Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Reverse and direct emulsions'

Le génie des produits formulés propose une démarche pour essayer de comprendre et contrôler le lien entre les propriétés micro-, méso- et macroscopiques d'un produit fini. Dans cette démarche, la compréhension du comportement global du produit nécessite la caractérisation de ses trois échelles constitutives, afin de maîtriser ses propriétés d'usage et pouvoir remplir un cahier de charges (généralement imposé). Cette approche s'adapte à l'étude des systèmes hors-équilibre et à plusieurs composants. Les émulsions de Pickering, ou émulsions stabilisées avec des particules solides, représentent un terrain expérimental riche pour utiliser cette approche. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons travaillé avec des particules de silice commerciales pour stabiliser les émulsions. La taille et la mouillabilité des particules ont été caractérisées. La nature des émulsions pouvait être directe inverse eau-dans-huile ou directe huile-dans-eau. De plus, nous avons testé trois agitateurs différents : turbine Rushton, rotor-stator et sonde à ultrasons pour les préparer. Les caractérisations systématiques des émulsions concernaient la taille de goutte moyenne, le comportement rhéologique et la répartition des particules de silice entre les interfaces liquide/liquide et la phase continue. Nous avons trouvé que le couplage composition-procédé permettait de contrôler ces propriétés. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux émulsions inverses et directes préparées avec un même procédé d'émulsification. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons proposé une étude systématique d'émulsions directes préparées principalement avec deux procédés d'émulsification. Et dans un dernier temps, nous avons essayé de pousser les limites de la composition de ces émulsions ainsi qu'une modélisation de leur comportement rhéologique
The chemical product design approach tries to understand and control the link between the micro-, meso- and macroscopic properties of a finished product. In this approach, the understanding of the global behavior of the product requires the characterization of its three constitutive scales, in order to control its end-use properties and to be able to fulfill a specification, which is generally imposed. This approach is adapted to the study of non-equilibrium and multi-component systems. Pickering emulsions, or particle-stabilized emulsions, are a rich experimental field to apply this approach. In this thesis, we worked with commercial silica particles to stabilize the emulsions. The size and wettability of the particles were characterized. The nature of the emulsions could be direct reverse water-in-oil or direct oil-in-water. In addition, we tested three different stirrers: Rushton turbine, rotor-stator and ultrasonic probe to prepare them. Systematic characterizations of the emulsions concerned the average drop size, the rheological behavior and partitionning of the silica particles between the liquid/liquid interfaces and the continuous phase. We found that the composition-process coupling allowed to control these properties. In a first step, we focused on reverse and direct emulsions prepared with the same emulsification process. In a second step, we proposed a systematic study of direct emulsions prepared mainly with two emulsification processes. And in a third time, we tried to push the limits of the dispersed phase fraction of these emulsions as well as a modeling of their rheological behavior

Inhaled drug delivery is currently the gold standard for treating many respiratory diseases. However, improved treatments are needed for lung diseases like Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), where mucus or fluid build-up in the lung limits ventilation and, thus, delivery of inhaled drugs. Delivery is most needed in the diseased or damaged regions of the lung, but if an area is not ventilated, inhaled drug will simply not reach it. To overcome this, this research proposes delivering drugs to the lungs within a perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquid. The lungs will be filled with a reverse emulsion containing a disperse phase of aqueous drugs within the bulk PFC and then ventilated. The PFC functions as both a respiratory medium, providing gas exchange, and as a delivery vehicle, providing a more uniform deposition of drugs. After treatment, the highly volatile PFCs are exhaled, returning the patient to normal respiration. This technique improves upon current therapies as follows. First, drugs are delivered directly to where they are needed, yielding higher concentrations in the lung and lower systemic concentrations. Second, PFCs are ideal for washing out lung exudate and mucus. The low surface tension and high density of PFC allows it to easily penetrate plugged or collapsed alveoli, detach infected mucus from the airway walls, and force these fluids to the top of the lungs where they can then be removed via suction. Mucus and exudate removal should allow drugs to penetrate previously plugged airways during emulsion delivery and subsequent treatment with inhaled therapies. Thus, drug delivery via emulsion would be used as a pre-treatment to enhance inhaled or systemic drug therapy. Third, PFC’s anti-inflammatory properties help return to normal lung function. This research examines two applications of this technology: delivery of antibiotics to combat respiratory infections (antibacterial perfluorocarbon ventilation, APV) or delivery of growth factors to enhance alveolar repair (perfluorocarbon emulsions for alveolar repair, PEAR). This work represents an in-depth analysis of the emulsions used during APV and PEAR. Initial efforts evaluated emulsion efficacy under in vitro setting that better simulated lung in vivo antibiotic delivery. The subsequent studies utilized an in vivo rat model of bacterial respiratory infection to validate the effects of emulsion on pharmacokinetics and to assess APVs potential treatment benefits. Lastly, in vitro methods of cellular response assessed the utility of delivering growth factors in PEAR. Significant advancements were made in optimizing the emulsion as a viable means of pulmonary drug delivery. Final efforts resulted in a promising emulsion formulation that overcame the quick transport of tobramycin away from the lung and successfully reduced pulmonary bacterial load in vivo. In vitro applications of PEAR showed the emulsions posed a significant barrier to the availability and, thus, the biological effect of lysophosphatidic acid growth factors. Further in vivo work is required to improve APV’s efficacy over conventional treatments and to determine PEAR’s feasibility and efficacy in promoting lung repair.

