, CD-ROM drive and Quicktime 1.6 or later(providedonCD).Price: CD-ROM: AUD 109.-,CD-ROMandTeachers' GuideAUD 129.-.
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Kraal, Diane. "Review of Australia's Petroleum Resource Rent Tax: Implications from a Case Study of the Gorgon Gas Project." Federal Law Review 45, no. 2 (June 2017): 315–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1704500207.
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Australia has welcomed new business investment of $200 billion for integrated gas projects. However lower than expected tax receipts have tempered the early optimism of project benefits. In particular, petroleum resource rent tax (PRRT) revenues since the 2002–03 financial year have fallen. These reduced revenues have raised concerns about the effectiveness of petroleum taxation in Australia and pressured the Australian Government to call for a review of the PRRT in late 2016. Examined are the modifications necessary to the petroleum fiscal regime to address one of the PRRT Review's aims of providing an equitable return to the Australian community. Findings from a case study of an operational gas project include the need for PRRT modifications, and the addition of royalties for particular integrated natural gas projects in Commonwealth waters. The article is significant for its unique overview of Australia's petroleum taxation since the fall in oil prices from mid-2014 and the rise of gas export projects. This interdisciplinary and empirical research forms an important contribution to the current Commonwealth PRRT Review through its recommendations for change to the Petroleum Resource Rent Tax Assessment Act 1987 (Cth). It calls for more uniform federal legislation for the taxation of petroleum resource projects.
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Lockhart, D., and D. Spring. "PESA Australian exploration review 2018." APPEA Journal 59, no. 2 (2019): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18284.
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Available data for 2018 indicates that exploration activity is on the rise in Australia, compared to 2017, and this represents a second year of growth in exploration activity in Australia. There has been an increase in area under licence by 92 000 km2, reversing the downward trend in area under licence that commenced in 2014. Since 2016, exploratory drilling within Australia has seen a continued upward trend in both the number of wells drilled and the percentage of total worldwide. Onshore, 77 conventional exploration and appraisal wells were spudded during the year. Offshore, exploration and appraisal drilling matched that seen in 2017, with five new wells spudded: two in the Roebuck Basin, two in the Gippsland Basin and one in the North Carnarvon Basin. Almost 1500 km of 2D seismic and over 10 000 km2 of 3D seismic were acquired within Australia during 2018, accounting for 2.4% and 3.9% of global acquisition, respectively. This represents an increase in the amount of both 2D and 3D seismic acquired in Australia compared with 2017. Once the 2017 Offshore Petroleum Acreage Release was finalised, seven new offshore exploration permits were awarded as a result. A total of 12 bids were received for round one of the 2018 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Release, demonstrating an increase in momentum for offshore exploration in Australia. The permits are in Commonwealth waters off Western Australia, Victoria and the Ashmore and Cartier islands. In June 2018, the Queensland Government announced the release of 11 areas for petroleum exploration acreage in onshore Queensland, with tenders closing in February/March 2019; a further 11 areas will be released in early 2019. The acreage is a mix of coal seam gas and conventional oil and gas. Victoria released five areas in the offshore Otway Basin within State waters. In the Northern Territory, the moratorium on fracking was lifted in April, clearing the way for exploration to recommence in the 2019 dry season. With the increase in exploration has come an increase in success, with total reserves discovered within Australia during 2018 at just under 400 million barrels of oil equivalent, representing a significant increase from 2017. In 2018, onshore drilling resulted in 18 new discoveries, while offshore, two new discoveries were made. The most notable exploration success of 2018 was Dorado-1 drilled in March by Quadrant and Carnarvon Petroleum in the underexplored Bedout Sub-basin. Dorado is the largest oil discovery in Australia of 100 million barrels, or over, since 1996 and has the potential to reinvigorate exploration in the region.
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Knoll, David D. "From the inside Looking Out: Comparing the External Capacities, Powers and Functions of the Commonwealth of Australia and the European Communities." Federal Law Review 15, no. 4 (December 1985): 253–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x8501500401.
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Fawcett, Paul, and David Marsh. "Policy Transfer and Policy Success: The Case of the Gateway Review Process (2001–10)." Government and Opposition 47, no. 2 (2012): 162–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01358.x.
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AbstractPolicy transfer has become a crucial aspect of the contemporary world of policy-making. However, the relationship between the actual process of policy transfer and the ‘success’ of policy outcomes generated by that transfer is an under-researched area. This article addresses the following key question: what factors affect the success, or otherwise, of policy transfer? This question is explored using a putatively successful case of policy transfer, the Gateway Review process between 2001 and 2010, focusing particularly on three of the early transfers of this process from the UK to Victoria and then to the Commonwealth level and New South Wales in Australia.
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Clyne, Michael. "Multilingualism in Australia." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (March 1997): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003342.
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Although English fulfills many of the functions of an official language in Australia, the Australian Constitution does not declare it to be the official language. Instead, it serves as the lingua franca of a culturally and linguistic diverse population. It is the language of Parliament and Administration, and the language in which official records are kept. Only on one occasion was a federal government bill passed multilingually, the Report and Recommendations of the Review of Programs and Services for Migrants (in 1978), which was written in ten languages other than English.
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Conway, Paul, and Ann Arbor. "Digitization for Everybody (Dig4E)." Archiving Conference 2020, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2020.1.0.12.
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In the 1960's Peter J Scott and colleagues at the now National Archives of Australia developed a new way of documenting records known as the Australian 'Series' System. Adopted by public records institutions in Australia and New Zealand, and selectively around the world, this approach forms the basis of the National Archives Commonwealth Record Series (CRS) system. In 2018 following views expressed that digital records pose a serious challenge to traditional ways of contextualization it was decided to review the CRS system in this respect. This paper looks at the process of that review and the eventual development of an enhanced model merging concepts from PREMIS with the CRS to enable a more flexible approach of documenting records in all forms.
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Gorham, Bill. "Global environmental review processes for oil and gas projects." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10076.
