Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Revêtements de diffusion'
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Bouchet, Régis. "Etude de l'interdiffusion dans les revêtements protecteurs à haute température." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112083.
Full textThis study aims at understanding interdiffusion phenomena in high temperature protective coatings. Since real systems are complex we have worked on model systems B2-NiAl, B2-Ni-Pt-Al and B2-Ni-Pd-Al. For these systems diffusion couples have been assembled. An original method for calculating composition-dependent interdiffusion coefficients along a diffusion path in ternary systems has been proposed. In B2-NiAl the experimental activation energy for diffusion is maximum at the composition Ni50. 2Al49. 8 and it decreases when moving away from it. Simulations have made possible to calculate the effective formation energies of defects and the migration energy associated with various diffusion mechanisms including one that we proposed. Diffusion mechanisms were selected, their activation energies are in good agreement with the experimental one. In B2-Ni-Pt-Al and B2-Ni-Pd-Al the Al direct interdiffusion coefficient increases when increasing Pt or Pd content; Pt or Pd gradient does not influence Al diffusion; Pt or Pd diffusion is not influenced by the Al gradient in Al-poor alloys but it is slowed down in Al-rich alloys if the sign of Pt or Pd gradient is the same as the one of Al gradient. These results have been correlated with the most-likely mechanisms in B2-NiAl. Isothermal oxidation of alloys B2-NiAl, B2-Ni-Pt-Al and B2-Ni-Pd-Al have been simulated showing the necessity of a diffusion barrier. An explanation has been suggested for the cavity formation at the metal-oxyde interface which takes into account both defects and diffusion mechanisms in these materials. From the results obtained with the diffusion couples a diffusion barrier in real systems has been suggested
Benoist, Julien. "Etude des revêtements en aluminures modifiés platine des superalliages base nickel." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2278.
Full textThe aim of this study is to improve the microstructural properties and the microscopic mechanisms formation of the Pt modified aluminide coatings according to the treatment parameters. At first, we characterise aluminide coatings fabricated with the prior Pt diffusion aluminizing treatment. It appears that the final aluminide microstructure depends only on the different types of donor, which allows the suppression of the Pt diffusion. We also deposit the aluminide coatings with an aluminizing treatment without prior Pt diffusion. We show that the aluminide coating is either a monophased (Ni, Pt)Al structure, or a two-phase PtAl2/NiAl structure or a two-phase PtAl2/NiAl structure with a continuous PtAl2 layer at the surface, with respect to the type of donor. These results allow us to control the quality control of the aluminizing treatment. Then we studied the growth of these phases in the case of a continuous PtAl2 layer at the surface. It appears that this layer forms at the beginning of this treatment and stays stable during the aluminizing. After all platinum is transformed into PtAl2, aluminum diffuses across this layer to form NiAl. However, Ni does not diffuse sufficiently from the substrate to transform PtAl2 into NiAl. We also showed the strong PtAl2 stability. The use of EXAFS technique allows us to demonstrate that the Ni maximum solubility in PtAl2 is 37. 5 at% and that the Ni, Pt and Al sublattices are the same in (Pt, Ni)Al2 and (Ni, Pt)Al phases. The PtAl2 è NiAl transformation is only due to Ni insertion in PtAl2. A bibliographic study of diffusion mechanisms in NiAl intermetallic allows to explain the strong difference between nickel and aluminum diffusion in the PtAl2 phase. The presence of platinum atoms on the same sublattice than nickel atoms decreases the nickel diffusivity in the (Pt, Ni)Al2 and (Ni, Pt)Al phases
Addach, Hmad. "Contribution à l'étude de l'interaction hydrogène-métal dans le cas de revêtements métalliques réalisés par voie humide." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2014.
Full textItjoko, Serge. "Optimisation des propriétés radiatives de revêtements alumine/luminophores pour lampes fluorescentes." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066316.
Full textAndreani, Anne-Sophie. "Revêtements céramiques réfractaires à résistance accrue à l’oxydation : corrélation entre mécanisme de diffusion, microstructure et composition." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14172/document.
