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Journal articles on the topic 'Retroactive law – Great Britain'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Lisitsyn-Svetlanov, Andrey G. "Theoretical foundations of International Criminal justice in the work “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace” (Moscow: Prospect, 2021. – 760 pp.)." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 7 (2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520021156-2.

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The review analyzes A.N. Savenkov’s monograph “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace” with a special emphasis on theoretical disputes and principled legal positions of legal scholars of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France in terms of understanding and types of international crimes; the possibility of bringing to criminal responsibility the state, its head and representatives of the ruling political group; understanding complicity in a crime; giving retroactive effect to the norms fixed in the Statute of the International military tribunal. The study scrupulously presents the arguments of each of the opposing parties. For the first time, the domestic reader gets the opportunity to get acquainted with the discussions held in Western specialized literature, therefore, one of the main scientific achievements of the monograph is the introduction into circulation of a huge, new array of bibliographic sources.

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2

MacEwen, Martin. "Anti‐Discrimination law in Great Britain." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 20, no. 3 (April 1994): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1994.9976434.

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3

Ustyuzhaninova, Ekaterina A. "Mediation in Public Law of Great Britain." Administrative law and procedure 6 (June 17, 2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2021-6-64-67.

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Mediation as one of alternative dispute resolution means has been successfully applied in the civil relationship sphere in Great Britain for a long time, for example, in cases on protection of consumer rights or cases involving commercial activities. Mediation is not an obligatory condition for addressing a court, refusal from mediation may lead to negative consequences for the parties in the legal expense distribution. Courts are constantly emphasizing their interest in early settlement of disputes including public law ones that are reviewed in the judicial review procedure: the jurisdiction specifically designed for the verification of legality of actions and judgments of the public government.

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4

Wren, Tim. "The enforcement of confiscation law in great Britain." Commonwealth Law Bulletin 17, no. 4 (October 1991): 1412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050718.1991.9986167.

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5

Tutt, Norman. "Restorative justice in practice in Great Britain and Ireland." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 5, no. 4 (December 1997): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02677665.

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6

LEFSTEIN, NORMAN. "GREAT BRITAIN PROPOSES ABOLITION OF JUVENILE COURTS." Juvenile and Family Court Journal 16, no. 4 (July 30, 2009): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.1966.tb00336.x.

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7

Haskey, J. "Demographic aspects of cohabitation in Great Britain." International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 15, no. 1 (April 1, 2001): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/15.1.51.

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8

Ivanov, DMITRY V., and VALERIA V. Pchelintseva. "INTERNATIONAL LAW ASPECTS OF THE POST-BREXIT MIGRATION POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM." Journal of Law and Administration 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2022-4-65-34-46.

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Introduction. In March 2022, the Home Office of the United Kingdom of Great Britain published the Statement on New Immigration Plan according to which persons having no right to reside on its territory would be removed to “safe third countries” according to the agreements with such states. On April 13th, 2022, a Memorandum of Understanding between Great Britain and Rwanda was signed prescribing that persons whose applications for asylum were not considered by Great Britain be removed to Rwanda for those applications to be considered by the latter. Incompatibility of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain with its international law obligations justifies the topicality of the assessment of its implications for codification and progressive development of international law. Materials and Methods. The assessment of the contemporary immigration policy of Great Britain from the standpoint of international law includes the matching of the provisions of the international and national acts adopted by Great Britain as well as official statements of its state bodies and officials and the provisions of universal treaties and “soft law” acts. The writings of the publicists studying international law aspects of forced migration, asylum and human rights served as theoretical framework of the present study. Research Results. The assessment of the Memorandum of Understanding reveals the incompatibility of its provisions with the international law norms on asylum and human rights. Such international law policy of the state should be regarded as an example of rejection of international law which is referred to as “international law nihilism” in Russian legal doctrine.Discussions and conclusions. The authors argue that further adoption of legal and political measures contrary to states’ obligations under treaties and international custom as well as the absence of expressed official positions of states with regards to such measures may have an impact on construction and application of international law norms governing legal status of forced migrants.

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9

Millett, T. "Sex Equality: The Influence of Community Law in Great Britain." Yearbook of European Law 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/6.1.219.

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10

Miers, David. "Situating and Researching Restorative Justice in Great Britain." Punishment & Society 6, no. 1 (January 2004): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474504039089.

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11

Varady, David P. "Local housing plans: Learning from Great Britain." Housing Policy Debate 7, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 253–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.1996.9521222.

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12

Danon, Leon, Jonathan M. Read, Thomas A. House, Matthew C. Vernon, and Matt J. Keeling. "Social encounter networks: characterizing Great Britain." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1765 (August 22, 2013): 20131037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1037.

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A major goal of infectious disease epidemiology is to understand and predict the spread of infections within human populations, with the intention of better informing decisions regarding control and intervention. However, the development of fully mechanistic models of transmission requires a quantitative understanding of social interactions and collective properties of social networks. We performed a cross-sectional study of the social contacts on given days for more than 5000 respondents in England, Scotland and Wales, through postal and online survey methods. The survey was designed to elicit detailed and previously unreported measures of the immediate social network of participants relevant to infection spread. Here, we describe individual-level contact patterns, focusing on the range of heterogeneity observed and discuss the correlations between contact patterns and other socio-demographic factors. We find that the distribution of the number of contacts approximates a power-law distribution, but postulate that total contact time (which has a shorter-tailed distribution) is more epidemiologically relevant. We observe that children, public-sector and healthcare workers have the highest number of total contact hours and are therefore most likely to catch and transmit infectious disease. Our study also quantifies the transitive connections made between an individual's contacts (or clustering); this is a key structural characteristic of social networks with important implications for disease transmission and control efficacy. Respondents' networks exhibit high levels of clustering, which varies across social settings and increases with duration, frequency of contact and distance from home. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the transmission and control of pathogens spread through close contact.

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13

Prakke, Lucas. "Swamping the Lords, Packing the Court, Sacking the King." European Constitutional Law Review 2, no. 1 (February 2006): 116–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019606001167.

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Three great constitutional conflicts — Great Britain: Commons v. Lords — Parliament Act 1911 — United States: President v. Supreme Court over New Deal — Court Packing plan Belgium: King v. conscience — Democracy wins in each of these cases.

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14

Ignatievа, A. "THE SYSTEM OF MILITARY LAW OF UKRAINE AND GREAT BRITAIN IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL LAW." “International Humanitarian University Herald. Jurisprudence”, no. 51 (2021): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32841/2307-1745.2021.51.33.

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15

King, Anthony. "GOVERNMENTAL RESPONSES TO BUDGET SCARCITY: GREAT BRITAIN." Policy Studies Journal 13, no. 3 (March 1985): 476–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1985.tb01585.x.

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16

Harris, Neville. "Unmarried cohabiting couples and Social Security in Great Britain." Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 18, no. 2 (April 1996): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649069608413684.

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17

Paton, Alan. "A SOUTH AFRICAN'S IMPRESSIONS OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN SWEDEN and GREAT BRITAIN." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 7, no. 2 (January 26, 2009): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1947.tb01082.x.

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18

Pease, Ken, and Michael Morrissey. "The Importance of Northern Ireland for Criminal Justice Research in Great Britain." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 21, no. 1-3 (January 26, 2009): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.1982.tb00457.x.

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19

Kodaneva, Svetlana I. "The consequences of Brexit for the constitutional system of the Great Britain." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 1 (2023): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520024108-9.

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The vote in the 2016 referendum on exit from the EU was held under the slogan “take back con-trol”, which, in particular, meant the return of parliamentary sovereignty, lost as a result of the transfer of some powers to the supranational level and the impossibility for the UK Parliament to influence decisions taken in Brussels. However, in the process of withdrawal, the UK faced a number of constitutional problems that led to one of the most serious constitutional crises in the history of British parliamentarism, caused by the clash of parliamentary and popular sovereignty, on the one hand, and the lack of a written constitution clearly delineating the powers of the three branches of government, on the other hand. This article is devoted to the analysis of the conse-quences of this crisis for the stability of the traditional constitutional system of Great Britain.

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20

MacKerron, John A., and Tony Freyer. "Regulating Big Business: Antitrust in Great Britain and America, 1880-1990." American Journal of Legal History 37, no. 3 (July 1993): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/845666.

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21

Sturgess, R., and I. Harrison. "Statutory Regulation of the Professional Conduct of Pharmacists in Great Britain and the USA." Medical Law International 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329500200103.

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The concept and regulation of a code of ethics and professional conduct are approached differently in Great Britain and the USA. In Great Britain, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society has no definition of professional conduct, its Code of Ethics covering only those items upon which it believes that it must make a comment or explanation. Individual States in the USA have definitions of professional conduct, which are defined and regulated by the State legal system.

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22

Boyer, George R. "The Evolution of Unemployment Relief in Great Britain." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 3 (January 2004): 393–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504771997908.

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The history of unemployment relief in Britain from 1834 to 1911 was not a “unilinear progression in collective benevolence,” culminating in unemployment insurance. The combination of poor relief and private charity to assist cyclically unemployed workers from 1834 to 1870 was more generous, and more certain, than the relief provided for the unemployed under the various policies adopted from 1870 to 1911. A major shift in policy occurred in the 1870s, largely in response to the crisis of the Poor Law in the 1860s. Because the new policy—a combination of self-help and charity—proved unable to cope with the high unemployment of cyclical downturns, Parliament in 1911 bowed to political pressure for a national system of relief by adopting the world's first compulsory system of unemployment insurance.

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23

Davison, Lisa, Marcus Enoch, Tim Ryley, Mohammed Quddus, and Chao Wang. "A survey of Demand Responsive Transport in Great Britain." Transport Policy 31 (January 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.11.004.

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24

Podolsky, Vadim. "History of the social policy in the United Kingdom." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990016102-4.

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In the XVII century Great Britain became the first country in the world with a full-scale system of social support, which was regulated at the state level. The “Old Poor Law” of 1601 and the “New Poor Law” of 1834 are well-studied in both foreign and Russian science, but the solutions that preceded them are less known. The aim of this study is to describe the development of social policy in Great Britain up to 1834, when the system of assistance to people in need was redesigned according to the liberal logic of minimal interference of the state. The article is based on comparative and historic approach and analysis of legal documents. It demonstrates the evolution of institutions and practices of social support in Great Britain. In this country social policy grew from church and private charity and developed at local level under centrally defined rules. Consistent presentation of social policy history in Great Britain is valuable for studies of charity, local self-government and social policy.

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25

Ombresop, Robert. "The Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland and its Newsletter." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 5, no. 25 (July 1999): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00003641.

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The organisation now known as the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland was founded in 1957, and its Newsletter was first published in 1969. The activities, publications and achievements of the Society within the Roman Catholic Church are manifold, and were acknowledged by Pope John Paul II when he granted an audience to participants of the 1992 annual conference held in Rome. This papal address is printed at the beginning of The Canon Law: Letter & Spirit (London 1995), the full commentary on the 1983 Code of Canon Law prepared by the Society.

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26

Malik, Maleiha. "‘Modernising Discrimination Law’: Proposals for a Single Equality Act for Great Britain." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 9, no. 2 (December 2007): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135822910700900202.

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27

Panzarella, Robert, and Joanna Funk. "Police Deception Tactics and Public Consent in the United States and Great Britain." Criminal Justice Policy Review 2, no. 2 (June 1987): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740348700200203.

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28

Sawkins, J. W., and V. A. Dickie. "AFFORDABIUTY OF HOUSEHOLD WATER SERVICES IN GREAT BRITAIN." Water and Environment Journal 19, no. 3 (September 2005): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb01588.x.

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29

Hughes, S., M. Aprahamian, J. D. Armstrong, R. Gardiner, and N. Milner. "Status of freshwater fish habitat science in Great Britain." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 4, no. 4 (December 2001): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/146349801317276062.

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30

Upton, Graham. "Blocks of Voters and the Cube ‘Law’." British Journal of Political Science 15, no. 3 (July 1985): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004257.

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The so-called cube ‘law’ has become ‘part of the political folklore of Great Britain’. Indeed it seems also to have passed into the general folklore of political science, having been applied to electoral systems having single-member constituencies contested by two major parties in the United States, New Zealand, Canada, Australia and South Africa.

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31

Rowland, A. P., A. J. Lawlor, H. J. Guyatt, and R. A. Wadsworth. "Background wet deposition of mercury in Great Britain." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12, no. 9 (2010): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0em00086h.

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32

Adger, W. Neil, Katrina Brown, Robert S. Shiel, and Martin C. Whitby. "Carbon dynamics of land use in Great Britain." Journal of Environmental Management 36, no. 2 (October 1992): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80139-2.

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33

Prosser, Tony. "Constitutions and Political Economy: The Privatisation of Public Enterprises in France and Great Britain." Modern Law Review 53, no. 3 (May 1990): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1990.tb01814.x.

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34

Lenio, Paweł. "Źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia w Polsce i w Wielkiej Brytanii." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 23 (August 3, 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.23.4.

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The sources of the health system funding in Poland and Great BritainThe subject of this paper are sources of healthcare financing in Poland and Great Britain. Healthcare system in Great Britain is based on the local government units and it is financed by the budgets of these units. Health insurance contribution does not exist in Great Britain. The financing model currently in place is based primarily on the proceeds of the National Health Fund which are ensured through collection of health insurance contributions. Public sources of healthcare financing also include the state budget and the budgets of local government units. Author have identified differences and similarities in the examined healthcare financing systems and sources. This paper also includes conclusions with a view of the future law in Poland.

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35

Furgała, Agata. "POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT." PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 141, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0407.

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Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.

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36

Paye, Jean-Claude. "The End of Habeas Corpus in Great Britain." Monthly Review 57, no. 6 (November 4, 2005): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-057-06-2005-10_4.

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37

Whatmore, Richard. "Vattel, Britain and Peace in Europe." Grotiana 31, no. 1 (2010): 85–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187607510x540231.

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AbstractThis paper underlines Vattel's commitment to maintaining the sovereignty of Europe's small states by enunciating the duties he deemed incumbent upon all political communities. Vattel took seriously the threat to Europe from a renascent France, willing to foster an equally aggressive Catholic imperialism justified by the need for religious unity. Preventing a French version of universal monarchy, Vattel recognised, entailed more than speculating about a Europe imagined as a single republic. Rather, Vattel believed that Britain had to be relied upon to prevent excessive French ambition, and to underwrite the independence of the continent's smaller sovereignties. Against those who saw Britain as another candidate for the domination of Europe, Vattel argued that Britain's commercial interests explained why it was a different kind of state to the great empires of the past. The paper goes on to consider the reception of Vattel's ideas after the Seven Years War. Although further research is required into readings of Vattel, especially in the smaller states of Europe in the later eighteenth century, the paper concludes that by the 1790s Vattel was being used to justify war to defeat the gargantuan imperialist projects of newly republican France, in order to maintain Europe itself, and the smaller states within it.

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38

Seligmann, Matthew S. "Great Britain, International Law, and the Evolution of Maritime Strategic Thought, 1856–1914." Mariner's Mirror 107, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2021.1862512.

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39

McGrath, Aidan. "The Annual Conference of the Canon Law Society for Great Britain and Ireland." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 9, no. 3 (August 28, 2007): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x07000701.

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40

Lungu, E. V. "Constitutional Legal Relations Constructs in the Law of Germany, Great Britain and France." Lex Russica 76, no. 2 (March 2, 2023): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2023.195.2.113-121.

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The science of constitutional law lacks universal theoretical approach to constitutional legal relations; each state independently determines the goals, object and subject of constitutional legal relations. At the same time, the same subjects in different conditions existing in different national legal systems can act as objects and subjects of legal relations. The constitutional legal relations constructs under consideration do not consider a nation as an equal participant in these legal relations. Their role in all of the presented constructs is limited both in terms of the circle of persons and the possibilities to enter into constitutional legal relations as a subject. It can be argued that, despite the difference in approaches to the object and subject composition of legal relations, in Germany, Great Britain and France, such legal relations between public authorities can exist only in a normally developing state (a state that is not under pressure from any crisis or epidemic).The author draws her conclusion based on an analysis of the basic constructs of legal relations, which in Russian legal science are usually referred to as constitutional legal relations. The author’s choice of constructs developed in Germany, Great Britain and France is due to the wide spread in the world of scientific views formed within the framework of the national scientific schools of these states, as well as the influence of the philosophy of law of Germany and France on the formation of constitutional legal relations in Russia.The author pays special attention to the prevalence of Karl Schmitt’s views on the formation of constitutional legal relations in Europe and North America in terms of intolerance of dissent, the assumption of constitutional dictatorship, the strengthening of executive power at the expense of the legislature.

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Harrison, Gareth P., Edward (Ned) J. Maclean, Serafeim Karamanlis, and Luis F. Ochoa. "Life cycle assessment of the transmission network in Great Britain." Energy Policy 38, no. 7 (July 2010): 3622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.02.039.

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42

Phillips, Benjamin B., Anila Navaratnam, Joel Hooper, James M. Bullock, Juliet L. Osborne, and Kevin J. Gaston. "Road verge extent and habitat composition across Great Britain." Landscape and Urban Planning 214 (October 2021): 104159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104159.

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43

Swanson, Kara W. "“Great Men,” Law, and the Social Construction of Technology." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 03 (2018): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12313.

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Is Alexander Graham Bell's fame owed to law and lawyers? Two recent histories argue that some popular tales of invention originated with lawyers and judges as part of patent litigation battles (Stathis Arapostathis and Graeme Gooday, Patently Contestable: Electrical Technologies and Inventor Identities on Trial in Britain[2013]; Christopher Beauchamp, Invented by Law: Alexander Graham Bell and the Patent That Changed America[2015]). Bringing law into the historical project of understanding the social construction of technology, the authors unsettle “great man” narratives of invention. A tale of a recent patent war is a case study in the persistence of such narratives, highlighting the uses of legal storytelling (Ronald K. Fierstein, A Triumph of Genius: Edwin Land, Polaroid, and the Kodak Patent War[2015]). Together, these works invite consideration of the cultural power possessed by invention origin stories, the role of narratives in law and history, and the judicial performance of truth finding in Anglo-American law.

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44

Weidenfeld, Katia, and Alexis Spire. "Punishing tax offenders in France and Great Britain: two criminal policies." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2016-0030.

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Purpose Since 2008-2009, the governments in France and Great Britain have encouraged more rigorous penalization of tax evaders. This paper aims to investigate the implementation of these policies on the basis of an important and original empirical material. Design/methodology/approach The study done in France relies on interviews conducted with representatives of law enforcement agencies on public statistics and on an innovative database compiled from nearly 600 cases submitted to the judiciary. The comparison with Great Britain is developed through interviews conducted with different participants in the fight against tax fraud and statistical information. Findings This paper describes the recent evolution of the machinery for screening tax-related wrongdoings in France and in the UK. It demonstrates that whilst publicly calling for harsh punishment against tax dodgers, in practice, both governments tend to seek a balance between the growing demand for tax equality and the belief that the State should not intervene in the economic realm. This strategy leads to the over-representation of certain categories of taxpayers. Despite the commonalities resulting from the numerous filters before prosecution, the penal strategy takes on two different shapes on either side of the Channel: whereas the British institutions support an “exemplary punitive” system, French regulatory system favours a “quasi-administrative” treatment. The French tax authority continues to use the criminal procedures mainly as a financial instrument for the improved restitution of stolen taxes. The policy of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs, supported by the “Sentencing Guidelines”, aims much more at obtaining exemplary convictions. Originality/value Based on a large empirical material, this paper highlights the different outcomes of the criminal trials against tax evaders in the two countries.

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45

Zabel, Cordula. "Eligibility for Maternity Leave and First Birth Timing in Great Britain." Population Research and Policy Review 28, no. 3 (June 21, 2008): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-008-9098-1.

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46

Haines-Young, R., C. J. Barr, L. G. Firbank, M. Furse, D. C. Howard, G. McGowan, S. Petit, S. M. Smart, and J. W. Watkins. "Changing landscapes, habitats and vegetation diversity across Great Britain." Journal of Environmental Management 67, no. 3 (March 2003): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(02)00179-2.

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47

Milne, R., and T. A. Brown. "Carbon in the Vegetation and Soils of Great Britain." Journal of Environmental Management 49, no. 4 (April 1997): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1995.0118.

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48

Zaidi, Asghar, Joachim R. Frick, and Felix Büchel. "Income Risks within Retirement in Great Britain and Germany." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.123.1.163.

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Swain, Warren. "‘The Great Britain of the South’: the Law of Contract in Early Colonial New Zealand." American Journal of Legal History 60, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajlh/njz019.

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Abstract Some nineteenth century writers like the Scottish born poet William Golder, used the term ‘the Great Britain of the south’ as a description of his new home. He was not alone in this characterisation. There were of course other possible perspectives, not least from the Māori point of view, which these British writers inevitably fail to capture. A third reality was more specific to lawyers or at least to those caught up in the legal system. The phrase ‘the Great Britain of the south’ fails to capture the complexity of the way that English law was applied in the early colony. The law administered throughout the British Empire reflected the common law origins of colonial legal systems but did not mean that the law was identical to that in England. Scholars have emphasised the adaptability of English law in various colonial settings. New Zealand contract law of this time did draw on some English precedents. The early lawyers were steeped in the English legal tradition. At the same time, English authorities were used with a light touch. The legal and social framework within which contract law operated was also quite different. This meant, for example, that mercantile juries were important in adapting the law to local conditions. Early New Zealand contract law provides a good example of both the importance of English law in a colonial setting and its adaptability.

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Danilovskaia, Anna. "Criminal law protection of competition in the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France." Юридические исследования, no. 6 (June 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2020.6.33294.

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The object of this research is competition policy and criminal law policy with regards to protection of competition in Europe that are similar to the Russian approach of countering infringement on fair competition. Legislation on competition is dynamically developing in all countries, which causes corresponding changes in their criminal law policy. For improving the effectiveness of cartel detection, many countries endorsed leniency policy for cartels, as well as make amendments to their laws due to proliferation of unfair competition, particularly on the Internet, as well irregularities in tendering. The analysis of modern sources of competition and criminal law of Germany, Great Britain and France, as the first European countries that developed the rules aimed at protection of competition, can be valuable for understanding the concept of protection of competition adopted by the world community, as well as its European model. The consists in broadening the existing knowledge on criminal law protection of competition in Europe, acquired as a result of comprehensive research of the legislations of the European Union, Germany, Great Britain and France in the area of protection of fair competition with consideration of recent amendments, including leniency policy for cartels. The author concludes that Europe has a developed criminal law mechanism for counteracting anticompetitive behavior, which is characterized by a range of prohibited acts, application of versatile criminal law measures to the persons guilty of such infringements, differentiated approach to the questions of their criminal liability, and substantial main and additional sanctions applicable to not only physical entities, but also legal entities in some countries. The obtained results can be useful in lawmaking, scientific and educational activity.

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