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Journal articles on the topic 'Retrofitting building envelope'
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1
Felius, Laurina C., Mohamed Hamdy, Fredrik Dessen, and Bozena Dorota Hrynyszyn. "Upgrading the Smartness of Retrofitting Packages towards Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings in Cold Climate Countries: Two Case Studies." Buildings 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110200.
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Improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings by implementing building automation control strategies (BACS) besides building envelope and energy system retrofitting has been recommended by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018. This paper investigated this recommendation by conducting a simulation-based optimization to explore cost-effective retrofitting combinations of building envelope, energy systems and BACS measures in-line with automation standard EN 15232. Two cases (i.e., a typical single-family house and apartment block) were modeled and simulated using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA-ICE). The built-in optimization tool, GenOpt, was used to minimize energy consumption as the single objective function. The associated difference in life cycle cost, compared to the reference design, was calculated for each optimization iteration. Thermal comfort of the optimized solutions was assessed to verify the thermal comfort acceptability. Installing an air source heat pump had a greater energy-saving potential than reducing heat losses through the building envelope. Implementing BACS achieved cost-effective energy savings up to 24%. Energy savings up to 57% were estimated when BACS was combined with the other retrofitting measures. Particularly for compact buildings, where the potential of reducing heat losses through the envelope is limited, the impact of BACS increased. BACS also improved the thermal comfort.
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Chiradeja, Pathomthat, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. "Energy and Economic Analysis of Tropical Building Envelope Material in Compliance with Thailand’s Building Energy Code." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 6872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236872.
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The building envelope has a direct impact on the overall energy consumption of a building. Thus, an improvement in the building envelope using energy-efficient material can yield the desired energy performance. This study is based on the materials and compositions used in building envelopes in compliance with the building energy code of Thailand. The building under study is an educational building located in Bangkok, Thailand. Both the energy and the economic aspects of retrofitted building envelopes are discussed in this study. The energy performance was evaluated by calculating the thermal transfer value and whole building energy consumption using the building energy code (BEC) software. The simulation was done under the assumption that the building envelope in the case study building was retrofitted with different materials and compositions. The study determines the feasibility of retrofitting buildings using energy-efficient material by utilizing the discounted payback period and internal rate of return (IRR) as indicators. The results show that retrofitted building envelopes in every case can reduce the whole building energy consumption. In the best envelope configuration, energy consumption can decrease by 65%. In addition, the economic potential is also high, with an IRR value of approximately 15% and a payback period of 23 less than nine years. These finding indicate that a building envelope made with energy-efficient material can achieve good results for both energy performance and economic feasibility.
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Zuluaga, Simon Sanchez, Stylianos Kallioras, and Anastasios Tsiavos. "Optimization of Synergetic Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Based on Timber Beams and Bio-Based Infill Panels: Application to an Existing Masonry Building in Switzerland." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081126.
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This paper presents an optimization process for the design of a novel synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting strategy that combines the favorable mechanical properties of timber and the attractive thermal insulation properties of bio-based materials. The novel method, defined as Strong Thermal and Seismic Backs (STSB), comprises the attachment of timber frames and bio-based thermal insulation panels on the vertical envelope and the facade walls of existing masonry buildings, thus improving both the seismic behavior and the energy performance of these buildings. This strategy is integrated and visualized in a novel synergetic framework for the holistic evaluation of the seismic behavior, the energy performance and the carbon footprint of existing buildings, defined as the Seismic and Energy Retrofitting Scoreboard (SERS). The benefit of the novel retrofitting strategy is quantified based on the numerical simulation of the seismic behavior of an unreinforced masonry building located in Switzerland, an assessment of the energy performance of the building and an evaluation of the carbon footprint of the proposed retrofit solution. Three retrofitting alternatives are investigated for the synergetic seismic and energy retrofitting of the building, comprising timber beams and two different bio-based materials for the thermal insulation of the vertical envelope of the building: cork and recycled natural grass. The optimal seismic and energy retrofitting strategy for the building among the alternatives assessed in this study is chosen based on a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) procedure.
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Darula, S., and M. Malikova. "Building envelope and energy demand in retrofitting office." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 9, no. 2 (December 2018): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2018.9.2.1.
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Building envelopes have a significant role in the protection of interiors against weather conditions. While wind, rain barriers and barriers against excessive heat gains were constructed from insufficient elements in the past, the current requirements for envelope functions are different. New materials and technologies allow for more complex design and evaluation of parameters in regard to the needs of occupants and economical interior performance. This paper is focused on the daylighting solutions inside lit office space in which renovation of the lighting system is expected. Several retrofit scenarios based on window shading variations and lighting systems are investigated. Achieved results are evaluated from the point of view of energy demand. The integrative multi-platform tool, the Lighting Retrofit Adviser (LRA) is applied to calculate energy renovation preferences and to accept decision.
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Huang, Chun Hua, Sheng Liu, and Yi Ming Liu. "Analysis of Building Envelope Materials Retrofitting of Timber Dwellings Based on Energy Efficiency." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.687.
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To find out the optimum building envelope retrofitting methods for timber dwellings in Western Hunan, China, energy efficiency retrofitting strategies of building envelope materials are optimized by an orthogonal test and energy simulation tool, DeST-h. On the premise of protecting their architectural styles, a comprehensive materials retrofitting strategy, a polyurethane foam insulation layer for the double-fir external wall envelope, reed foil for the clay insulation layer roof, using ordinary insulating glass units window material, is provided for the existing timer-structured dwellings in rural area of Western Hunan. After retrofitting, this passive strategy can achieve an energy-saving rate of 64.97%, short 4 years dynamic payback period of investment, and increase by 847h acceptable temperature hours in one year.
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Rached, Ehab, and Maha Anber. "Energy retrofitting strategies for office buildings in hot arid climate." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac031.
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Abstract The building sector consumes ~30% of the primary energy consumption. Energy retrofitting of buildings contributes greatly to reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This research aims at revealing the potential energy savings resulting from applying energy retrofitting strategies to office buildings in hot arid climate. The study is applied on Cairo, Egypt, representing the hot arid climate. The case study building was selected to be an existing office building with an area of 12 000 m2. The energy simulation software used is the DesignBuilder software. The suggested retrofitting strategies are upgrading the lighting systems to use LED lights, upgrading the air conditioning performance, using external shading devices, improving AC efficiency, improving the building’s air tightness and improving the R-value of the building envelope by using insulation for exterior walls and roof and substituting the existing window glazing. Those strategies were applied to the building for evaluating their potential for achieving energy savings. The conclusion of the applied study was that by combining the most effective strategies has resulted in annual energy consumption reduction by 86%.
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Venegas, Tomás P., Byron A. Espinosa, Francisco A. Cataño, and Diego A. Vasco. "Impact Assessment of Implementing Several Retrofitting Strategies on the Air-Conditioning Energy Demand of an Existing University Office Building in Santiago, Chile." Infrastructures 8, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8040080.
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This work analyzed the thermal behavior of an existing building, considering different retrofitting strategies. The methodology starts with an in-situ survey that allowed for obtaining information about occupation, work schedules, envelope materials, lighting, and equipment, which was vital to develop an energy model of the building. Then, the thermal analysis, employing simulations, demonstrates a higher relevance of heat flows through the building’s envelope than internal loads and higher cooling rather than heating demands. Afterward, several retrofit strategies focusing on modifying architectural elements were assessed. Finally, these strategies were compared based on their impact on the air-conditioning energy demand. A systematic review identified a lack of studies relating certification and energy policies to buildings retrofitting. Therefore, we assessed the energy performance of the building, when modified to meet the baseline requirements set on the Chilean certification requirements for sustainable buildings, to verify if the certification is a suitable method to assess the energy efficiency of an office building. Although the study only involves a single building, it aims to illustrate identified limitations using the energy policies for Chilean public buildings. The Chilean certification for sustainable buildings seems not to be suitable for the evaluation of energy consumption for the retrofit of existing buildings. Although this study does not demonstrate general trends, it presents a precedent for subsequent studies to evaluate the relevance of the Chilean certification guidelines.