Full textIn order to improve material’s lifetime used at a temperature above 2500°C and under oxidizing atmosphere, a solution is to use a surfacing protection constituted of non oxide refractory materials. One of the main objectives of this thesis is to select and experimentally validate new chemical coating compositions which will be used under corrosive and oxidizing atmosphere at ultra high temperature (more than 2000°C). A preliminary thermodynamic and thermo-chemical study aims to select compounds. These compounds are then analyzed with physic-chemical tests. Coatings have to be chemically stable, thermo-mechanically compatible with the substrate and have to stick to the substrate from ambient temperature to more than 2000°C. Moreover, coatings have to act as an environmental barrier and/or as a thermal barrier.Two kinds of oxidation tests are made. On one hand, non oxide massive material’s systems are fabricated by spark plasma sintering in order to be tested at the solar furnace. On the other hand, composite models are fabricated by PVD. A carbon fiber is covered with ultra refractory metallic coating by PVD. Then, these composite models are heated by Joule effect in order to realize oxidation tests. Understanding mechanisms at work during the oxidation of these new coatings is another main objective of this thesis. This understanding will be also useful to classify these materials regarding their resistance to oxidation
Benabed, Mohamed Salim. "Élaboration de revêtements à base de titane en milieu igné." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066373.
Full textBoulesteix, Claire. "Synthesis, environmental degradation and repairability of slurry aluminium coatings elaborated on steels employed in power plants." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS022/document.
Full textHigher energy efficiencies can be achieved by the increase of temperatures and pressures in power plant, thus allowing the reduction of the polluting emissions. Therefore, more efficient materials, compared to those currently employed, have to be used in order to resist to harsh environmental conditions (high temperatures, steam, pressure…). Despite of the good mechanical properties of many steels, the elaboration of a protective coating able to form a dense, protective and stable oxide layer at high temperature, is necessary. Thus, in the framework of the “POEMA” European project, the mechanisms of the formation of aluminium diffusion coatings were studied on ferritic-martensitic and austenitic stainless steels that are currently employed in power plants. The sealing of cracks eventually created during the aluminisation of steels was also studied. The degradation mechanisms of the B2-(Fe (Ni))Al coatings were then studied in steam and in air at 650 and 700°C up to 10000 hours and under different pressures (1 and 300 bar). We have demonstrated that the pre-oxidation induced during the elaboration of coatings grew a thin protective oxide scale composed of α-Al2O3 which developed further upon oxidation. Nevertheless, the long exposures under high steam pressures promoted the cationic diffusion of Fe, thus allowing the formation of small surface oxide nodules. Finally, the dissolution mechanisms of coatings with a diluted acid have been studied in order to demonstrate the possibility of strip and realuminise the materials initially coated
Avice, Jérémy. "Etudes des propriétés physico-chimiques de revêtements sol-gel par spectroscopie, optoacoustique et endommagement laser." Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1028.
Full textWithin the framework of the simulation project, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) aims to reproduce the pressure and temperature conditions of a thermonuclear fusion with the Megajoule laser (LMJ). Some of the optical components of the LMJ, in particular some focusing lenses, are coated with an antireflective (AR) layer made by a sol-gel process. These films are composed of silica nanoparticles 10 nm in diameter with 55% porosity. To increase the mechanical strength of these layers, the films are exposed to water and ammonia vapors during a post-process. This post-treatment creates covalent bonds between the silica nanoparticles and thus strengthens the colloidal film. In order to give all the qualities of an optical coating, besides the key optical properties, we have set ourselves the objective of understanding the mechanical stability of these nanomaterials. In particular, we wanted, in the context of this thesis, to have a better understanding of the ammonia hardening process and for that we undertook a complete study of the physical and chemical parameters that govern the elasticity of this assembly of nanoparticles. In a second step, we highlighted the appearance of surface cracking causing optical diffusion and a decrease in mechanical reinforcement during the post-process. In order to minimize or even eliminate these surface cracks, we performed a parametric study to identify the elements responsible for this cracking
Kepa, Thomas. "Synthèse de revêtements d’aluminures modifiés sur superalliages à base nickel et comportement aux hautes températures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS010.
