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Journal articles on the topic 'Reverse and direct emulsions'

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Published: 8 June 2024

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1

Ramos, Diego M., Véronique Sadtler, Philippe Marchal, Cécile Lemaitre, Frédérick Niepceron, Lazhar Benyahia, and Thibault Roques-Carmes. "Particles’ Organization in Direct Oil-in-Water and Reverse Water-in-Oil Pickering Emulsions." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030371.

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This paper addresses the impact of the particle initial wetting and the viscosity of the oil phase on the structure and rheological properties of direct (Oil/Water) and reverse (Water/Oil) Pickering emulsions. The emulsion structure was investigated via confocal microscopy and static light scattering. The flow and viscoelastic properties were probed by a stress-controlled rheometer. Partially hydrophobic silica particles have been employed at 1 and 4 wt.% to stabilize dodecane or paraffin-based emulsions at 20 vol.% of the dispersed phase. W/O emulsions were obtained when the particles were dispersed in the oily phase while O/W emulsions were prepared when the silica was introduced in the aqueous phase. We demonstrated that, although the particles adsorbed at the droplets interfaces for all the emulsions, their organization, the emulsion structure and their rheological properties depend in which phase they were previously dispersed in. We discuss these features as a function of the particle concentration and the oil viscosity.

2

Yang, Haixia, Steven R. Schmid, Ronald A. Reich, and Thomas J. Kasun. "Direct Observations of Emulsion Flow in Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contacts." Journal of Tribology 128, no. 3 (March 27, 2006): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2198211.

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The lubrication mechanisms with oil-in-water emulsions have been extensively investigated based on the measurements of film thickness and/or tractions in the past few decades. However, direct observation of the emulsion flow, as a more direct method of evaluating suggested explanations, has been greatly restricted by the available instruments, especially the cameras used in collaboration with high-speed bearing simulators. In this paper, a newly devised digital video camera and a microscope were used to directly observe the emulsion flow in an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) inlet region at a wide range of speeds (0.012m∕s up to 1.5m∕s). Both EHL line and point contacts were considered. Previous observations of low speed oil droplet “stay,” “reverse,” and “penetration” behavior for low-speed line contact were confirmed and extended into high-speed line and point cases, and the results were compared with point contact where significant side flow was observed. Three tight emulsions with different mean droplet sizes were examined on an EHL rig to clarify the droplet behavior and investigate the effect of droplet size on entrainment.

3

Akram, Salman, Nicolas Anton, Ziad Omran, and Thierry Vandamme. "Water-in-Oil Nano-Emulsions Prepared by Spontaneous Emulsification: New Insights on the Formulation Process." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071030.

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Nano-emulsions consist of stable suspensions of nano-scaled droplets that have huge loading capacities and are formulated with safe compounds. For these reasons, a large number of studies have described the potential uses of nano-emulsions, focusing on various aspects such as formulation processes, loading capabilities, and surface modifications. These studies typically concern direct nano-emulsions (i.e., oil-in-water), whereas studies on reverse nano-emulsions (i.e., water-in-oil) remain anecdotal. However, reverse nano-emulsion technology is very promising (e.g., as an alternative to liposome technology) for the development of drug delivery systems that encapsulate hydrophilic compounds within double droplets. The spontaneous emulsification process has the added advantages of optimization of the energetic yield, potential for industrial scale-up, improved loading capabilities, and preservation of fragile compounds targeted for encapsulation. In this study, we propose a detailed investigation of the processes and formulation parameters involved in the spontaneous nano-emulsification that produces water-in-oil nano-emulsions. The following details were addressed: (i) the order of mixing of the different compounds (method A and method B), (ii) mixing rates, (iii) amount of surfactants, (iv) type and mixture of surfactants, (v) amount of dispersed phase, and (vi) influence of the nature of the oil. The results emphasized the effects of the formulation parameters (e.g., the volume fraction of the dispersed phase, nature or concentration of surfactant, or nature of the oil) on the nature and properties of the nano-emulsions formed.

4

Istratov, V. V., V. I. Gomzyak, O. V. Yamskova, G. D. Markova, L. G. Komarova, B. A. Izmaylov, and V. A. Vasnev. "Novel polymer surfactants based on the branched silatrane-containing polyesters and polyethers." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 5 (November 14, 2019): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-5-61-70.