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The environmental review processes for major oil and gas projects vary significantly worldwide. Three LNG projects in WA (Gorgon, Browse and Wheatstone), one in NT (Ichthys), four in Queensland (Queensland Curtis LNG, Gladstone LNG, Australia Pacific LNG, and Shell Australia LNG), and one in Commonwealth waters (Prelude) have all experienced—or are in the midst of—the Australian environmental review processes. The foundation of the environmental review of these projects is anchored in existing state and federal statutes and regulations, but the application to each project varies according to the specific characteristics of each proposal. Similar large scale LNG projects in other countries are subject to analogous processes. Some are as rigorous as those in Australia but there are also some with less well-developed environmental review processes. In the latter cases, either corporate and/or financial institution standards dictate the environmental review processes. This extended abstract reviews the processes that the present above-mentioned LNG projects have gone through or are going through and compares them to similar processes in other countries where large-scale oil and gas projects have been proposed or permitted. The authors compare both the strategic assessment approach taken for the Browse LNG project to the more traditional approach of environmental impact statement/environmental review and management plan used for other recent or present oil and gas projects. The authors also evaluate these reviews in relation to comparable multi-jurisdictional reviews taken in the US, Canada and the UK for their joint federal/state/regional environmental review processes.
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Morris, Caroline. "Book Review: The Constitution of Independence." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 36, no. 3 (October 1, 2005): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v36i3.5612.
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This article is a book review of Peter C Oliver The Constitution of Independence: The Development of Constitutional Theory in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005) (367 + xx pages). The book is a contribution to the area of domestic constitutional law of the Commonwealth. Oliver addresses the question: are the former colonies of Britain ever truly independent, or is that independence illusory? He also asks how such colonies seek to understand and explain their constitutional history. Morris argues that the book had a great deal of potential but has been left unrealised. As a legal historiography, the book does not always satisfactorily explain how people involved in creating that legal history (or in analysing it since) understand it. As an exercise in constitutional theory, the book merely suggests that there is nothing much to choose between theories as a matter of logic. The book also suffers from very dense prose and a number of distracting metaphors for the process of constitutional independence. Morris ultimately concludes that the book fails to provide useful insight into New Zealand's constitutional theory.
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Segal, Leonie. "Why it is time to review the role of private health insurance in Australia." Australian Health Review 27, no. 1 (2004): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah042710003.
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The role of private health insurance (PHI) within the Australian health-care system is urgently in need ofcomprehensive review. Two decades of universal health cover under Medicare have meant a change in the function ofPHI, which is not reflected in policies to support PHI nor in the public debate around PHI. There is increasingevidence that the series of policy adjustments introduced to support PHI have served to undermine rather than promotethe efficiency and equity of Australia's health care system. While support for PHI has been justified to 'take pressure offthe public hospital system' and to 'facilitate choice of insurer and private provider', and the incentives have indeedincreased PHI membership, this increase comes at a high cost relative to benefits achieved. The redirection of hospitaladmissions from the public to private hospitals is small, with a value considerably less than 25% of the cost of thepolicies. The Commonwealth share of the health care budget has increased and the relative contribution from privatehealth insurance is lower in 2001-02, despite an increase in PHI membership to nearly 45% of the population,compared with the 30% coverage in 1998. The policies have largely directed subsidies to those on higher incomes whoare more likely to take out PHI, and to private insurance companies, private hospitals and medical specialists. Ad hocpolicy adjustments need to be replaced by a coherent policy towards PHI, one that recognises the fundamental changein its role and significance in the context of universal health coverage.
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De Hollanda, Pedro Paulo Teófilo Magalhães, Cláudia Henriqueta Conde Rosa, Samantha Albano Amorim Cardoso, and Ciro Campos Christo Fernandes. "Schools of Government: a comparative study." Revista do Serviço Público 70 (December 6, 2019): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v70i0.1514.
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The Schools of Government perform a central role to the public service of many countries. Despite being a disseminated and well-established phenomenon, the functions and even the concept of Schools of Government vary. Aiming to portray the functions and characteristics of Schools of Government around the world and offer a better understanding of them, this paper presents a comparative study of Schools of Government located across five continents. Based on purposive sampling, eight Schools of Government were selected to be part of this in depth study: École Nationale d'Administration, ENA – France; Canada School of Public Service, CSPS – Canada; Instituto Nacional de la Administración Pública, INAP – Argentina; Australia and New Zealand School of Government, ANZSOG – Australia and New Zealand; Civil Service College, CSC – Singapore; National School of Government, NSG – South Africa; Direcção Geral da Qualificação dos Trabalhadores em Funções Públicas, INA – Portugal; and Escuela Superior de Administración Pública, ESAP – Colombia. Data collection procedures included interviews and document analysis. Data was analyzed using content and comparative analysis. This study highlights some important dimensions of Schools of Government including the position within the government, funding, main activities, organizational structure and personnel. Other similarities (e.g. among members of Commonwealth) and possible common trends and innovation challenges are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the results comparing them to previous studies findings.
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Connell, Andrew. "Book Review: Norman Bonney, Monarchy, Religion and the State: Civil Religion in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the Commonwealth." Political Studies Review 14, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929916630918.
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Mangioni, Vince. "Value capture taxation: alternate sources of revenue for Sub-Central government in Australia." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 24, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 200–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-11-2018-0065.
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Purpose Australia’s Future Tax System (2009) among its recommendations identified the need for realignment of tax revenue across the tiers of government in Australia, as well as the need to raise additional revenue from land-based taxes. In achieving these objectives, this paper aims to examine the revenues generated from land and how capital gains tax may be reconceptualised as a value capture tax resulting from the rapid urbanisation of Australia’s cities. The development of a theoretical framework realigns the emerging rationale of a value capture tax, as a means for revenue to be divested from central government in the form of capital gains, to sub-central government as a value capture tax. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research methodology comprising grounded theory and phenomenological research is used in undertaking the review of tax revenue collection from state land tax, conveyance stamp duty, local government rating and Commonwealth capital gains tax. Grounded theory is applied for constant comparison of the data with the objectives of maximising similarities and differences in these revenues with an analytical construct as defined by Strauss and Corbin (1990, p. 61). Findings The paper finds that realigning revenue from land-based taxes against the principles of good tax design provides greater opportunity to raise additional revenue to fund public infrastructure while decentralising revenue from central government. It provides an alternate mechanism for revenue transfer from central to sub-central government while conceptually improving own source revenue from value capture taxation as a new revenue source. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this paper is the ability to quantify the potential increase that would be generated in the form of value capture revenue. It is demonstrated in the paper that capital gains tax took over 15 years for revenue generation to crystallise, a factor that would likely occur in the potential introduction of a value capture tax for funding transport infrastructure. Practical implications The pathway to introducing a value capture tax is through re-innovating capital gains tax as a value capture tax directly hypothecated to funding transport infrastructure that results in the uplift in values of the surrounding property from which revenue is raised. Originality/value This paper provides a new approach in contributing to funding the capital outlay of public infrastructure in lieu of central government consolidated revenue allocated through the Commonwealth Grants Commission. It provides a much-needed approach to decentralising revenue from the Commonwealth to sub-central government in Australia which has one of the most centralised tax systems in the OECD.