Full textAluminide-based coatings (β-NiAl) are well known to impart better corrosion and/or oxidation resistance to metallic materials used at very high temperatures especially on nickel-based superalloys. Alternatives to gaseous processes (SVPA, for example) are being investigated to save time and reduce costs. In this sense, the synthesis of diffusion coatings of the β-NiAl type by slurry at reduced times is proposed in this PhD thesis. The coatings result in high activity type microstructures on two single-crystal nickel-based superalloys, AM1 and René N5.The different considered coatings correspond to β-NiAl, β-(Ni, Pt)Al (including Pt pre-deposition) and β-NiAl doped with a reactive element, for which several methods of incorporating the reactive element have been considered. Subsequently, some coatings were selected to be studied under isothermal and/or cyclic oxidation conditions at 1100°C for times up to 1000 hours. The reduction in the coating time of these simple β-NiAl coatings to less than 6 hours and in an Ar or air atmosphere does not change their oxidation behaviour at high temperatures since parabolic regimes are still observed. For the β-(Ni, Pt)Al coatings, the amount of slurry deposited must be reduced (compared to β-NiAl) to avoid the formation of the brittle PtAl2 phase. The first tests in cyclic oxidation showed significant mass losses, whose origins remain to be clarified. The improvement against spallation has been studied through the incorporation of CeO2 following three different ways: by mixing powders; by dispersing CeO2 particles in an electroless nickel pre-deposit, by adding cerium nitrate to the slurry. Only the last two methods provided homogeneous and reproducible coatings that were studied in oxidation. The results showed that the addition of an electroless nickel deposit (with or without CeO2) prior to aluminization generated an interface susceptible to reduce the oxidation performance of the coatings. Nevertheless, specific additions of CeO2 to the nickel pre-deposit led to a better oxidation behaviour than the one observed with no CeO2 doping. An original synthesis method consisting in adding cerium nitrate to the slurry was also applied. It was demonstrated that the reactive element was indeed well incorporated into the coating. The optimal content still must be studied to avoid over-doping phenomena. Finally, a preliminary study of electrochemical stripping of slurry coatings, followed by re-aluminization for repair purposes, has been conducted
Lehtihet, Moncef. "Réalisation de revêtements composites par voie liquide pour la gestion des infrarouges solaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0226.
Full textThis PhD project focuses on the designing, realization and characterization of coatings deposited by liquid means, for the management of infrared solar light, regarding applications towards building efficency and solar energy harvesting. We aim to produce composite thin films, composed of polymeric matrix in which solid inclusions are added. An engineering of these inclusions permits one to reach the desired functionality. A complete modelling of composite thin film on a substrate is proposed. An optimal transport regime of light is found where the absorption is enhanced by the addition of scattering. A bench for thin film production is realized and experimental methods of characerization of the various physical phenomena occuring during material deposition is studied. A theoretical and experimental study of the influence of the optical properties of thin film on its thermal performances is proposed. Polymeric thin films containing gold nanoparticles are used as proof-of-concept of the enhanced heat generation by light scattering. Also, PEDOT:PSS/Silicon thin films are realized to control independently the absorption and scattering in films and explore such optimal regime in the near-infrared part of the spectrum
Faure, Cyril. "Nouveaux revêtements multicouches diamantés nanograins sur cermets WC-Co : etude des phénomènes microstructuraux intervenant aux interfaces lors de l'élaboration." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14156/document.
Full textThe combination of good mechanical properties and low specific mass ensures the increasing use of composite materials to reduce the weight of mechanical structures. However, their machining induces premature and random wear of WC-Co cermet cutting-tools. The origin of this study comes from the necessity to protect cutting-tools surfaces by hard and resistant coatings like NCD diamond. Unfortunately, the cobalt found in these cemented carbides catalyses graphite formation at the interface with the diamond layer and harms the grip of the diamond film. The method used to isolate this metal from the surface has been to form interfacial multilayer systems. These are composed of a tantalum nitride and/or zirconium nitride diffusion barrier for cobalt and a layer promoting the diamond nucleation in molybdenum or stainless steel. The deposit protocols developed during this PhD work have the particularity of using a negative and sequenced substrate bias during the growth stage. This leads to an original morphology of the diamond coating which is patented under the name PyrNCD (International Patent N°: WO/2010/076423). The goal of this study is to understand all the mechanisms (like the impact of the carbon solubility on the diamond nucleation, the effects of negative bias on the coated substrate and the diamond growth,...) occurring during diamond deposition and process optimization
Rohr, Valentin. "Développement de revêtements pour les aciers d'échangeurs thermiques et amélioration de leur résistance à la corrosion en environnement simulant les fumées de combustion et de charbon." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. https://hal.science/tel-04595756.