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Ramos, N. M. M., I. M. Ribeiro, P. Santos, João M. P. Q. Delgado, and V. P. de Freitas. "Optimisation of Envelope Insulation for the Retrofit of an Educational Building." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 1137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.1137.
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This paper presents ongoing work for the definition of an optimal design strategy for retrofitting educational buildings. The term “optimal design” refers to the selection of different retrofitting solutions to ensure an energy efficient building that can be developed which will not compromise hygrothermal comfort, indoor air quality, health and durability. In this paper, a selection model of thermal insulation thickness of envelope elements is developed, aiming the control of surface condensation and upgrade of hygrothermal comfort. The mathematical formulation of this model leads to a nonlinear program with linear objective function. The software Gmas/Minos was chosen to solve the optimization problem and to develop a calculation program to solve this specific application. The software Energy-Plus developed by the US Department of Energy was used to simulate hygrothermal performance of the building, providing results for a comparison with the developed simulation tool. The paper presents an example of an optimal design problem for a specific classroom of a retrofit educational building.
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Rauf, K., and R. Paraschiv. "Retrofitting Old Silk Factory in Valmadrera, Italy with Insulated Envelope Solutions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1026, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1026/1/012026.
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Abstract Building industry is responsible for almost 50% of the world’s total energy demand. It takes more energy to operate buildings than it takes to run the manufacturing or transportation industry. In the drive for climate change, a lot of work is being done by policy makers for making new projects better aligned with environmental and energy conservation goals. It is not enough to only focus on improving the climate response of new construction. Work also needs to be done on improving the energy performance of existing building projects which will in turn, further reduce the CO2 footprint of the building operations industry. One way to reduce the energy consumption of existing buildings, is to add insulation to façade elements during building retrofitting projects. The purpose of this research is to shed light on probable options and benefits for adding insulation to traditional envelopes. This will enhance the operating capacity of buildings without the need for demolition or re-construction. This project demonstrates the energy efficient retrofitting of an old silk factory in the historic city of Valmadrera, Italy to act as a prototype project testing suitable options for adding insulation to existing structural systems. One of the biggest challenges for this type of upgrade is the porous nature of the existing building material and how it conflicts with the hygroscopy of synthetic insulation materials. The research suggests the use of organic insulating materials for the envelope elements. At the same time it also offers valuable suggestions for future explorations. This research has a high impact value globally, due to the vast treasure of historical architecture buildings which need to be preserved, but also need improvement in terms of their technological performance. Furthermore, it holds strong relevance for the Saudi Vision 2030 because preserving local architectural practices, materials and techniques is a significant part of the national motivation to preserve Saudi cultural identity.
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Verma, Jaineshwar, and Satish Parihar. "Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Concrete Block Masonry Buildings Before and After Retrofitting: A Case Study." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43183.
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Abstract: This article presents the results of a case study on the performance of unreinforced concrete block masonry building system. The configuration and materials used for the single-story building are typical of those found in the northern areas of 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The retrofitting of the building was done using Ferro-cement overlay and cement based grout injection. Combined shear and flexure failure was observed during the test before retrofitting. The lateral load capacity of the retrofitted building was significantly improved and the damage mechanism was transformed from mixed compression-flexureshear to a more stable flexural rocking mode. Damage patterns and deformation behavior of the retrofitted structure are compared to the intact structure to quantify the benefits of retrofitting scheme, which is proposed as an efficient approach for the rehabilitation of the existing buildings. Study data were analyzed and presented in the form of force-deformation loops and envelope curves. Based on the measured data, different performance levels before and after retrofitting of the structure have been established. The results from this study are expected to guide future efforts on development of design recommendations and vulnerability assessment of buildings. Keywords: Earthquake; Unreinforced Concrete Block Masonry; Retrofitting; Quasi Static Test; Ferro-Cement Overlay; Rehabilitation; Vulnerability assessment;
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Sharma, Sunil Kumar, Swati Mohapatra, Rakesh Chandmal Sharma, Sinem Alturjman, Chadi Altrjman, Leonardo Mostarda, and Thompson Stephan. "Retrofitting Existing Buildings to Improve Energy Performance." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020666.
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Energy-efficient retrofits embrace enhancement of the building envelope through climate control strategies, employment of building-integrated renewable energy technologies, and insulation for a sustainable city. Building envelope improvements with insulation is a common approach, yet decision-making plays an important role in determining the most appropriate envelope retrofit strategy. In this paper, the main objective is to evaluate different retrofit strategies (RS) through a calibrated simulation approach. Based on an energy performance audit and monitoring, an existing building is evaluated on performance levels and improvement potentials with basic energy conservation measures. The considered building is experimentally monitored for a full year, and monitoring data are used in calibrating the simulation model. The validation of the base model is done by comparing the simulation analysis with the experimental investigation, and good agreement is found. Three different retrofit strategies based on Intervention of minor (RS1), Moderate (RS2), and Major (RS3) are analyzed and juxtaposed with the base model to identify the optimal strategy of minimizing energy consumption. The result shows that total energy intensity in terms of the percentage reduction index is about 16.7% for RS1, 19.87 for RS2, and 24.12% for RS3. Hence, RS3 is considered the optimal retrofit strategy and is further simulated for a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and payback investigation. It was found that the annual reduction in CO2 emissions of the building was 18.56%, and the payback period for the investment was 10.6 years.
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Madushika, U. G. D., Thanuja Ramachandra, Gayani Karunasena, and P. A. D. S. Udakara. "Energy Retrofitting Technologies of Buildings: A Review-Based Assessment." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 24, 2023): 4924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134924.
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Demand for energy and resources is increasing day by day. The construction industry plays a major role in the consumption of energy and resources. Buildings that were built before energy-efficient sustainable practices became popular consume a larger portion of energy as compared to the new buildings. As a result, enhancing energy performance through retrofitting of those old buildings is a major concern in the construction industry. In the modern built environment, there are many technologies available in the market to enhance the energy performance of such buildings. However, the body of knowledge regarding energy retrofitting technologies is still scattered. Therefore, in this study, a review-based assessment was undertaken to identify energy retrofitting technologies that could enhance energy performance in existing buildings. The Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was followed during the article screening and selection for this study. Following a systematic filtering process, a total of 149 out of 643 research contributions have been considered for in-depth analysis of energy retrofitting classification and respective energy retrofitting technologies. According to the review, energy retrofitting technologies are categorized into three main aspects; building envelope retrofitting, building system retrofitting, and renewable energy. The study found thirty-seven (37) energy-related retrofitting technologies in the current context. Further, 25 possible energy retrofitting technologies were identified under the six main subcategories, including façade, roof floor, window, door, and orientation. In terms of building system retrofitting, 10 possible energy retrofitting technologies were identified under the HVAC system and lighting system. The remaining two technologies identified under the renewable energy category were solar and wind technology. The review further confirms that the application of energy-related retrofitting technologies has the highest contribution in terms of energy and cost saving of existing buildings. It is expected that this outcome would better guide stakeholders in decision-making with regard to the selection of energy retrofitting technologies in a given context.
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Orlik-Kożdoń, Bożena, Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina, Małgorzata Fedorczak-Cisak, Tomasz Steidl, Andrzej Białkiewicz, Maria Żychowska, and Andriy Muzychak. "Historic Building Thermal Diagnostics Algorithm Presented for the Example of a Townhouse in Lviv." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 5374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205374.