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Forsyth, Hannah. "Post-war political economics and the growth of Australian university research, c.1945-1965." History of Education Review 46, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-10-2015-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider the national and international political-economic environment in which Australian university research grew. It considers the implications of the growing significance of knowledge to the government and capital, looking past institutional developments to also historicise the systems that fed and were fed by the universities. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on the extensive archival research in the National Archives of Australia and the Australian War Memorial on the formation and funding of a wide range of research programmes in the immediate post-war period after the Second World War. These include the Australian Atomic Energy Commission, the NHMRC, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, the Australian Pacific Territories Research Council, the Commonwealth Office of Education, the Universities Commission and the Murray review. This research was conducted under the Margaret George Award for emerging scholars for a project entitled “Knowledge, Nation and Democracy in Post-War Australia”. Findings After the Second World War, the Australian Government invested heavily in research: funding that continued to expand in subsequent decades. In the USA, similar government expenditure affected the trajectory of capitalist democracy for the remainder of the twentieth century, leading to a “military-industrial complex”. The outcome in Australia looked quite different, though still connected to the structure and character of Australian political economics. Originality/value The discussion of the spectacular growth of universities after the Second World War ordinarily rests on the growth in enrolments. This paper draws on a very large literature review as well as primary research to offer new insights into the connections between research and post-war political and economic development, which also explain university growth.
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Taylor-Sands, Michelle M. "The Discriminatory Legal Barrier of Partner Consent in Victorian ART Law: EHT18 v Melbourne IVF." Medical Law Review 27, no. 3 (2019): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwz010.
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Abstract In September 2018, the Federal Court of Australia found that a Victorian woman did not need her estranged husband’s consent to undergo in vitro fertilisation treatment (IVF) using donor sperm. The woman, who was 45 years of age, made an urgent application to the Court for permission to undergo IVF using donor sperm. In a single judge ruling, Griffiths J held that the requirement in the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008 (Vic) (‘ART Act’) for a married woman to obtain the consent of her husband discriminated against the woman in question on the basis of her marital status in contravention of the Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act 1984 (Cth) (‘SD Act’). His Honour declared the Victorian law in this instance ‘invalid and inoperable’ by operation of section 109 of the Commonwealth Constitution to the extent it was inconsistent with the Commonwealth law. Although the declarations by the Federal Court were limited in their terms to the circumstances of the case, the judgment raises broader issues about equity of access to assisted reproductive treatment (ART) in Victoria. The issue of partner consent as a barrier to access to ART was specifically raised by an independent review of the ART Act in Victoria. The Victorian Government released an interim report late last year as a first stage of the review, which canvasses some options for reform. This raises a broader question as to whether prescriptive legislation imposing detailed access requirements for ART is necessary or even helpful.
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Guy, Scott, and Barbara Ann Hocking. "Why Military Matters: Re Colonel Arid; Ex parte Alpert and the 'Service Connection' Test versus the 'Service Status' Test: Competing Approaches to the Triggering of the Defence Power." Deakin Law Review 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2008vol13no2art163.
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<p>With political changes afoot in both Australia and the United States, it is timely to review military regimes and remind ourselves how greatly they matter. Section 51(vi) of the Constitution authorises the Commonwealth Parliament to legislate with respect to: ‘The naval and military defence of<br />the Commonwealth and of the several States and the control of the forces to execute and maintain the laws of the Commonwealth…’ One of the concerns in relation to s 51(vi) has been whether this provision supports the establishment of military tribunals and, further, whether these tribunals can<br />be regarded as exercising judicial power of the Commonwealth and thus be regarded as properly constituted courts for the purposes of Ch III of the Australian Constitution. The High Court’s 2004 decision in Re Colonel Aird; Ex parte Alpert has established that military tribunals and, more generally, the military discipline system will be regarded as constitutionally<br />valid and a properly constituted court for the purposes of Ch III provided that it is applied to conduct which can be regarded as ‘service connected’ or invoked for the purposes of enforcing and maintaining discipline among the defence forces. This article examines the decision in Aird’s Case and the associated ‘service connection’ test as a basis for supporting the constitutional validity of the military tribunal system. The concluding section of the article develops some further observations on the newly created Australian Military Court.</p>
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Dixit, Sunil K., and Murali Sambasivan. "A review of the Australian healthcare system: A policy perspective." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211876921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312118769211.
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This article seeks to review the Australian healthcare system and compare it to similar systems in other countries to highlight the main issues and problems. A literature search for articles relating to the Australian and other developed countries’ healthcare systems was conducted by using Google and the library of Victoria University, Melbourne. Data from the websites of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the Australian Productivity Commission, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Bank have also been used. Although care within the Australian healthcare system is among the best in the world, there is a need to change the paradigm currently being used to measure the outcomes and allocate resources. The Australian healthcare system is potentially dealing with two main problems: (a) resource allocation, and (b) performance and patient outcomes improvements. An interdisciplinary research approach in the areas of performance measurement, quality and patient outcomes improvement could be adopted to discover new insights, by using the policy implementation error/efficiency and bureaucratic capacity. Hospital managers, executives and healthcare management practitioners could use an interdisciplinary approach to design new performance measurement models, in which financial performance, quality, healthcare and patient outcomes are blended in, for resource allocation and performance improvement. This article recommends that public policy implementation error and the bureaucratic capacity models be applied to healthcare to optimise the outcomes for the healthcare system in Australia. In addition, it highlights the need for evaluation of the current reimbursement method, freedom of choice to patients and a regular scrutiny of the appropriateness of care.
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Brooks, Deidre. "2012 PESA industry review—exploration." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12012.