Full textImproving the efficiencies of thermal power plants requires an increase of the corrosion resistance of heat exchanger materials. The aim of this study is to develop protective coatings using the pack cementation process on a 17Cr/13Ni austenitic steel and three ferritic-martensitic steels : P91, P92 and HCM12A. The austenite was aluminised at 950°C. The ferritic-marensitic steels were coated at temperature as low as 650°C, in order to maintain their initial microstructure. A mechanism of the coating formation at low temperature is proposed. The corrosion resistances of coated and bare steels are compared in simulated coal firing environment for durations up to 2000 h at 650°C. All coatings offer a significant corrosion protection. The performance of coated 9-12%Cr steels is no longer limited by corrosion but by coating substrate interdiffusion
Sayah, Imane. "Etude de revêtements photocatalytiques à base de dioxyde de titane nanostructuré élaborés par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en condition réactive." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0249/document.
Full textThe development of supported photocatalysts thin films is of major interest allowing an efficient separation of the reaction products, in spite of their specific area reduction compared to nanometric scale powders. The synthesis of TiO2 coatings by reactive magnetron sputtering is the subject of intensive researches. This technique allows, trough the control of the deposition parameters, to manage the structure and the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of the coatings. In order to hinder the sodium contamination of the catalyst from the glass substrate, either during in situ or ex situ heating of the coating, a SiNx diffusion barrier is intercalated with a fixed thickness. Different layers of TiO2 were prepared at high pressure in a reactor equipped with a closed-loop control system based on optical emission spectroscopy. The influence of the in situ crystallization at different temperatures on the properties of the TiO2 coatings was studied. These properties were compared with those of samples synthesized ex situ and at the same temperatures. Finally, first studies on the influence of silver enrichment at different contents on photocatalytic activity under visible light of TiO2 layers crystallized in situ and ex situ, are presented
Faure, Cyril. "Nouveaux revêtements multicouches diamantés nanograins sur cermets WC-Co : étude des phénomènes microstructuraux intervenant aux interfaces lors de l'élaboration." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00575512.
Full textOsman, Talaat T. "Estimation de l’émissivité globale de revêtements de surface opaques a partir d'une méthode calorimétrique transitoire reposant sur une technique d'inversion de l’équation de diffusion de la chaleur." Lyon, INSA, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ISAL0031.
Full textChaia, Nabil. "Mise au point de revêtements protecteurs pour le gainage du combustible en alliage de vanadium V-4Cr-4Ti destiné aux RNR-Na." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0149/document.
Full textThe use of vanadium alloy V-4Cr-4Ti as fuel cladding in the generation IV sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) is considered with a great interest thanks to its attractive physico-chimicals properties namely: a good compatibility with liquid sodium, a high neutronic transparency,a good mechanical properties even under irradiation. However, the dissolution of oxygen in vanadium leads to its hardening. This behavior imposes, consequently, the use of on external protection as coatings that can be considered as a barrier against oxygen diffusion contained in liquid sodium at very low concentrations (a few ppm). In this work, binary and ternary diffusional silicides coatings are produced mainly by halide activated pack cementation. Their ability to protect the substrate in media simulating a SFR’s conditions, with a low oxidation potential of O2, is proved according to the results of oxidation tests in impure helium at 650 ° C and corrosion in sodium liquid at 550 ° C (CorroNa test at CEA de Saclay). Other air oxidation tests (cyclic, isothermal and creep-bending 3 points) showed good resistance of coatings at temperatures above 900°C due to the formation of a protective layer of SiO2, adherent and compact. In another part of this work, the microstructural stability of the cladding/coating system in accidental conditions is studied. This required the calculation of interdiffusion coefficients using models of multilayer growth as proposed by Wagner and mutual consumption as proposed by Buscaglia. Finally, the isothermal section at 1200 ° C and the liquidus projection of V-Cr-Si system are studied. This step, preliminary to the study of quaternary V-Cr-Ti-Si system, should allow as a perspective the optimization of the architecture of the coating and help to understand the oxidation mechanisms
Laoubi, Saïd. "Réticulation des revêtements en résine époxyde à basse température (50°C) et résistance aux transferts de liquides." Saint-Etienne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STET4005.
Full textSarrazin-Baudoux, Christine. "Etude du mixage ionique dans un système à grande limite de solubilité : cas du Cuivre-Nickel, caractérisation de l'adhérence de ces revêtements sur substrat acier." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2305.
Full textAubry, Éric. "Étude des relations entre les propriétés physicochimiques et photocatalytiques de revêtements nanostructurés de dioxyde de titane synthétisés par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron en condition réactive." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL104N/document.