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This paper presents a proposal for a historic building thermal diagnostics algorithm for the example of a historical townhouse located in Lviv, Ukraine. The authors proposed a testing and diagnostics procedure that should precede design and renovation work associated with improving the energy standard of the buildings under discussion. The procedure was presented using a case study of a selected historical building. The scope of the study included an assessment of the building’s technical condition, thermal vision diagnostics, wall moisture, and water absorption in the context of protection against rain. Sample thermal and hygrothermal calculations were performed for a sample architecture element. The calculations included simulations of partition envelope behaviour after planned thermal retrofitting had been carried out. Performing the presented thermal diagnostics methods in three interlinked blocks (A, B, and C) shall ensure the proper thermal retrofitting of historical buildings in the context of their further occupancy.
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Pracucci, Alessandro, Sara Magnani, Laura Vandi, Oscar Casadei, Amaia Uriarte, Bruno Bueno, and Michele Vavallo. "An Analytical Approach for the Selection of Technologies to be Integrated in a Plug&play Façade Unit: The RenoZEB Case Study." Proceedings 65, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020065029.
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The nearly Zero Energy building (nZEB) renovation market is currently the key feature in the construction sector. RenoZEB aims to develop a systematic approach for retrofitting by assembling different technologies in a plug and play building envelope. This paper presents the methodology used to transform the RenoZEB concept in the design system. A multi-criteria decision matrix is used for the selection of the best façade technologies within the market while the analysis of the existing building conditions allows to develop a replicable approach for designing deep retrofitting intervention through a plug&play façade. The methodology appears to be a valuable support for the selection of technologies and allows to define a design guideline for the envelope.
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Al-Tamimi, Nedhal. "Building Envelope Retrofitting Strategies for Energy-Efficient Office Buildings in Saudi Arabia." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 1900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111900.
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is working to establish cities based on the economy and attract investments such as Neom and The Line. Moreover, at the beginning of 2021, the Saudi government announced that it will stop dealing with foreign companies that establish regional offices outside the country, starting from the beginning of the year 2024. These acts will contribute to strengthening the presence of office buildings significantly. However, the biggest challenge is the inefficient energy design and operation of the existing office buildings in an overheated environment. Therefore, improving the thermal performance of existing office buildings has become a priority for sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the current scenario of energy performance in Saudi governmental office buildings. One of the most important strategies of the Kingdom’s vision 2030 regards energy conservation. In support of the aim of this research, the annual electric energy bill of the Agricultural Development Fund building in Najran has been collected and analyzed. Accordingly, the analyses were carried out to evaluate the improvement in energy consumption through retrofitting the building envelope. DesignBuilder simulation program was used to investigate the effects of different retrofitting strategies of the building envelope in terms of changing the type of window’s glass, adding thermal insulation layers, and applying egg-crate shading devices. The results reported that applying a combination of those strategies reduced total energy consumption by 26.81% compared with the current base case.
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Meireis, Cláudio, Filipa S. Serino, Carlos Maia, André C. Fontes, and Jorge M. Branco. "Current Practice and Potential Associated with Timber-Based Solutions for Buildings Retrofitting." Infrastructures 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7020025.
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Current buildings are responsible for the highest energy consumption, exceeding polluting sectors such as industry and transports. In Portugal, a large part of the building stock was built in the 1970s and 1980s, but buildings dated from the 1960s and 1970s are the ones with the most anomalies and worst quality of construction and, therefore, worst energy performance. The renovation of those buildings can represent an excellent opportunity to correct and improve their energy deficiency and, with that, to promote a more sustainable building stock. The ETICS system is the most used for the renovation of buildings in Portugal due to its lower cost, quick application and thermal efficiency, but it doesn’t solve other problems that may exist, such as structural safety and interior organization of the existing building. The application of prefabricated systems in the envelope has proved to be successful in improving energy efficiency, allowing new volumes and extra areas while contributing to the structural resilience of existing buildings. This paper aims to describe the current situation of the buildings renovation in Portugal and to discuss the potential of innovative envelope retrofitting solutions, using natural materials like timber, and is more concerned with the problems of existing buildings and the need for comfort and space for the occupants.
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Abouaiana, Ahmed. "Retrofitting Rural Dwellings in Delta Region to Enhance Climate Change Mitigation in Egypt." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0009.
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Abstract The current rural dwelling pattern in the Delta in Egypt consumes much energy to achieve dwellers’ thermal comfort, increasing greenhouse gas emissions contributing to climate change threatening the region’s coastal parts. Therefore, this study highlights the potential of retrofitting the existing rural house utilizing pervasive construction technologies in diminishing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions as a climate change mitigation strategy. The current modern rural house and the construction typologies were characterized. This study selected a typical modern rural dwelling located in Al-Gharbia Governorate in the Delta region. The suggested retrofitting strategies were applied to the external building envelope. The impact on the annual energy consumption of cooling and heating loads was evaluated using an Energy Performance Assessment Tool (Design Builder). An optimal envelope configuration was suggested, then an economic assessment and an investigation to the local acceptance were provided. The results showed that using the commonly used construction techniques as a retrofitting strategy can plummet the energy consumption and CO2 emissions by one-third worthy of mentioning that the locals have shown a lack of interest in the investment in retrofitting their buildings as well as the economic model showed that the investment is not profitable. Further studies can be made by the author considering investigating different building typologies and engaging other stakeholders.
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Belleri, Annamaria, Chiara Dipasquale, and Jennifer Adami. "A framework for the technical evaluation of residential buildings’ energy retrofit." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103025.
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Despite a wide range of energy-efficient technologies, financial products and public incentives are already available, the private as well as the public sector are struggling to invest in energy efficient solutions for buildings. The primary barriers are the high initial cost and the uncertain payback period of the energy refurbishment. Allowing for different scenario testing and considering interactions among different building energy systems, building energy simulation tools can help investors overcoming such barriers by offering support to the technical planning of energy refurbishment kits through quantitative information rather than qualitative. The energy performance and comfort of three reference multifamily residential buildings typologies were evaluated considering three envelope retrofitting performance levels (high-medium-low insulated and airtight) and different heating and domestic hot water systems (heat pump, boiler, district heating). The tested envelope retrofitting performance levels allow for heating need reduction between 50% and 90% compared to the reference case. The active cooling system is not accounted for and building energy simulations outputs include thermal comfort evaluation and overheating risk assessment during the summer season. The potential of photovoltaic system combined with heat pump is evaluated in the three reference cases leading to up to 30% of load coverage.
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Li, Yangluxi, and Lei Chen. "A study on database of modular façade retrofitting building envelope." Energy and Buildings 214 (May 2020): 109826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.109826.
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Meng, Xiaojing, Beibei Wei, and Yingni Zhai. "Sensitivity Analysis of Envelope Design Parameters of Industrial Buildings with Natural Ventilation." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410288.
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It is beneficial for designers to identify the most important design parameters of building envelopes. This study undertook sensitivity analysis integrated with EnergyPlus to assess the impacts of envelope design parameters for naturally ventilated industrial buildings. Sensitivity coefficients of six envelope design parameters for different internal heat intensities were analyzed and compared for buildings in the city of Xi’an, located in the cold climate zone of China. Our results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of the roofs had the most significant impact on indoor temperature. The weights were 32.29%, 33.71% and 30.71%, and the heat intensities were 5, 10 and 15 W/m3, respectively. The effect of the skylight-to-roof ratio was the second most sensitive. The impact of the solar absorptances of the walls and roof on the total number of hours was not sensitive. The results could be helpful for designers to efficiently form alternative design solutions in the design of new and retrofitting industrial buildings.
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Ismail, Amirul Amin, and Azman Zainonabidin. "OVERALL TRANSFER THERMAL VALUE (OTTV) INDEX ASSESSMENT ON 4G11 TOWER, MINISTRY OF WOMEN FAMILY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA." Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment 1, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/myse.v1i1.5564.
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In the Eleventh Malaysia Plan, Malaysia will be pioneering a sustainable city development by retrofitting all Government buildings to be energy efficient. Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is a measuring tool of thermal efficiency for building envelope. A case study on iconic 4G11 Tower is carried out to determine the possibility of improving OTTV assessment for existing high-rise office building thus enhance the building’s overall efficiency. Through this exercise, several variables influence the OTTV score such as U-Value, Shading Coefficient (SC) and Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR). Characterised by Baseline Design, MS1525 Design and Platinum Design, this will be a precedent of OTTV assessment for high-rise office building typology.
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Mabdeh, Shouib, Hikmat Ali, and Majed Al-Momani. "Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Retrofit Measures in Existing Healthcare Facility Buildings: The case of Developing Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13683.
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Although retrofitting existing buildings is an important step toward sustainability, most research have concentrated on the sustainability of new structures. Existing buildings retrofit is being questioned, particularly in terms of selecting the optimal solution. Additionally, thermal comfort is crucial for patient satisfaction in healthcare facilities, but enhancing this factor increases energy use. However, envelope retrofitting of healthcare facilities buildings stock provides a high potential for energy savings. Consequently, this study aims to develop envelope retrofitting guidelines for uninsulated healthcare buildings in Jordan and to propose locally available retrofit measures. The difference in the building performance before and after retrofit is used to assess potential energy savings. Next, this outcome is used in a life cycle assessment (LCA) to examine the economic and environmental feasibility of the proposed retrofit measures using life cycle cost and life cycle CO2. This procedure combines the best economic and environmental measures available to create a comprehensive retrofit strategy. Thus, this study adopts a mixed-method design combining quantitative and qualitative methods, including physical analysis, national archives, and questionnaires. The results show that all proposed measures are economically and environmentally feasible, and the combination of two or more measures could produce up to 33% energy savings. Finally, the holistic approach strategy is investigated with various healthcare facilities’ life cycle.
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Silvestre, José D., André M. P. Castelo, José J. B. C. Silva, Jorge M. C. L. de Brito, and Manuel D. Pinheiro. "Retrofitting a Building’s Envelope: Sustainability Performance of ETICS with ICB or EPS." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071285.
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This paper analyses the environmental, energy, and economic performances of the External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) using agglomerated insulation cork board (ICB) or expanded polystyrene (EPS) as insulation material applied in the energetic renovation of the building envelope during a 50-year study period. A comparison between ETICS using ICB and EPS, for the same time horizon, is also presented. The environmental balance is based on “Cradle to Cradle” (C2C) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), focusing on the carbon footprint and consumption of nonrenewable primary energy (PE-NRe). The characteristics of these products in terms of thermal insulation, the increased energy performance provided by their installation for retrofit of the buildings’ envelope, and the resulting energy savings are considered in the energy balance. The estimation of the C2C carbon and PE-NRe saved is considered in the final balance between the energy and environmental performances. ETICS with ICB is environmentally advantageous both in terms of carbon footprint and of PE-NRe. In fact, the production stage of ICB is less polluting, while EPS requires lower energy consumption to fulfil the heating and cooling needs of a flat, due to its lower U-Value, and its lower acquisition cost results in a lower C2C cost. Comparing both ETICS’ alternatives with reference solutions, it was found that the latter only perform better in the economic dimension, and only for an energy consumption to fulfil less than 25% of the heating and cooling needs. This paper represents an advance to the current state-of-the-art by including all the life-cycle stages and dimensions of the LCA in the analysis of solutions for energy renovation of building envelopes.
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Liu, Changchun, Wenting Ma, Jianli Hao, Daiwei Luo, Jian Zuo, and Cheng Zhang. "Energy Retrofitting Assessment of Public Building Envelopes in China’s Hot Summer and Cold Winter Climate Region." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111866.
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The retrofitting of existing public buildings to save energy and reduce carbon emissions is a priority for China’s building sector. Accordingly, the Chinese government requires all public buildings to be energy retrofitted based on the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings GB50189-2015. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the energy efficiency of this design standard in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) climate region of China. The aim of this study was therefore to provide sensitivity analysis for the thermal properties of the envelope of a typical public building energy retrofit in China’s HSCW climate region. The results show that the thermal performance of the existing envelope of the sample building was very poor, with heating and cooling energy consumption 18.94% higher than the GB90189-2015 baseline model. It was found that better optimized parameters could reduce the heating and cooling energy load by 28.26% compared with the parameters of the sample building. The findings from this study provide valuable references for local governments and practitioners eager to improve the energy efficiency of existing public buildings in China’s HSCW region.
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Chidiac, S. E., E. J. C. Catania, H. L. Perry, E. Morofsky, and S. Foo. "Computational tools for selecting energy conservation measures for retrofitting existing office buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 5 (May 2013): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-037.
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Existing buildings consume most of our non-transportation related energy and are a major contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases. Improving their energy efficiency by applying energy conservation measures (ECMs) remains a major challenge. This paper presents computational tools developed to screen office buildings for retrofit and to select specific ECMs for each building. This selection process accounts for climate, occupancy, building operation, heating and cooling systems, distribution systems, envelope properties, building geometry, and cost of ECMs. The tools screen the complete building set for optimal retrofit opportunities. The methodology adopted in developing the computational tools includes characterization of the office building stock into a manageable set of archetypes; simulation of building operation using specific occupancy characteristics and local climate data; development of energy prediction models for lights, equipment, pumps, fans, domestic hot water, chillers, and boilers; and application of present value analysis to evaluate the cost effectiveness of ECMs.
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Basińska, Małgorzata, Dobrosława Kaczorek, and Halina Koczyk. "Economic and Energy Analysis of Building Retrofitting Using Internal Insulations." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092446.
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The energy-saving requirements for most buildings focus on improving the insulation and airtightness of a building’s envelope. In this paper, the authors have investigated the effect of additional internal insulation on energy consumption for heating and cooling in a residential building. Energy performance analyses were conducted for buildings with four internal thermal insulation systems in three locations using the WUFI Plus software. The Global Cost Method and Simply Pay Back Time have been used to assess and compare the economic viability of the retrofit systems. The results show that, in relation to energy, retrofitting with internal wall insulation can be an alternative to traditional external insulation. The assessment of internal insulation for low-energy buildings, however, cannot be conducted based on economic criteria. The usual approach of Simply Pay Back Time has exceptionally long payback time, which is unacceptable. In turn, the Global Cost Method, can only be used to compare the applied materials. With high investment costs, thermo-modernization improvements do not contribute to significant savings. The conditions of thermal comfort and the analysis of temperature and steam pressure play a decisive role in assessing this type of solution.
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Heracleous, C., A. Kyriakidis, G. M. Stavrakakis, D. Tziritas, D. Bakirtzis, N. Zografakis, G. Pantelakis, et al. "Energy Retrofit of Public Educational Buildings and Sustainable Mobility: Case study in Crete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1196, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012033.
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Abstract The European Union, through the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive, has been establishing requirements and expectations regarding energy savings and efficiency in buildings. Educational buildings comprise a significant part of public buildings that should lead the way in the energy retrofitting of existing building stock. The present study aims to create intelligent school complexes that will be energy upgraded to meet the need for reduced energy consumption in the public sector in order to comply with EU guidelines, optimize the sense of comfort, introduce the renewable energy and enhance sustainable mobility by creating electric charging stations for vehicles. Retrofitting approaches consider thermal insulation of the building envelope, replacement of heating and lighting system with more efficient ones and installation of building management system for the creation of an electronic application that will monitor the energy status of the building in real time and will train users in the proper use of new energy management technologies from RES. The overall objective of the project is to create Intelligent Buildings Standards of Nearly Zero Consumption which promote an overall ecological character of public buildings demonstrating their social role.
