Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reverse load'
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Corrigan, Gary E. "Evaluation of reverse transcriptase assay for viral load monitoring /." Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-207-1/.
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Closen, Max. "Self-tapping screw assemblies under monotonic and reverse cyclic load." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42780.
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In the past century old-growth forests in Canada and the USA provided sufficiently large, clear wooden construction material which have been extensively used. Today, the importance of high-quality structural timber and wood products has increased by far. This increase in demand for high-quality timber and wood products can only be satisfied with second-growth wood, some remaining old-growth forests, and of course engineered wood products. The performance of these materials in structures is, however, largely influenced by the capacity of connections. The envelope in timber construction can only be pushed forward if research on mechanical fasteners and connections that are strong, reliable and cost efficient is conducted. Primary focus of research must address the inherent tensile and shear weaknesses of wood perpendicular and parallel to the wood grain.
The thesis presented here experimentally investigates the performance of newly evolved structural self-tapping full thread wood screws as a primary fastener in Canadian Douglas-fir glulam and Cross-Laminated-Timber. The screws as primary fasteners were investigated in a commonly used shear connection and a recently developed moment resisting assembly under reverse cyclic load. Both connection systems utilize the high withdrawal resistance and tensile strength of the fastener with inclined (screw-in angles between 30° and 45°) arrangements. The inclined arrangement allows force transfer along the fastener axis and therefore reduces perpendicular to grain splitting and parallel to grain shear failure and provides high connection capacities and stiffness. The results show that structural self-tapping wood screws can effectively be used as primary connector under reverse cyclic loading conditions. In addition to the screw’s superior withdrawal resistance and tensile strength the research showed that self-tapping screws can be applied efficiently with commonly available machinery and tools.
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Mitchell, Gregory R. "Shipboard fluid system diagnostics using non-intrusive load monitoring." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2997.
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CIVINSSystems on modern naval vessels are becoming exclusively dependent on electrical power. One example of this is the replacement of distilling and evaporator plants with reverse osmosis units. As the system is in continuous operation, it is critical to have remote real-time monitoring and diagnostic capabilities. The pressure to reduce shipboard manning only adds to the difficulties associated with monitoring such systems. One diagnostic platform that is particularly well suited for use in such an environment is the non-intrusive load monitor (NILM). The primary benefit of the NILM is that it can assess the operational status of multiple electrical loads from a single set of measurements collected at a central point in a ship's power-distribution network. This reduction in sensor count makes the NILM a low cost and highly reliable system. System modeling, laboratory experiments, and field studies have all shown that the NILM can effectively detect and diagnose several critical faults in shipboard fluid systems. For instance, data collected from the reverse osmosis units for two U.S. Coast Guard Medium Endurance Cutters indicate that the NILM can detect micron filter clogging, membrane failures, and several motor-related problems. Field-tested diagnostic indicators have been developed using a combination of physical modeling and laboratory experiments.
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Bernica, Andrew. "Rational load rating of deck-girder bridges with girder end shear cracks in reverse orientation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32559.
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Master of ScienceCivil Engineering
Hayder Rasheed
Reverse diagonal shear cracking at the supports of many reinforced concrete girders is a phenomenon affecting a number of KDOT’s low-volume bridges built in the early-to-mid 1900’s. This phenomenon is not addressed in the AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (2002) or ACI specifications. This study investigates the causes of this cracking and creates BRIDGE (Bridge Rating of Inclined Damage at Girder Ends), an Excel-based software to determine the load rating of a user specified bridge exhibiting reverse diagonal shear cracking at the girder supports. A user-interface is created which allows a user to create a grillage model of an existing bridge and to place various rating trucks on the bridge. Equivalent flexibility analysis is used to distribute the truck live loads from within the deck panels to the surrounding girders and diaphragms. Stiffness matrices are utilized to find the nodal displacements then the reactions at the girder supports caused by the truck live loads and bridge dead load. These reactions are checked against RISA software models to test the accuracy of the stiffness matrix application. ABAQUS FE models and Mohr’s circle stress distribution is used to find the driving and clamping forces on the crack. These forces are caused by resolving the dead and live load reactions and the friction force generated between the concrete girder and the rusty steel bearing pad along the shear crack orientation. These clamping and driving forces are used, along with the simplified modified compression field theory to determine the shear capacity of each girder at the reverse cracks. A modified version of Equation 6B.4.1 from the Manual for Bridge Evaluation (2011) is used to find the operating and inventory rating factors for the bridge.
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Aghniaey, Nima. "Behaviour of Self Consolidating Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Reversed Cyclic Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23785.
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Concrete is a very weak and brittle material in tension. It has been shown in previous researches that the addition of steel fibers to a concrete matrix can improve this behavior. The ability of fibers to control and redistribute stresses after cracking results in a number of improvements in the structural behaviour of concrete. A review of existing literature shows that the addition of steel fibers enhances concrete’s tensile resistance, crack control properties, ductility and damage tolerance. In beams, fibers can transform brittle shear response into a flexural response and promote ductility, thereby allowing for a full or partial replacement of traditional shear reinforcement. The enhanced shear capacity, ductility and damage tolerance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) can also potentially be used to relax seismic detailing requirements in frames by partially replacing the required transverse reinforcement in the plastic hinge regions of RC beams.
One of the drawbacks associated with SFRC is that the addition of steel fibers to a traditional concrete mix at high fiber contents can result in workability problems. The combined use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) and fibers can solve this problem and facilitate placement for a wider range of structural applications.
Although several studies have been conducted on the behaviour of SFRC beams subjected to monotonic loading, there is limited research on the behaviour of SFRC beams under cyclic or reverse-cyclic loading. This thesis presents the results of an experimental and analytical study conducted on nine SFRC beam specimens tested under load reversals. The main objective of this research program was to investigate the effect of fibers on structural behaviour and to examine the ability of steel fibers to replace transverse reinforcement. The experimental and analytical results show that use of fibers results in several improvements in behaviour, including enhanced damage tolerance and post-peak ductility. The results also show that steel fibers can potentially be used to allow for a reduction of transverse reinforcement in beams, however further research is required.
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Malmsten, Anders. "Reverse Transcriptase Activity Assays for Retrovirus Quantitation and Characterization." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Genetics and Pathology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4737.
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Reverse transcriptase (RT) is a crucial enzyme for retrovirus replication, and its presence in the virion is indispensable for infectivity. This thesis illustrates the use of RT activity assays as tools for quantitation and characterization of different retroviruses, particularly HIV.
A non radioactive assay, using microtiter plates, for the RT of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMuLV) was developed. Assay conditions for MMuLV and HIV-1 RT, together with isozyme specific RT activity blocking antibodies, were shown useful for discrimination between RTs from different retrovirus genera. RT activity assay for HIV-1 was found to quantitate different subtypes more equally efficient than p24 antigen assays did.
Viral load (VL), the amount of HIV particles in the blood, is an important marker of the clinical status of an infected person. A method for VL determination based on RT activity (ExaVir Load) was developed. After plasma pretreatment, to inactivate cellular DNA polymerases, virions in patient plasma were immobilized on a gel, which was washed to remove disturbing factors. The virions were lysed with a detergent containing buffer and the lysate eluted. Finally, the RT activity in the lysate was determined and found to correlate strongly to VL by RNA according to a PCR based standard method (Roche Amplicor 1.5). The second version of the method was able to measure VL down to approximately 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. The usefulness of RT from the VL procedure for determination of susceptibility towards anti-HIV drugs was demonstrated, and the results were in agreement with genotypic data.
Due to its technical simplicity, and ability to detect a broad range of HIV-1 subtypes, ExaVir Load and the drug susceptibility application are interesting for clinical use, particularly but not only in resource limited settings. The concept is also potentially useful for research purposes, e.g. in combination with specific RT assay conditions.
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Jafarian, Mostafa. "Behaviour of reverse channel connection to concrete filled hollow tube columns under fire conditions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/behaviour-of-reverse-channel-connection-to-concrete-filled-hollow-tube-columns-under-fire-conditions(f60a80b2-a053-49d7-bbaf-22de4291a8e3).html.
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This thesis presents the results of a research project to investigate the behaviour of the two components of a reverse channel connection to concrete filled tubular sections: the reverse channel and the steel tubular section, at both ambient and elevated temperatures. This research forms part of a European Union funded project on the robustness of joints to composite columns under fire conditions. The specific objectives of this research are to develop methods of quantifying the load-deformation behaviour at various temperatures of the two components. This research has been carried out through a combination of experiments, numerical simulations and analytical developments. Two series of tests have been carried out at different elevated temperatures, one for the reverse channels with lateral loads to the web applied as tensile loads through bolts and one for the concrete filled tubular sections under lateral loads applied through two steel plates (simulating the legs of a reverse channel) in the longitudinal direction of the section. These tests have been used to provide data for the validation of the numerical models based on using the general finite element package ABAQUS. The validated numerical models have been used to conduct a number of parametric studies to provide extensive data for the development of analytical methods to determine the load-deflection characteristics of the two components. For the reverse channel web, the load-deflection relationship consists of two parts and this research has developed analytical equations to predict initial stiffness, yield and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is based on extending and simplifying the Timoshenko solution for a plate under a block of lateral loads. The yield resistance is based on the yield line solution that the failure patterns were chosen based on the results attained from test and simulations. The ultimate resistance was calculated based on virtual work principle for the patterns considered in the yield resistance part. For the rectangular concrete filled tubular sections under lateral pulling forces applied through two plates, the load-deflection curve consists of two parts, depicting a linear phase followed by a nonlinear part. This research has developed expressions to calculate initial stiffness, yield resistance, and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is formulated according to the Timoshenko solution for a partially loaded plate. The yield resistance is determined by employing yield line solution for the yield patterns obtained from both the test and FE modelling. The ultimate resistance is evaluated by implementing the virtual work principle to the patterns considered in former part. The analytical load-deflection solutions have been compared with the numerical simulation and the experimental results and the agreement is generally satisfactory.
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Costa, BÃrbara Cristina Alves da. "Load measurement error influence on friction factor calibration of pipe water distribution networks through do reverse transient method and genetic algorithm." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13621.