Full textAThe photocatalysis is a new way of organic pollutants treatments which needs a low energy supplied under light wave. The use of supported catalyst allows an efficient separation of the reaction products, in spite of their specific area reduction. Owing to the advantages that offers reactive sputtering (good mechanical adhesion, synthesis on cold substrates, easy control of the microstructure, …), the synthesis by this technique of the most promising semiconductor photocatalyst, namely the titanium dioxide, is the subject of intensive researchs. After a description of the mechanisms occurring during a photocatalytic reaction, the physical phenomena at the origin of the ceramic coating synthesis are detailed. In order to hinder the sodium contamination of the catalyst from the glass substrate, a SiNx diffusion barrier is intercalated. The influences of the substrate position relatively to the metallic flux, the annealing temperature, the total pressure and the TiO2 coating thickness on the physico-chemical and photocatalytic properties are investigated allowing the formulation of hypothetic relations combining them. Finally, first studies on in situ crystallized TiO2-xNy photocatalyst deposited at high pressure are presented
Fares, Toby. "Comportement de l'hélium dans les verres nucléaires tpe R7T7." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20174/document.
Full textThe present thesis focuses on the study of helium behavior in R7T7 nuclear waste glass. Therefore, four types of materials were used in this work. These are non radioactive R7T7 glasses saturated with helium under pressure, glasses implanted with 3He+ ions, glasses doped with curium and glasses irradiated in nuclear reactor.The study of helium solubility in saturated R7T7 glass has shown that helium atoms are inserted in the glass free volume. The results yielded a solubility of about 1016 at. cm-3 atm.-1. The incorporation limit of helium in this type of glass has been determined ; its value amounted to about 2×1021 at. cm-3.Diffusion studies have shown that the helium migration is controlled by the single population dissolved in the glass free volume. An ideal diffusion model was used to simulate the helium release data. The determined diffusion coefficients fall into the following Arrhenius law : D = D0 exp(-Ea/kBT), where D0 = 0,022 and 5,4×10-3 cm2 s-1 and Ea = 0,61 eV for the helium saturated glass and the doped one respectively. Theses results reflect a thermally activated diffusion mechanism which is not influenced by the glass radiation damage and the studied helium concentrations (up to 8×1019 at. g-1).Characterizations of the macroscopic, structural and microstructural of glasses irradiated glasses did not reveal any impact associated with the presence of helium at high concentrations. The observed modifications i.e. a swelling of 0,7%, a decrease in hardness by 38%, an increase between 8 and 34%of the fracture toughness and a satbilization of the glass structure under irradiarion were attributed to the glass nuclear damage induced by the irradiation in reactor. Characterizations by SEM of R7T7 glasses implanted with helium at high concentrations, doped with curium and irradiated in nuclear reactor showed a homogeneous microstructure free of helium bubbles, pores or cracking.The results of the present work were used to develop a long term diffusion model of helium in an industrial R7T7 nuclear waste glass. The model considers the glass thermal history, its fracturing and its alpha activity
Aouas, Mohamed-Rachid. "Substitution du chrome électrolytique par des depots PVD." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2020.
Full textFirst-principles calculations, by means of the FULL-potential augmented plane wave method using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) were carried out to study structural and electronic properties of the CrC and CrN in their stoichiometric and substoichiometric forms. The multilayer of CrC and CrN were also studied with the molecular dynamic method where the variation of the bulk modulus and young modulus with the thickness are also seen as where as the effect of the vacancy on the multilayer of CrC and CrN. The multi-layer CrC/CrN present higher properties compared to the multi-layer CrC
Cavaletti, Eric. "Etude et développement de barrière de diffusion pour les sous-couches de système barrière thermique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT037G/document.