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Objectives. Biologically active polymeric surfactants are a new promising class of macromolecules that can find application in medicine, cosmetology, and agriculture. In this study, a number of new biologically active amphiphilic polymers based on branched silatrane-containing polyesters and polyethers were obtained, and their surface-active properties were investigated.Methods. The branched polymers were represented by polyethers and polyesters, obtained respectively via the anionic polymerization of 1,2-epoxypropanol or a combination of equilibrium polycondensation and ring opening polymerization. The polymers were modified with 3-isocyanopropylsilatrane and trimethylethoxysilane to obtain the amphiphilic compounds containing silatrane groups bonded to the polymer backbone by the urethane bond. The structure of the synthesized polymer silatranes was confirmed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The surface active properties of all the copolymers obtained were investigated in connection with their obvious amphiphilicity. In particular, the formation of micelles in aqueous solutions is such a property. The critical micelle concentrations were determined by a method of quenching the fluorescence of the polymers.Results. It was shown that the values of the critical micelle concentrations and the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values of polymers determined by the Griffin equation correlate well with each other. A linear relationship between the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and the critical micelle concentrations was established. At the same time, polyether-based polymers generally showed higher critical micelle concentrations than polyester-based polymers, although the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance values for polymers of different series, but with close degrees of substitution, were close. It was found that the use of all synthesized polymers as stabilizers of direct and reverse emulsions leads to an increase in the aggregative stability of both types of emulsions. The stability of emulsions depended both on the degree of substitution of peripheral hydroxyl groups of polymers by silatranes and on the molecular weight and structure of the branched block of polymers. The stability of direct emulsions increased for all polymers, while that of inverse emulsions decreased with an increasing degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups by silatranes. The increase of the branched block molecular weight led to an increase of droplet sizes for both direct and inverse emulsions. The smallest droplet size for direct and inverse emulsions was obtained using polymers with low molecular weight branched polyester blocks as surfactants.Conclusions. The results obtained prove the possibility of creating polymer surfactants containing silatrane groups. By varying the structure of the polymer, its molecular weight and the degree of substitution of peripheral functional groups, it is possible to obtain surfactants with desired surface properties.

5

Lisovaya, E. V., E. P. Viktorova, A. V. Sverdlichenko, and M. R. Zhan. "The influence of the chemical composition of modified lecithins on their surface-active and emulsifying properties." New Technologies 19, no. 3 (December 5, 2023): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2072-0920-2023-19-3-48-57.

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It is known that lecithins are known to be natural emulsifiers due to the content of amphiphilic phospholipids. However, liquid lecithins widely produced by domestic enterprises have rather low emulsifying properties. Modification of liquid lecithins, which consists in a targeted change in their chemical composition, affects the effectiveness of the manifestation of certain technological properties, and, consequently, the directions of their use in emulsion food technologies. The purpose of the research was to study the influence of the characteristics of the chemical composition of modified lecithins, namely LecPC and LecFEI, on the effectiveness of the manifestation of surface-active and emulsifying properties. The modified lecithins LecPC and LecFEI were obtained from liquid soy lecithin using innovative technology with know-how. LecPC predominantly contains phosphatidylcholines – 85.5%, and LecFEI contains phosphatidylethanolamines in the largest amount – 30.0% of the total phospholipid content. The difference in the fatty acid composition of the modified lecithins LecPC and LecFEI was shown. As a result of the study of the effectiveness of the manifestation of surface-active properties by modified lecithins LecPC and LecFEI, it was revealed that the efficiency of manifestation of these properties of LecPC was higher than that of LecFEI. It was established that the modified lecithins LecPC and LecFEI exhibited high emulsifying ability, while the use of LecPC as an emulsifier provided stable direct-type emulsions, and the use of LecFEI – stable reverse-type emulsions, which was due to the peculiarities of their chemical composition. This allows us to recommend the modified lecithins LetsPC and LetsFEI as emulsifiers in the technologies of emulsion food products – mayonnaise, mayonnaise sauces, spreads and margarines.

6

Sharifzadeh, Esmail, and Mehran Parsnasab. "Direct and reverse desymmetrization process in O/W Pickering emulsions to produce hollow graphene oxide Janus micro/nano-particles." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 619 (June 2021): 126522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126522.

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7

Muslimova, Indira B., Zh K. Zhatkanbayeva, Dias D. Omertasov, Galina B. Melnikova, Arman B. Yeszhanov, Olgun Güven, Sergei A. Chizhik, Maxim V. Zdorovets, and Ilya V. Korolkov. "Stimuli-Responsive Track-Etched Membranes for Separation of Water–Oil Emulsions." Membranes 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2023): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050523.

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In this work, we have developed a method for the preparation of pH-responsive track-etched membranes (TeMs) based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with pore diameters of 2.0 ± 0.1 μm of cylindrical shape by RAFT block copolymerization of styrene (ST) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) to be used in the separation of water–oil emulsions. The influence of the monomer concentration (1–4 vol%), the molar ratio of RAFT agent: initiator (1:2–1:100) and the grafting time (30–120 min) on the contact angle (CA) was studied. The optimal conditions for ST and 4-VP grafting were found. The obtained membranes showed pH-responsive properties: at pH 7–9, the membrane was hydrophobic with a CA of 95°; at pH 2, the CA decreased to 52°, which was due to the protonated grafted layer of poly-4-vinylpyridine (P4VP), which had an isoelectric point of pI = 3.2. The obtained membranes with controlled hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties were tested by separating the direct and reverse “oil–water” emulsions. The stability of the hydrophobic membrane was studied for 8 cycles. The degree of purification was in the range of 95–100%.

8

Riess, Jean G., and Marie Pierre Krafft. "Fluorocarbons and Fluorosurfactants for In Vivo Oxygen Transport (Blood Substitutes), Imaging, and Drug Delivery." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 5 (May 1999): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052313.