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O estudo de redes hidrÃulicas para fins de operaÃÃo ou anÃlise de viabilidade para ampliaÃÃo ou recuperaÃÃo das mesmas à iniciado pela calibraÃÃo, neste contexto, entendida como identificaÃÃo de parÃmetros tais como: fator de atrito, rugosidade e diÃmetro. O MÃtodo Transiente Inverso em conjunto com Algoritmo genÃtico se mostra eficiente nessa tarefa. O referido mÃtodo emprega o MÃtodo das CaracterÃsticas na soluÃÃo das equaÃÃes de movimento para escoamento transiente em tubos de redes e a otimizaÃÃo das soluÃÃes à baseada na Teoria Evolutiva e avaliada por uma funÃÃo objetivo, que neste estudo à o somatÃrio do mÃdulo da diferenÃa entre as cargas medidas e calculadas pelo modelo para cada conjunto de soluÃÃes. Considerando que o objetivo do desenvolvimento de modelos matemÃticos para a calibraÃÃo de redes hipotÃticas à a utilizaÃÃo dos mesmos em redes reais, e que nessas, a coleta de dados de carga està sujeita a erros de mediÃÃo, seja devido a defeitos nos equipamentos seja por condiÃÃes ambiente desfavorÃveis ou outros efeitos aleatÃrios e tendo em vista a relevÃncia dos fatores de atrito nas tubulaÃÃes, pela sua relaÃÃo com perdas de carga que devem ser controladas para um Ãtimo funcionamento de redes, garantindo um abastecimento contÃnuo em quantidade e condiÃÃes de funcionamento adequados, este trabalho propÃe-se a verificar a interferÃncia da presenÃa de erros de mediÃÃo de carga transiente na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito em duas redes hidrÃulicas hipotÃticas. As mesmas sÃo de portes diferentes com relaÃÃo ao nÃmero de anÃis, nÃs e tubos. Ambas sÃo alimentadas por um reservatÃrio cada. As condiÃÃes transientes sÃo atribuÃdas a uma manobra de vÃlvula instalada em um dos nÃs de cada rede. A coleta de dados de carga à restrita a 20% dos nÃs de cada rede, sendo que um deles à o nà onde se encontra a vÃlvula. O tempo de observaÃÃo do transiente hidrÃulico à restrito ao tempo da manobra de vÃlvula, 20s, e ocorre em intervalos de 0,1s, resultando em 200 registros de carga. A condiÃÃo permanente das redes à inicialmente desconhecida o conhecimento acerca da mesma à restrito a carga nos reservatÃrios e demandas nos nÃs, bem como diÃmetros dos tubos, os fatores de atrito sÃo inicialmente estipulados. A determinaÃÃo das condiÃÃes permanente e transiente bem como a identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito à realizada com a utilizaÃÃo de um modelo hidrÃulico e geram cargas transientes que sÃo consideradas convencionalmente verdadeiras, essas entÃo recebem incrementos de diversos erros sistemÃticos e aleatÃrios, que geram novas cargas e essas sÃo consideradas coletadas com erros de mediÃÃo. A partir dessas novas cargas sÃo realizadas identificaÃÃes de fatores de atrito, os quais sÃo comparados com os que foram obtidos considerando um caso ideal de cargas sem erros de mediÃÃo. A referida comparaÃÃo à realizada atravÃs do Erro MÃdio Relativo e da FunÃÃo Objetivo Ãtima. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que os erros de mediÃÃo interferem na identificaÃÃo dos fatores de atrito apesar de nÃo ser possÃvel delinear uma relaÃÃo entre os mesmos.The study of hydraulic networks for operation purposes or viability analysis for extension or renovation of the same is started the calibration in this context understood as identification parameters, such as friction coefficient, surface roughness and diameter. The Transient Inverse Method in conjunction with genetic algorithm is efficient in this task shows. This method employs the method of characteristics in the solution of the equations of motion for transient flow in networks of pipes and the optimization of solutions is based on Evolutionary Theory and evaluated by an objective function, which in this study is the sum of the difference between the module loads measured and calculated by the model for each set of solutions. Whereas the objective of the development of mathematical models for calibration hypothetical networks is their use in real networks, and that these, the collection of payload data is subject to measurement errors, is due to defects in the equipment or by conditions unfavorable environment or other random effects and taking into account the relevance of friction factors in pipelines, by their relationship to head losses that must be controlled to a great operation of networks, ensuring a continuous supply in quantity and appropriate operating conditions, this work is proposed to verify the influence of the presence of transient load measurement errors in the identification of friction factors in two hypothetical hydraulic networks. They are of different sizes with the number of rings, knots and tubes. Both are each fed by a reservoir. The transient conditions are assigned to a valve maneuver installed in one of the nodes of each network. The load data collection is restricted to 20% of the nodes in each network, one of which is the node where the valve is located. The hydraulic transient observation time is restricted to the valve maneuver time, 20s, and occurs at intervals of 0.1s, resulting in 200 charge records. The permanent condition of networks is initially unknown knowledge about the same is restricted to load in the reservoirs and demands on us as well as pipe diameter, the friction factors are initially stipulated. The determination of the permanent and transient conditions and the identification of the friction factors is performed using a hydraulic model and generate transient loads which are conventionally considered true, then these various steps of receiving systematic and random errors, which generate new burdens and these are considered collected with measurement errors. From these new loads are carried IDs friction factors, which are compared with those obtained considering an ideal case with no measurement errors loads. This comparison is performed using the mean relative error and function great goal. The results show that measurement errors in the identification of interfering friction factors although not possible to draw a relationship between them.
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Бабак, Антон Миколайович. "Малоциклова втома поверхнево зміцнених конструктивних елементів з врахуванням пошкоджуваності." Thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/38385.
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Дисертаційна робота присвячена оцінюванню довговічності при малоцикловій втомі поверхнево зміцнених конструктивних елементів.
Проаналізовано існуючі роботи різних авторів що присвячені даній тематиці по оцінці довговічності при малоцикловій втомі елементів конструкцій з концентраторами напруження у вигляді функціональних отворів елементів конструкції відбувається пружно-пластичні деформації при яких виникає явище деградації механічних характеристик за рахунок виникнення та накопичення пошкоджуваності.
В результаті проведено комплекс експериментальних досліджень для алюмінієвого сплаву Д16чТ, були отримані механічні характеристики при статичному навантаженні для суцільних зразків та кінетику накопичення пошкоджень через зміну характеристик пружності від рівня пластичної деформації.
Було проведено чисельне моделювання процесу дорнування та отримано розподіл полів пошкоджуваності у зоні функціонального отвору для різних рівнів пластичного деформування.
Розроблена методика визначення (оцінки) кількості циклів до руйнування в залежності від ступеня пластичної деформації та рівня максимального напруження алюмінієвого сплаву Д16чТ. Було встановлено , що наявність концентратора при відповідному рівні величини дорнування, не впливає на експлуатаційний ресурс.The dissertation work is devoted to the estimation of durability at low - cycle fatigue of superficially strengthened constructive elements. After analysing existing works of various authors devoted to the topic on the assessment of durability in low-cycle fatigue for structural elements with stress concentrators in the form of structural holes. It was found that in existing approaches to assess durability, the damage is not taken into account. Which leads to less accurate results. It is known that during the operation of structural elements there are elastic-plastic deformations. In which there is a phenomenon of degradation of mechanical characteristics due to the occurrence and accumulation of damage. The concept and essence of damage were laid down, even L.M. Kachanov and Y.M. Rabotnov as microstructure changes in structural materials caused by inverted processes from the action of loads of different nature. The use of this parameter, the damage, in the calculations can be used as a vector, scalar or tensor. It allows the introduction of this parameter in a large number of existing models. Moreover, in the study of the analyzed works, it was shown that not all calculations for low-cycle fatigue for structural elements with stress concentrator take into account hardening due to surface plastic deformation. That occurs due to technological processes such as stamping holes of segmental configuration, rolling and mandrel. After analyzing the presented technological processes, it is determined that the dormant process is widespread due to its simplicity, economy and reliability. Thus, taking into account the damage and the study of the presented factors in creating a new model for predicting the durability of surface-reinforced structural elements under low-cycle load gives more approximate results in relation to the actual values. A set of experimental studies for aluminum alloy D16chT. Due to its prevalence among metallic materials in modern aircraft and machine-building complex. Mechanical characteristics of structural material under static load for solid samples were received. Also, under static loading for solid samples for the presented material, the dependence of the modulus of elasticity of the first kind E, volume modulus K, Poisson's ratio μ for aluminum alloy D16hT depending on the level of inverted plastic deformation was experimentally obtained using the unloading method. According to the experimental results, the kinetics of damage accumulation due to the change of the modulus of elasticity of the first kind E and the Poisson's ratio μ depending on the level of inverted plastic deformation was obtained. The dependence of the change in microhardness along the radius on the center of the hole on the surface of the material of aluminum alloy D16chT for perforated samples at 1%, 2%, 3% level of inverted plastic deformation was obtained. From the obtained results, three different areas of the hardness level of the material are shown. The zone of a sharp change in the value of microhardness, the zone of moderate change of microhardness and the zone of stabilization of microhardness caused by the mandrel process. Experimental studies were performed to determine the number of cycles before fracture and crack formation, in samples with concentrators in the form of holes. Which were previously surface plastically strengthened at 1%, 2%, and 3% of the level of inverted plastic deformation, by the mandrel, at different values maximum stresses and in a symmetrical load cycle. Numerical simulation of the diving process was performed using the numerical package Abaqus Student Edition. It is determined that the level of maximum damage is in the area of the mandrel out of the hole. Damage in the middle of the hole is 2-5 times less (depending on the level of pre-deformation) relative to the maximum value. To assess the impact of operating loads on the strength of power structural elements with a hole after dunking. To the preliminary results of the calculation of the dredging process, we apply an additional stage of loading, corresponding to the operating load. As a result of the calculations, the residual stress fields were obtained, they are presented in equivalent stresses according to 4 strength theory (Mises stress). It is estimated that as a result of mandreling in the area of the functional hole there are significant compressive stresses at all levels of plastic hardening. A method for determining (estimating) the number of cycles until failure depending on the degree of plastic deformation and the level of maximum stress of the aluminium alloy D16chT was developed, it was found that the mandreling process has a positive effect on the service life. Plastic strengthening of the surface of technological openings creates a local zone of compressive residual stresses. As a result, the absorption of stress concentration around the process hole during the pulsating load cycle decreases and the level of maximum loads that the structure can withstand increases. The regularities of the influence of residual stresses on the strength of power structural elements with a hole after mandrel are established. The regularities of the influence of the level of residual stresses after mandreling on the number of cycles before failure were experimentally established. It is shown that for samples with a hole after mandrel at 3% residual plastic deformation for stresses up to and at 2% residual plastic deformation for stresses up (for a given material), the stress concentrator does not affect durability. According to the developed model, a generalizing surface of low-cycle fatigue of structural elements (in the form of samples with a hole) made of aluminium alloy D16chT with pulsating tension (T = 293K) is constructed.
Диссертационная работа посвящена оценке долговечности при малоцикловой усталости поверхностно упрочненных конструктивных элементов. При исследовании работ, было показано, что не все расчеты при малоцикловой усталости для элементов с концентратором напряжений учитывают величину упрочнения за счет поверхностно - пластического деформирования, которые возникают во время технологических процессов. В результате численных расчетов было получено поля остаточных напряжений, они представлены в эквивалентных напряжениях согласно 4 теории прочности (напряжение по Мизесу). Также оценили НДС дорнированых функциональных отверстий под действием эксплуатационных нагрузок в зависимости от уровня пластического деформирования и величины эксплуатационной нагрузки. Установлены закономерности влияния остаточных напряжений на прочность силовых конструктивных элементов с отверстием после дорнования. Используя разработанную модель построено граничную поверхность малоцикловой усталости, которая учитывает величину ППД и величину напряжений с учетом кинетики накопления повреждений.
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Ni, Chun. "Behavior of nailed timber joints under reversed cyclic load." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23869.pdf.
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Ibrahim, Karim Yaqub. "Escape transitório da viremia plasmática de HIV-1 e falência virológica em indivíduos sob terapêutica anti-retroviral: incidência e fatores associados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-04112010-171645/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes em terapia anti-retroviral podem apresentar escapes transitórios de viremia plasmática (blip), porém os preditores desse evento e seu impacto sobre a incidência de falência virológica são ainda controversos na literatura. Neste estudo de coorte estimou-se a incidência de blip e de falência virológica e investigaram-se possíveis preditores de tais desfechos. Blip foi definido como carga viral superior a 50 cópias/mL com subseqüente supressão da viremia plasmática e falência virológica como duas medidas consecutivas de carga viral plasmática superiores a 50 cópias/mL. Adicionalmente, pesquisou-se, por ocasião desses eventos, a presença de mutações genotípicas de HIV capazes de conferir resistência aos anti-retrovirais e as concentrações plasmáticas de inibidores não nucleosídicos da transcriptase reversa e inibidores da protease, comparando-as com o relato dos participantes sobre adesão à medicação. MÉTODOS: 350 participantes infectados pelo HIV (250 homens e 100 mulheres) foram selecionados no Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes com HIV/Aids Casa da Aids do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brasil. Na admissão ao estudo e trimestralmente, ao longo de 78 semanas, foram coletadas informações sobre dados sóciodemográficos, forma presumida de aquisição do vírus, uso de e adesão a medicações anti-retrovirais, ocorrência de outras comorbidades, bem como uso de álcool e de drogas ilícitas. Investigaram-se fatores potencialmente associados à incidência dos desfechos de interesse, tais como ocorrência de outras doenças, exposição a imunizações e falha na adesão a práticas de sexo mais seguro. Amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas a cada visita para determinação de carga viral plasmática por RT-PCR ultrassensível, e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ por citometria de fluxo. Nos indivíduos que apresentaram os desfechos de interesse do estudo, procedeu-se ao seqüenciamento dos genes da transcriptase reversa e da protease de HIV e à dosagem plasmática dos anti-retrovirais por método de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Performance. As incidências de blip e falência virológica foram estimadas e os fatores associados a ambos investigados em modelo de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: As incidências de blip e falência virológica foram 9,4 e 4,2/100 pessoas-ano, respectivamente. Três indivíduos apresentaram falência virológica precedidos por blip. À análise multivariada, a não adesão às praticas de sexo mais seguro no mês precedente se mostrou independentemente associada à ocorrência de blip (OR 24,64, IC 95% 4,40 137,88, p<0,001) e de falência virológica (OR 24,69, IC 95% 4,20 145,18, p<0,001). Adicionalmente, observou-se que a exposição prévia a maior número de esquemas anti-retrovirais foi preditora dos eventos blip (OR 1,82, IC 95% 1,41 2,36, p<0,001) e falência virológica (OR 1,67, IC 95% 1,19 2,35, p=0,003). A ocorrência de blip não se associou ao desenvolvimento posterior de falência virológica. Um maior número de mutações conferidoras de resistência medicamentosa foi identificado no momento de falência virológica, quando comparado ao momento de blip, com predomínio de mutações no gene da transcriptase reversa, refletindo o maior uso desses fármacos. Das 122 concentrações plasmáticas de anti-retrovirais analisadas em 120 amostras, 84 estavam em níveis terapêuticos adequados. Porém, tais resultados apresentaram apenas 69% de concordância com a adesão auto-referida à medicação. Este estudo mostra que apresentar blip em uma medida isolada pode ser um evento benigno; por outro lado, falência virológica pode ser conseqüente a acúmulo de mutações conferidoras de resistência a pelo menos um dos anti-retrovirais em uso, podendo comprometer a eficácia do esquema terapêutico utilizado. Ambos os desfechos mostraram-se mais incidentes na população multiexperimentada à terapêutica, que, portanto, merece atenção particular. Uma importante contribuição deste estudo foi a avaliação da dosagem plasmática dos antiretrovirais, método simples e de baixo custo, que, implantado na rotina laboratorial, pode contribuir para o monitoramento da adesão aos antiretrovirais e reduzir a demanda por testes genotípicosBACKGROUND: HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy may present intermittent viremia (blip); however, predictors of this outcome and its influence on the incidence of virologic failure remain controversial in the literature. The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of blip and virologic failure in a cohort of patients under stable antiretroviral therapy and to investigate their associated factors. Blip was defined as a plasma HIVRNA load above 50 copies/mL followed by a subsequent value below 50 copies/mL. Virologic failure was defined as two consecutives measures of viral load above 50 copies/mL. Moreover, at time of occurrence of these outcomes, HIV genotyping assays were performed in search of drug resistance-associated mutations, and plasma concentrations of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors assessed and compared with self-reported adhrence to therapy. METHODS: 350 subjects (250 male and 100 female) were enrolled at the HIV Clinic, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil and followed for 78 weeks. At baseline and in 3-month interval follow-up visits we collected sociodemographic data and information on presumed mode of HIV acquisition, use of and adherence to antiretrovirals, comorbidities and use of alcohol and illicit drugs. Additionally, patients were questioned about potential predictors of the outcomes, including occurrence of other diseases, immunizations and risky sexual behavior. Blood samples were drawn for assessment of HIV plasma viral loads, using ultrasensitive RT-PCR, and T CD4+ cell counts by flow cytometry. Individuals who presented blip and/or virologic failure were submitted to HIV genotyping assays and assessment of antiretroviral plasma concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Incidences of blip and virological failure were estimated and associated factors investigated, using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: The incidence of blip and of virologic failure were 9.4/100 and 4.2/100 person-years, respectively. Three individuals presented virologic failure after blip episodes. On multivariate analysis, non-adherence to safer sex measures in the previous month was shown independently associated with the occurrence of blip (OR 24.64, 95%CI 4.40 137.88, p<0.001) and virologic failure (OR 24.69, 95%CI 4.20 145.18, p<0.001). In addition, history of multiple exposures to antiretroviral regimens was also a predictor of blip (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.41 2.36, p<0.001) and virologic failure (OR 1.67, 95%CI 1.19 2.35, p<0.001). Blips were not predictive of virologic failure. A larger number of HIV mutations were identified at time of virologic failure, as compared to blip episodes, with mutations detected predominantly in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene, probably due to larger exposure to RT inhibitors. Eighty-four out of 122 assessments of antiretroviral plasma concentrations analyzed in 120 samples resulted in the therapeutic range. However, these results were concordant with self-reported adherence to therapy in 69% of cases only. This study shows that a single blip episode may be considered benign, whereas virologic failure could result from accumulation of HIV drug resistance-associated mutations that may impair the efficacy of therapy. Both study outcomes occurred more frequently among patients with larger exposure to antiretrovirals, and therefore they should be monitored in this regard. An important contribution of this study concerns the assessment of antiretroviral plasma concentrations, a simple and low cost laboratory tool. Incorporated routinely in patient follow-up, it would help monitoring adherence to therapy and reduce the need for HIV genotyping assays
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Delmas, Hugues. "Expressions faciales et mensonges factuels : évaluation des croyances et identification des expressions produites lors d’un mensonge à forte charge cognitive." Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080036.
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Deux facteurs permettent d’augmenter la performance de détection du mensonge : (a)identifier les croyances erronées et lutter contre elles et (b) accroître les différences decomportements entre les menteurs et les personnes qui disent la vérité. Ce travail de thèse aétudié ces facteurs en lien avec les expressions faciales du mensonge. Pour ce faire, nous avonsinvestigué les croyances via l’utilisation d’un questionnaire photographique et utilisé un récitantéchronologique (narration à rebours) pour amplifier les différences de comportements(approche de la charge cognitive).Notre démarche expérimentale a questionné : (a) Les croyances les plus prégnantesrelatives aux expressions faciales du mensonge. (b) L’influence de l’expérience professionnelle,de l’enjeu du mensonge (grave ou anodin) et du comportement mensonger évalué (le sien oucelui d’autrui). (c) La pertinence de l’intensité des expressions faciales pour déceler lesmensonges lors d’un récit antéchronologique.L’ensemble de nos résultats ont mis au jour de nombreuses nouvelles croyances. Septd’entre elles étaient très partagées par les individus et cohérentes avec la vision stéréotypée dumenteur. L’expérience professionnelle, l’enjeu du mensonge et le comportement mensongerévalué ont peu modifié les croyances. Le récit antéchronologique a amplifié les différences entrementeurs et sincères ; et l’intensité des mouvements faciaux a été une mesure pertinente pourdéceler le mensonge. L’application de nos travaux est discutéeTwo factors increase the lie detection performance: (a) identify and decrease false beliefsand (b) increase behavioral differences between liars and truth-tellers. These factors were studiedin relation to facial expressions of deception in this doctoral dissertation.The present work questioned (a) The most important beliefs about facial expressions ofdeception throught the use of a photographic questionnaire (b) The influence of professionalexperience, stakes of lie (serious or trivial) and the lying behavior evaluated (his own or that ofothers) (c) The relevance of facial expressions’ intensity to detect lies in an reverse orderinstruction which was used to magnify behavioral differences (cognitive load approach).Our results highlighted many new beliefs. Seven of them were very shared by people andconsistent with the stereotypical view of the liar. Beliefs were little infuenced by professionalexperience, the stakes of lie and the evaluated behavior. The reverse order instruction amplifieddifferences between liars and truth-tellers; and the intensity of facial movements was a relevantmeasure for detecting deception. Application of our research is discussed
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Li, Yantao. "Behaviour of moment-resisting multi-fastener joints subject to reversed cyclic load." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ65502.pdf.
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Graham, Drew Abram. "Performance of log shear walls and lag screw connections subjected to monotonic and reverse-cyclic loading." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/d%5Fgraham%5F030607.pdf.
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Oksa, Annishka Education Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Expertise reversal effect in explanatory notes for readers of Shakespearean text." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Education, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43747.
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In recent decades, research into human cognition has unveiled in-depth insights into the structures and processes involved in the encoding, storage and retrieval of information. As human working memory is limited in both duration and capacity, cognitive load theory (Sweller, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1994; Sweller & Chandler 1994; Chandler & Sweller 1991; 1996) asserts that information should be designed in a way that does not mentally overload learners. However, instructional designs rarely take into account cognitive processes when structuring teaching materials. In fact, many traditional forms of instruction were devised prior to fundamental research into cognitive load effects. As a result, learners are often subjected to cognitive overload when required to engage in extraneous tasks that are not directly related to meaningful learning. This is a particular problem for intrinsically complex Shakespearean works, renowned to be some of the most difficult texts students may ever encounter. Acknowledging that Shakespearean texts were written for performance, they are not always studied as such. Frequently, the texts are read around the class, whereby the focus is not dramatic but literary. Therefore, under the current system of study it is necessary to investigate instruction for reading comprehension of Shakespearean texts. Reading Shakespeare's plays will often overwhelm working memory resources and cause comprehension problems due to the many interactive elements of information readers are required to process simultaneously. This is a significant issue as Shakespeare's works hold a great deal of literary, dramatic, and linguistic significance and their study forms a compulsory part of school curriculum and assessment that affects all students from English speaking nations. By tradition conventional modes of instruction for Shakespearean texts require readers to consult disparate sources of information such as footnotes and endnotes that may contain either inadequate or unnecessary detail. Having to search for relevant information and mentally integrate separate sources of text results in a split attention effect and causes high levels of unnecessary cognitive load. As a result, Shakespeare's texts continue to be such a struggle for many students that some educational faculties have started to initiate the removal of Shakespeare from curriculum instead of developing more effective instructional methods for this domain. This study applies cognitive load theory as a means of investigating the comprehension of Shakespeare by testing the effects of explanatory notes integrated line by line with original Shakespearean verse. Previous studies in cognitive load theory have indicated that restructuring material in accordance with cognitive principles can optimise learning. However, the majority of these studies have focused on technical areas.
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Bakis, Charles E. "Fatigue behavior of notched carbon epoxy laminates during reversed cyclic loads." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53903.
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The relationships between fatigue damage, stress redistribution, and residual stiffness and strength were investigated for notched graphite epoxy laminates during fulIy-reversed cyclic loads. Two material systems, AS4/3501-6 and AS4/1808, two lamination arrangements, (0,45,90,-45)s₄ and (0,45,0,-45)s₄, and two notch configurations, central hole and opposing semi-circular edge notches, were used to obtain a fundamental understanding of the fatigue effect in specimens under low and high cycle lifetimes. Damage was evaluated with penetrant-enhanced X-ray radiography and Iaminate deply. Tensile and compressive residual strengths were measured at three stages of damage development. A recently developed nondestructive testing technique, Stress Pattern Analysis by Thermal Emission, was implemented to obtain full-field measurements of surface stresses during damage initiation and growth. A new micromechanical theory of the adiabatic thermoelastic effect in Iaminated fiber composites was conceived to assist the interpretation of SPATE measurements.Ph. D.
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Setterqvist, Viktor, and Jacob Bergman. "The Implementation of Reverse Mortgage in Sweden : A Financial Institution Perspective." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-85355.
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The purpose of this research is to understand and describe the causes affecting the financial institutions’ implementation of reverse mortgage in Sweden as well as the consequences of a large scale implementation, shedding some new light upon the issue of reverse mortgages. This was done from a financial institution point of view. As existent literature in this field of research is currently small in extent, especially in a Swedish context where almost no academic literature has been written, it serves as an exploratory research. From a researcher’s point of view it could hopefully give interesting insights on how new financial products are implemented in general, shedding some light on possible difficulties that may arise during these processes. The research was designed using a qualitative research method. In order to investigate the issues presented several individuals were interviewed from different financial institutions offering various kinds of reverse mortgages in Sweden. Interviews were semi-structured and only the six financial institutions that offer reverse mortgage in Sweden were included. The findings made, as well as the interview questions, were divided into several different sections adopted from the theoretical framework so as make the research more comprehensible and stringent. Because the research design is of exploratory nature it evolved over time, as the authors did not know initially what they would find. The findings provided many interesting insights that were not thought of before. Three major themes were found that could help explain the causes affecting the financial institutions’ implementation of reverse mortgage in Sweden as well as the consequences of a large scale implementation. These themes were age, generation, mentality, macro economical factors, and financial institutions offering reverse mortgage.
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Eroglu, Fatma Esra. "Service Models For Airline Revenue Management Problems." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613490/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, the seat inventory control problem is studied for airlines from the perspective
of a risk-averse decision maker. There are only a few studies in the revenue
management literature that consider the risk factor. Most of the studies aim at finding
the optimal seat allocations while maximizing the expected revenue and do not take
the variability of the revenue and hence a risk measure into account. This study aims
to decrease the variance of the revenue by increasing the capacity utilization called
load factor in the revenue management literature. In addition to expected revenue,
load factor is an important performance measure the state companies work with. For
this purpose, two types of models with load factor formulations are proposed. This
thesis is the first study in the revenue management literature for the airline industry
that uses the load factor formulations in the mathematical models. It is an advantage
to work with load factor formulations since the models with load factor formulations
are much easier to formulate and solve as compared to other risk sensitive models in
the literature. The results of the proposed models are evaluated by using simulation
for a sample network under different scenarios. The models we propose allow us to control the variability of revenue by changing the used capacity of the aircraft. This
is at the expense of a decrease in the revenue under some scenarios. The models we
propose perform satisfactorily under all scenarios and they are strongly recommended
to be used especially for the small-scale airline companies and state companies and
for scheduling new flights even in large scale, well established airline companies.
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Amorim, Aline Jardim. "Previsão de carga multinodal formulada via rede neural baseada na Teoria da Ressonância Adaptativa com treinamento direto e reverso /." Ilha Solteira, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/183467.
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Orientador: Carlos Roberto MinussiResumo: Nesta pesquisa de doutorado, propõe-se o desenvolvimento de um sistema previsor de carga multinodal, via Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). Trata-se da previsão que envolve vários pontos da rede elétrica, e.g., subestações de sistemas de distribuição, alimentadores, transformadores etc., bem como as barras dos sistemas de transmissão de grande porte. Na literatura especializada, há a prevalência de oferta de propostas visando à previsão da carga total (ou global) correspondente ao somatório de todo o consumo demandado no sistema, considerando-se um horizonte, por exemplo, 24 horas à frente. Nesta pesquisa, dar-se-á ênfase à previsão de carga multinodal. Visando realizar esta previsão, há necessidade de se dispor de um procedimento especializado que produza resultados que atendam os requisitos do setor elétrico (precisão desejada, confiabilidade e rapidez). Estes requisitos são os objetivos desta pesquisa, cujo modelo desenvolvido constitui-se num sistema neural inspirado na arquitetura neural da família ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory), mais especificamente, a RNA supervisionada ARTMAP-Fuzzy, a qual congrega a teoria da ressonância adaptativa e a teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy. O emprego da teoria dos conjuntos fuzzy confere, às RNAs da família ART, a aptidão de processar informações analógicas, binárias, assim como combinações dessas informações. A opção por esta RNA é em razão do seu atributo de ser estável e plástica. A estabilidade está associada à capacidade de produzir sempre... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research proposes to develop a multinodal load forecasting system by Artificial Neural Networks. This is a prediction for several points of the electrical network, e.g. distribution substations, feeders, transformers, etc., as well as busses of huge transmission systems. The literature offers proposals for total load forecasting (or global) corresponding to the sum of all demanded consumption considering a horizon of 24h ahead. This research emphasizes multinodal load forecasting. To perform this prediction, it is necessary to have a specialized procedure that provides results attending the requests of the electrical system (desired precision, reliability and velocity). These requests are the objective of this research, whose developed model is based on ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) family, specifically the supervised Fuzzy ARTMAP neural network that uses the adaptive resonance theory and fuzzy logic theory. The option of this neural network is due to the attribute to be stable and plastic. The stability is associated to the capacity to produce always a solution. The plasticity (incremental training) is a propriety that is not observed in most of the neural network available on the literature. This is similar to what occurs with humans, as new information comes, the human being is more intelligent. Knowing the electrical load with precision and in advance is a primordial need. The studies about the operational modes of the system and the strategies used to attend conti... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Eriksson, Ida, and Lisa Pettersson. "Nya förutsättningar för elnätsföretagen : Förhandsregleringen 2016-2019 och dess påverkan på nätföretagens verksamhet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295798.
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To meet new regulations and the demand for a more sustainable energy system, the electricity grid will play an important role. Since the grid owners operate in a monopoly environment a regulating authority, the Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate (Ei), sets a revenue cap that determines their profits. Changes were made for the regulating period 2016-2019, which now states that grid operators no longer can charge their customers with already depreciated grid components. To spur the grid operators to invest in smarter and more efficient technology, Ei also introduced two new economic incentives to make companies decrease their electricity losses and use the grid more evenly. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate how this new regulatory framework affected the grid operators, by performing interviews and sending out a survey. The result showed that the new regulatory decreases the grid operators’ profitability and also affects their investment strategies. The age of a grid has become more important than both efficient use of the grid and voltage quality when considering investments, since age now has a major impact on the profits. The new incentives however, has almost no effect on the way the grid operators act. The second aim of this study was to investigate how much a grid operator could save with these new incentives. A case study were conducted at Upplands Energi, a small local grid operator, and calculations with their usage data were performed in MATLAB. The results showed that load management by installing control equipment on costumers’ heat pumps and thereby decreasing their power peaks, could save money. By connecting 500 customers Upplands Energi could save about 150 000 SEK per year, and with 5 000 customers they could save almost half a million SEK per year.
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Verma, Atul. "Transients in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64247.
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The need for energy efficient, clean and quiet, energy conversion devices for mobile and stationary applications has presented proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells as a potential energy source. The use of PEM fuel cells for automotive and other transient applications, where there are rapid changes in load, presents a need for better understanding of transient behavior. In particular at low humidity operations; one of the factors critical to the performance and durability of fuel cell systems is water transport in various fuel cell layers, including water absorption in membrane. An essential aspect to optimization of transient behavior of fuel cells is a fundamental understanding of response of fuel cell system to dynamic changes in load and operating parameters. This forms the first objective of the dissertation. An insight in to the time scales associated with various transport phenomena will be discussed in detail. In the second component on the study, the effects of membrane properties on the dynamic behavior of the fuel cells are analyzed with focus on membrane dry-out for low humidity operations. The mechanical behavior of the membrane is directly related to the changes in humidity levels in membrane and is explored as a part third objective of the dissertation. Numerical studies addressing this objective will be presented. Finally, porous media undergoing physical deposition (or erosion) are common in many applications, including electrochemical systems such as fuel cells (for example, electrodes, catalyst layer s, etc.) and batteries. The transport properties of these porous media are a function of the deposition and the change in the porous structures with time. A dynamic fractal model is introduced to describe such structures undergoing deposition and, in turn, to evaluate the changes in their physical properties as a function of the deposition.Ph. D.
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Antonova, Ingrida. "Dviprasmių figūrų suvokimo skirtingos suvokimo apkrovos užduotyse tyrimas sukeltųjų potencialų metodu." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20141223_183350-70193.
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Tokie regimieji dirgikliai kaip Necker’io gardelė įdomūs tuo, kad yra dviprasmiai bei sukelia trimatės erdvės pokyčio suvokimą. Remiantis suvokimo apkrovos teorija papildoma užduotis turėtų keisti šį suvokimą. Šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti dviprasmių ir nedviprasmių gardelių suvokimą skirtingos suvokimo apkrovos užduotyse. I eksperimente dalyvavo 18 studentų (9 vyrai ir 9 moterys). Buvo tiriama didelės ir mažos suvokimo apkrovos įtaka reversijų suvokimui. II eksperimente dalyvavo 9 tiriamieji (7 vyrai ir 2 moterys). Tyrimo eiga buvo tokia pati kaip I eksperimento, bet skyrėsi užduotys: vienoje užduotyje raidžių nebuvo (normalus stebėjimas), kitoje užduotyje raidės buvo, bet į jas nereikėjo kreipti dėmesio. Palyginus abiejų tyrimų rezultatus nustatyta, kad bet kokia suvokimo apkrova panaikina Reversijos neigiamumą subjektyvaus pasikeitimo atveju. Realaus pasikeitimo bloke Reversijos neigiamumas buvo gautas, bet nepriklausė nuo apkrovos. Reversijos teigiamumui neturi įtakos nei suvokimo apkrova, nei suvokimo trukdis, tuo tarpu esant suvokimo trukdžiui Reversijos neigiamumas išnyksta tiek realaus, tiek Necker’io gardelės pasikeitimo atvejais.Ambiguous visual stimuli such as the Necker lattice are interesting because they can cause apparent changes in our perception. According to the perceptual load theory, complementary tasks would be able to modify the amount of attention paid to this perception. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of ambiguous and unambiguous lattices under different perceptual load tasks. Eighteen participants (9 men) took part in experiment I. The impact of high and low perceptual loads on perception of reversals was studied. 9 subjects (7 men) participated in experiment II. The experimental procedure was the same as in experiment I, but the tasks were a bit different: task without letters (normal observation) and task with letters distracters. Participants were told not to pay attention to letters in experiment II. A comparison of the results of these two experiments revealed that high and low perceptual loads eliminate Reversal Negativity in Necker change condition. Reversal Negativity was found in Real change condition, but it was load-independent. Neither perceptual load, nor load-resembling distractor have any effects on Reversal Positivity, however, Reversal Negativity was suppressed by load-resembling distractors both in Real change and in Necker change conditions.
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Cierniak, Gabriele [Verfasser], and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerjets. "Facilitating and inhibiting learning by the spatial contiguity of text and graphic : How does cognitive load mediate the split-attention and expertise reversal effect? / Gabriele Cierniak ; Betreuer: Peter Gerjets." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1162699906/34.
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Smit, Sybrand Abraham. "The impact of the Brummeria Renaissance case in determining whether the receipt of an interest-free loan results in gross income accruing to the borrower." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21122.
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Thesis (MComm) -- Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The September 2007 decision of the SCA in C: SARS v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and Others has proven to be one of the most contentious tax cases ever decided by a court in our jurisdiction. Questions surrounding the interpretation of the judgment and the likely scope of its application are some of the most widely debated matters in South African tax circles ever since the judgment was delivered. In this research paper a study is undertaken into the income tax treatment of an interest-free loan receipt. The position as it stood prior to the SCA decision is first analysed with particular reference to the legal nature of a contract for the loan of money and the tax court decision in ITC 1791. The discourse continues with a critical discussion of the Brummeria judgment in order to extract the ratio decidendi thereof. The ambit of application of the extracted binding principles to selected interest-free loans (encountered most often in practice) is considered, drawing on views expressed by numerous South African tax experts as well as the Revenue Authority’s own stance in this regard, as enunciated in their Draft Interpretation Note dealing with the right to use loan capital interest-free. As a final application a study is undertaken into the possible arguments available to tax subjects to refute an assessment for income tax raised on them by SARS on the basis of the binding principles enunciated by the SCA in Brummeria. It is concluded that initial fears regarding the potential wide-ranging impact of the decision, though justified, may have been over-anticipated as strong grounds exist to argue that the scope of the judgment’s application is not likely to extend wider than the type of legal construction found in the case itself, namely where an interest-free loan is received in consideration or as a quid pro quo for some or other revenue supply.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beslissing van die Hoogste Hof van Appèl (“HHA”) in C: SARS v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and Others gedurende September 2007 blyk een van die mees omstrede belastingsake te wees wat tot nog toe in ons jurisdiksie beslis is. Kwelvrae rondom die interpretasie van die uitspraak sowel as die waarskynlike omvang van die toepassing daarvan is van die aangeleenthede wat die wydste gedebateer is in Suid-Afrikaanse belastingkringe in die onlangse verlede. In die studie word die inkomstebelasting hantering van die ontvangs van 'n rentevrye lening ondersoek. Die regsposisie voor die beslissing van die HHA word eers ontleed met spesifieke verwysing na die regsaard van 'n kontrak vir die leen van geld en die beslissing van die spesiale inkomstebelasting hof in ITC 1791. Die verhandeling gaan voort met 'n kritiese bespreking van die Brummeria uitspraak ten einde die ratio decidendi daarvan te ekstraheer. Die bestek van die toepassing van die saak se bindende beginsels op uitgesoekte rentevrye lenings (wat die meeste in die praktyk teёgekom word) word oorweeg. In dié verband word verwys na die menings van verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse belasting-deskundiges, sowel as die Ontvanger van Inkomste se eie seining in hierdie verband, soos uiteengesit in hul Konsep Interpretasienota met betrekking tot die reg om leningskapitaal rentevry te gebruik. In die laaste instansie word „n ondersoek geloods na die moontlike argumente wat belastingpligtiges sou kon aanvoer om 'n inkomstebelasting-aanslag gegrond op die bindende beginsels neergelê deur die HHA in Brummeria, te weerlê. Dit word bevind dat aanvanklike vrese aangaande die trefwydte van die beslissing, alhoewel geregverdig, moontlik oorversigtig was, aangesien daar sterk gronde is om te argumenteer dat die omvang van die uitspraak se toepassing waarskynlik beperk is tot die soort regskontruksie wat in die saak self aangetref word, naamlik waar 'n rentevrye lening ontvang word in ruil vir of as quid pro quo (teenprestasie) vir een of ander lewering van 'n inkomste aard.
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Svoboda, Lukáš. "Monitorování dynamických soustav s využitím piezoelektrických senzorů vibrací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-432742.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe localization and calculation load identification of dynamic systems using piezoelectric sensors. Finding methods, which would allow us to evaluate loads on simple systems is the key to their application in the structural health monitoring of more complex systems. A theory necessary for understanding and application in aerospace, civil engineering, automobile industry, and train traffic of presented methods is given in the first part of the thesis. In these applications, the methods of wave propagation and different types of neural network methods are used to evaluate load identification. It is possible to evaluate loads by using a time reverse method, a method based on signal deconvolution, and a method based on a voltage amplitude ratio of the piezoelectric sensor. In the next part, the methods are described, the suitable place for gluing of a sensor, and the number of sensors for using method is given. These methods were verified and compared to a simple experimental system. In the following part, the model of the piezoelectric sensor is presented. It is possible to use the model for calculating voltage output from the strain. For methods verification, the problem of train passage in a specific place of the railway is chosen. The speed of the train and its load on the railway was calculated by using these methods.
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Khacharem, Aimen. "Apprentissage de Scènes de Football Animées : Effet des Designs Pédagogiques et de L'expertise." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4113.
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Comment les animations pédagogiques doivent-elles être conçues pour améliorer l'apprentissage? Quels sont les facteurs qui doivent être pris en compte lors de du design des animations? Les récents progrès dans le domaine d'enseignement assisté par ordinateur ont permis de créer des visualisations dynamiques telles que les animations pour présenter des informations dynamiques qui changent au cours du temps et dans l'espace. Cependant, plusieurs recherches ont montré que les animations imposent de lourdes demandes sur les ressources de la mémoire de travail entraînant une diminution des résultats d'apprentissage. En se basant sur une perspective de la charge cognitive, nous avons essayé de manager la charge cognitive imposée par des animations de football à travers l'utilisation de différents designs pédagogiques. Les résultats ont indiqué des interactions significatives entre ces designs et le niveau d'expertise des joueurs, conduisant au phénomène connu sous le nom d'effet du renversement de l'expertise. Selon cet effet, les designs pédagogiques qui sont efficaces pour les joueurs novices peuvent devenir inefficaces, voire même nuisibles pour les joueurs experts. Les résultats soulignent l'importance d'ajuster les designs pédagogiques aux changements du niveau d'expertise du joueurHow instructional animations should be designed in order to enhance learning? What factors need to be taken into account in the design of animations? Recent advances in computer-based instruction have made it possible to produce dynamic visualizations such as animations to depict dynamic information that change over time and space. However, there has been increasing evidence accumulated that animations often impose significant working memory demands resulting in decreased learning outcomes. Based on a cognitive load perspective, in this thesis, we tried to effectively manage cognitive load imposed by soccer animations through the use of different forms of instructional designs. The results indicated significant interactions between these instructional designs and levels of player expertise, leading to the phenomenon known as the expertise reversal effect. According to this effect, the instructional designs that are effective for novice players may become ineffective or even detrimental for expert players. The findings argue for the importance of tailoring instructional designs to changing levels of player expertise
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Melo, Keli Cardoso de. "Avaliação da excreção genital do HIV-1 em mulheres menopausadas e em idade fértil: prevalência e fatores associados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-05032010-105825/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Poucos estudos têm focado as modificações fisiológicas que ocorrem no trato genital de mulheres menopausadas infectadas pelo HIV e sua associação com a excreção genital do vírus. Nesse estudo de corte transversal, comparou-se a excreção genital do HIV em mulheres menopausadas e em idade fértil em acompanhamento em um centro especializado em São Paulo, Brasil. Investigou-se também a associação entre a excreção genital de RNA de HIV e a viremia em ambos os grupos. Fatores associados com a intensidade da excreção genital de HIV também foram pesquisados, incluindo achados ginecológicos e marcadores de progressão da infecção por HIV. MÉTODOS: 146 mulheres infectadas pelo HIV [73 menopausadas (M)/73 em idade fértil (F)] foram selecionadas em Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes com HIV/Aids Casa da Aids do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, São Paulo, Brasil. As mulheres menopausadas referiram tempo médio de 8,17 anos (DP=6 anos) de menopausa. A contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ foi obtida por citometria de fluxo e a quantificação do RNA do HIV no plasma e no lavado cervicovaginal (LCV) foi realizada por RT-PCR quantitativo, utilizando-se o kit Cobas Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Test®, no método ultrasensível. Cloreto de lítio foi introduzido no tampão para obtenção do LCV e quantificado antes e depois da coleta do lavado, a fim de determinar o fator de diluição de cada amostra. A deteção do gene SRY por PCR também foi realizada a fim de eliminar amostras com eventual contaminação espermática. A prevalência de excreção genital foi estimada para ambos os grupos e os fatores associados à intensidade da excreção viral foram investigados, utilizando-se modelo de regressão linear múltipla. As variáveis com p<0,2 na análise bivariada foram incluídas na análise multivariada, assim como o grupo em estudo (M ou F). O modelo final incluiu fatores que se mostraram independentemente associados com a intensidade da excreção genital de HIV. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excreção genital de HIV-RNA foi similar em ambos os grupos (M: 17,8%, IC 95% 9,8 28,5; F: 22%, IC 95% 13,1 33,1, p=0,678). Similarmente, a intensidade de excreção genital do HIV também não se mostrou diferente entre os grupos (mediana - M: 1,4log/mL; F: 1,4log/mL, p=0,587). A carga viral plasmática foi detectável em 34,2% das pacientes menopausadas (IC 95% 23,5 46,3) e em 42,5% entre as pacientes em idade fértil (IC 95% 31 54,6, p=0,395). Três pacientes (2 M/1 F) exibiram excreção genital de HIV-RNA na ausência de viremia detectável. Existe evidência de correlação entre a carga viral plasmática e a genital em ambos os grupos (rM: 0,658; rF: 0,684, p<0,01). Adicionalmente, o número de células CD4+ periféricas mostrou-se negativamente correlacionada à excreção genital do HIV em ambos os grupos (rM: -0,250; rF: -0,248, p<0,05). À análise multivariada, a carga viral plasmática mostrou-se independentemente associada à ocorrência de excreção genital do HIV em ambos os grupos (OR 4,03, IC 95% 2,52 6,45, p<0,001). Já a intensidade de excreção genital mostrou-se independentemente associada ao pH vaginal (p<0,001), concentração de TNF- no LCV (p=0,01), e à carga viral plasmática (p=0,001), todos com correlação positiva. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das modificações significativas que ocorrem na mucosa vaginal da mulher menopausada, a excreção cervicovaginal do HIV parece não ser significativamente influenciada por esse estado. A carga viral plasmática e o número de células CD4+ periféricas estão correlacionadas com a excreção genital do vírus. A frequência de excreção genital mostrouse independentemente associada à intensidade de viremia. Além disso, o aumento do pH vaginal e evidência de inflamação genital, associada à concentração de TNF- no LCV, independentemente aumentam a intensidade de excreção genital nas mulheres estudadas.BACKGROUND: Few studies have focused on physiological modifications that occur in the genital tract of HIV-infected postmenopausal women and their association with HIV cervicovaginal shedding. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated and compared HIV genital shedding among postmenopausal and fertile-aged women under care at a specialized center in Sao Paulo, Brazil, investigating the association between HIV-RNA shedding and HIV plasma viral loads in both groups. Factors associated with higher HIV shedding were also investigated, including gynaecological features and HIV disease progression markers. METHODS: 146 women living with HIV [73 postmenopausal (PM)/73 in fertile-aged (F)] were enrolled at the HIV Clinic, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil. Postmenopausal women referred a mean duration of 8.17y (SD=6y) since menopause. CD4+ cell counts were obtained by flow cytometry and HIV-RNA was quantified in plasma and in cervicovaginal lavages (CVL) by RT-PCR, using Cobas Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Ultrasensitive Test. Lithium chloride was introduced into the CVL buffer and measured before and after CVL collection in order to determine the dilution factor for each specimen. SRY gene detection by PCR was also performed in all samples in order to rule out sperm contamination. Prevalence of HIV genital shedding was estimated for both groups and factors associated with the intensity of viral shedding were investigated, using a multiple linear regression model. Variables with p<0.2 in bivariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis, as well as the study group (PM and F). The final model included factors shown to be independently associated with intensity of HIV genital shedding. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV-RNA genital shedding was similar in both groups. (PM: 17.8%, 95%CI 9.8 28.5; F: 22%, 95%CI 13.1 33.1, p=0.678). Likewise, the intensity of HIV shedding was shown not to differ between PM and F women (means - PM: 1.4log/mL; F: 1.4log/mL, p=0.587). Plasma viral loads were detectable in 34.2% of PM patients (95%CI 23.5 46.3), as compared to 42.5% among F women (95%CI 31 54.6) (p=0.395). Three patients (2 PM/1 F) exhibited HIV-RNA genital shedding in the absence of detectable viremia. We found evidence of correlation between HIV plasma viral load and HIV cervicovaginal shedding in both groups (rPM: 0.658; rF: 0.684, p<0.01). In addition, CD4+ cell counts were shown negatively correlated to HIV shedding in both groups (rPM: -0.250; rF: -0.248, p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, HIV plasma viral load was shown independently associated with occurrence of HIV genital shedding in both groups (OR 4.03, 95%CI 2.52 6.45, p<0.001). In addition, the intensity of HIV shedding was shown independently associated with vaginal pH (p<0.001), TNF- concentrations in CVL (p=0.01), and with HIV plasma viral loads (p=0.001), all of them with positive correlation. CONCLUSION: Despite the significant changes that occur in the vaginal mucosa of postmenopausal women, HIV cervicovaginal shedding does not seem to be significantly influenced by this state. Plasma viral loads and CD4+ cell counts are correlated to HIV genital shedding. The frequency of HIV genital shedding was shown independently associated with viremia intensity. Moreover, increased vaginal pH and evidence of genital inflammation associated with TNF- concentration independently enhanced the intensity of HIV shedding in postmenopausal and fertile-aged women.
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Sýkora, Ondřej. "Zhodnocení obecního majetku v čase." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382543.
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The aim of thesis "Appreciation in municipal property over time" is the selection of the most suitable variant of financing the investment project. The project solves the reconstruction of the existing unused House of Services at the Community House of Seniors. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the functioning of public administration and territorial self-government, public and mixed goods. Municipal budget and revenues of territorial budgets. Furthermore, project funding, grant titles and project preparation and implementation are mentioned. The practical part deals with ways of financing an investment project using bank products, where the use of state subsidy is also used. The calculations take into account income from regulated and market rents. Variants are compared to find the most appropriate funding option for this project.
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Hsieh, Chih-Tsung, and 謝志聰. "Reverse Link Channel Assignment with Balanced Load for Code Division Multiple Access Cellular System." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91901683070125028525.
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碩士國立東華大學
電機工程研究所
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In time division multiple access (TDMA)/ frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, the power of channel assignment is limited due to bandwidth. Code division multiple access (CDMA) is not a bandwidth limited system. It has the interference control problem. Its channel assignment can be conducted by call admission control (CAC). By CAC, we can control the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and guarantee the quality of service (QoS). However, grade of service (GoS) can be affected. The GoS and QoS must be traded off. In a CDMA wireless communication system, each user must have power control because of the near/far effect. When a mobile uses channels from neighboring cells, it raises power to achieve the threshold strength. It also increases the interference in the home cell. It is difficult to use Dynamic channel allocation (DCA) to decrease the interference level [6]. Here, we concern about the uneven traffic problem. For example, a hot spot occurs in Taipei station after working hours. It brings heavy traffic load and increases the call blocking rate. There are various types of channel assignment method [30]. Directed retry is used in TDMA cellular system. It combines the advantage of dynamic channel allocation (DCA) and fixed channel allocation (FCA)[6]. It uses 30~40 percent overlapped cell region to do flexible channel assignment. When a new call is blocked, he can use a free channel from the neighboring cell. In this thesis, we propose two algorithms. The first scheme uses the directed retry scheme in the reverse link channel assignment in a CDMA system. The other uses the balanced load concept. It uses blocking rate variation per time to control the call admission.
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Papadopoulos, Andrea Olga. "Reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplication for low cost HIV-1 viral load qualification in resources limited settings." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15225.
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Background: A novel, isothermal nucleic acid amplification method, RT-LAMP, presents potential for nucleic acid amplification-based diagnostics in resource-limited settings. Low-cost HIV-1 viral load monitoring will improve access to ART for HIV-1-infected individuals present in settings where on-site viral load testing is unavailable.
Aim: The aim of this dissertation was to develop an RT-LAMP HIV-1 viral load assay by combining the RT-LAMP reaction with colorimetric amplification detection by hydroxy-naphthol blue dye.
Methods: Different approaches for HIV RNA extraction from patient plasma and culture supernatant were studied to obtain template for RT-LAMP. Reaction products for 4 different RT-LAMP primer sets were analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis and restriction digestion.
Results: The first 3 primers sets produced persistent off-target amplification. The fourth primer set, designed against culture supernatant DU179, produced a target-specific colour change from violet to blue after 1 hour, following optimisation of amounts of Mg2SO4 and AMV RT. Further studies showed HNB detection sensitivity to template copy number.
Conclusions: Initial reaction conditions pertaining to an RT-LAMP based, colorimetric HIV-1 viral load assay were established. Further work is required to determine the reaction duration at which the colour change represents a viral load of ≥1000 copies HIV RNA per ml plasma.
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"Analytical Modeling and Development of GaN-Based Point of Load Buck Converter with Optimized Reverse Conduction Loss." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62792.
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abstract: This work analyzes and develops a point-of-load (PoL) synchronous buck converter using enhancement-mode Gallium Nitride (e-GaN), with emphasis on optimizing reverse conduction loss by using a well-known technique of placing an anti-parallel Schottky diode across the synchronous power device. This work develops an improved analytical switching model for the GaN-based converter with the Schottky diode using piecewise linear approximations.
To avoid a shoot-through between the power switches of the buck converter, a small dead-time is inserted between gate drive switching transitions. Despite optimum dead-time management for a power converter, optimum dead-times vary for different load conditions. These variations become considerably large for PoL applications, which demand high output current with low output voltages. At high switching frequencies, these variations translate into losses that contribute significantly to the total loss of the converter. To understand and quantify power loss in a hard-switching buck converter that uses a GaN power device in parallel with a Schottky diode, piecewise transitions are used to develop an analytical switching model that quantifies the contribution of reverse conduction loss of GaN during dead-time.
The effects of parasitic elements on the dynamics of the switching converter are investigated during one switching cycle of the converter. A designed prototype of a buck converter is correlated to the predicted model to determine the accuracy of the model. This comparison is presented using simulations and measurements at 400 kHz and 2 MHz converter switching speeds for load (1A) condition and fixed dead-time values. Furthermore, performance of the buck converter with and without the Schottky diode is also measured and compared to demonstrate and quantify the enhanced performance when using an anti-parallel diode. The developed power converter achieves peak efficiencies of 91.7% and 93.86% for 2 MHz and 400 KHz switching frequencies, respectively, and drives load currents up to 6A for a voltage conversion from 12V input to 3.3V output.
In addition, various industry Schottky diodes have been categorized based on their packaging and electrical characteristics and the developed analytical model provides analytical expressions relating the diode characteristics to power stage performance parameters. The performance of these diodes has been characterized for different buck converter voltage step-down ratios that are typically used in industry applications and different switching frequencies ranging from 400 KHz to 2 MHz.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2020
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Atia, Adam Ahmed. "Technical and Economic Modeling for Sustainable Desalination: Renewable-Powered, Adaptive Reverse Osmosis Desalination with Load Flexibility and Pathways to Zero Liquid Discharge." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-pe3m-2879.
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Freshwater scarcity is a dire problem for exposed human societies and natural ecosystems—a problem expected to grow worse with anticipated climate change. Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is currently the most energy-efficient and ubiquitous desalination process used for freshwater production in water-scarce regions. The synergy of high solar radiation and significantly reduced costs in photovoltaics (PV) creates the opportunity for PV to become a dominant and sustainable solution for powering the energy-intensive process of desalination and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.While photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis (PVRO) is a promising technological solution, several significant challenges must be further addressed to sustain high RO performance.
First, the inherently intermittent nature of solar energy generation can adversely affect the freshwater conversion process and thereby decrease water recovery and quality. Furthermore, global desalination capacity is dominated by large-scale plants, whereas PVRO systems are currently limited to small-scale systems. Thus, to truly integrate renewable energy with desalination systems in an impactful way, there is a need to explore pathways for modifying the RO process to enable flexible operation on a large-scale, in response to power variability. Furthermore, the techno-economic feasibility of flexible, renewable-powered RO processes and the potential benefits that could be provided to variable renewable energy (VRE) plants and the electric grid warrants investigation.
Brine minimization is another major challenge for sustainable desalination. Brine management is especially an issue for inland desalination plants. Novel approaches that are less costly and less energy intensive are needed to facilitate minimal and zero liquid discharge. To enable high-salinity desalination, several variations of osmotically assisted RO, which each surpass the pressure limitation of conventional RO, have been proposed in the literature but require further assessment. The promise of these enhanced RO approaches entails a reduction in energy consumption when compared with thermal desalination methods.
The primary deliverables and novel contributions of this thesis include the development of (i) design, simulation, and cost optimization models for variable-powered, variable-salinity RO systems, (ii) module-scale, cost-optimization models for enhanced RO technologies that reduce transmembrane osmotic pressure to enable high-salinity desalination and brine minimization, (iii) examining the effects of cyclic reverse osmosis on inorganic scaling mitigation, and (iv) quantifying the availability of unconventional, alternative water sources to alleviate local water scarcity in the contiguous US.
First, the techno-economic feasibility of PV-powered RO desalination plants in the Gulf region was assessed using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) and Desalination Economic Evaluation Program (DEEP) to model both the power system and desalination system, respectively. Subsequently, an hourly simulation model for desalination was developed to replace the use of DEEP in the workflow. Grid-connected and off-grid cases with combinations of PV, batteries, and diesel generators were evaluated primarily by the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and levelized cost of water (LCOW). The shortcoming of conventional and PV-powered RO is that variable power compromises cumulative water production, which in turn increases water costs. Thus, we proposed the concept of active-salinity-control reverse osmosis (ASCRO) which enables control of the transmembrane osmotic pressure and water production in response to variable power.
The ASCRO system dynamically controls energy consumption by operating across a range of feed salinity, allowing it to shift over a wide range of pump feed flows and pressures. To accomplish this, ASCRO utilizes feedwater from both low- and high-salinity sources. Enabling a dynamic power consumption profile can enhance demand-response capabilities, compensating for stressors on the grid. Moreover, ASCRO can improve the integration of renewable energy (RE) by responding to power fluctuations without compromising permeate production. This system can include on-site RE and energy storage to power the ASCRO plant and provide services to the grid. We considered the following grid-connected scenarios: 1) ASCRO, 2) ASCRO and battery storage, 3) ASCRO and photovoltaics (PV), and 4) ASCRO, battery storage, and PV. The LCOW was minimized by providing load-shifting and regulation capacity services in the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) market. We quantified that the ASCRO plant can ramp from minimum to maximum load within 84 seconds, which is adequate for participation in fast-timescale markets. The LCOW for these scenarios ranged from 49 – 59 cents/m³. We also present sensitivity analyses showing the effects of capital cost, CAISO market prices, and PV size on LCOW.
To investigate alternative pathways to minimal and zero liquid discharge, low-salt rejection reverse osmosis (LSRRO), cascading osmotically mediated reverse osmosis (COMRO), and osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) were comparatively assessed via module-scale, cost optimization models to gain an accurate perspective of the performance differences between each of these configurations. We quantified the optimal LCOW of each technology for the case of desalinating feedwater at 70 g/L at 75% recovery, which would result in a brine concentration near 250 g/L, a level that allows further treatment with crystallizers. For baseline scenarios, LCOW results for OARO, COMRO, and LSRRO were 5.14, 7.90, and 6.63 $/m³ of product water, respectively, while the corresponding specific energy consumption (SEC) values were 10.31, 12.77, and 28.90 kWh/m³. A sensitivity analysis is also presented.
Additionally, we sought to examine the possibility of whether adaptive RO operation could provide the added benefit of fouling mitigation. Using the Pitzer model, nucleation theory, and dissolution kinetics to guide a set of bench-scale fouling experiments, CaSO₄-NaCl solution, supersaturated with respect to gypsum, was fed through a membrane test cell to determine nucleation induction times, rates of flux decline, and scale reversal.
Lastly, a geospatial analysis was conducted to estimate volumes of water deficits and potential alternative water sources for the contiguous US. Namely, wastewater effluent, brackish groundwater, agricultural drainage water, and produced water were considered in this analysis as alternatives for alleviating water scarcity. We formulated a conservative estimate of groundwater availability based on environmental flow limits. Additionally, agricultural drainage volumes were estimated based on USGS water use data. Overall, the results showed that water deficits amounted to an equivalent daily capacity of 149 million m³/day—nearly 50% more than the desalination capacity of the world in 2020. Furthermore, the total availability of alternative water sources was estimated to be between 192 – 240 million m³/day, but most of this volume was not in the same location as deficits. Thus, 58 – 65% of national water deficits would have to be alleviated via long-range transport. Additionally, the potential for integrating desalination and water reuse by interconnecting existing RO plants with wastewater treatments plants was also assessed.
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Delmas, Hugues. "Expressions faciales et mensonges factuels : Evaluation des croyances et identification des expressions produites lors d’un mensonge à forte charge cognitive." Thesis, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080036.
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Deux facteurs permettent d’augmenter la performance de détection du mensonge : (a)identifier les croyances erronées et lutter contre elles et (b) accroître les différences decomportements entre les menteurs et les personnes qui disent la vérité. Ce travail de thèse aétudié ces facteurs en lien avec les expressions faciales du mensonge. Pour ce faire, nous avonsinvestigué les croyances via l’utilisation d’un questionnaire photographique et utilisé un récitantéchronologique (narration à rebours) pour amplifier les différences de comportements(approche de la charge cognitive).Notre démarche expérimentale a questionné : (a) Les croyances les plus prégnantesrelatives aux expressions faciales du mensonge. (b) L’influence de l’expérience professionnelle,de l’enjeu du mensonge (grave ou anodin) et du comportement mensonger évalué (le sien oucelui d’autrui). (c) La pertinence de l’intensité des expressions faciales pour déceler lesmensonges lors d’un récit antéchronologique.L’ensemble de nos résultats ont mis au jour de nombreuses nouvelles croyances. Septd’entre elles étaient très partagées par les individus et cohérentes avec la vision stéréotypée dumenteur. L’expérience professionnelle, l’enjeu du mensonge et le comportement mensongerévalué ont peu modifié les croyances. Le récit antéchronologique a amplifié les différences entrementeurs et sincères ; et l’intensité des mouvements faciaux a été une mesure pertinente pourdéceler le mensonge. L’application de nos travaux est discutéeTwo factors increase the lie detection performance: (a) identify and decrease false beliefsand (b) increase behavioral differences between liars and truth-tellers. These factors were studiedin relation to facial expressions of deception in this doctoral dissertation.The present work questioned (a) The most important beliefs about facial expressions ofdeception throught the use of a photographic questionnaire (b) The influence of professionalexperience, stakes of lie (serious or trivial) and the lying behavior evaluated (his own or that ofothers) (c) The relevance of facial expressions’ intensity to detect lies in an reverse orderinstruction which was used to magnify behavioral differences (cognitive load approach).Our results highlighted many new beliefs. Seven of them were very shared by people andconsistent with the stereotypical view of the liar. Beliefs were little infuenced by professionalexperience, the stakes of lie and the evaluated behavior. The reverse order instruction amplifieddifferences between liars and truth-tellers; and the intensity of facial movements was a relevantmeasure for detecting deception. Application of our research is discussed
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Lou, Guan-Zhang, and 羅貫彰. "Reverse Mortgage Loan Pricing Model." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65779181451853475463.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
財務金融系碩士班
101
"An aging population " this phenomenon is one of the world''s developed countries generally faced . As Taiwan society is aging ,that is be attention by government and public . One of the problems is " shortage of labor", and it also makes "early retirement" phenomenon . This research is according by Tse (1995b) model, to do simulation tests by Taiwan area’s data, mainly divided into fixed-rate annuity and floating-rates annuity. Hope can through this test , contribute to the part in terms of pensions. The results showed that the age and house prices are very important control variable to annuity. Risk higher with age, and the higher house price is more favorable to annuity application. According this study simulation of annuities, fixed-rate annuity can receive NT 43,537 , floating-rate annuity can receive NT 42,779. As a result, older people can have a stable income, and cope with everyday needs.
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Kao, Kai-Yu, and 高凱育. "The Feasibility Analysis of Productizing Reverse Mortgage Loan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81612462047267295509.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
金融與國際企業學系金融碩士班
99
Our society is facing the problem of “aging and birthrate’s declining”. With the rising price of the real estate, the phenomenon of “Asset Rich、Cash Poor” is gradually occurs in our society. In order to strengthen the economic security for the Elderly, our government has invited the scholars and professors of all fields to discuss it. They had set the goal to promote “Reverse Mortgage Loan” and had it planned and executed by the Ministry of the Interior. However, banks are not interested in this project due to the following reasons. Firstly, this project involves with both social welfare and financial product issues. Secondly, the executives do not have any similar experience. It also lacks for back up plans, and the risk is still unknown. So far, they only planed to run a pilot schemeof “Community-based reverse mortgage loan ”. The Professor Zhang Jine suggested that if they want to enlarge the scale of this project and make it more effective, they should market it. The key to having banks be willing to promote this project lies in modifying the scale of Community-based reverse mortgage loan and the backup plans the governments can offer. In this study, we use the secondary data and case studies to analyze Taiwan’s environment of marketing. Using practical data of banks analysis and then simulating the situation in depth to estimate the lose it might cause when the risk is happening. Through the results of the analysis, we improve the model and offer suggestion in order to enhance banks’ willing to practice reverse mortgage loan. Taiwan features in densely population, rapidly aging population, and the stable-developing value of real estate, offering “reverse mortgage loan” a good opportunity for us to develop it. If banks can set this project into action, the government will not need to raise large sums of money, and they only have to provide a guarantee. Banks could increase their revenue by developing diversity financial products. People who apply for loans could choose the plan that is best for them because they can loan flexibly. In the long run, it could help these three parties make a profit.
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Hwang, Jin Wen, and 黃晉文. "Investigating the determinants of reverse mortgage loan in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/z9ug8w.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立清華大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班
105
We use an online survey to study how different factors， including demographic variables， and personal factors， influence the willingness of retirees and those approaching retirement adopting reverse mortgage (home equity conversion mortgage). 313 responses， ranging between 75.5 and 22.5 years old， were collected. The average age of the responded is 42.2. We performed a multiple regression analysis based on the responses collected. We found that 1) those who want to retire before the age of 55 have low interests in reverse mortgage; 2) the state employees， working in military， public education and state-own colledges， and levels of governments，(with government pension) are interested in reverse mortgage; 3) generally speaking， people are likely to apply for reverse mortgage between the age of 60-65; 4) those who plan to apply for reverse mortgage are more likely to retire early; and 5) Farmers， ranchers， and fishermen are more willing to apply for reverse mortgage.
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PENG, PEI-WEN, and 彭佩玟. "A Study on the Reverse Mortgage Loan in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/545x6p.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融系碩士班
106
Sub-replacement fertility, an aging population, insufficient income source after retirement, and high home ownership rate in Taiwan facilitate the development of reverse mortgage. Commercial reverse mortgage as promoted by banks does not impose limitations on borrower income or real estate price, grants eligibility to non-primary residence, and will henceforth relieve the country’s low housing occupancy rate. This study, based on 15 reverse mortgage products issued by 12 banks in Taiwan, further categorizes Taiwan’s reverse mortgages into general-type, trust-type, insurance-type, and trust insurance-type. Additionally, the study discusses the reasons and purposes for designing the loan conditions of these categories, and analyzes risks for borrowers, banks, and insurance companies. This study not only helps the public compare reverse mortgage products objectively, but proposes future product adjustments for financial institutions, all of which aim to exert positive impacts on Taiwan’s reverse mortgage market.
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Chang, Ya-ping, and 張雅萍. "Financial Innovations at Aging Society: A Study for the Reverse Mortgage Loan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/duegz9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
財務管理學系研究所
104
This study on demographic aging and shrinking under the bank deposit and spread in open innovation to improve financial services and post-retirement life in old age the basic principles, with the implementation of government policies, "according to a decade long" pension credit related product development, and financial innovation Research aging society: Taiwan inverse to the mortgage product of research. While comparing national inverse to the mortgage lending system differences, implementation and acceptance of the problems faced by Taiwan and recommended for implementation in Taiwan of the inverse the mortgage lending system.Research suggests may refer to the United States to implement a comprehensive planning and policy support RM goods to the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to provide the borrower security, support inverse mortgage loan system to promote smooth. At present, Taiwan Cooperative Bank to market acceptance and implementation of the outcome of the best, compare domestic banks launched the inverse to the mortgage lending system with features. Discussion on the feasibility and market acceptance "to the Housing Endowment," the implementation of the pension credit product in Taiwan.
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HSU, CHI-KUO, and 徐國基. "Taiwan Reverse Mortgage Loan Potential Research – A Case Study of Taipei City." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32278765960388061939.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
98
Following the gradual extended life expectancy of the people, Taiwan is marching towards an aging society with an emerging trend of low birth rate and an issue of future source income for the elderly retirees - whether or not there is an alternative funding source to improve the daily life and medical expenses after their retirement. The high private residential rate characteristic in Taiwan has prompted us conduct this study in an attempt to explore the financial product of reverse mortgage loan based on the housing value in Taipei City. Hence, the transaction value of the residential home market in Taipei City and family income status were used to examine the financial product of reverse mortgage loan, whether or not it is sufficient to cope with the daily life and medical expenses of the elderly retirees? Many countries are promoting the “reverse mortgage loan” system, and Australia is one example that has done it successfully. The United States had failed to implement the system at the start but later modified it to allow the government to play in the role. This involves the elderly to mortgage their houses to the bank, and the bank pays a fixed monthly loan to the elderly. Once the payment has reached 95% of the value of house loan, the government will intervene to pay the post-living expenses for the elderly to reduce the risk that the bank might encounter. The research assumption and formulae were referred to the transaction value of residential home market in Taipei City, home income status and Sinyi Realty index to calculate the monthly annuity. The research method was carried out by assuming a standardized individual of more than 65 years old residing in Taipei City to apply for a financial product of reverse mortgage loan. In the case of housing price index of 2%, start-up rate of 10%, and 20 years of maturity, the general standardized individual of more than 65 years old is able to receive an annuity of NT$66,717 monthly. This is deemed sufficient to cover the daily life and medical expenses for the elderly retirees.
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Mei-, Ing Chen, and 陳美瑛. "A Study of Taiwan Reverse Mortgage Loan Operational Strategies an Example of C Bank." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7pm9s4.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
國際行銷碩士在職專班
106
Nowadays, there is growing of population that aged 65 and older in Taiwan. In March 2018, Taiwan officially becomes an aging society. Under this trend, domestic financial institutions have to design financial products and service catering to the characteristic and needs of senior citizens. Therefore, the first commercial reverse mortgage has been launched in November 2015. Investors has shown their interests in reverse mortgage. The market responds very positively toward this product. The clients of reverse mortgage are individual investors. It is categorized as one of consumer loans. Given the large base of individual investors, the average amount per loan can not reach the amount of corporate finance loans. However, the durations of consumer loans are longer ( for instance, the house mortgage can last for 30 to 50 years). Each loan has to go through the process of credit check and approval. Even after credit approval, the loan management needs longer time and relatively higher cost. The lending cost is also higher. The loan disbursement for reverse mortgage takes place in every period. The lending cost for reverse mortgage is even higher than other consumer loan and leads to potential loss and risk for the lender. As a result, how to trade off the risk of reverse mortgage and lenders'' profits becomes an issue that is worth discussing. This research looks into the development of reverse mortgage in the U.S., England, Singapore, and Hong Kong and the strategies reverse mortgage that adopted by domestic banks. By providing suggestion to C Bank''s reverse mortgage strategy, this study also wants to provide some information for other banks'' reference.
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Jing-YuWang and 王景煜. "Load-Reduction Forecasting and Revenue Estimation for an Aggregator in Demand-bidding Program." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4qr397.
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West, Jeffrey S. "Behaviour of horizontal connections for precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels subjected to reversed cyclic shear loading." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17818.
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Soudki, Khaled A. "Behaviour of horizontal connections for precast concrete load-bearing shear wall panels subjected to large reversed cyclic deformations." 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/18449.
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Tseng, Pai-Li, and 曾百立. "Determinants of Bank Loan Interest Revenue – An Empirical Evidence of F Bank." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a6unpm.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
106
The interest income of the lending business is the main source of traditional banking operations, revenue and profit. The government opened 16 new commercial banks in 1991, and subsequently promoted a series of financial market opening policies, including allowing trust and investment companies, credit cooperatives and SME banks to be converted into commercial banks, and allowing foreign banks to enter Taiwan''s financial markets. As of the end of 2017, according to government public information, Taiwan currently has 38 domestic banks and 29 foreign banks in Taiwan. Nowadays, the banking industry has entered a highly competitive era, crowding out the interest income of lending by individual banks. In order to capture the factors affecting the interest income of the case bank, this study collects the overnight interest rate, the current account of the international trade balance, the amount of the consumer loan, the amount of the SME loan, the NPL ratio, the growth rate of the consumer price index, the money supply, and the industry. Production index, and foreign exchange deposits. The sample funding range is from the first quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2017. As a result, it was found that the overnight rate of interest rate increase and the current account growth rate of international trade balances have a negative effect on the growth rate of individual banks. NPL ratio, consumer price index, money supply, industrial production index, and foreign exchange growth rate cannot be directly affected or affected by the growth rate of individual bank interest income. It is influenced or affected indirectly through.
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Naqvi, Syed. "Lap splice in glass fiber reinforced polymer‐reinforced concrete rectangular columns subjected to cyclic‐reversed loads." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31906.
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This study presents the experimental results of nine full-scale lap spliced glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) columns, and one additional reference steel-RC column with lap splices, under axial and cyclic-reversed loads. The test parameters included type of reinforcement, lap splice length of longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement spacing, and the effect of using steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). Test results indicated that a splice length of 60 times the diameter of the longitudinal column bar was adequate in transferring the full bond forces along the splice length and were able to maintain the lateral load carrying capacity when subjected to higher levels of axial loads and drift ratios. In addition, lap spliced GFRP-RC columns with closely spaced transverse reinforcement achieved high levels of deformability. Furthermore, the use of SFRC in columns with inadequate splice increased the peak lateral strength and the energy dissipation of the specimens.February 2017
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Kapur, Virat. "Theoretical modeling of single-phase power electronics loads to predict harmonic distortion at a distribution feeder network using a reverse optimization solution." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/7835.
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Proliferation of non-linear, single-phase power electronics loads, such as personal computers, television sets, CFLs, has resulted in thousands of individual small harmonic current injectors connected to a distribution feeder network. Harmonic standard: IEC 1000-3-2 classifies such loads as Class D, “low-voltage” equipment with current emissions limited to 16A/Phase. Individual harmonic contributions of such loads appear insignificant; their collective contribution, however, is a matter of concern. The average order of voltage distortion usually varies between 4-6%; current distortion, however, is usually of the order of 100%. Limitations and high-costs associated with conventional harmonic mitigation measures, has furthered the need for regulation and alternative strategies. The objective of this research is to predict, and mitigate the effects of harmonic proliferation in the main supply current measured at the point of common coupling (PCC). An equivalent circuit model – an aggregation of single phase power electronics loads connected to the distribution feeder network is proposed as a part of a forward solution. Each load, individually, behaves as a harmonic current source; the proposed model combines these individual harmonic current injectors into a single harmonic source connected at the PCC and their collective contribution as a single composite harmonic signal. It represents harmonic conditions at the PCC and provides a theoretical measure of harmonic distortion in the supply current. Such a model finds application during harmonic compliance testing for single-phase power electronics loads; it simulates and predicts the harmonic response of such loads using a theoretical pure 60 Hz sine wave as the supply voltage diffcult to obtain physically, yet critical to such tests. The accuracy of the equivalent circuit model in predicting a harmonic response is pivotal to a successful forward solution. A feed-backwards mechanism is proposed. For a given harmonic supply voltage and circuit configuration of the equivalent circuit model, the feed-backwards method generates the modeled response and compares it to a reference physical response. Finally, it optimizes the circuit configuration to a unique Correction Factor that facilitates an accurate modeled response. Three optimization algorithms, labeled as Response Optimization algorithms have been developed to execute the feed-backwards mechanism. These algorithms are written in FORTRAN-90.text