Full textAt high temperature, interdiffusion between a superalloy and its protective coating (ß-NiAl or ß- NiPtAl) degrades the oxidation protection by modifying the chemical composition of the coating. It also degrades the 3rd et 4th generation superalloy microstructure due to the formation of Secondary Reaction Zones (SRZ). As a consequence, the aim of this study was (1) to develop diffusion barriers (DB) composed of a dense precipitation of a-W phases after a thermal treatment under vacuum (simple DB) or a vapour phase chromisation (Cr enriched DB), (2) to develop a method for quantifying the DB efficiency. Chemical concentration measurements (with EDS spectral maps) coupled with the « p-kp » modelling of the cyclic oxidation kinetics, and the development of the model « p-kp-ß » have permitted to study DB efficiency as a function of its composition and its high temperature ageing. For long ageing duration, the efficiency of the DB is reduced. Indeed, it is shown that the DB degrades the protection character of the ß-NiPtAl by increasing the oxide scale spallation and of its growth kinetic. This, in turns, accelerates the ß to y’ and y phases transformation and then increases the a-W precipitates dissolution. Some likely causes of this degradation have been determined, either due to the process (sulphur pollution) or intrinsic of the DB addition (increase of the martensitic transformation, enrichment in tungsten and a-Cr formation in the coating). Finally, it has been proved that DB addition modifies the SRZ initiation but not their propagation kinetic, which only depends on the superalloy local composition. A SRZ propagation model which describes local chemical evolutions on both sides of the « SRZ / superalloy » interface was proposed. The addition of chromium to the DB permits to inhibit the SRZ formation. In this case, a layer rich in TCP platelets replaces the SRZ
Jacquot, Frédéric. "Mise au point et caractérisation d'une nouvelle poudre "mono-composant" pour le brasage diffusion de superalliages base nickel ; applications pour la réparation de pièces de turbines aéronautiques et pour la réalisation de préformes frittées." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2315.
Full textLefevre, Guillaume. "Caractérisation des propriétés radiatives des nanoparticules de suie en présence de composés organiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR17/document.
Full textSoot particles resulting from incomplete combustion may contain a more or less important part of organic compounds (OC / TC), depending on the combustion conditions. Moreover, once these nanoparticles are emitted into the atmosphere, volatile organic compounds can adsorb, forming a coating around these fractal aggregates. The impact of the initial composition or the atmospheric aging on the morphological and radiative properties of these particles is not well known. This has an impact on the radiative climate models but also on the interpretation of the signais delivered by the different optical diagnostics that can be used for aerosol metrology. In particular, this work aims to evaluate the relevance of the use of optical diagnostics to characterize soot particles in atmospheric conditions. In order to study the impact of organic compounds initially present in the particle or adsorbed in post-combustion on their radiative properties, we have studied soot produced by a diffusion flame (miniCAST) for different global richnesses and added an organic acid coating. In order to produce an oleic acid layer on reference particles, a coating device has been implemented and qualified. Particles thus generated, coated or not, were characterized in mass (TEOM measurements), in size (SMPS measurements) and morphologically (effective density). The coating thickness as well as the morphological restructuring caused by the addition of an organic coating was thus quantified. The radiative properties were measured by spectrally resolved light extinction and scattering (angular and spectrally resolved). A special effort was made to allow experimental measurements to validate pre-existing numerical results. Moreover, these different measurement techniques (optical and non-optical) have led to the generalization of the Rayleigh Debye Gans for Fractal Aggregates (RDG-FA) theory to particles of the polydispersed fractal aggregate type coated with an organic layer (RDG-CFA). This allows to understand phenomenologically the impact of a coating on the radiative properties and to permit an easier implementation in climate simulation codes or for the interpretation of optical measurements in the atmosphere. Finally, special attention was paid to the laser induced incandescence technique (LII), to study the applicability of this technique to organic particles or having interacted with atmospheric compounds during their aging processes
El, Rassy Elissa. "Development of Methods to Identify Thermophysical Properties of Complex Media." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ESMA0013.