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Cambier, Charlotte, Jeroen Poppe, Waldo Galle, Stijn Elsen, and Niels De Temmerman. "The Circular Retrofit Lab: a multi-disciplinary development of a building envelope according to circular design qualities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 855, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/855/1/012013.
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Abstract From 2016 until 2019, the Circular Retrofit Lab (CRL) was realised within the H2020-funded project Building As Material Banks (BAMB). The CRL was an experimental pilot project concerning the refurbishment of eight student housing modules in Brussels, Belgium. The lab aims to demonstrate how to implement circular building design in a retrofitting project. This paper discusses the design choices and the outcome of the CRL’s building envelope. That envelope consists of a modular façade system of prefabricated panels. The innovative, adaptable and reusable building solutions applied in the CRL have been developed in collaboration with various construction stakeholders and included, exceptionally in the design and construction process, also industrial partners. In this study, we go deeper into the impact of the multi-disciplinary approach on the resulting implementation of a circular building envelope. Through a reflexive learning-history workshop, we can show how the involvement of various actors and unconventional circularity requirements increase the complexity of the project, but also how they positively impact the reactivation of existing buildings and proved to be a lasting learning opportunity to all partners involved.
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Mangan, Suzi Dilara. "A Performance-Based Decision Support Workflow for Retrofitting Residential Buildings." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032567.
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The trend towards high-performance residential buildings with new building regulations necessitates fundamental changes in the residential market, which is currently driven by low initial investment costs and dominated by weak innovative cycles. This change involves a difficult decision-making process that must consider the multiple and generally conflicting objectives regarding optimal retrofitting for residential buildings. This study aimed to develop an approach that would provide feedback about a building’s energy and economic performance in relation to the decision-making process to ensure that the complex residence retrofitting process is more efficient. For this purpose, a performance-oriented decision support workflow is recommended for a typical multifamily apartment block within a hypothetical settlement context in Istanbul Province, which includes (i) an automated parametric energy simulation through the coupling of EnergyPlus and MATLAB® to determine differences between retrofit alternatives in relation to the building envelope, energy systems and renewable energy systems, and (ii) a multiple-criteria decision analysis to determine the retrofit alternatives by which the optimal performance can be achieved, taking into account the conflicting nature of key performance indicators (primary energy saving and life-cycle cost saving). Architects and residence owners—who are the main decision makers—can use this proposed workflow to explore effective retrofit alternatives and to make informed decisions about performance-based retrofitting by comparing the energy and economic performance of these alternatives.
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Stankevičius, V., and A. Burlingis. "THE PROBLEMS OF RETROFITTING OF DWELLINGS/GYVENAMŲJŲ NAMŲ APŠILTINIMO PROBLEMOS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 2, no. 5 (March 31, 1996): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1996.10531550.
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With the rise of energy prices, the need for saving energy have increased. The existing buildings are poorly insulated, so it seems enough to insulate building envelope additionally and in such a way to save about 50% of annual energy consumption for heating. But there are some problems here. With new constructions everything is clear—the insulating materials do not enlarge the overall cost of building too much. But the situation becomes much more complicated with the existing poorly insulated buildings. The profitability of energy savings in dwelling buildings depends on the relationship between the prices of energy, building materials and workmanship, the market lowest interest rate and partly on average earnings of the inhabitants. The paper submits the data of Lithuania's dwelling stock—thermal conditions of enclosures, dwelling areas, annual average heat losses before and after insulation of enclosures according to the requirements of the building code RSN-143-92 “Thermal Technique of Buildings”. We have also calculated the limit investments into additional insulation of enclosures, depending on duration of a bank loan, a bank interest rate, present price of heating and expected probable relative energy price increase in Lithuania. The paying back energy conservation measures and priorities of realization of those measures are suggested under Lithuanian conditions too.
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Katsura, Takao, and Katsunori Nagano. "Investigation on Longer Service Life of Vacuum Insulation Panels by Applying Double Envelopes." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339604009.
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The conversion of existing buildings to ZEB requires high thermal insulation. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have a potential to be used for retrofitting thermal insulation of existing buildings from the viewpoint of low thermal conductivity, small thickness, and light weight. However, in order to realize vacuum insulation panels applicable to building insulation, it is necessary to overcome the challenge of maintaining the low pressure at which the high insulation performance can be achieved for several decades. The authors applied the double envelopes to VIPs and investigated longer service life of VIPs. The double envelope VIP is fabricated by fabricating a normal VIP, then wrapping the VIP with core materials, and then inserting it into the envelope for vacuum sealing. By applying the double envelopes, the pressure difference and the permeation of gas in inner VIP can be drastically reduced, resulting in a longer VIP lifetime. In this paper, the gas permeabilities of the gas barrier envelopes were experimentally estimated. Then, the pressure ageing in the double envelope VIP is calculated. The inner pressure after 25 years was 1.6 Pa for the envelope of aluminium composite film and 59.3 Pa for the envelope of transparent gas barrier film, indicating that long-term insulation performance could be improved. Next, the authors carried out acceleration test, in which the double envelope VIPs were put in a chamber at 80oC and remove once a month to measure the thermal conductivity. Even after 136 weeks, one sample showed only a 9.1% decrease in thermal resistance. From this result, it was confirmed that long-term insulation performance can be greatly improved by fabricating double envelope VIPs with the getter agent inside and the desiccant agent outside.
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Aksamija, Ajla. "IMPACT OF RETROFITTING ENERGY-EFFICIENT DESIGN STRATEGIES ON ENERGY USE OF EXISTING COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOW-IMPACT AND DEEP RETROFIT STRATEGIES." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 4 (November 2017): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.4.70.
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This article discusses energy-efficient retrofitting design strategies for commercial office buildings, and examines their effect on energy consumption. The objective of the research was to study how to integrate passive design strategies and energy-efficient building systems to improve building performance, and reduce the energy consumption of existing buildings in three different climate types (cold, mixed and hot climates). First, properties of existing buildings were analyzed based on national CBECS database to determine typical characteristics of office buildings located in Chicago, Baltimore and Phoenix, including size, building envelope treatment and building systems. Then, fourteen different prototypes were developed, varying the building shape and orientation to represent different building stock, and energy modeling was conducted to establish energy usage baseline. Multiple design considerations were investigated based on extensive energy simulations and modeling, where low-impact and deep retrofits were considered. Low-impact strategies included improvements to the building envelope, lighting systems and optimization of HVAC systems operation (without upgrading heating and cooling equipment). Deep energy retrofits also included improvements to building envelope and lighting, and considered changes and improvements to HVAC systems (specifically, integration of radiant systems). Energy modeling was conducted for all prototypes, and results were obtained for the baseline (current energy usage), and energy usage considering low-impact design strategies and deep retrofits. A total of 126 energy models was developed, simulated and analyzed, providing a dataset that captured energy usage for investigated scenarios. The comparative analysis of simulation results was used to determine how specific techniques lead to energy savings in different climate types, as well as for buildings of various shapes and orientations.
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Fernández Bandera, Carlos, Ana Muñoz Mardones, Hu Du, Juan Echevarría Trueba, and Germán Ramos Ruiz. "Exergy As a Measure of Sustainable Retrofitting of Buildings." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 3139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113139.