Baths containing sulphuric acid as catalyst and others with selected secondary catalysts (methane sulphonic acid - MSA, SeO2, a KBrO3/KIO3 mixture, indium, uranium and commercial high speed catalysts (HEEF-25 and HEEF-405)) were studied. The secondary catalysts influenced CCE, brightness and cracking. Chromium deposition mechanisms were studied in Part II using potentiostatic and potentiodynamic electroanalytical techniques under stationary and hydrodynamic conditions. Sulphuric acid as a primary catalyst and MSA, HEEF-25, HEEF-405 and sulphosalycilic acid as co-catalysts were explored for different rotation, speeds and scan rates. Maximum current was resolved into diffusion and kinetically limited components, and a contribution towards understanding the electrochemical mechanism is proposed. Reaction kinetics were further studied for H2SO4, MSA and methane disulphonic acid catalysed systems and their influence on reaction mechanisms elaborated. Charge transfer coefficient and electrochemical reaction rate orders for the first stage of the electrodeposition process were determined. A contribution was made toward understanding of H2SO4 and MSA influence on the evolution rate of hydrogen. Anodic dissolution of chromium in the chromic acid solution was studied with a number of techniques. An electrochemical dissolution mechanism is proposed, based on the results of rotating gold ring disc experiments and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, significant increases in chromium electrodeposition rates under non-stationary conditions (PRC mode) were studied and a deposition mechanisms is elaborated based on experimental data and theoretical considerations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
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To estimate the propagation of light in tissue-like optical phantoms (fat emulsions), this thesis utilized the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in combination with Monte Carlo simulations. A method for determining the two-parametric Gegenbauer-kernal phase function was utilized in order to accurately describe the diffuse reflectance from poly-dispersive scattering optical phantoms with small source-detector separations. The method includes the spectral collimated transmission, spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectra (SRDR) and the inverse technique of matching spectra from Monte Carlo simulations to those measured. An absolute calibration method using polystyrene micro-spheres was utilized to estimate the relation between simulated and measured SRDR intensities. The phase function parameters were comparable with previous studies and were able to model measured spectra with good accuracy. Significant differences between the phase functions for homogenized milk and the nutritive fat emulsions were found.

 

Dissertation presented to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa for obtaining the master degree in Membrane Engineering
Food emulsions play an important role in product development and formulation, as well as to encapsulation of food additives. Conventional methods for emulsion production may present some drawbacks, such as the use of high shear stress, high energy demanding and polydisperse droplet size distribution. In this sense, membrane emulsification emerges as an alternative method to overcome all this issues and to produce fine and stable emulsions. Linseed oil has been widely studied in the last years, due to its nutritional composition, being the richest ω-3 vegetable source and for that reason it was used as the raw material for emulsion production. Premix and direct (cross flow) membrane emulsification were carried out using three different membrane materials: polissulphone, cellulose ester and α-alumina membrane. For premix membrane emulsification (PME) the variables transmembrane pressure, membrane material, surfactant type and membrane mean pore size were evaluated. The membrane mean pore size was the crucial factor to achieve emulsions by PME, once it was not possible to achieve stable emulsion with mean pore sizes lower than 0.8 μm. For direct membrane emulsification, transmembrane pressure, surfactant concentration and cross flow velocity were evaluated by means of a experimental design. The evaluated responses were stability, droplet size and distribution and dispersed phase flux. For all the variables studied, only dispersed phase flux showed to have significant influence of pressure. Comparing both methods of membrane emulsification, premix showed to be more suitable in terms of emulsion production throughput and droplet size correlation with membrane pore size, however, in terms of stability, direct membrane emulsification showed much better results. Encapsulation of linseed oil by spray drying was promoted using the optimum point of the performed experimental design and the droplets size distribution has considerably changed with the addition of the wall material to the emulsion.
The EM3E Master is an Education Programme supported by the European Commission, the European Membrane Society (EMS), the European Membrane House (EMH), and a large international network of industrial companies, research centres and universities

DS-CDMA is a popular multiple access technique used in many mobile networks to efficiently share channel resources between users in a cell. Synchronization between users maximizes the user capacity of these systems. However, it is difficult to perfectly synchronize users in the reverse link due to the geographic diversity of mobile users in the cell. As a result, most commercial DS-CDMA networks utilize an asynchronous reverse link resulting in a reduced user capacity. A possible compromise to increase the user capacity in the reverse link is to implement a quasi-synchronous timing scheme, a timing scheme in which users are allowed to be slightly out of synchronization. This paper suggests a possible way to implement a quasi-synchronous DS-CDMA reverse link using the method of “data chunking”. The basic premise is derived by making a link between TDMA and synchronous DS-CDMA. By considering some basic TDMA limitations, a proposed “data chunked” quasi-synchronous DS-CDMA system is derived from a TDMA system. The effects of such a system are compared to those of a chip interleaved system. MATLAB simulations are performed to analyze the performance of the system in the presence of small synchronization errors between users. Implementation of guard bands is explored to further reduce errors due to imperfect synchronization between users.

The aim of this study is to examine whether, and to what extent, the differences in wages between women and men can be explained by discrimination against women in the labour market.The first part of the analysis is a cross-sectional analysis. Firstly, a model is estimated with wages as the dependent variable and with sex, individuals' qualifications, personal characteristics, occupation and the branch of industry in which they are employed as the independent variables. The results of this regression reveal that the hourly wage for a woman is about nine SEK lower than for a man. Separate wage functions for women and men show that women obtain a lower return from both education and work experience. A breakdown of the difference in wages reveals that most of the dissimilarity is explained by discrimination against women and very little by differences in men's and women's productivity. In the absence of discrimination, women's relative pay would be between 16 and 25 percent higher. The stability of the findings is checked by means of reverse regression. This resulted in discrimination against men in some cases and against women in others. Thus, different conclusions can be drawn from the two methods. In certain special cases the results produced by reverse regression are correct, whereas, in more general cases, the direct method shows itself to be more satisfactory. The study ends with an analysis of the effects of various laws and agreements on the development of women's wages and employment in Swedish industry. The introduction of equal pay, the removal of the ban on night work for women in industry and the wage solidarity policy have had a positive influence on the relative demand for women workers. The study's conclusions are, firstly, that the differences in pay between the sexes can partly be explained by discrimination against women. Secondly, within industry, wage discrimination against women has declined as a result of changes leading in an anti-discrimination direction.
digitalisering@umu

Association of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) with Crohn's disease (CD) and not with ulcerative colitis (UC), two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has been vigorously debated in recent years. This theory has been strengthened by recent culture of MAP from breast milk, intestinal tissue and Blood from patients with active Crohn's disease. Culture of MAP from clinical samples remained challenging due to the fastidious nature of MAP including its lack of cell wall in infected patients. The advent of real time PCR has proven to be significant in infectious disease diagnostics. In this study, real time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay based on targeting mRNA of the IS900 gene unique to MAP has been developed. All variables included in RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis and real time PCR amplification have been optimized. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify 165 bp specific to MAP and the assay demonstrated sensitivity of 4 genomes per sample. In hope this real time RT-PCR may aid in the detection of viable MAP cells in Crohn's disease patients, a total of 45 clinical samples were analyzed. Portion of each sample was also subjected to 12 weeks culture followed by standard nested PCR analysis. The samples consisted of 17 cultures (originated from 13 CD, 1 UC and 3 NIBD subjects), 24 buffy coat blood (originated from 7 CD, 2 UC, 11 NIBD and 4 healthy subjects) and 4 intestinal biopsies from 2 CD patients. Real time RT-PCR detected viable MAP in 11/17 (65%) of iii suspected cultures compared to 12/17 (70%) by nested PCR including 77% and 84% from CD samples by both methods, respectively. Real time RT-PCR detected MAP RNA directly from 3/7 (42%) CD, 2/2 (100%) UC and 0/4 healthy controls similar to results following long term culture incubation and nested PCR analysis. Interestingly, real time RT-PCR detected viable MAP in 2/11 (13%) compared to 4/11 (26%) by culture and nested PCR in NIBD patients. For tissue samples, real time RT-PCR detected viable MAP in one CD patient with the culture outcome remains pending. This study clearly indicates that a 12-hr real time RT-PCR assay provided data that are similar to those from 12 weeks culture and nested PCR analysis. Consequently, use of real time In our laboratory, we previously demonstrated a possible downregulation in the Interferon-gamma receptor gene (IFNGR1) in patients with active Crohn's disease using microarray chip analysis. In this study, measurement of RNA by real time qRT-PCR indicated a possible downregulation in 5/6 CD patients compared to 0/12 controls. The preliminary data suggest that downregulation in INFGR1 gene, and the detection of viable MAP in CD patients provides yet the strongest evidence toward the linkage between MAP and CD etiology.
M.S.
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology
Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences
Molecular Biology and Microbiology

Microelectronics integration continuously follows the trend of miniaturisation for which the technologies enabling fine pitch interconnection are in high demand. The recent advancement in the assembly of Hybrid Pixel Detectors, a high resolution detecting and imaging device, is an example of where novel materials and processes can be applied for ultra-fine pitch interconnections. For this application, indium is often used for the fine pitch bump bonding process due to its unique properties that make it especially suitable, in particular in a cryogenic environment where some types of detector have to serve. Indium bumps are typically fabricated through vacuum evaporation at the wafer level; however, this thesis investigates an alternative low cost manufacturing process at the wafer scale for the deposition of indium micro-bumps through electroplating. The work has placed its emphasis on the requirements of future technologies which will enable a low temperature (<150oC), high density interconnection (> 40,000 IOs/cm2) with a high throughput and high production yield. This research is a systematic investigation of the wafer-scale indium bumping process through electrodeposition using indium sulphamate solution. An intensive experimental study of micro-bump formation has been carried out to elaborate the effects of two of the main electroplating factors that can significantly influence the quality of bumps in the course of electrodeposition, namely the current distribution and mass transport. To adjust the current density distribution, various waveforms of current input, including direct current (DC), unipolar pulse current and bipolar pulse reverse current, were employed in the experiments. To assist mass transportation prior to or during electroplating, acoustic agitation including ultrasonic agitation at 30 kHz frequency as well as megasonic agitation at 1 MHz, were utilised. The electrochemical properties of the indium sulphamate solution were first investigated using non-patterned plain substrates prior to indium bumping trials. This provided understanding of the microstructural characteristics of indium deposits produced by electroplating and, through cathodic polarisation measurements, the highest current density suitable for electrodeposition was achieved as approximately 30 mA/cm2 when electroplating was carried out at room temperature and with no agitation applied. The typical surface morphology of DC electroplated indium contained a granular structure with a surface feature size as large as 10 µm. Pulse and pulse reverse electroplating significantly altered the surface morphology of the deposits and the surface became much smoother. By introducing acoustic agitation, the current density range suitable for electrodeposition could be significantly expanded due to the greater mass transfer, which led to a higher speed of deposition with high current efficiency. Wafer-scale indium bumping (15 µm to 25 µm diameter) at a minimum pitch size of 25 µm was successfully developed through electroplating trials with 3 inch test wafers and subsequently applied onto the standard 4 inch wafers. The results demonstrate the capability of electroplating to generate high quality indium bumps with ultrafine pitch at a high consistency and yield. To maximise the yield, pre-wetting of the ultrafine pitch photoresist patterns by both ultrasonic or megasonic agitation is essential leading to a bumping yield up to 99.9% on the wafer scale. The bump profiles and their uniformity at both the wafer and pattern scale were measured and the effects of electrodeposition regimes on the bump formation evaluated. The bump uniformity and microstructure at the feature scale were also investigated by cross-sectioning the electroplated bumps from different locations on the wafers. The growth mechanism of indium bumps were proposed on the basis of experimental observation. It was found that the use of a conductive current thief ring can homogenise the directional bump uniformity when the electrical contact is made asymmetrically, and improve the overall uniformity when the electrical contact is made symmetrically around the periphery of the wafer. Both unipolar pulse electroplating and bipolar pulse reverse electroplating improved the uniformity of the bump height at the wafer scale and pattern scale, and the feature scale uniformity could be significantly improved by pulse reverse electroplating. The best uniformity of 13.6% for a 4 inch wafer was achieved by using pulse reverse electroplating. The effect of ultrasonic agitation on the process was examined, but found to cause damage to the photoresist patterns if used for extended periods and therefore not suitable for use throughout indium bumping. Megasonic agitation enabled high speed bumping without sacrifice of current efficiency and with little damage to the photoresist patterns. However, megasonic agitation tended to degrade some aspects of wafer scale uniformity and should therefore be properly coupled with other electroplating parameters to assist the electroplating process.

У дипломній роботі розглянуто науково-дослідницьке завдання практичного спрямування щодо дослідження електромеханічних характеристик асинхронного двигуна з короткозамкненим ротором при несиметрії напруги мережі. Проведені розрахунки для моделювання несиметричних режимів при дослідженні електромеханічних характеристик асинхронного двигуна з короткозамкненим ротором. Розроблена схема та змодельована експериментальна установка для дослідження впливу несиметрії напруг та зміни частоти напруги на електромеханічні характеристики асинхронного двигуна. Проведений аналіз систем діагностування та захисту асинхронного двигуна при аварійних режимах роботи визваних несиметрією напруги мережі. Запропоновані заходи щодо експлуатації асинхронних двигунів та захисту персоналу при ураженні електричним струмом
In diploma work deals with the scientific research problem of practical direction for the study of electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor with asymmetry of the network voltage. Calculations have been made to model asymmetric modes in the study of the electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor with a short-circuited rotor. A scheme is developed and a simulated experimental setup for investigating the effect of voltage asymmetry and changing the frequency of voltage on the electromechanical characteristics of an asynchronous motor. Carried the analysis of systems of diagnostics and protection of the asynchronous motor during emergency modes of operation caused by the asymmetry of the network voltage.
ВСТУП ………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА .……………….……………………………….. 10 1.1 Аналіз заходів підвищення надійності електропостачання промислових підприємств ………………………..………………..…………………..…….… 10 1.2 Аналіз споживачів ТП 35/10 кВ ……………………………………………. 15 1.3 Висновки по першому розділі ……………………………………………… 23 2 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА …………………………………….… 24 2.1 Вибір і обґрунтування критерію ефективності функціонування силових трансформаторів ………………………………………………………………… 24 2.2 Методи розрахунку надійності відновлювальних систем, побудованих на базі теорії масового обслуговування ………………………………..……... 27 2.3 Розрахунок надійності силових трансформаторів за даними їх експлуатації ……………………………………………………………………… 34 2.4 Висновки по другому розділі …………………………………….………… 37 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА ………..……………….…………………… 39 3.1 Розрахунок електричних навантажень …………….………………………. 39 3.2 Розрахунок навантажень на ділянках КЛ-10 кВ ……………...…………... 42 3.3 Розрахунки з вибору перерізу проводів КЛ-10 кВ до ГРП ……………… 43 3.4 Кількість і потужність трансформаторних підстанцій ……......………….. 44 3.5 Компенсація реактивної потужності ….......……………………………… 50 3.6 Висновки по третьому розділі ……………...…………………….………… 51 4 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА …………...…….…….. 53 4.1 Розрахунок струмів короткого замикання ………………………………… 53 4.2 Вибір електричних апаратів та струмоведучих частин розподільчих пристроїв ……………………………………………………………………….... 60 4.3 Вибір релейного захисту …………………………………….…………….. 64 4.4 Висновки по четвертому розділі …………………………………………… 64 5. СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА ……………..………………………..………… 66 5.1 Техніко-економічне обґрунтування заміни масляних вимикачів 35, 10кВ на вакуумні …………………………………………………………………….... 66 5.2 Вибір вакуумних вимикачів 35, 10 кВ ………………………...…………… 69 5.3 Розрахунок заземлюючого пристрою районної трансформаторної підстанції 35/10 «Північна» …………...………………………..……..……….. 71 5.4 Блискавкозахист будівель і споруд на підстанції …………………………. 73 5.5 Вимоги до побудови систем автоматичного введення резерву на підприємствах …………………………………………………………………… 74 5.6 Технічна характеристика вакуумного вимикача BU/TEL-10 …………….. 78 5.7 Висновки по п’ятому розділі ………………..……………………………… 80 6 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ …………..… 81 6.1 Планування системи планово-попереджувальних ремонтів ……..……… 81 6.2 Планування чисельності ремонтно-експлуатаційного персоналу…...…… 83 6.3 Планування кошторису експлуатаційних витрат …………………………. 86 6.4 Планування собівартості передачі і розподілу електроенергії …………... 88 6.5 Заходи щодо зменшення затрат ……………………………………………. 89 7 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 91 7.1 Заходи з охорони праці та техніки безпеки на підстанції …………...…… 91 7.2 Заходи щодо підвищення стійкості роботи трансформаторної підстанції за умов надзвичайних ситуацій ………………………………………………… 98 8 ЕКОЛОГІЯ …………………………………………………………………… 102 Заходи по охороні навколишнього середовища на об’єкті в процесі експлуатації ………………………………………………….…………………... 102 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ ДО ДИПЛОМНОЇ РОБОТИ …...........……….... 107 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ ……………………………………………………….. 109

Les polluants d’origines pharmaceutiques présents dans les eaux présentent une élimination limitée par les traitements conventionnels. Dans ce contexte, les procédés membranaires sont des techniques alternatives de dépollution des eaux efficaces et propres. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer les performances différentes techniques membranaires : la nanofiltration (NF), l’osmose inverse (RO) et l’osmose directe (FO) pour l’élimination de polluants pharmaceutiques (Naproxène, Diclofénac). Les trois membranes utilisées sont constituées de polyamides de différentes natures : aromatique dans le cas de la RO et la FO et semi-aromatique dans le cas de la NF. De plus, dans le cas de la membrane de FO, la couche active des membranes contenait également des aquaporines. La caractérisation des performances des membranes neuves ont mis en évidence un taux de rejet du naproxène par la membrane de NF bien inférieur à celles des membranes de RO et FO. De plus, lors de leur utilisation, les membranes en polyamide peuvent être exposées accidentellement à l’hypochlorite de sodium utilisé lors de phases de nettoyage/désinfection des installations. L’impact de cette exposition sur les propriétés des matériaux membranaires et leurs performances d’élimination a été évalué dans le cas des membranes de FO et de RO. Les membranes ont été exposées à des solutions d’hypochlorite de sodium (NaOCl) à différentes concentrations, différents pH et pour différents temps de contact. Les caractérisations de surface des membranes (potentiel zêta, ATR-FTIR, angles de contact) ont alors montré une modification de leurs propriétés après exposition aux solutions d’NaOCl. Ainsi, il a été mis en évidence que le contact avec NaOCl peut conduire non seulement à la modification de la nature chimique du matériau membranaire mais également à la modification du réseau de liaisons Hydrogène intermoléculaires au sein du polyamide impactant alors la structure du matériau membranaire et les performances de rétention. Néanmoins, selon le type de membranes (et de polyamide), différents types de variations ont été observées. Enfin, il a été montré par XPS que, dans le cas des membranes biomimétiques de FO, la présence des polymersomes incorporant les aquaporines au sein du polyamide n’était pas impactée par le contact avec NaOCl. Ainsi, la membrane de FO conserve une bonne capacité de rejet des molécules étudiées malgré une augmentation du flux de sel inverse
Pollutants of pharmaceutical origin present in water are poorly removed by conventional treatments. In this context, membrane processes are efficient and clean alternative techniques for water depollution. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of different membrane techniques: nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants (Naproxen, Diclofenac). The three membranes used are made of polyamide of different natures: aromatic for RO and FO membranes and semi-aromatic in the case of the NF membrane. Moreover, for the FO membrane, the active layer of the membrane also contained aquaporins. The evaluation of the new membranes performance showed a much lower rejection rate of naproxen for the NF membrane than for the RO and FO membranes. In addition, during their use, polyamide membranes can be accidentally exposed to sodium hypochlorite used during the cleaning/disinfection steps of the installations. The impact of this exposure on the properties of the membrane materials and their removal performance was evaluated in the case of FO and RO membranes. The membranes were exposed to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions at different concentrations, different pH and for different contact times. Surface characterization of the membranes (zeta potential, ATR-FTIR, contact angles) showed a modification of their properties after exposure to NaOCl solutions. Thus, it was highlighted that the contact with NaOCl can lead not only to the modification of the chemical nature of the membrane material but also to the modification of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds network within the polyamide, thus impacting the structure of the membrane material and the retention performances. Nevertheless, depending on the type of membrane (and polyamide), different types of variations have been observed. Finally, it was shown by XPS that, in the case of biomimetic FO membranes, the presence of polymersomes incorporating aquaporins within the polyamide was not impacted by the contact with NaOCl. Thus, the FO membrane retains a good rejection capacity for the molecules studied despite an increase in reverse salt flux

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.12 "Напівпровідникові перетворювачі електроенергії" – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню важливої наукової задачі – створенню трифазних напівпровідникових перетворювачів з покращеними енергетичними та масовими характеристиками. Проведено аналіз характеристик існуючих типів трифазних випрямлячів з електронним зсувом фаз та показано, що трифазний випрямляч з електронним зсувом фаз пульсністю більш ніж 12 має містити узгоджувальний пристрій для балансування рівня вихідних напруг. Запропоновано використання низькочастотної широтно-імпульсної модуляції для балансування вихідної напруги модулів трифазного випрямляча, що дає можливість відмовитися від застосування автотрансформаторів на вході перетворювача. Проаналізовано електромагнітні процеси в перетворювачі на основі багатопульсних випрямлячів з електронним зсувом фаз та показано, що для розглянутого класу перетворювачів доцільно використовувати випрямлячі з пульсністю від 18 до 24 для мереж малої потужності. Запропоновані схемотехнічні рішення багатопульсних випрямлячів з електронним зсувом фаз, можуть бути використані в розробці та проектуванні перспективних джерел постійного струму, що вимагають покращених масових показників, відповідності вимогам по електромагнітній сумісності. Наприклад:– при розробці та проектуванні перспективних джерел постійного струму електрифікованих залізниць. – в наземному електрообладнанні аеропортів, як складова частина комплексу наземного живлення 3х115 В 400 Гц 30-90 кВт та ін.
thesis is devoted to the solution of an important scientific problem - the creation of three-phase semiconductor converters of alternating current to constant current with improved energy and mass characteristics. The characteristics of existing types of three-phase rectifiers with electronic phase shift are analyzed and it is shown that a three-phase rectifier with electronic phase shift with a pulse frequency of more than 12 should contain a matching device for balancing the output voltage level. The use of low-frequency pulse-width modulation for balancing the output voltage of three-phase rectifier modules is proposed, which eliminates the use of autotransformers at the input of the converter. Electromagnetic processes in the converter based on multipulse rectifiers with electronic phase shift are analyzed and it is shown that for the considered class of converters it is advisable to use rectifiers with a pulse range from 18 to 24. The proposed circuit solutions of multi-pulse rectifiers with electronic phase shift can be used in the development and design of promising sources of direct current, requiring improved mass performance and compliance with the requirements for electromagnetic compatibility. For example: - In the development and design of promising sources of direct current electrified railways. - In the ground electrical equipment of airports, as an integral part of the ground supply complex 3x115 V 400 Hz 30-90 kW, etc.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.12 "Напівпровідникові перетворювачі електроенергії" – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню важливої наукової задачі – створенню трифазних напівпровідникових перетворювачів з покращеними енергетичними та масовими характеристиками. У багатьох електричних мережах і системах напівпровідникові перетворювачі є одним з основних видів навантаження. Напівпровідникові перетворювачі є для мережі живлення нелінійним навантаженням, і його робота впливає на режими роботи мережі, особливо якщо потужність перетворювача і мережі співрозмірні. Тому при проектуванні як електричних мереж, так і напівпровідникових перетворювачів необхідно враховувати вплив роботи перетворювачів на мережу живлення. В силовій електроніці одним з найпоширеніших перетворювачів є трифазний випрямляч. Схеми випрямлячів трифазного живлення застосовуються в основному для живлення споживачів середньої й великої потужності. Покращення електромагнітної сумісності в цих системах можливе з використанням схем трифазних випрямлячів зі збільшеною пульсністю. Для роботи таких випрямлячів необхідним є використання фазозсувних трансформаторів або автотрансформаторів. Використання фазозсувних магнітних елементів погіршує масові характеристики перетворювача, а при збільшенні пульсності випрямляча ускладняється їх конструкція. Покращення масових характеристик та електромагнітної сумісності можливе з використанням електронного зсуву фаз в трифазних випрямлячах зі збільшеною пульсністю. В дисертаційній роботі запропоновано структуру багатопульсних випрямлячів з електронним зсувом фаз пульсністю більше 12-ти, що дозволяє поліпшити гармонійний склад споживаного струму за рахунок підвищення пульсності випрямляча, отримання високого коефіцієнту потужності за рахунок використання «відстаючих» і «випереджаючих» кутів керування. Обґрунтовано доцільність використання повністю керованих напівпровідникових ключів з зворотною блокуючою здібністю в трифазних випрямлячах з електронним зсувом фаз, що дозволяє отримати високий коефіцієнт зсуву між вживаним струмом і напругою джерела живлення за рахунок уніфікації використовуваних напівпровідникових ключів. Запропоновано використання низькочастотної широтно-імпульсної модуляції для балансування вихідних напруг модулів трифазного випрямляча, що дозволяє реалізувати схему перетворювача без використання вхідних узгоджувальних електромагнітних елементів. Досліджені електромагнітні процеси в трифазних багатопульсних випрямлячах з електронним зсувом фаз при використанні повністю керованих напівпровідникових ключів зі зворотною блокуючою здатністю, що дозволило отримати основні вирази для оцінки комутаційних втрат. Запропоновані схемотехнічні рішення багатопульсних випрямлячів з електронним зсувом фаз, можуть бути використані в розробці та проектуванні перспективних джерел постійного струму, що вимагають покращених масових показників, відповідності вимогам по електромагнітній сумісності. Наприклад: – в наземному електрообладнанні аеропортів, як складова частина комплексу наземного живлення літаків 3х115 В 400 Гц 30-90 кВт; – в перетворювачах частоти з ланкою постійного струму при підключенні AC/AC перетворювача безпосередньо до мережі живлення, тобто без використання масштабуючих трансформаторів.
Thesis for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.09.12 "Semiconductor power converters" – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2019. The thesis is devoted to the solution of an important scientific problem - the creation of three-phase semiconductor converters of alternating current to constant current with improved energy and mass characteristics. In many electrical networks and systems, semiconductor transducers are one of the main types of load. Semiconductor transducers are nonlinear for the power supply, and its operation affects the network operating modes, especially if the power of the converter and the network are dimensional. Therefore, when designing both electrical networks and semiconductor converters, it is necessary to take into account the effect of converters on the power supply. In power electronics, one of the most common converters is a three-phase rectifier. Schemes of three-phase power rectifiers mainly used for power supply to consumers of medium and high power. Improvement of electromagnetic compatibility in these systems is possible using schemes of three-phase rectifiers with increased pulsativeness. The use of phase-shift transformers or autotransformers is necessary for such rectifiers. The use of phase-shift magnetic elements, worsens the mass characteristics of the converter, and when the rectifier pulsity increases, their design becomes more complicated. Improvement of mass characteristics and electromagnetic compatibility is possible with the use of electronic phase shift in three-phase rectifiers with increased pulsatility. In the dissertation work the structure of multipulse rectifiers with electron phase shift of pulses more than 12 is proposed, which allows to improve the harmonic composition of consumed current by increasing the rectifier pulsity, obtaining a high power factor by using the "lagging" and "outgoing" angles of control. The expediency of using fully controlled semiconductor keys with reverse blocking capability in three phase rectifiers with electron phase shift is substantiated. The use of low-frequency pulse-width modulation for balancing the output voltages of three-phase rectifier modules is proposed. The proposed circuitry solutions of multi-pulse rectifiers with electron phase shift can be used in the design of advanced DC sources requiring improved mass performance, compliance with electromagnetic compatibility requirements.

碩士
國立成功大學
工業設計學系碩博士班
90
Abstract The marketing trend nowadays is not the same as usual, the consumers do not have to accept all of the products manufactured by factories, or they will not be satisfied with the product, which has the function of consumers’ demands. Current consumers need to have more choices on selecting products and their requests are becoming variety. This is a quite complicated and unpredictable form of consumer market. It is not easy to predict the trend of market as usual. To the factories, what are their strategies for solving this problem ? How do they face up to the complicated consumer form and the more competitive market surrounding? Furthermore, since Taiwan joined the huge international market, WTO (World Trade Organization), the competition Taiwanese factories are facing is keener and keener, because every factory is standing at the same starting line for gaining the worldwide market. Who could catch up the likes and dislikes of consumers quickly, who is going to win the most share of the market. With regard to Industry Design, in order to conform to the “fast-design of products” and satisfy the tack of “ small volume and variety of products” required to different consumer groups, predecessors have brought up the application of “Reverse Engineering” to establish the curved surface operating interface of direct molding in order to speed up the production of products. This study is conferring how to apply the technique of Reverse Engineering to increase the benefits and methods of quick-design on products. This study is proceeding by experiments, in order to manifest the contribution of the whole study, I adopted a real product as example for digitizing the data of scanned product and imitating in the computer. And then, to utilize the designed planes drawn by designer as the base maps of product, after that, to make direct changes on the appearance of the 3D model which has been digitized in computer according to the base maps. By doing direct molding changes on the NUBS curved surfaces and curve structures of the 3D model, to produce various curved surfaces in order to achieve the” speed production” and “varied style-making” of products, and establish a product direct molding interface by the methods of Reverse Engineering to benefit the designers on designing and expediting the speed of production. In the meantime, while conferring the application of the method, the influences and improvements to former procedures of product design caused by this method will be explained and compared, and expect to find out a better procedure of product design. Keywords: Reverse engineering, Style-making of curved surface, direct modeling

碩士
義守大學
生物技術與化學工程研究所碩士班
95
This research is aimed at studies to prepare novel anodic nano-catalysts by reverse microemulsion for direct methanol fuel cells, utilizing the system of AOT/isooctane as surfactant and hydrazine as reducing agent. Different atomic compositions of Pt-Ru nanoparticles were employed for the fabrication of bi-metallic nano-catalysts with carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as supports to explore effects on methanol electro-oxidation and CO tolerance. Electrochemical investigations involving cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and hydrogen electroadsorption were undertaken to study the resulting Pt-Ru/C and Pt-Ru/MWCNT catalysts to be appropriate for DMFC anodes. It has been found that the catalysts of the composition of Pt75-Ru25 exhibit the best methanol electro-oxidative behaviors. However, CO tolerance of the catalysts studied enhances with increasing Ru content of the electrode, with Ru100 being the best. Experimental results reveal that catalysts fabricated by multi-walled carbon nanotubes as supports exhibit superior behaviors in terms of methanol electro-oxidation and CO tolerance to those prepared by carbon black. XRD and TEM as well as hydrogen electroadsorption show that Pt75-Ru25/MWCNT exhibits the smallest crystallite size and highest electro-chemically active Pt surface area, respectively, thus verifying its methanol electro-oxidation performances.

碩士
國立聯合大學
化學工程學系碩士班
95
Abstract The electroplating of Cu has been a subject of recent extensive investigations in the semiconductor processing and electronics packaging because of its relatively low cost , and high deposition rate . The morphology , microstructure , and resistivity of electroplating copper are important for device applications , as these properties can affect both life and performance . These paper presents two experimental observations on electro- deposited copper . Initial obserxation indicated the optimum concent- ration of various organic additives(Brightener、Suppressor、Leveler) was investigated by the potentio-dynamic linear analysis . A suitable recipes of micro electroplating of copper can be obtained . Secondary observation indicated the properties of copper micro-layer using various additive recipes obtained by direct plating , pulse plating , and pulse-reverse plating . Moreover , electroplated efficiency and speed that deposit of copper were investigated using surface profilometer . Surface roughness of copper were investigated using atomic force microscopy(AFM) . Resistivity of copper were investigated using four-point probe . Copper film of surface form were investigated using field-emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) . The content of additive in copper level were investigated using energy dispersive spectrum(EDS) . Found ,the characteristic of leveler and Surface roughness of prescription 1-3-1(1: MPSA（3-mercapto-1-propane- sulfonate）, 3: Janus Green B , 1: PEG 1000(Polyethylene glycol 1000))and prescription 1-4-1(4:2-MP (2-Mercaptopyridine) )is more smooth than commerce recipe , but resistivity is more high than commerce recipe . Pulse-Reverse plating of prescription 1-2-1(2:2-AB (2-Amino- benzothiazole)) is good result , and it is similarity in commerce recipe . The copper film of pulse plating of prescription 1-3-1 is interested to observe , the root mean square(R.M.S) of it (10 nm) is better commerce recipe (72.29 nm) , and resistivity(2.758 X 10-3(Ω/□)) similarity in commerce recipe . Keywords: potentiodynamic , copper plating , polarization curver , electroplate wave form , prescription,characteristic analysis

JEL classification: F23, L16
Knowledge transfer, specifically reverse knowledge transfer (RKT) from invested European company to company from emerging markets, has become well-taken strategy for enhancing company’s competitive advantage and become an important topic for academic research. Since 2010, a trend is confirmed that Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) employ outbound direct investment (ODI) as a strategy to acquire knowledge and realize industrial upgrading. Tacit knowledge is found out as most valuable asset to company, thus it is also the most difficult in transferring. This research is carried out with specific focus on tacit knowledge transfer to Chinese investor companies. The result of RKT does not always meet investor-company’s expectation. Built on “knowledge sender-receiver” model and the theory of ba, I try to explore a mechanism for better RKT performance after Chinese MNEs invested in Europe. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology is applied in this research. In the end, 10 interviews and 101 questionnaires are collected among employees who work at Chinese MNEs or invested European companies that have actively involved in ODI for knowledge transfer. RKT performance is impacted by complex factors. As an explorative research, we have found that firms’ absorptive capacity, under the environment of high-employeecommitted organizational climate, trust in leadership and other RKT participants, wellestablished formal knowledge transmission channel and similar organizational structure in both Chinese MNEs and invested European companies have major impact on reverse knowledge transfer performance.
A transferência de conhecimento, nomeadamente a Transferência Inversa de Conhecimento (TIC) de empresas europeias adquiridas para empresas de economias emergentes, tornou-se numa estratégia adotada para melhorar a vantagem competitiva e é também um tópico importante de pesquisa académica. Desde 2010 que as empresas multinacionais chinesas utilizam o investimento no exterior como uma estratégia de aquisição de conhecimento para efetuar a atualização industrial. O conhecimento tácito é considerado não somente como o ativo mais importante de uma empresa como também o mais difícil de transferir. Esta investigação focaliza-se na transferência do conhecimento tácito das empresas europeias para as empresas chinesas que nelas investiram. O resultado da transferência nem sempre satisfaz as expetativas das empresas investidoras. Baseando-me no modelo “emissor-recebedor de conhecimento” e na teoria do ba, tentei explorar um mecanismo para uma melhor Transferência Inversa de Conhecimento para as multinacionais chinesas que investiram na Europa. Nesta investigação utilizamos uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos. Para além de 10 entrevistas recolhemos também 101 questionários de colaboradores de empresas multinacionais que investiram na Europa e que estão envolvidos na transferência inversa de conhecimento. A transferência inversa de conhecimento está sujeita a fatores muito complexos. Nesta investigação exploratória, concluímos que a capacidade de absorção, num ambiente de elevado empenhamento, confiança na liderança e nos outros participantes na TIC, canais de transmissão bem organizados e estruturas organizacionais semelhantes têm um grande impacto da transferência inversa de conhecimento.

A method to estimate blast-induced damage in rock considering both stress waves and gas expansion phases is presented. The method was developed by assuming a strong correlation between blast-induced damage and stress wave amplitudes, and also by adapting a 2D numerical method to estimate damage in a 3D real case. The numerical method is used to determine stress wave damage and provides an indication of zones prone to suffer greater damage by gas expansion. The specific steps carried out in this study are: i) extensive blast monitoring in hard rock at surface and underground test sites; ii) analysis of seismic waveforms in terms of amplitude and frequency and their azimuthal distribution with respect to borehole axis, iii) measurement of blast-induced damage from single-hole blasts; iv) assessment and implementation of method to utilize 2D numerical model to predict blast damage in 3D situation; v) use of experimental and numerical results to estimate relative contribution of stress waves and gas penetration to damage, and vi) monitoring and modeling of full-scale production blasts to apply developed method to estimate blast-induced damage from stress waves. The main findings in this study are: i) both P and S-waves are generated and show comparable amplitudes by blasting in boreholes; ii) amplitude and frequency of seismic waves are strongly dependent on initiation mode and direction of propagation of explosive reaction in borehole; iii) in-situ measurements indicate strongly non-symmetrical damage dependent on confinement conditions and initiation mode, and existing rock structure, and iv) gas penetration seems to be mainly responsible for damage (significant damage extension 2-4 borehole diameters from stress waves; > 22 from gas expansion). The method has the potential for application in regular production blasts for control of over-breaks and dilution in operating mines. The main areas proposed for future work are: i) verification of seismic velocity changes in rock by blast-induced damage from controlled experiments; ii) incorporation of gas expansion phase into numerical models; iii) use of 3D numerical model and verification of crack distribution prediction; iv) further studies on strain rate dependency of material strength parameters, and v) accurate measurements of in-hole pressure function considering various confinement conditions.

Potable water is essential for all aspects of life and sustainable development. However, over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. In addition, over 80% of the world’s wastewater is released to the environment without treatment. To solve these problems Veolia proposes a Reuse pilot to transform wastewater into drinking water. The pilot is designed to be a closed loop that could provide complete water autonomy to any facility. The main objectives of this project are to produce potable water from wastewater, to operate in a closed loop system, to ensure reliability and performance of the process and to demonstrate financial viability. The pilot consists of processes such as phytoremediation, micro-granular activated carbon adsorption assisted by ozonation, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. We succeed in producing water with drinking quality according to french legislation. The system is not a closed loop yet but we achieved a reliable hydraulic balance control that allows us to close the system in the near future. The performance of the system is reliable, in one year and three months approximately 142,6 m3 of water have been treated and not even once the turbidity of UF permeate has reached 1NTU (legislation limit). The permeability of the membrane now is around 55 LMH/bar. In our best scenario the cost of treated water is 6,01 €/m3 while the average cost of water in france is 5 €/m3. We believe that a scale up of the system will decrease the cost per m3 of water produced. In addition, for places with water scarcity the autonomy of water supply is an important advantage.

Author's name: Petra Kahounová School: Charles University, Prague, Faculty of Arts Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Náměstí Jana Palacha 2, 116 38 Praha 1 Program: Finnish language Title: Problems of consonant gradation in Finnish as a second language Consultant: Mgr. Lenka Fárová, Ph.D. Number of pages: 65 + 11 pages of attachments Number of attachments: 5 Year: 2012 Keywords: gradation of consonants in Finnish, corpus, analysis of mistakes, direct gradation, reverse gradation, student's language The aim of this thesis is to explore and describe mistakes made in the consonant gradation in interlanguage by students of Finnish language. Finnish has a complicated system of inflection in comparison with indoeuropean languages, so it is necessary to know the rules to create the right form of the word. The mistakes were found in czech and polish students' texts and I tried to identify in which types of gradation they are most frequent. Particular mistakes were sorted into groups according to types of consonant clusters. I compared what mistakes czech and polish students make, which mistakes are the most frequent and if there are some any similarities between these two nations. I focused on explanation of wrong word forms.

There have been three main sets of trends in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of the internal market after 2004. The first set of trends concerned the criteria of legal analysis, i.e. the scope of EU rules on free movement, the concept of the restriction of free movement and the justification of such restrictions. The second set of trends in the case law is related to the fact that the Court completes its legal analysis by considerations linked to its value orientation of the Court, i.e. its liberalism, social tendencies, protection of fundamental rights, pragmatism and proactivity. The third trend in the case law of the internal market consisted in changing the focus of case law in the sense that the Court has begun to deal with more and more cases from sectoral fields, i.e. fields covered by secondary law.