Full textAdvanced materials with complex structures (anisotropic, multilayers and heterogeneous like porous) are increasingly used in many applications, (e.g. automotive, aeronautics, chemical industry, civil and biomedical engineering) due to their advantages, in terms of mechanical and physical properties enhancements. Estimating thermophysical properties of such materials becomes a crucial issue in several applications in order to correctly predict temperature evolution inside these structures and to ensure the control and the modelling of heat transfers through the processes. In this context, the identification of such materials thermophysical properties, has taken from many years, a significant and increasing concern. The main feature of this thesis relies on the devolvement of a direct and simultaneous identification method of the thermal diffusivities of monolayer or multilayer materials using an analytical 3D transient model and a unique and non-intrusive experiment. The proposed method is firstly validated on an isotropic opaque monolayermaterial, then applied and verified on an orthotropic one. The identificationmethod is based on the well-known flash-method experiment whose temperature evolution on the front or rear face on the sample, recorded via an IR camera, is used to identify the unknown parameters. Considering the complexity, and the non-linearity of the inverse problem, a hybrid optimization algorithm combining a stochastic algorithm (Particles Swarm Optimization) and a deterministic one (gradient based), has been chosen. This minimization procedure is applied to fit the observation to the output of a pseudo- analytical model inspired from the thermal quadrupoles approach that predicts the temperature evolution on the front or rear face. The thermal excitation, generated by a CO2 laser, is mimicked by an imposed localized heat flux that may be of Dirac or pulse type. The estimations are compared with values from literature and results obtain from well-established methods. Finally, some improvement of the method are investigated, in terms of time consumption and accuracy, with an optimization of the experiment design (pulse time and intensity, measurement face). The method is then generalised to multi-layer materials, then applied experimentally to a two-layer material. This strategy, which can be considered as a challenging task, is motivated by the impossibility, in some cases, to separate the 2 layers, especially for coatings deposited on substrates which is the last application investigated in this work. A sensitivity analysis is often conducted in order to test the feasibility of the estimation and compare, for two-layer and multilayers materials, several possible configurations in terms of excitation/measurements faces. Pre-evaluation of the overall identification methods and parametric studies are performed using synthetic noisy data generated using the model or a numerical finite element code(pseudo-experiment) to verify the approaches feasibility and robustness. One of the most distinctive features of our approach is that the estimation may be successfully achieved without any a priori knowledge about the shape or the intensity of the excitation. Indeed, besides the simultaneous estimation of the thermal diffusivities, the method predicts the total amount of heat absorbed by the material as well as the space shape of the thermal excitation
Perthue, Anthony. "Vers une amélioration des performances et de la durabilité de cellules photovoltaïques organiques par l'application d'un film composite multifonctionnel." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069015.
Full textLaurent, Julien. "Amélioration du rendement matière lors de la cristallisation de lingots de silicium photovoltaïque multi-cristallin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAD025.
Full textThe majority of silicon used for PV applications is crystallized via directional solidification in silica crucibles with suitable coatings. The obtained ingots exhibit, however, poor electrical properties near the crucible walls (red zones). Until present, the physical mechanisms leading to this degradation are both unclear and unresolved. This thesis addresses exactly these two points. It analyses the root causes leading to the electrical degradation and it proposes an innovative crucible to limit it. An electrical and chemical quantitative study is performed to determine the influence of the purity of the crucible on the quality of the obtained silicon. Specifically, the extent of the red zone is analyzed in great detail in laboratory-scale ingots crystallized in crucibles of different purity. Once the role of impurities present in the crucible is determined, an innovative crucible is proposed and tested. Its scope is to minimize impurity diffusion from the crucible and its coating to the silicon. As proof of concept, laboratory scale (3 kg) and semi-industrial scale (60 kg) ingots are crystallized in this novel crucible and in a standard, reference crucible. The semi-industrial ingots are further used to fabricate solar cells. Characterization of the solar cells validates the beneficial effects of the innovative crucible with respect to the standard one
Boiteau-Auvray, Sophie. "Quels sont les enjeux d'une barrière de diffusion de carbure de titane entre le tungstène et le carbure de silicium, sur l'élaboration par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur, et sur les propriétés mécaniques du renfort filamentaire de SiC ?" Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133104.
Full textBoiteau-Auvray, Sophie. "Quels sont les enjeux d'une barrière de diffusion de carbure de titane entre le tungstène et le carbure de silicium, sur l'élaboration par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur, et sur les propriétés mécaniques du renfort filamentaire de SiC ?" Phd thesis, Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10687.
Full textD'Ans, Pierre. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une démarche rationnelle de sélection des traitements de surface: illustration dans le cas des dispositifs de fonderie de l'aluminium." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210366.
Full text- Utiliser des multitraitements de surface peut se faire en scindant les différentes requêtes en sous-ensembles, de manière à ce que chaque traitement réponde à l’un d’eux. Dans quel ordre ces requêtes doivent-elles être introduites par rapport au substrat ?
- Comment sélectionner les traitements de surface répondant à chaque requête individuelle ?
- Comment classer des multitraitements en termes d’adéquation au problème posé ?
Dans ce travail, les première et troisième questions sont abordées, en explorant les requêtes concernant habituellement les dispositifs de moulage de l’aluminium :
- Résistance aux contraintes d’origine thermique.