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The development of biomaterials to treat, repair, or reconstruct the human body is an increasingly important component of materials research. Collaboration between materials researchers and their industrial and clinical partners is essential for the development of this complex field. To demonstrate the importance of these interactions, two articles in this issue focus on advances in biomaterials relating to the use of colloidal systems for transport, drug delivery, and other medical applications. These articles were coordinated by Dominique Muster (Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg) and Franz Burny (Hôpital Erasme, Brussels). The following is the first of these two articles.A large variety of colloidal Systems involving highly fluorinated components have been prepared and investigated in recent years. These fluorinated Systems comprise diverse ty pes of emulsions (e.g., direct, reverse, and multiple emulsions; microemulsions; gel emulsions; waterless emulsions) with a fluorocarbon phase (and often a fluorinated Surfactant), and a ränge of self-assemblies (vesicles, tubules, helices, ribbons, etc.) made from fluorinated amphiphiles. Fluorinated Langmuir films and fluorinated black lipid membranes (BLMs) also have been investigated.Research in this area was driven by the potential applications of such materials in medicine and biology. Fluorocarbon-based products are being developed as injectable oxygen carriers (“blood Substitutes”), media for liquid Ventilation, drug delivery Systems, and contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. One such agent has recently been approved for use in Europe and the United States. Several more products are in an advanced stage of clinical evaluation, and others are in various stages of preclinical development. From a more fundamental Standpoint, these materials are being investigated for assessing and understanding the impact that fluorinated components have on the formation, stability, structure, and properties of colloida l Systems in comparison with their hydrocarbon counterparts. The attention given to fluorinated colloids prompted the synthesis of numerous new families of fluorinated amphiphiles, which were to become components of such colloids.

9

Tsagogiorgas, Charalambos, and Matthias Otto. "Semifluorinated Alkanes as New Drug Carriers—An Overview of Potential Medical and Clinical Applications." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 4 (April 11, 2023): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15041211.

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Fluorinated compounds have been used in clinical and biomedical applications for years. The newer class of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) has very interesting physicochemical properties including high gas solubility (e.g., for oxygen) and low surface tensions, such as the well-known perfluorocarbons (PFC). Due to their high propensity to assemble to interfaces, they can be used to formulate a variety of multiphase colloidal systems, including direct and reverse fluorocarbon emulsions, microbubbles and nanoemulsions, gels, dispersions, suspensions and aerosols. In addition, SFAs can dissolve lipophilic drugs and thus be used as new drug carriers or in new formulations. In vitreoretinal surgery and as eye drops, SFAs have become part of daily clinical practice. This review provides brief background information on the fluorinated compounds used in medicine and discusses the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of SFAs. The clinically established use in vitreoretinal surgery and new developments in drug delivery as eye drops are described. The potential clinical applications for oxygen transport by SFAs as pure fluids into the lungs or as intravenous applications of SFA emulsions are presented. Finally, aspects of drug delivery with SFAs as topical, oral, intravenous (systemic) and pulmonary applications as well as protein delivery are covered. This manuscript provides an overview of the (potential) medical applications of semifluorinated alkanes. The databases of PubMed and Medline were searched until January 2023.

10

Won, Mijin, Gyeongseok Oh, Hyunah Lee, Jaehwan Kim, and Dong-Soo Kim. "Humidity Sensors Based on Cellulose Nanofiber Fabricated on a Three-Dimensional (3D) Curved Surface." Nanomaterials 13, no. 23 (November 23, 2023): 3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13233005.

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Traditional printed electronics processes have recently been utilized within 3D-printed structures where components and interconnects are introduced during manufacturing disruptions. The dielectric performance of 3D-printed materials has a low-resolution problem, and many technologies have been proposed for direct printing on a 3D curved surface or structure. This paper reports a humidity sensor fabricated with a 3D-printed electrode and cellulose nanofibers on a curved surface. The electrode part of an interdigital electrode (IDE) sensor is printed on a flat glass substrate and a 3D-curved glass substrate using a double blanket reverse offset. Subsequently, a cellulose nanofiber emulsion is coated onto the IDE pattern as a sensing layer with a dispenser. The electrical impedance of the sensor is measured with the relative humidity (RH) changes between 10% and 90% RH. The sensor demonstrates a high repeatability and sensitivity, even on a 3D curved substrate. This technology provides a promising method to integrate humidity sensors and 3D deformable surfaces.

11

Filipas, Alexander A., Alyona V. Kuchman, and Yusup N. Isaev. "Alternative method for obtaining a quasi-monodisperse oil-water emulsion." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/5/4573.

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Relevance. One of the priority areas of the oil and gas sector of the domestic economy is to increase the efficiency and profitability of commercial oil preparation, however, the scientific results obtained in this area are insufficient for modern technological requirements. The issues of lack of data for the development of reliable mathematical models of oil emulsion destruction, as well as input signals for regulating control of technological equipment for oil preparation, have not been resolved. Oil produced in the fields is a direct or reverse water-oil emulsion with a unique dispersed composition for each well. Currently, the size analysis of oil emulsion droplets in the field is carried out using a classical laboratory method, which has a low rate of obtaining analysis results, while the size distribution of globules carries information about such properties of the dispersed system as degradation rate, long-term stability, viscosity and others. Knowing the droplet size distribution of a particular oil emulsion, it is possible to select the most rational methods for its destruction and the necessary technical parameters of the devices used to implement these methods. In particular, when a droplet is exposed to a frequency close to its own, intensification of destruction is possible. In particular, one of the methods proposed by the authors is to bring the emulsion closer to its monodisperse version. Since it is not possible to obtain a modisperse emulsion in natural experiments, the authors propose to call this version of the emulsion quasi-monodisperse, that is, close to a monodisperse emulsion. This work examines one of the options for producing a quasi-monodisperse emulsion. Aim. To describe the method for obtaining a quasi-monodisperse medium for destroying the emulsion with a resonant frequency corresponding to the radius of the globule of the quasi-monodisperse medium. Object. Water-in-oil emulsion Methods. Thermodynamic potentials, physico-chemical hydrodynamics, differential equations. Results. The authors have obtained the differential velocity distribution function over coordinates and time, showing that the emulsion is more stable when it is finely dispersed, and estimated settling time of the dispersed phase in the emulsion. They obtained the formula that allows one to determine the minimum radius of a drop in an emulsion at a fixed pressure and temperature and another one that allows one to determine the Gibbs energy of the system. The authors managed to reduce the Navier–Stokes partial differential equations to a system of ordinary differential equations and obtain the velocity components and pressure at a known speed of rotation of the disk, and determine the mechanical moment of resistance of the disk.

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Konnova, Maria Alex, Alexander A. Volkov, and Nina B. Melnikova. "Fulvic acid transdermal patch: Its properties, optimization and release." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 14, no. 4 (April 15, 2024): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v14i4.6497.

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There is a high demand for the design of fulvic acids (FA) transdermal patches being natural biologically active substances with a wide action. The difficulties in FA transdermal patches creating are due to the peculiarities of FA obtaining with high purity and solubility, the existence of many several polymorphic forms, as well as the problems of their insertion into dosage forms. In this work, we modified the FA isolation as water-soluble polymorph. This operation allowed us to reduce the impurities in the product, to optimize the formulation of the emulsion-based transdermal patches, to provide a quantitative assessment of FA release. Data of IR, 13C NMR, AAS, ICP-AES-spectra, direct and reverse titration of carboxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyls, potentiometry, molecular weight determination by cryoscopy (M.m=740 g/mol), fluorescent analysis, solubility (3.3 mL of water per gram) confirmed the receipt of the desired polymorph. Optimization of the transdermal patches formulations by Response Surface Methodology and release evaluation and kinetics mathematical modeling using a Franz cell showed the preferences of Pluronic Kolliphor p237 as a transcutant. The obtained water-soluble FA can be used as a potential component of transdermal patches with controlled release parameters. Keywords: fulvic acid, transdermal patches, pluronics, release

13

Flores-Rodriguez, N., Z. Bryning, and G. H. Markx. "Dielectrophoresis of reverse phase emulsions." IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology 152, no. 4 (2005): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-nbt:20050012.

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Di Profio, G., F. P. Nicoletta, G. De Filpo, and G. Chidichimo. "Reverse-Mode Operation Switchable Nematic Emulsions." Langmuir 18, no. 8 (April 2002): 3034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la011217p.

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Kovalenko, Igor, and Vitaliy Kuprin. "Emulsifier development for high-concentrated reverse emulsions." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet. Pratsi, no. 1 (April 27, 2016): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.1.48.2016.13.

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Ge, Lingling, Haimei Jin, Xia Li, Duo Wei, and Rong Guo. "Batch-Scale Preparation of Reverse Janus Emulsions." Langmuir 35, no. 9 (January 31, 2019): 3490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00061.

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Sadtler, Vérpnique M., Marie Pierre Krafft, and Jean G. Riess. "Achieving Stable, Reverse Water-in-Fluorocarbon Emulsions." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 35, no. 17 (September 20, 1996): 1976–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199619761.

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Glushchenko, Viktor, and Grigoriy Khizhnyak. "Directions for Improving the Compositions of Reverse Emulsions for Well Plugging." Недропользование 23, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2023.1.6.

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Well killing is the most common technological process in oil production. Inverse emulsions are used as an effective fluid in the combined killing method. At present, some potential possibilities of inverse emulsions have not been analyzed both in terms of improving their compositions and technological methods of practical implementation. The paper considers a number of promising research areas for obtaining, improving the compositions of inverted emulsions and the method of their application with injection into the bottomhole formation zone before filling the wellbore with mineralized water. Natural oils of co-emulsifiers - ethoxylated oil-soluble surfactants, and filtration reducers - technical lignosulfonates, starch, latex were proposed as constituent components of hydrocarbon media. Attention was focused on the need for experimental evaluation of the rate of settling of reverse emulsions along the wellbore in formation water and oil, obtaining and studying stable reverse emulsions using high-density salts of CaBr2, ZnBr2, ZnCl2, polyhydric alcohols.

19

Vulfovich, S. L., N. A. Sergeeva, V. V. Ragulin, A. G. Telin, and V. A. Dokichev. "OBTAINING AN EMULSIFIER OF INVERSE EMULSIONS WITH A CORROSION INHIBITOR PROPERTIES." Problems of Gathering Treatment and Transportation of Oil and Oil Products, no. 2 (May 16, 2023): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2023-2-20-30.

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Reverse emulsions are widely used in oil production processes; moreover, due to a number of unique properties, they are used both in drilling and in killing wells, and for leveling the injectivity profile, as well as in repair and isolation works as a liquid packer. Most industrial emulsifiers belong to the class of fatty acid amides derived from natural and synthetic carboxylic acids and amines (primary and secondary) or amino alcohols. Given that many technological operations, such as killing with concentrated salt solutions (reverse emulsions are used as blocking fluids), treatment of the bottomhole zone with acid compositions (reverse emulsions are used as an acid diverter), are accompanied by intense corrosion of metal equipment and require additional costs for corrosion inhibition, we set ourselves the goal of developing an invert emulsifier with corrosion inhibitor properties. Using rapeseed oil and 2-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]ethanol as the initial compounds of the catalytic reaction under the action of alkali, amidoamine was obtained, which has the properties of an emulsifier of reverse emulsions and a corrosion inhibitor. Synthesis conditions are described and proof of the structure of the resulting compound is given. Its surface-active properties, emulsifying ability, as well as inhibitory activity under conditions of carbon dioxide corrosion were determined.

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Rocca, S., M. J. García-Celma, G. Calderó, R. Pons, C. Solans, and M. J. Stébé. "Hydrophilic Model Drug Delivery from Concentrated Reverse Emulsions." Langmuir 14, no. 24 (November 1998): 6840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9800856.

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Jin, Haimei, Lingling Ge, Xia Li, and Rong Guo. "Destabilization mechanism of (W1+W2)/O reverse Janus emulsions." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 585 (March 2021): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.062.

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RAJA, R. VIVEK, GANESH SUBRAMANIAN, and DONALD L. KOCH. "Inertial effects on the rheology of a dilute emulsion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 646 (March 8, 2010): 255–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009992928.

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The behaviour of an isolated nearly spherical drop in an ambient linear flow is examined analytically at small but finite Reynolds numbers, and thereby the first effects of inertia on the bulk stress in a dilute emulsion of neutrally buoyant drops are calculated. The Reynolds numbers, Re = a2ρ/μ and $\hat{\Rey} \,{=}\, \dot{\gamma}a^2\rho/\hat{\mu}$, are the relevant dimensionless measures of inertia in the continuous and disperse(drop) phases, respectively. Here, a is the drop radius, is the shear rate, ρ is the common density and and μ are, respectively, the viscosities of the drop and the suspending fluid. The assumption of nearly spherical drops implies the dominance of surface tension, and the analysis therefore corresponds to the limit of the capillary number(Ca) based on the viscosity of the suspending fluid being small but finite; in other words, Ca ≪ 1, where Ca = μa/T, T being the coefficient of interfacial tension. The bulk stress is determined to O(φRe) via two approaches. The first one is the familiar direct approach based on determining the force density associated with the disturbance velocity field on the surface of the drop; the latter is determined to O(Re) from a regular perturbation analysis. The second approach is based on a novel reciprocal theorem formulation and allows the calculation, to O(Re), of the drop stresslet, and hence the emulsion bulk stress, with knowledge of only the leading-order Stokes fields. The first approach is used to determine the bulk stress for linear flows without vortex stretching, while the reciprocal theorem approach allows one to generalize this result to any linear flow. For the case of simple shear flow, the inertial contributions to the bulk stress lead to normal stress differences(N1, N2) at O(φRe), where φ(≪1) is the volume fraction of the disperse phase. Inertia leads to negative and positive contributions, respectively, to N1 and N2 at O(φRe). The signs of the inertial contributions to the normal stress differences may be related to the O(ReCa) tilting of the drop towards the velocity gradient direction. These signs are, however, opposite to that of the normal stress differences in the creeping flow limit. The latter are O(φCa) and result from an O(Ca2) deformation of the drop acting to tilt it towards the flow axis. As a result, even a modest amount of inertia has a significant effect on the rheology of a dilute emulsion. In particular, both normal stress differences reverse sign at critical Reynolds numbers(Rec) of O(Ca) in the limit Ca ≪ 1. This criterion for the reversal in the signs of N1 and N2 is more conveniently expressed in terms of a critical Ohnesorge number(Oh) based on the viscosity of the suspending fluid, where Oh = μ/(ρaT)1/2. The critical Ohnesorge number for a sign reversal in N1 is found to be lower than that for N2, and the precise numerical value is a function of λ. In uniaxial extensional flow, the Trouton viscosity remains unaltered at O(φRe), the first effects of inertia now being restricted to O(φRe3/2). The analytical results for simple shear flow compare favourably with the recent numerical simulations of Li & Sarkar (J. Rheol., vol. 49, 2005, p. 1377).

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Skartlien, Roar, Espen Sollum, Andreas Akselsen, and Paul Meakin. "Direct numerical simulation of surfactant-stabilized emulsions." Rheologica Acta 51, no. 7 (April 24, 2012): 649–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00397-012-0628-8.

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Xia, Yun-yong, Si-yong Zhuang, and Feng-shan Liu. "Fogging Treatment in Preparing Direct Positive Emulsions." Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 41, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.1997.41.5.art00012.

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Wu, Xiaoling, Jun Ge, Jingying Zhu, Yifei Zhang, You Yong, and Zheng Liu. "A general method for synthesizing enzyme–polymer conjugates in reverse emulsions using Pluronic as a reactive surfactant." Chemical Communications 51, no. 47 (2015): 9674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01776a.

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WATANABE, Ken-ichi, Noriko KANEI, and Hironobu KUNIEDA. "Highly Concentrated Emulsions Based on the Reverse Micellar Cubic Phase." Journal of Oleo Science 51, no. 12 (2002): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.51.771.

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Langenfeld, Anne, Véronique Schmitt, and Marie-José Stébé. "Rheological Behavior of Fluorinated Highly Concentrated Reverse Emulsions with Temperature." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 218, no. 2 (October 1999): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1999.6427.

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Lee, Sanghoon, Se In Sung, Hyo Jung Park, Yun Sil Chang, Won Soon Park, and Jeong-Meen Seo. "Fish Oil Monotherapy for Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease on SMOFlipid in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 3393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113393.

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Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a life-threatening complication of parenteral nutrition (PN) and is most prevalent in the preterm neonatal population receiving long-term PN. In this study, we report the outcome of our experience with fish oil monotherapy for IFALD in a fish oil-based combination lipid emulsion administered to preterm low birth weight infants. Fasting neonates were administered as PN according to our center’s nutrition protocol. A diagnosis of IFALD was made when the serum direct bilirubin levels were >2.0 mg/dL in two consecutive measurements that were more than one week apart, without evidence of intrinsic causes of liver dysfunction. The management of IFALD was conducted by switching the lipid emulsion from combination lipid emulsion to fish oil monotherapy at 1.0 g/kg/day, infused over 24 h. Fifteen infants met the criteria for IFALD and received fish oil monotherapy. The median gestational age was 27.5 weeks and the median birth weight was 862.5 g. IFALD was successfully reversed in 11 infants (11/15, 73.3%). The median duration of fish oil monotherapy was 39 days. Direct bilirubin values were initially elevated and then steadily declined from the third week of treatment onward. The enteral tolerance increased in varying degrees during the treatment period. The mean weight gain was 26.0 g/day during fish oil monotherapy. Omegaven® (Fresenius Kabi Austria Gmbh, Graz, Austria) at a dose of 1.0 g/kg/day was well tolerated, and no adverse events related to Omegaven use were seen. The reversal of IFALD in preterm infants on combination lipid emulsion containing fish oil was achieved by switching to fish oil monotherapy.

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Zhang, X., E. Lorenceau, T. Bourouina, P. Basset, T. Oerther, M. Ferrari, F. Rouyer, J. Goyon, and P. Coussot. "Wall slip mechanisms in direct and inverse emulsions." Journal of Rheology 62, no. 6 (November 2018): 1495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.5046893.

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Han, Chenhui, Qianling Cui, Peng Meng, Eric R. Waclawik, Hengquan Yang, and Jingsan Xu. "Direct Observation of Carbon Nitride-Stabilized Pickering Emulsions." Langmuir 34, no. 34 (August 4, 2018): 10135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02347.

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Boudoukhani, Meriem, Madiha Melha Yahoum, Kaouther Ezzroug, Selma Toumi, Sonia Lefnaoui, Nadji Moulai-Mostefa, Asma Nour El Houda Sid, et al. "Formulation and Characterization of Double Emulsions W/O/W Stabilized by Two Natural Polymers with Two Manufacturing Processes (Comparative Study)." ChemEngineering 8, no. 2 (March 14, 2024): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8020034.

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Four distinct types of multiple emulsions were synthesized using xanthan gum and pectin through two distinct manufacturing processes. The assessment encompassed the examination of morphology, stability, and rheological properties for the resulting water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions. Formulations were meticulously crafted with emulsifiers that were compatible with varying compositions. Remarkably stable multiple emulsions were achieved with a 0.5 wt% xanthan concentration, demonstrating resilience for nearly two months across diverse storage temperatures. In contrast, multiple emulsions formulated with a higher pectin concentration (2.75 wt%) exhibited instability within a mere three days. All multiple emulsions displayed shear-thinning behavior, characterized by a decline in apparent viscosity with escalating shear rates. Comparatively, multiple emulsions incorporating xanthan gum showcased elevated viscosity at low shear rates in contrast to those formulated with pectin. These results underscore the pivotal role of the stepwise process over the direct approach and emphasize the direct correlation between biopolymer concentration and emulsion stability. This present investigation demonstrated the potential use of pectin and xanthan gum as stabilizers of multiple emulsions with potential application in the pharmaceutical industry for the formulation of topical dosage forms.

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Polukhina, Natalia, and Nikolai Starkov. "New experiment for WIMP direct search (NEWSdm)." EPJ Web of Conferences 191 (2018): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201819102023.

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Dark Matter (DM) search is one of the most significant tasks of modern physics. Direct DM searches are nowadays one of the most fervid research topics with many experimental efforts devoted to the search for nucleus recoils induced by the scattering of Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMP). The new experiment NEWSdm (Nuclear Emulsions for WIMP Search - directional measurement) aimed at direct search for DM particles is based on the technologies of nuclear emulsions combining high spatial resolution and the possibility of creating large mass detectors. Emulsion detectors able to reconstruct the direction of the nuclei recoiling on the WIMP are opening a new frontier to possibly extend DM searches beyond the neutrino background. The detector concept foresees the use of a bulk of nuclear emulsion surrounded with a shield from environmental radioactivity, to be placed on an equatorial telescope in order to cancel out the effect of the Earth rotation keeping the detector at a fixed orientation toward the expected direction of galactic WIMPs. Exploiting directionality would also prove the galactic origin of DM with an unambiguous signal-to-background separation. The use in NEWSdm of fine-grained nuclear emulsions both as target and nanometric tracking device for directional DM searches gives a unique opportunity for a high-significance discovery of galactic DM.