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This study presents a novel optimization methodology for choosing optimal building retrofitting strategies based on the concept of exergy analysis. The study demonstrates that the building exergy analysis may open new opportunities in the design of an optimal retrofit solution despite being a theoretical approach based on the high performance of a Carnot reverse cycle. This exergy-based solution is different from the one selected through traditional efficient retrofits where minimizing energy consumption is the primary selection criteria. The new solution connects the building with the reference environment, which acts as “an unlimited sink or unlimited sources of energy”, and it adapts the building to maximize the intake of energy resources from the reference environment. The building hosting the School of Architecture at the University of Navarra has been chosen as the case study building. The unique architectural appearance and bespoke architectural characteristics of the building limit the choices of retrofitting solutions; therefore, retrofitting solutions on the façade, roof, roof skylight and windows are considered in multi-objective optimization using the jEPlus package. It is remarkable that different retrofitting solutions have been obtained for energy-driven and exergy-driven optimization, respectively. Considering the local contexts and all possible reference environments for the building, three “unlimited sinks or unlimited sources of energy” are selected for the case study building to explore exergy-driven optimization: the external air, the ground in the surrounding area and the nearby river. The evidence shows that no matter which reference environment is chosen, an identical envelope retrofitting solution has been obtained.
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Monzón-Chavarrías, Marta, Silvia Guillén-Lambea, Sergio García-Pérez, Antonio Luis Montealegre-Gracia, and Jorge Sierra-Pérez. "Heating Energy Consumption and Environmental Implications Due to the Change in Daily Habits in Residential Buildings Derived from COVID-19 Crisis: The Case of Barcelona, Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020918.
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The COVID-19 crisis has changed daily habits and the time that people spend at home. It is expected that this change may have environmental implications because of buildings’ heating energy demand. This paper studies the energy and environmental implications, from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, due to these new daily habits in residential buildings at their current level of thermal insulation, and in different scenarios of thermal retrofit of their envelope. This study has a building-to-building approach by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for the residential housing stock in the case of Barcelona, Spain. The results show that a change in daily habits derived from the pandemic can increase the heating energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in residential buildings by 182%. Retrofitting all buildings of Barcelona, according to conventional energy renovation instead of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), will produce between 2.25 × 107 and 2.57 × 107 tons of carbon dioxide. Retrofitting the building stock using energy recovery is the option with better energy and emission savings, but also is the option with higher payback time for buildings built until 2007. The methodology presented can be applied in any city with sufficient cadastral data, and is considered optimal in the European context, as it goes for calculating the heating energy consumption.
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Wan, Shiyu, Grace Ding, Goran Runeson, and Yisheng Liu. "Sustainable Buildings’ Energy-Efficient Retrofitting: A Study of Large Office Buildings in Beijing." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021021.
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Energy-efficient retrofitting has emerged as a primary strategy for reducing the energy consumption of buildings. Buildings in China account for about 40% of total national energy consumption. Large office buildings account for the most. Less than 5% of the building area of existing office buildings is energy efficient. Energy-efficient retrofitting for sustainable buildings is a complicated system that involves various sustainable dimensions and operational technical schemes. Making multi-criteria decisions becomes a challenging problem for stakeholders. Based on the theory of sustainability, this paper establishes a sustainable analysis framework to guide stakeholders to select an optimal technical combination of energy-efficient retrofit measures for large office buildings. Based on empirical data collected in Beijing, a number of energy efficiency measures are selected, tailored and applied to a virtual model of a typical large office building. Technical features and the energy performance are simulated accordingly. The energy consumption, energy-saving ratio and lifecycle costs are derived to identify the optimal configuration. The outcome of this research offers a feasible technical plan for stakeholders relating to technical design and design making. The study finds that an LED lighting system and frequency conversion device for the cooling water chiller cannot only sufficiently reduce the building’s energy consumption but also perform economically. Different thermal insulation materials for reconstructing the building envelope have no obvious effect on the thermal performance in comprehensive simulations of technology combinations. The sustainable analysis framework offers theoretical and practical support and can be used as a reference for the other types of buildings in future research.
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Tang, Yutong, Fengyu Gao, Chen Wang, Merit M. Huang, Mabao Wu, Heng Li, and Zhuo Li. "Vertical Greenery System (VGS) Renovation for Sustainable Arcade-Housing: Building Energy Efficiency Analysis Based on Digital Twin." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032310.
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The Urban Heat Island (UHI) caused by building densification greatly impacts the sustainability of urban residents and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize the envelope space of buildings for green retrofitting so that they can contribute to mitigating the UHI effect. In particular, green retrofitting of existing and historic buildings has become an effective means to improve the resilience of cities in the modernization process. In this study, Vertical Greenery Systems (VGS) were proposed for traditional commercial and residential buildings in Guangzhou, China. Digital Twin (DT) technology was applied to simulate the VGS construction method and irrigation to visualize the process of VGS construction for old commercial and residential buildings. In addition, the building heat and cooling consumption of the three-dimensional greening of the storage room on the ground floor of the arcade-housing and the living room on the top floor were analyzed according to the thermal parameters of different vertical greening types and different material facades. Finally, the modification of the west and south walls as a greening system was identified as the best energy-saving solution, and this finding provided reasonable theoretical support for the energy-saving design of the three-dimensional greening building of the arched house on South Street, a historic building with a combination of commercial and residential buildings.
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Marin-Perez, Rafael, Iakovos Michailidis, Dan Garcia-Carrillo, Christos Korkas, Elias Kosmatopoulos, and Antonio Skarmeta. "PLUG-N-HARVEST Architecture for Secure and Intelligent Management of Near-Zero Energy Buildings." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040843.
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Building Automation (BA) is key to encourage the growth of more sustainable cities and smart homes. However, current BA systems are not able to manage new constructions based on Adaptable/Dynamic Building Envelopes (ADBE) achieving near-zero energy-efficiency. The ADBE buildings integrate Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and Envelope Retrofitting (ER) that must be managed by new BA systems based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) through secure protocols. This paper presents the PLUG-N-HARVEST architecture based on cloud AI systems and security-by-design IoT networks to manage near-zero ADBE constructions in both residential and commercial buildings. To demonstrate the PLUG-N-HARVEST architecture, three different real-world pilots have been considered in Germany, Greece and Spain. The paper describes the Spain pilot of residential buildings including the deployment of IoT wireless networks (i.e., sensors and actuators) based on Zwave technology to enable plug-and-play installations. The real-world tests showed the high efficiency of security-by-design Internet communications between building equipment and cloud management systems. Moreover, the results of cloud intelligent management demonstrate the improvements in both energy consumption and comfort conditions.
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Kamel, Ehsan, and Ali M. Memari. "Residential Building Envelope Energy Retrofit Methods, Simulation Tools, and Example Projects: A Review of the Literature." Buildings 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070954.
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As one of the biggest energy consumers, buildings are the focus of the energy conservation market, and the building envelope, which has the highest impact on heating and cooling loads, is one of the main targets in retrofit projects. Several materials, systems, methods, and simulation tools are used in these projects, and it is critical to understand the impact of these methods in different locations, their frequency of use, and the effectiveness of market-ready new solutions. In that context, it is necessary to review the energy conservation measures (ECMs) that are suitable for residential building envelope retrofitting, and that are commercially available or under research and development. This paper provides an overview of these ECMs. A literature review was conducted on different building envelope ECMs, including traditional and innovative energy retrofit methods, such as aerogel and phase change materials on opaque and transparent components of existing buildings. Results show that the most effective retrofit projects include bundles of ECMs, and the traditional ECMs can be as effective as more innovative solutions in terms of energy saving. Moreover, computer energy models were created for a typical residential building in the US for cold and warm climate zones to determine the impact of different retrofit approaches based on a sensitivity analysis. Results show that envelope ECMs have higher energy saving potentials in cold climate zones, of up to around 30%, and reducing the air infiltration has the highest impact in both cold and warm climate zones in a typical small residential building.
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Elnagar, Essam, Simran Munde, and Vincent Lemort. "Energy Efficiency Measures Applied to Heritage Retrofit Buildings: A Simulated Student Housing Case Study in Vienna." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 3919–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040215.