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The Australian exploration landscape experienced an escalation of unconventional activity in 2012. Drilling targeting shale oil and gas, basin-centred tight gas, and coal gas is on the increase compared to previous years. Drilling for onshore oil and large offshore gas continued to be a staple activity for the year although, in general, offshore, the number of wells drilled is continuing to decline, in line with previous years. A number of very large 3D seismic surveys were acquired in 2012 and this is hoped to provide many future drilling targets. Within Australia, 19 new offshore conventional petroleum exploration permits were awarded within the Commonwealth jurisdiction (compared to 24 in 2011), of which 15 are located in WA, two in Victoria, one in NT, and one in the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands (NT). Onshore exploration tenures awarded in 2012 included four in WA, 14 in NT, six in Queensland, and nine conventional and six geothermal in SA. At least 25 3D and six 2D seismic surveys were acquired offshore in 2012, including some very large 3D marine surveys, the largest covering an area of 12,417 km2. Onshore seismic activity was highest in Queensland and SA where 33 and 11 surveys were acquired, respectively. Offshore, 21 conventional petroleum exploration wells were drilled during the year, which resulted in 11 announced discoveries. Two exploration wells, which were spudded late in 2011, were announced as discoveries early in 2012. Five wells, which were spudded in 2012, were still drilling at year end. This equates to a better than 50% technical success rate for offshore exploration drilling for all well results known at year end. All but two of these wells were located in WA waters, the others being located in NT and Victoria. Australia-wide onshore drilling was more active than in 2011 and, as is reflected in the seismic activity, the most wells (1,048) were drilled in Queensland (dominated by CSG drilling), followed by SA (77).
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Atlas, Alvin, Steve Milanese, Karen Grimmer, Sarah Barras, and Jacqueline H. Stephens. "Sources of information used by patients prior to elective surgery: a scoping review." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e023080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023080.
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ObjectiveTo describe the range and nature of available research regarding sources of information that patients access to inform their decisions about elective surgery.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesPeer-reviewed studies published until February 2019 from the six scientific literature databases were searched and included in the study: Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, EMBASE and SCOPUS. Web searches for grey literature were conducted in Google, South Australia Department of Health, Commonwealth Department of Health (Australia) and My Aged Care from the Department of Social Services (Australia).Eligibility criteriaStudies with a focus on elective surgery information sources oriented to patients were eligible for inclusion. Only studies written in English were sought and no publication date or study restrictions were applied.Data extraction and synthesisIncluded literature was described by National Health and Medical Council hierarchy of evidence, and data were extracted on country and year of publication, type of literature, who provided it and any information on end users. Information sources were categorised by type and how information was presented.ResultsA pool of 1039 articles was reduced to 26 after screening for duplicates and non-relevant studies. Face-to-face exchanges were the most likely source of information prior to elective surgery (59.3%), printed information (55.6%) followed by e-learning (51.9%) and multimedia (14.8%). The face-to-face category included information provided by the physician/general practitioners/specialists, and family and friends. Printed information included brochures and pamphlets, e-learning consisted of internet sites or videos and the use of multimedia included different mixed media format.ConclusionThere is considerable variability regarding the types of information patients use in their decision to undergo elective surgery. The most common source of health information (face-to-face interaction with medical personnel) raises the question that the information provided could be incomplete and/or biased, and dependent on what their health provider knew or chose to tell them.
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Latimer, Paul. "Anti-bribery laws – compliance issues in Australia." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-03-2016-0015.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the scope of the legal responses to bribery and particularly foreign bribery in the global context. It identifies the corrosive effect of bribery and its negative effect on the economy, before turning to Australia’s mixed response to foreign bribery. Design/methodology/approach The paper is theoretical in nature as a review of policy, and the literature has been the main method used for analysis. Given the increasingly transnational and organised nature of foreign bribery, this paper adopts a comparative approach using Australia as the home base with some comparisons with the UK and the USA. Findings This paper finds that Australia’s response to foreign bribery is improving from a low base, and that this is recognised by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Further improvement could be expected if there were strong government leadership and coordination of law enforcement authorities, including the police, corporate regulators and corruption authorities at the Commonwealth, state and territory levels. This paper acknowledges the work of Australia’s unfinished Senate Foreign Bribery Inquiry, which is due to report by 30 June 2017. Practical implications This paper revisits the debate on bribery and the response of law enforcement, highlighting the importance of effective and coordinated law enforcement. The paper will provide background for those analysing the issues with foreign bribery and the solutions for law enforcement. Originality/value The paper enables the reader to gain insights into the problems and causes and effects of foreign bribery. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to, and facilitate, further analysis of the most effective way to deal with bribery and the legal response.
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Wilson, Phillip, and Karen Klockner. "An integrated response model for business disruption." International Journal of Emergency Services 8, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijes-08-2018-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the planning and use of an all-hazards emergency services approach to business disruption, which resulted from the hosting of the 2018 Commonwealth Games (GC2018) by Australia. It outlines how this emergency response model worked and how it can be transitioned into other operational areas. Design/methodology/approach Although the Commonwealth Games provided a unique opportunity for Australia to showcase its large event capability, it also highlighted the need for innovation due to business disruption for front-line emergency response agencies. The Queensland Fire and Emergency Services (QFES) was faced with the need to review the standard emergency response model and to come up with a way to maintain business as usual operational effectiveness. Findings An all-hazards approach to emergency response was ultimately achieved through expanded air operations (helicopters), the use of a multi-agency approach and the use of volunteers to achieve strategic risk management outcomes. Practical implications The practical solutions that emerged are discussed as the expanded response model and collaborative engagements to achieve risk reduction, readiness and preparation. Originality/value The solution to utilise an integrated emergency response methodology, including rapid and effective aerial support, reflected an all-hazards response to include deployment to road crash rescue, hazardous materials and structural fires. This business model ensured that QFES continued to meet its established “operational excellence” standards while pioneering options to address incident responses within the community wherein circumstances are considered exceptional.
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Scholtz, Christa. "Federalism and Policy Change: An Analytic Narrative of Indigenous Land Rights Policy in Australia (1966–1978)." Canadian Journal of Political Science 46, no. 2 (June 2013): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423913000437.
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Abstract. The paper argues that a direct causal role for federalism must link policy makers' actions to costs and uncertainties unique to federalism, those associated with maintaining jurisdictional autonomy. The paper develops a formal model of imperfect information between two government actors, one preferring policy change and the other the status quo. A government chooses to change policy (or not) in a context where two things are uncertain: the stomach for intergovernmental retaliation, and the jurisdictional bona fides of the government in the policy area. The model shows how policy change is endogenous to beliefs about whom courts will support during federalism review. The model is then used in a detailed analysis of Australian cabinet archives at the state and Commonwealth levels, pertaining to the issue of Indigenous land rights policy between 1966 and 1978.Résumé. Le présent document soutient qu'un rôle causal direct du fédéralisme doit lier les actions des décideurs aux coûts et aux incertitudes uniques du fédéralisme : ceux associés au maintien de l'autonomie juridictionnelle. Dans cet article, je développe un modèle formel d'information imparfaite entre deux acteurs gouvernementaux, l'un préférant un changement de politique et l'autre le statu quo. Un gouvernement choisit de changer (ou non) une politique dans un contexte où deux éléments sont incertains : la propension à entrer dans des représailles intergouvernementales, et la bonne foi juridictionnelle du gouvernement dans le domaine en question. Le modèle montre que le changement de politique est endogène avec la perception de qui les tribunaux soutiendront dans un jugement de partage des compétences. Le modèle est ensuite utilisé pour analyser en détail les archives du Cabinet australien au niveau des états et du Commonwealth, relativement à la question des droits territoriaux autochtones entre 1966 et 1978.
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Vaughan, Graeme, and Pam Cahir. "A National Framework for Children's Services: AECA's View." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 21, no. 2 (June 1996): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693919602100208.
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Council of Australian Governments (COAG) proposed, in its discussion paper released in November 1995, that it develop a national framework for children's services in Australia. This is part of its review of intergovernmental responsibilities for the delivery of children's services. The review consists of two steps, the first being intergovernmental agreement on a national framework, and the second, bilateral agreements between the Commonwealth and each State and Territory to implement the national framework. The Australian Early Childhood Association, Inc. (AECA) has prepared a submission which sets out its views on the objectives, outcomes, and features of a national framework for children's services. The Association strongly believes that the interests of children should be the paramount consideration in developing the national framework for a children's services system.
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Paxton, Georgia A., Pete C. G. Spink, Margaret H. Danchin, Lauren Tyrrell, Chelsea L. Taylor, Susan Casey, and Hamish R. Graham. "Catching up with catch-up: a policy analysis of immunisation for refugees and asylum seekers in Victoria." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 6 (2018): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17049.
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This study examines catch-up immunisation for people of refugee-like background in Victoria, exploring effective models of service delivery to complete catch-up vaccinations. The analysis is based on: (i) review of the medical literature, Commonwealth and Victorian government immunisation policy and immunisation patient information; (ii) review of vaccination coverage and service delivery data; and (iii) stakeholder interviews completed in 2014 with 45 people from 34 agencies, including 9 local government areas in Victoria. Although refugees and asylum seekers all need catch-up vaccinations on arrival, they face significant barriers to completing immunisation in Australia. Analysis suggests missed opportunities by service providers and perceptions that catch-up vaccination is time-consuming, difficult and resource-intensive. Service delivery is fragmented across primary care and local government, and pathways depend on age, location and healthcare access. There are strengths, but also limitations in all current service delivery models. Gaps in vaccine funding for refugee-like populations have now been addressed through Commonwealth initiatives, however migration is still not well considered in immunisation policy, and existing systems for notification payments do not capture catch-up vaccination for these groups. Providers identify areas for improvement in professional development and support, patient information, patient-held records and immunisation surveillance data.
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Ardalich, Nadia. "Information: a valuable resource in managing health, safety, and the environment in the offshore petroleum industry." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12104.
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The National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) is charged with promoting occupational health and safety and responsible environmental management in the offshore petroleum industry and ensuring industry compliance with the relevant commonwealth legislation. For NOPSEMA to exercise these functions effectively and transparently, sharing information through industry experience is integral. Although NOPSEMA already publishes widely–including guidance material, industry performance data, and safety alerts–it is working towards increasing publication of more detailed and specific industry information, such as enforcement notices. Government regulators publishing industry information of this kind is not new in Australia or overseas and is often used by regulators as a tool for promoting industry compliance. Communicating and sharing information with industry and the public are important activities of governments. Information sharing can expand knowledge, enable innovation, enhance government accountability and transparency, and even save lives by learning from others' experiences. Recently, the Australian Government has shown a deeper commitment through changes to the Freedom of Information Act 1982, making government information more accessible and open to the public. This extended abstract discusses the benefits of increasing publication of industry information to promote NOPSEMA's functions and objectives for delivering a safe and environmentally responsible offshore petroleum industry.
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Gascoigne, Catherine E. "‘Seeing the Wood for the Trees’: Revisiting the Consistency of Australia’s Illegal Logging Act with the Law of the World Trade Organization." Journal of Environmental Law 33, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 395–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqab005.
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Abstract In the absence of coordinated multilateral action, many countries seek to address environmental harm occurring in foreign jurisdictions by introducing measures that regulate the importation of certain products. In Australia, the Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012 (Cth) and the Illegal Logging Prohibition Regulation 2012 (Cth) prohibit the import of timber that has been harvested in a manner that is contrary to the laws of the harvesting country. One unsettled question is whether the measure is inconsistent with the law of the World Trade Organization. This article considers this question ahead of the Commonwealth Government’s 10-year review of the Measure. To this end, the article examines the consistency of the Act with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The findings of the article are relevant to Australia and to other countries that design and implement measures to regulate the importation of products for environmental objectives.
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Lancaster, Jeanette, Shirley Prager, Louise Nash, and Aspasia Karageorge. "Psychiatry peer review groups in Australia: a mixed-methods exploration of structure and function." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e040039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040039.
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ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine Australian psychiatrists’ experience of participation in a small group learning format of continuing professional development, known as peer review groups (PRGs), with a particular emphasis on group structure and functions.MethodAn exploratory mixed-methods study comprising a survey (n=77) and semistructured interviews (n=6) with Australian psychiatrists participating in a PRG in the previous 12 months.ResultsQualitative findings indicate that PRGs address experiential learning through a focus on both breadth and specificity of work, as well as participants’ experiences. Participants described using PRGs as a forum to manage difficult and complex work (through critiquing work, learning from one another, considering theory and guidelines, benchmarking, validating, reflecting and generalising learning) and to manage stress and well-being associated with crises, everyday stress and professional isolation. Particular structural aspects of PRGs considered essential to achieve these functions were self-selection of members, self-direction of meeting content and provision of a safe environment. These findings were convergent with the quantitative findings from scale survey data. Difficulties experienced during PRG participation are also described.ConclusionQualitative and quantitative findings from psychiatry PRGs demonstrate how practice-based professional experience functions as both a source of learning and of collegial connection that contributes to well-being and reduction in professional stress. Study limitations and future research directions are discussed.
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Baird, Gordon, and Mark Lorkin. "Environmental update for 2007." APPEA Journal 48, no. 1 (2008): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj07029.
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This environmental update for 2007 covers key environmental issues and development updates for the upstream oil and gas industry in Australia. Driven by market opportunities, the continued significant growth in the exploration and development of oil and gas reserves in Australia is considered against the environmental issues and challenges this growth presents. The number of large projects is testing regulatory approvals processes at a time when there is an ever rigorous and adapting regulatory climate, an increasing need for stakeholder engagement, and sustainability considerations. The review includes a summary of the environmental approval status of the large number of LNG projects in their various stages of development, as well as summary statistics on oil and gas activities in relation to assessment under the key Commonwealth environmental assessment legislation, the EPBC Act. An overview of changes in the main oil and gas legislation is also provided. Major environmental issues affecting the oil and gas industry are summarised, along with details of some of the main areas of ongoing environmental research initiatives. Finally, a summary of the review draws together the matters described in the environmental update for 2007.
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Bradshaw, Marita. "Review of the 2008 offshore petroleum exploration release areas." APPEA Journal 48, no. 1 (2008): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj07025.
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Each year the Australian Government releases new offshore opportunities for petroleum exploration. Thirty-five new exploration areas located across five of Australia’s offshore sedimentary basins are offered in the 2008 Release. All the areas are available through a work program bidding system with closing dates for bids at six and 12 months from the date of release. Acreage in the first round closes on 9 October 2008 and includes the more explored areas. The second closing round on 9 April 2009 comprises acreage located in less well explored and frontier regions. The 2008 exploration areas are in Commonwealth waters offshore of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, and in the Territory of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands adjacent area. The 2008 Release focusses on the North West Shelf, as well as offering two new exploration areas in the Vlaming Sub-basin in the offshore Perth Basin. Seven of the new release areas are located in Australia’s major hydrocarbon producing province, the Carnarvon Basin. They include a shallow water area in the western Barrow Sub-basin and another on the Rankin Platform, three areas in deeper water in the Exmouth Sub-basin and two on the deepwater Exmouth Plateau. Six areas are available for bidding in the Browse Basin and another five in the Bedout Sub-basin of the Roebuck Basin. In the Bonaparte Basin, the 15 Release areas are located in shallow water and represent a range of geological settings, including the Vulcan and Petrel sub-basins, Ashmore Platform and Londonderry High. The 2008 Offshore Petroleum Exploration Release of 35 areas in five basins covers a wide range in size, water depth and exploration maturity to provide investment opportunities suited to both small and large explorers. The Release areas are selected from nominations from industry, the States and Territory, and Geoscience Australia. The focus of the 2008 Release is on the North West Shelf where there is strong industry interest in the producing Carnarvon and Bonaparte basins and in the Browse Basin, the home of super-giant gas fields under active consideration for development. Also included in the 2008 Release is the Bedout Sub-basin, in the Roebuck Basin, located on the central North West Shelf, between the hotly contested Carnarvon and Browse basins. In addition, the Release show-cases the southern Vlaming Sub-basin, Perth Basin, where recent studies by Geoscience Australia provide a new understanding of petroleum potential (Nicholson et al, this volume).
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Shanapinda, Stanley. "Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v6n4.167.
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This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
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Shanapinda, Stanley. "Privacy versus the Use of Location Information for Law Enforcement and Security in Australia." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 109–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v6n4.167.
Full textAbstract:
This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the powers of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Australian Federal Police to access and use metadata. The review is primarily based on published research on the privacy impact of the revised metadata retention and collection framework introduced in 2015. The review reveals that, after 2015, no comprehensive study was undertaken in the following areas: how location information is generated and exchanged in the IP-mediated long-term evolution telecommunications network, and how mobile devices are tracked and create more precise location estimates, in the legal and policy context of the exceptions and privacy safeguards introduced after 2015; the discretionary powers of the agencies to use personal and sensitive information to identify inquiries and investigations to pursue, to enforce the law and perform their functions, and to carry out activities related to their functions and purposes; and the flexible oversight principles contained in the guidelines that create conflicts between law enforcement and privacy interests. The review proposes future multidisciplinary research.
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Slater, Sue. "PESA industry review—2009 environmental update." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09010.
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This paper provides a brief update on some of the key environmental issues that arose during 2009. In Queensland, activity is dominated by coal seam gas projects and specifically coal seam gas (CSG) to liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects. Environmental milestones for these projects are discussed, and the State Government’s response policy and regulation development response is reviewed. The progress of the more conventional LNG projects in Western Australia and the Northern Territory is also discussed. The final report on the mandated ten year review of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 was released in December 2009. Seventy-one recommendations were made, and some key recommendations related to our industry are discussed here. Climate change has again dominated the media, with the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Copenhagen in December 2009. In Queensland, the Government released a paper that presented a range of strategies and policies, building on a number of existing schemes and introducing new measures. Gas is identified as a key transitional fuel while low emission coal technology and emerging renewable energy sources are being developed. Greenhouse gas legislation is continuing to be developed across several states, but subordinate legislation is yet to be finalised. In Victoria, submissions on the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Regulations closed in October 2009, and the Greenhouse Gas Geological Sequestration Act 2008 came into effect on 1 December 2009. In March 2009, ten offshore acreage releases were made under the Commonwealth legislation; however, the closing date for submissions is dependent upon the development of the regulations. South Australia passed an Act amending the Petroleum and Geothermal Act 2000 on 1 October 2009 to allow geosequestration. A number of reviews of the regulatory framework or the administrative systems associated with the upstream oil and gas sector have been completed in the last decade. All these reviews make similar findings and recommendations, and most recently the Jones Report, tabled in Western Australian Parliament on 12 August 2009, found that most key recommendations from previous reports and reviews had not been addressed or properly implemented. There seems to be little point in undertaking regulatory and system reviews that consistently make similar findings, if these findings are never addressed. The hurdles to implementation of key recommendations need to be identified, so that progress can be made in improving the approvals processes for the industry, and improving the environmental outcomes.
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Podger, Andrew. "Federalism and Australia’s National Health and Health Insurance System." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.151.
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While health reform in Australia has been marked by piecemeal, incremental changes, the overall trend to increasing Commonwealth involvement has not been accidental or driven by power-hungry centralists: it has been shaped by broader national and international developments including technological change and the maturing of our nation and its place internationally, and by a widespread desire for a national universal health insurance system. In many respects the Australianhealth system performs well, but the emerging challenges demand a more integrated, patient-oriented system. This is likely to require a further shift towards the Commonwealth in terms of financial responsibility, as the national insurer. But it also requires close cooperation with the States, who could play a firmer role in service delivery and in supporting regional planning and coordination. The likelihood of sharing overall responsibility for the health system also suggests thereis a need to involve the States more fully in processes for setting national policies.
This article draws heavily on a lecture presented at the Australian National University in October 2015. It includes an overview of Australia’s evolving federal arrangements and the context within which the current Federalism Review is being conducted. It suggests Australia will not return to ‘coordinate federalism’ with clearly distinct responsibilities, and that greater priority should be given to improving how we manage shared responsibilities.
There is a long history of Commonwealth involvement in health, and future reform should build on that rather than try to reverse direction. While critical of the proposals from the Commission of Audit and in the 2014 Budget, the lecture welcomed the more pragmatic approaches that seemed to be emerging from the Federalism Review discussion papers and contributions from some Premiers which could promote more sensible measures to improve both the effectiveness and the financial sustainability of Australia’s health and health insurance system.
The Commonwealth’s new political leadership in 2015 seemed interested in such measures and in moving away from the Abbott Government’s approach. But the legacy of that approach severely damaged the Turnbull Government in the 2016 federal election as it gave traction to Labor’s ‘Mediscare’ campaign. In addition to resetting the federalism debate as it affects health, the Turnbull Government now needs to articulate the principles of Medicare and to clarify the role of the private sector, including private health insurance, in Australia’s universal health insurance system. Labor also needs to address more honestly the role of the private sector and develop a more coherent policy itself.
Abbreviations: COAG – Council of Australian Governments; NHHRC – National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission; PHI – Private Health Insurance; VFI – Vertical Fiscal Imbalance.
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Bernecker, Thomas. "Review of the 2009 offshore petroleum exploration release areas." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08031.
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The Australian Government formally releases new offshore exploration areas at the annual APPEA conference. This year, 31 areas plus two special areas in five offshore basins are being released for work program bidding. Closing dates for bid submissions are either six or twelve months after the release date (i.e. 3 December 2009 and 29 April 2010), depending on the exploration status in these areas is and on data availability. The 2009 release areas are located in Commonwealth waters offshore Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria, comprising intensively explored areas close to existing production as well as new frontiers. As usual, the North West Shelf features very prominently and is complimented by new areas along the southern margin, including frontier exploration areas in the Ceduna Sub-basin (Bight Basin) and the Otway Basin. The Bonaparte Basin is represented by one release area in the Malita Graben, while five areas are available in the Southern Browse Basin in an under-explored area of the basin. A total of 14 areas are being released in the Carnarvon Basin, with eight areas located in the Dampier Sub-basin, three small blocks in the Rankin Platform and three large blocks on the Northern Exmouth Plateau (these are considered a deep water frontier). In the south, six large areas are on offer in the Ceduna Sub-basin and five areas of varying sizes are being released in the Otway Basin, including a deep water frontier offshore Victoria. The special release areas are located in the Petrel Sub-basin, Bonaparte Basin offshore Northern Territory, and encompass the Turtle/Barnett oil discoveries. The 2009 offshore acreage release offers a wide variety of block sizes in shallow as well as deep water environments. Area selection has been undertaken in consultation with industry, the states and Territory. This year’s acreage release caters for the whole gamut of exploration companies given that many areas are close to existing infrastructure while others are located in frontier offshore regions. As part of Geoscience Australia’s Offshore Energy Security Program, new data has been acquired in offshore frontier regions and have yielded encouraging insights into the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Ceduna-Sub-basin.
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Smith, Wendy. "Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 7, No. 2." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 7, no. 2 (February 27, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v7n2p108.
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International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 2 Bibi Abdelouahab, University Mentouri Constantine, AlgeriaCarolyn Huston, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), AustraliaLuiz Ricardo Nakamura, University of Sao Paulo, BrazilMohieddine Rahmouni, University of Tunis, TunisiaPablo José Moya Fernández, Universidad de Granada, SpainPhilip Westgate, University of Kentucky, USASajid Ali, Quaid-i-Azam University, PakistanShatrunjai Pratap Singh, John Hancock Financial Services, USASubhradev Sen, Alliance University, IndiaTomás R. Cotos-Yáñez, University of Vigo, SpainVyacheslav Abramov, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Wendy SmithOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and ProbabilityCanadian Center of Science and Education
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Ibrahim, Ahmed, Craig Valli, Ian McAteer, and Junaid Chaudhry. "A security review of local government using NIST CSF: a case study." Journal of Supercomputing 74, no. 10 (July 12, 2018): 5171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2479-2.
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Abstract Evaluating cyber security risk is a challenging task regardless of an organisation’s nature of business or size, however, an essential activity. This paper uses the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cyber security framework (CSF) to assess the cyber security posture of a local government organisation in Western Australia. Our approach enabled the quantification of risks for specific NIST CSF core functions and respective categories and allowed making recommendations to address the gaps discovered to attain the desired level of compliance. This has led the organisation to strategically target areas related to their people, processes, and technologies, thus mitigating current and future threats.