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Rocca, S., S. Muller, and M. J. Stébé. "Release of a model molecule from highly concentrated fluorinated reverse emulsions." Journal of Controlled Release 61, no. 3 (September 1999): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00125-x.

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Shen, Liang, Huai-fa Wang, Bing-lin Guo, and Hao Wang. "The Application of Fatty Acids Emulsions in Thermal Coal Reverse Flotation." International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 36, no. 3 (July 29, 2015): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2015.1069279.

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35

Bosch, Ron, Eric Axcell, Virgil Little, Robert Cleary, Sanyi Wang, Robert Gabel, and Bill Moreland. "A Novel Approach for Resolving Reverse Emulsions in SAGD Production Systems." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 82, no. 4 (May 19, 2008): 836–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450820424.

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Wu, Zhi Yuan, S. H. Wang, Xin Li Tian, and S. Zhang. "Investigation of the Tribological Properties of Si₃N₄ Ceramic Pair Lubricated by Emulsion with Different Functional Group." Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (October 2010): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.292.

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A series of experiment were performed to test the tribological properties of Si3N4 ceramic pair lubricated by emulsions of alcohol, acid and alkane. The experiment results showed that the function group can’t improve ceramic lubrication, which is reverse to metals. Under the condition of same carbon-chain, the lubrication by alkane is better than alcohol and acid. With the friction curve and wear scar diameter analysis, the paper studied the tribological properties of alcohol interfacial film. On the basis of above, hydrophilcity was involved to find the lubricating mechanism of emulsions.

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Ahmed Hassan, Hassan, Emad Muthana Yousif, and Ali Ahmed Yas. "Formulation ancl Evaluation of a Topical Antioxidant Preparation." Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 2 (April 9, 2023): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjphs.2007.2.11.152.169.

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The aim of this work was to prepare the stable vitamin C rvater/oilirvater (w/o/w) multiple emulsions, to investigate the usage of poloxamine 908, to observe the influence of surfactant percentage on the properties of multiple emulsions. Multiple emulsions were prepared by liquid paraffin, cetyl dimethicone copolyol and poloxamine 908 by a two - step emulsification procedure. Vitamin C r,vas used as an antioxidant and r,vater - soluble model. The viscosity, conductivity and globule size of multiple emulsions rvere follor,ved over time. The formulations containing 1o/o cetyl dimethicone copolyol and I or Zoh poloxamine 908 lvere the most stable systems. The globule size of multiple emulsions ranged from 20 to 37 pm and did not change during time. The yield of multiple en-rulsions rvas betrveen 99.6Yo and 98.7o/o. The conductivity increased and the viscosity of systems decreased during time. Increase in poloxamine 908 influenced the viscosity of the system, rvith the viscosity decreasing as the hydrophitic surfactant concentrations were increased. Vitamin C rclease lronr the multiple emulsions u'as slow'; the release rvas aft'ccted by both surlactant concentratior.rs. Poloxanrirre 908 could be used as a hydrophilic surfactant for formulation of rv/o/rv multiple emulsions. The concentration of poloxanrine 908 was a very important parameter in preparing stable multiple enrulsions. It 'uvas concluded that vitamin C might be transported out by molecular diffusion and through a reverse micellar mechanism controlled by the viscosity of the system

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Rakhimov, A. A., A. T. Akhmetov, A. A. Valiev, and R. R. Asadullin. "Study of the effect of dynamic blocking of emulsions containing solid inclusions." Multiphase Systems 13, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/mfs2018.4.017.

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The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the flow of stabilized water-oil emulsions prepared from oil and formation water from the wells of the West Kochevne field, as well as with the presence of chrysotile and aerosil in cylindrical and flat capillaries (in the crack patterns). The effect of dynamic blocking has been discovered, which consists in the fact that in sections of capillaries and in a model of cracks, with a constant pressure drop, the flow of reverse oil-water emulsions stops with time. An increase in the content of isotropic and anisotropic particles led to an increase in the viscosity of the emulsion and a decrease in the time of onset of dynamic blocking. With the same percentage of particles in emulsions containing chrysotile, the time of onset of blocking and the volume of leaked emulsion before blocking is an order of magnitude less than that of emulsions containing aerosil. However, in this case, the viscosity of the emulsion with aerosil is even higher than that of a similar emulsion with chrysotile.

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van Altena, W. F. "Image Detection, Characterization and Classification, and the Future Role of CCDS in Wide-Field Astrometry." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 161 (1994): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090004732x.

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The extraction and characterisation of information from photographic emulsions is the subject of this review. Since the major Schmidt Telescope full sky surveys form the bulk of the photographic emulsions currently under intensive study, I will limit my remarks to them, although most would be applicable to any of the emulsions now in use. A listing of the major direct imaging surveys is given in the article by van Altena et al (1993).

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Velandia, Santiago F., Diego Ramos, Maud Lebrun, Philippe Marchal, Cécile Lemaitre, Véronique Sadtler, and Thibault Roques-Carmes. "Exploring the link between interfacial and bulk viscoelasticity in reverse Pickering emulsions." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 624 (September 2021): 126785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126785.

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41

Langenfeld, Anne, and Marie José Stébé. "Influence of physico-chemical parameters on rheological properties of concentrated reverse emulsions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 4, no. 2 (January 4, 2002): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b107745g.