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One pavilion was selected for deep retrofitting from the Otto Wagner area situated in the west of Vienna. The retrofitting process involves sustainable and energy-efficient construction to improve the energy performance and energy production potential of the building while preserving the cultural heritage and significance. This four-story pavilion was re-designed according to the proposed regulations of a net positive energy university building to become a student residence. Architectural, building envelope, and engineering interventions along with various changes were simulated through the Sefaira tool in the SketchUp model. These included: optimization of the U-values of the roof, walls, and floor; the addition of different layers of sustainable energy-efficient insulation materials to decrease the overall energy demand. The specific energy demands for heating, cooling, and lighting were decreased in the proposed model to reduce the total energy use intensity from 248.9 kWh/(m2 year) to 54.3 kWh/(m2 year) resulting in a 78.2% reduction. The main goal of this study is to try and achieve a net positive energy status building as part of the Otto Wagner area by improving the building envelope and integrating renewable energies. A total of 22.5% of the annual energy consumption was generated by the designed PV system. The selected building achieved the passive house standards in Austria by optimizing the energy performance with the proposed energy efficiency measures.
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Orlik-Kożdoń, Bożena. "Polystyrene Waste in Panels for Thermal Retrofitting of Historical Buildings: Experimental Study." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071844.
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The following article presents comprehensive research results for the insulation material based on polystyrene wastes. The presented product has the form of plates to be applied for thermal insulation of external envelopes from the inside. The laboratory tests were focused on the determination of basic technical parameters for this type of materials, i.e., thermal conductivity coefficient, diffusion resistance coefficient, reaction to fire, material sorption, and strength characteristics. For the recycling material, the obtained thermal conductivity value was 0.055 [W/mK]. The diffusion resistance coefficient was 5 [–], and therefore, this component has been qualified to a group of solutions that allow for interstitial condensation in the envelope. For the developed product, in situ tests were carried out on the actual wall system in a historical building. Based on the research, temperature and humidity profiles were obtained in the selected planes of the envelope. The performance of this material in real conditions was observed in relation to the reference product, i.e., lightweight cellular concrete (commonly used as thermal insulation from the inside). For the conducted in situ research, statistical inference was applied, which included the verification of the hypothesis-recycling panels in wall systems follow a trend of changes similar to that of slabs made of lightweight cellular concrete (a group of materials that allows for interstitial condensation). The proposed method of using secondary raw materials in insulation products allows us to obtain a product with high technical parameters that do not differ in quality from new components.
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Karasu, Arda, Yaser Hantouch, and Claus Steffan. "Climate adaptation of listed buildings: an interaction between design, regulations and energy efficiency." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 15003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017215003.
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Energy retrofitting of listed buildings requires a rethink as it is economically and technically complicated to retrofit. The Technische Universität Berlin has 47 buildings with a total net floor area above 500.000 m2 in its central campus, and 60% of them are listed. In Germany, optimizing the energy efficiency of such buildings has not to fulfill the requirements of the energy efficiency regulations. On the one hand, this situation is not corresponding to the national objectives regarding climate adaptation. On the other hand, they have to be retrofitted because of issues like poor energy efficiency and user comfort, and not privileged with special regulations. However, instead of changing the regulations, it is possible to solve the problem by changing the way of thinking. In this regard, rather than retrofitting such buildings directly, a new approach has been developed where the surrounding climatic conditions are optimized. Hereby, a simulation-based concept has been developed with an external transparent envelope. This “climate envelope” creates an intermediate space between outdoor and indoor, where through controlled air movement and passive solar gains, the balance in seasonal energy efficiency can be kept economically without any implementation on the buildings according to the building thermal and CFD simulations. This overall approach activates the yet not exploited capacity of energy savings by listed buildings using intelligent design and saves up to 30% more of primary energy.
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Tabet Aoul, Kheira Anissa, Rahma Hagi, Rahma Abdelghani, Monaya Syam, and Boshra Akhozheya. "Building Envelope Thermal Defects in Existing and Under-Construction Housing in the UAE; Infrared Thermography Diagnosis and Qualitative Impacts Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042230.
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The built environment accounts for the highest share of energy use and carbon emissions, particularly in emerging economies, caused by population growth and fast urbanization. This phenomenon is further exacerbated under extreme climatic conditions such as those of the United Arab Emirates, the context of this study, where the highest energy share is consumed in buildings, mostly used in the residential sector for cooling purposes. Despite efforts to curb energy consumption through building energy efficiency measures in new construction, substantial existing building stock and construction quality are left out. Construction defects, particularly in the building envelope, are recognized to affect its thermal integrity. This paper aims, first, to detect through thermography field investigation audit construction defects bearing thermal impacts in existing and under-construction residential buildings. Then, through a qualitative analysis, we identify the resulting energy, cost, and health impacts of the identified defects. Results indicate that lack or discontinuity of insulation, thermal bridging through building elements, blockwork defects, and design change discrepancies are the recurrent building and construction defects. The qualitative review analysis indicates substantial energy loss due to lack of insulation, thermal bridging with cost and health implications, while beneficial mitigation measures include consideration of building envelope retrofitting, skilled workmanship, and the call for quality management procedures during construction.
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Fedorczak-Cisak, Małgorzata, Elżbieta Radziszewska-Zielina, Bożena Orlik-Kożdoń, Tomasz Steidl, and Tadeusz Tatara. "Analysis of the Thermal Retrofitting Potential of the External Walls of Podhale’s Historical Timber Buildings in the Aspect of the Non-Deterioration of Their Technical Condition." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184610.
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The paper discusses thermal quality improvement in historic buildings. It is based on a case study of a wooden historical building in an architectural style typical of Zakopane, located in the Podhale region of Poland. The building’s historical value and timber structure prevent the application of typical thermal retrofitting solutions. This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities of the improvement of energy performance of a historic building (villa) which included: a review of the available energy performance improvement solutions applicable to this type of building, with a particular focus on applying internal insulation; a technical condition assessment using non-invasive methods, the identification of problematic areas in terms of the thermal retrofitting of buildings with timber walls and decks; in situ tests: thermovision tests which showed the places with temperature distribution field disturbances in the building’s envelope, focusing on thermal bridges; measurements of actual thermal transmittance coefficients for extant partitions; measurements of the building’s airtightness and the microclimate in selected rooms; numerical analysis: an assessment of the influence of the thermal bridges on the building’s existing condition, an analysis of water content changes in wall systems post-insulation. The presented approach enables the improvement of the energy performance of timber historical buildings while preserving the historical value of its architecture. It is innovative because it tries to fill in a research gap concerning a lack of relevant guidelines in Poland. The research questions that the authors asked were as follows. Is it possible to improve the thermal insulation of a building’s wooden walls without adversely affecting the building’s technical condition? With regard to the necessity to meet nZEB (nearly zero energy building) standards, is it feasible to improve the timber walls of historical buildings? The study found that under the correct assumptions and while maintaining a responsible approach to design, it is possible to improve the energy performance of historical buildings without interfering with historical heritage.
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Liu, Chenfei, Stephen Sharples, and Haniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi. "Evaluating Insulation, Glazing and Airtightness Options for Passivhaus EnerPHit Retrofitting of a Dwelling in China’s Hot Summer–Cold Winter Climate Region." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 22, 2021): 6950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216950.