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Thuraisingam, Shanthi, Lynn Riddell, Kay Cook, and Mark Lawrence. "The politics of developing reference standards for nutrient intakes: the case of Australia and New Zealand." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 9 (September 2009): 1531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898000800459x.
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AbstractObjectiveNutrient Reference Values (NRV) are evidence-based benchmarks for assessing the dietary adequacy of individuals and population groups as well as informing public health nutrition policies and programmes. The present paper presents the findings of an analysis of the views of submitters to a draft document associated with the development of the 2006 NRV for Australia and New Zealand. The aim of the study was to explore how these views were reflected in the policy-making process and final policy document.DesignThe information necessary to fulfil this aim required access to stakeholder submissions to the NRV development process and this necessitated exploiting the provisions of the Commonwealth of Australia’s Freedom of Information (FOI) Act 1982. We understand that the present research represents the first time that an FOI request seeking information about a National Health and Medical Research Council food and nutrition policy process has been made and therefore is novel in its approach to public health nutrition policy analysis.ResultsThe analysis of stakeholder submissions identified that stakeholders had particular concerns about the conduct of the review process and the future application of the nutrient values to policy and programmes. There is a lack of evidence that the majority of stakeholder comments were addressed in the final NRV document.ConclusionAlthough these findings cannot be interpreted to assess the validity or otherwise of the set nutrient values, they do raise questions about the process for their development and the adequacy of the final document to reflect the views of key stakeholders.
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Waye, Vicki, and Michael Duffy. "The Fate of Class Action Common Fund Orders." University of Queensland Law Journal 40, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 215–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.38127/uqlj.v40i2.5435.
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Common Fund Orders’ (CFOs) have had a significant effect on Australian third party-funded class actions by requiring all class members to make a contribution to the third-party litigation funder’s fee in the event of a successful outcome. This altered past practice whereby only class members who had contracted with the litigation funder would be liable for such a contribution. However in a 5:2 decision in BMW Australia Ltd v Brewster in 2019, the High Court cast some doubt on CFOs, determining that neither s 33ZF Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) nor s 183 Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW) provided a legal basis for making CFOs at the outset of proceedings so as to secure litigation funding support. In late 2020, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Joint Committee (PJC) on Corporations and Financial Services recommended that legislation be enacted to ‘address uncertainty’ in Brewster in a manner that would enable CFOs to be made at settlement or judgment. The authors canvass normative arguments as to the merits of CFOs and compare the alternative practice of making Funding Equalisation Orders (FEOs). They also consider the related issue of courts setting overall funding commissions. Given the possibility of legislative intervention, they also review arguments as to the potential constitutional validity of CFOs, a matter that was raised, but received very limited treatment from the High Court in BMW.
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MENSAH, KWADWO BOATENG. "DISCRETION, NOLLE PROSEQUI AND THE 1992 GHANAIAN CONSTITUTION." Journal of African Law 50, no. 1 (April 2006): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855306000052.
Full textAbstract:
Section 54 of Ghana's Criminal Procedure Code, 1960 (Act 30), gives the Attorney-General discretion to enter a nolle prosequi in the course of a criminal trial. According to the orthodox view, this discretionary power is not subject to judicial review. The orthodox view raises a number of very important questions. First, is it really the case that the power to enter a nolle prosequi is not subject to judicial review? Secondly, if this is the case, how is the Attorney-General accountable for the manner in which he exercises his discretion and how is it possible to ensure that he acts fairly when he enters a nolle prosequi? This article challenges the orthodox theory and advocates a theory based on legal accountability. The proposed theory is founded on the view that accountability and fairness—which are central constituents of good governance—will be enhanced if the discretion to enter a nolle prosequi is subject to legal control. The paper goes on to show that the legal accountability theory is supported by article 296 of the 1992 Ghanaian Constitution and that it also conforms to practices found in other Commonwealth jurisdictions such as England, Canada, Fiji and Australia.
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McKittrick, Rachel, and Rosemary McKenzie. "A narrative review and synthesis to inform health workforce preparation for the Health Care Homes model in primary healthcare in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 4 (2018): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py18045.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian Government Health Care Homes (HCH) model recently implemented in general practice targets people with chronic complex conditions. Identifying how general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) can work within this model is important given existing health workforce challenges. A narrative review and synthesis has been undertaken to develop a preliminary understanding of this, incorporating literature describing health workforce challenges, GP and PN functions, and team-based care; supplemented by interviews with key informants from within the primary healthcare system. Narrative synthesis principles guided literature analysis. Interview data were thematically analysed. A clear rationale for health workforce reform was ascertained and functions for the GP and PN under the HCH model were determined. The model was found to be an opportunity for an enhanced PN role in a team-based approach to care with the GP. Challenges to advancing the PN role and team-based care were identified, including the medical dominance of the health system and the significant culture change required by general practices to fully implement the model. Enablers included strong nursing leadership and improved ongoing education for PNs to unlock their capacity. The HCH model is an opportunity to strengthen primary healthcare, provided concerted action is taken regarding these challenges and enablers.
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Hutchings, Pat. "Comments on the “Managing Multiple Use in the Coastal Zone — A review of the Great Barrier Reef Park Authority” by J. F. Whitehouse, 1993. Commonwealth of Australia 1993." Australian Zoologist 30, no. 1 (December 1995): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.1995.014.
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Selvam, Kasturi, Muhammad Fazli Khalid, Khairul Mohd Fadzli Mustaffa, Azian Harun, and Ismail Aziah. "BipD of Burkholderia pseudomallei: Structure, Functions, and Detection Methods." Microorganisms 9, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040711.
Full textAbstract:
Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), a Gram-negative environmental bacterium. It is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but it is underreported in many other countries. The principal routes of entry for B. pseudomallei are skin penetration, inhalation, and ingestion. It mainly affects immunocompromised populations, especially patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis is challenging due to its non-specific clinical manifestations, which mimic other severe infections. The culture method is considered an imperfect gold standard for the diagnosis of melioidosis due to its low sensitivity. Antibody detection has low sensitivity and specificity due to the high seropositivity among healthy people in endemic regions. Antigen detection using various proteins has been tested for the rapid determination of B. pseudomallei; however, it presents certain limitations in terms of its sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, this review aims to frame the present knowledge of a potential target known as the Burkholderia invasion protein D (BipD), including future directions for its detection using an aptamer-based sensor (aptasensor).