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42

Courrier, Hélène M., Thierry F. Vandamme, and Marie Pierre Krafft. "Reverse water-in-fluorocarbon emulsions and microemulsions obtained with a fluorinated surfactant." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 244, no. 1-3 (September 2004): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.06.003.

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43

Rodríguez-Abreu, Carlos, Lok Kumar Shrestha, Dharmesh Varade, Kenji Aramaki, Alicia Maestro, Arturo López Quintela, and Conxita Solans. "Formation and Properties of Reverse Micellar Cubic Liquid Crystals and Derived Emulsions." Langmuir 23, no. 22 (October 2007): 11007–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la701722f.

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44

May-Masnou, Anna, Montserrat Porras, Alicia Maestro, Carme González, and José María Gutiérrez. "Scale invariants in the preparation of reverse high internal phase ratio emulsions." Chemical Engineering Science 101 (September 2013): 721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.07.033.

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45

Gonzalez, Juan M., Jorge de A. Rodrigues, and Regina S. V. Nascimento. "ABA low molar mass triblock copolymers in reverse emulsions: A rheological study." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 125, no. 4 (February 1, 2012): 3282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36515.

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46

Pinelis, Iosif. "Multilinear direct and reverse Stolarsky inequalities." Mathematical Inequalities & Applications, no. 4 (2002): 671–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7153/mia-05-68.

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47

Dautel, Gilles, and Michel Merle. "Direct and reverse dorsal metacarpal flaps." British Journal of Plastic Surgery 45, no. 2 (1992): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(92)90171-s.

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48

Mondal, Suchintan, Bhavna Alke, Aline Machado de Castro, Paloma Ortiz-Albo, Usman Taqui Syed, João G. Crespo, and Carla Brazinha. "Design of Enzyme Loaded W/O Emulsions by Direct Membrane Emulsification for CO2 Capture." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080797.

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Membrane-based gas separation is a promising unit operation in a low-carbon economy due to its simplicity, ease of operation, reduced energy consumption and portability. A methodology is proposed to immobilise enzymes in stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions produced by direct membrane emulsification systems and thereafter impregnated them in the pores of a membrane producing emulsion-based supported liquid membranes. The selected case-study was for biogas (CO2 and CH4) purification. Upon initial CO2 sorption studies, corn oil was chosen as a low-cost and non-toxic bulk phase (oil phase). The emulsions were prepared with Nadir® UP150 P flat-sheet polymeric membranes. The optimised emulsions consisted of 2% Tween 80 (w/w) in corn oil as the continuous phase and 0.5 g.L−1 carbonic anhydrase enzyme with 5% PEG 300 (w/w) in aqueous solution as the dispersed phase. These emulsions were impregnated onto a porous hydrophobic PVDF membrane to prepare a supported liquid membrane for gas separation. Lastly, gas permeability studies indicated that the permeability of CO2 increased by ~15% and that of CH4 decreased by ~60% when compared to the membrane without carbonic anhydrase. Thus, a proof-of-concept for enhancement of CO2 capture using emulsion-based supported liquid membrane was established.

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Sanhueza, Leyla, Paula García, Begoña Giménez, José Manuel Benito, María Matos, and Gemma Gutiérrez. "Encapsulation of Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.) by Double Emulsions: Effect of the Encapsulation Method and Oil Phase." Foods 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030310.

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Pomegranate peel is an agro-industrial waste that can be used as source of punicalagin, a polyphenolic compound with several beneficial effects on health. Since, once extracted, punicalagin is prone to degradation, its encapsulation by double emulsions can be an alternative to protect the active compound and control its release. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of encapsulating pomegranate peel extract (PPE) in double emulsions using different types of oils (castor, soybean, sunflower, Miglyol and orange) in a ratio of 70:30 (oil:PPE) and emulsification methods (direct membrane emulsification and mechanical agitation), using polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and Tween 80 as lipophilic and hydrophilic emulsifiers, respectively. Direct membrane emulsification (DME) led to more stable emulsions during storage. Droplet size, span values, morphology and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were better for double emulsions (DEs) prepared by DME than for mechanical agitation (MA). DEs formulated using Miglyol or sunflower oil as the oily phase could be considered as suitable food grade systems to encapsulate punicalagin with concentrations up to 11,000 mg/L of PPE.

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Santos, J., N. Calero, J. Muñoz, and MT Cidade. "Development of food emulsions containing an advanced performance xanthan gum by microfluidization technique." Food Science and Technology International 24, no. 5 (February 8, 2018): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013218756140.

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Gums are often used to increase the viscosity of the continuous phase of oil-in-water emulsions in order to reduce or inhibit some destabilization processes such as creaming. A new type of xanthan gum, advanced performance xanthan gum, which possesses improved rheological properties, has been used as a stabilizer. The addition of advanced performance xanthan gum to egg protein-based emulsions prepared at different homogenization pressures in Microfluidizer was studied. These emulsions showed different droplet size distributions and flocculation degrees. However, all the emulsions studied exhibited the same viscoelastic properties, characterized by a crossover point in the mechanical spectra. This work demonstrates the essential role of this novel gum in the rheology of emulsions. In addition, there is a direct relation between homogenization pressure and flocculation degree. This flocculation led to destabilization by coalescence in these emulsions, being the emulsion processed at the smallest homogenization pressure the most stable.