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Passivhaus EnerPHit is a rigorous retrofit energy standard for buildings, based on high thermal insulation and airtightness levels, which aims to significantly reduce building energy consumption during operation. However, extra retrofit materials are required to achieve this standard, which raises a contradiction between how to balance the environmental impacts of the retrofitting material inputs and extremely low energy consumption after retrofit. This motivated the analysis in this paper, which aimed to evaluate the possibilities of reducing the required retrofitting material inputs when trying to achieve the EnerPHit energy standard using a typical suburban dwelling in China’s hot summer–cold winter climate region as a case study. Firstly, how the insulation performance of each envelope component affected the building’s energy consumption was analysed. Based on this, sensitivity simulations of combinations of different insulation levels with different fabric components were investigated under four scenarios of insulation levels, airtightness and glazing choice. The final proposed retrofitting plans achieved the EnerPHit standard with insulation materials’ savings between 18% to 58% compared to a baseline retrofit plan, and this led, in turn, to 3.9 to 12.6 tonnes of carbon reductions. Moreover, an energy-saving of 87% in heating and 70% in cooling was achieved compared with the pre-retrofit dwelling.
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Fatiguso, Fabio, Mariella De Fino, and Elena Cantatore. "An energy retrofitting methodology of Mediterranean historical buildings." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 984–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-04-2015-0051.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop and discuss a methodological approach for energy assessment and retrofitting of envelope systems in Mediterranean historical buildings, in order to ensure the desirable balance between improvement requirements and preservation principles. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is based on the assessment of historical districts at the site, building and component scales, the development of energy models of building-types that are highly representative, in terms of materials, construction techniques, typologies and performances, the identification of intervention priorities and the validation of compatible retrofitting solutions. Findings – The methodology, applied to a representative Adriatic sea town in South Italy, shows the potentialities of innovative materials and technologies (aerogel, PCMs, etc.) as tools to achieve the improvement of the energy performances and the preservation of the original characters. Nevertheless, it shows how the preliminary qualification of the environmental, architectural, constructional and technological characteristics is paramount to support the identification of the current behavior of the building system and the transformation boundaries from the historical values. Originality/value – The paper proves how assessment and intervention methods and tools, besides effective, compatible, low invasive and durable, should be geocluster oriented and performance based, thus with general reliability for the whole local context and suitable flexibility to be tailored to different specific situations, toward the definition of retrofitting micro-scale measures and macro-scale strategies that are replicable and scalable.
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Elhadad, Sara, and Zoltan Orban. "A Sensitivity Analysis for Thermal Performance of Building Envelope Design Parameters." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 14018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132414018.
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Sensitivity analysis is crucial in building energy assessments. It is used to determine the major variables influencing building thermal performance, using both observational research and energy simulation models. This study investigates the most influential envelope design parameters on the thermal performance of a typical residential building in Budapest, Hungary. Sensitivity analysis is used in conjunction with the IDA-Indoor and Climate Energy (IDA-ICE 4.8) simulation tool to assess the effects of 33 envelope design parameters for energy consumption and carbon dioxide concentrations. The input parameters include thickness, materials, density, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the basement, exterior floor, interior floor, exterior wall, interior wall, roof, ground slab, glazing type, and infiltration rate. The results show that exterior floor materials have the biggest impact on annual delivered energy for heating and cooling, whereas the density of all structural elements and thickness of the basement, exterior floors, interior floors, and walls have minimal effects on energy consumption. It is also shown that the impact of all investigated parameters is not sensitive to the carbon dioxide concentration in the building. The authors consider that the findings of the paper assist designers to assess the performance of existing buildings and more efficiently generating alternative solutions in the energetic retrofitting of existing and energy design of new residential buildings.
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Owolabi, Abdulhameed Babatunde, Abdullahi Yahaya, Hong Xian Li, and Dongjun Suh. "Analysis of the Energy Performance of a Retrofitted Low-Rise Residential Building after an Energy Audit." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (August 8, 2023): 12129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612129.
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The main reason for this research is to support the Korean government building retrofitting program initiated to evaluate energy usage trends, propose energy-saving technologies, and focus on reducing the energy demand in residential buildings through energy efficiency improvement. This is achieved by assessing the energy saved after introducing a simple retrofitting measure to an existing residential building. The energy savings in the building were realized after collecting relevant data from the house occupants, analyzing electricity bills, and introducing energy conservation measures (ECMS), leading to an improvement in the energy performance of the building. The building envelope saved 2098 kWh and 6307 kWh of energy via the heating and cooling equipment with an initial incremental cost of USD 500, fuel cost savings of USD 306, and a simple payback of 1.6 years. The analysis takes the occupants 2.6 years to recoup the initial cost of USD 2400 invested with an electricity savings of 2144 kWh. Also, 3.3 tons of CO2 emissions per year were reduced, equivalent to 3.3 people reducing energy use by 20%. Finally, the actual and simulated data are almost the same for the consumption period, with only a slight difference in October and December, given 0.92 as the Pearson Correlation coefficients.
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Valančius, Kęstutis, and Monika Grinevičiūtė. "Reconstruction of Soviet-Type Building to Energy Class A—Simulation and Actual Data Validation." Buildings 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020353.
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The renovation/modernisation of buildings is one of the most frequently addressed areas in the European Union. It is the basis for the entry into force of Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings. The assessment of renovated buildings has several objectives, characterised by different assessment indicators. To better assess the renovation of buildings and future energy efficiency improvements, natural and computer simulations are used to help make more rational decisions. This work aims to analyse and quantify energy efficiency improvement measures and additional factors based on an existing retrofitted office building using collected, measured, and modelled data. The work is based on measured real building data for the assessment of heat loss of the building and calculating the thermal coefficient of the external envelope. Energy modelling of buildings before and after retrofitting is carried out using simulation, data processing, and analysis software.
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Carrasco, César A., Ignacio Lombillo, Francisco Javier Balbás, José Ramón Aranda, and Karla Villalta. "Building Information Modeling (BIM 6D) and Its Application to Thermal Loads Calculation in Retrofitting." Buildings 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2023): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081901.
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The purpose of this study is to propose optimal actions to improve the energy efficiency of large office buildings in tropical regions with cooling systems, while ensuring the users’ comfort at a reasonable cost. In tropical climates, the building envelope plays a crucial role in saving thermal energy as buildings are exposed to significant climatic impacts and require a significant amount of energy to achieve optimal indoor comfort conditions. In this context, BIM-3D simulation is considered to be effective since it can provide results very similar to those of its physical counterpart, which can be useful for decision making. For this purpose, a public building in Costa Rica is used as a case study, which is modeled in Revit 2019 to obtain a BIM-3D model and simulate its thermal behavior using the BIM tools of the referred software. The architectural characteristics are evaluated in the climatic context of the building, and results are simulated with different configured materials. The obtained results lead to the conclusion that simulation together the previous economic analysis is a valuable decision-making tool for design, enabling significant savings during construction and subsequent building use.
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Sánchez de la Flor, Francisco José, Enrique Ángel Rodríguez Jara, Álvaro Ruiz Pardo, José Manuel Salmerón Lissén, and Maria Kolokotroni. "Energy-Efficient Envelope Design for Apartment Blocks—Case Study of A Residential Building in Spain." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010433.
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Buildings are known to be responsible for about a third of energy consumption in developed countries. This situation, together with the fact that the existing building stock is being renovated at a very slow pace, makes it crucial to focus on the energy retrofitting of buildings as the only way to reduce their contribution to these energy consumptions and the consequences derived from them in terms of pollution and climate change. The same level of insulation and the same type of windows is usually proposed for all dwellings in a building block. This article shows that since the improvements required by each dwelling in the same block are different, the proposed solution must also be different. The methodology is proposed for a practical case consisting of an apartment block in Cádiz, a demonstration building of the European RECO2ST project. To achieve the optimum solution for each case, a multi-objective optimization problem is solved: to minimize the annual heating demand of the building and the standard deviation of the annual demand of the different dwellings. Thanks to the use of the proposed methodology, it is possible to bring the building to a Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) level, while avoiding excessive insulation that causes overheating in summer.