- Résistance à la corrosion par les métaux fondus.
- Résistance au frottement.
L’analyse de la bibliographie relative aux traitements de surface utilisés dans ces systèmes a été analysée et des « architectures »-types ont été identifiées (chapitre 3). On prévoit, par exemple, un traitement conférant la résistance à la fatigue superficielle, ainsi qu’un revêtement étanche et résistant à l’aluminium fondu. Une barrière thermique est parfois préconisée.
Pour chacune des architectures, des traitements de surface individuels peuvent être sélectionnés. Un « facteur de performance » permettant de classer les solutions par rapport au problème de la fatigue thermique a été construit (chapitre 4) et discuté dans deux situations :
- Lorsqu’un revêtement est présent, et que les contraintes d’origine thermique (différence de dilatation thermique couche-substrat) menacent de le rompre lors de l’immersion dans un milieu corrosif à haute température. Des essais de corrosion dans de l’aluminium fondu ont été réalisés sur un acier revêtu par du nitrure de chrome dopé à l’aluminium, synthétisé par déposition physique en phase vapeur (chapitre 5 – collaboration :Inasmet).
- Lorsque des variations thermiques rapides menacent de rompre le substrat et la (les) couches. Des essais de fatigue thermique ont été réalisés sur de l’acier à outils pour travail à chaud non traité, boruré ou recouvert d’un multitraitements (zircone yttriée / NiCrAlY / boruration / acier). Le revêtement en zircone yttriée a été obtenu par projection par plasma. L’essai de fatigue thermique a été modélisé et le facteur de performance, discuté (chapitre 6).
Au chapitre 7, les architectures-types ont été introduites dans une méthodologie de sélection des multi-traitements de surface, qui a été appliquée dans deux cas :
- Celui des moules de fonderie, devant résister à la fatigue thermique et à la corrosion par l’aluminium fondu. Le facteur de performance a été extrapolé à d’autres situations qu’aux chapitres 5 et 6. Les solutions habituellement proposées pour résoudre ce problème sont retrouvées.
- Celui de deux pièces en acier frottant l’une contre l’autre en présence d’aluminium fondu.
To select surface treatments, one must account for the required functional properties, the substrate features and the solicitations the substrate must endure. Certain combinations of these parameters make it difficult to select a single surface treatment, a reason why several successive treatments are preferred. To select them, one needs to determine:
- How to divide the several requests into groups and how to stack up these groups from the substrate to the outer surface, so that each treatment deals with one specific group of requests/properties.
- How to select individual layers for each group of properties.
- How to rank the multi-treatments in terms of relevance for a given application.
In this work, one tries to answer the first and the third questions, by studying the case of aluminium foundry, in which the industrial devices frequently face the following solicitations:
- Thermal stress (thermal fatigue, thermal expansion mismatch).
- Presence of corrosive molten metal.
- Sliding wear.
In the literature, several “standard” architectures are proposed (chapter 3), like a diffusion layer reducing superficial fatigue plus a corrosion barrier layer. A thermal barrier coating is also sometimes proposed.
For each of these architectures, one can select individual treatments. To rank them, one devised a “performance index” for thermal stress (chap.4), which is discussed for two cases:
- For large differences between layer and substrate thermal expansion coefficients, when both are put into contact with a high temperature corrosive medium, the layer may be damaged. One discusses this case by examining the corrosion caused by molten aluminium for a steel substrate coated by anticorrosive chromium nitride doped with aluminium. The layer is produced by physical vapour deposition (chap. 5 – cooperation: Inasmet).
- Repeated fast surface temperature transients can also damage the substrate and/or the layer by thermal fatigue. One conducted thermal fatigue tests with samples of hot work tool steel, respectively untreated, simply borided and protected by a multilayer. In the last case, top coat is yttria stabilised zirconia, followed by a nickel superalloy and then a borided layer (undercoat). One synthesized the zirconia coating by plasma spray and one modelled the thermal fatigue (chap. 6).
In chap. 7, architectures from chap. 2 are introduced in a multi-treatment selection routine, which is applied in two cases:
- Foundry moulds for molten aluminium, withstanding both thermal fatigue and corrosion. The devised performance index is extrapolated beyond the tests of chap. 5 and 6 to treatments for this industrial application, thereby quantifying their respective merits.
- A foundry device exposed to molten metal and sliding wear.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished