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Journal articles on the topic 'Retirement income'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Seligman, Jason S. "Involuntary Retirement, U.S. Social Security Program Participation and the Great Recession." Public Finance and Management 14, no. 3 (September 2014): 329–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397211401400304.

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Involuntary retirement covers economic and health related dislocations. Over 1992–2011, three-in-ten retirees in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) report an involuntary retirement. Roughly half of these involuntary retirements are health-related. Following the Great Recession, involuntary retirement in the U.S. grew much faster than voluntary retirement. I find that while the population receiving Social Security retirement benefits grew 6% slower than average, the population receiving no public retirement or disability benefits grew 79% faster than average and the population reporting health-related involuntary retirement grew 270% faster than average. While incomes are found to have fallen for all retiree groups, those reporting health-related involuntary retirements are found to have retirement income declines of 38% and the lowest pre-retirement incomes of any measured group. These findings suggest patterns of vulnerability that have important implications for proposals seeking to reform the U.S. Social Security Program.

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2

Nielson, Norma L., and Terry A. Beehr. "Retirement Income for Surviving Spouses." Public Personnel Management 23, no. 3 (September 1994): 407–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609402300305.

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This paper reports on a study of married participants in the Oregon Public Employes Retirement System (PERS) to gain information about their retirement decisions. The study used four mail-in questionnaires in conjunction with computerized participant data. This study looks beyond the status of the couple immediately following retirement and attempts to forecast the well-being of the household, i.e., the surviving spouse, when and if a retiree predeceases the spouse. As indicated by research in labor economics, all income streams are converted to an asset or wealth variable for analysis. The results indicate that, assuming no depletion of savings by long-term illness, 65 percent of the couples can expect adequate monthly income during their retirements. Only about one-third of the participants elected any form of joint-and-survivor payout that assures lifetime income to the spouse. Significant drops in income are expected to occur in these households following the death of the retiree as average life insurance holdings are not adequate to replace the predicted drops in pension and social security payments. Overall the spouses of those who purchased life insurance could expect equivalent levels of income after the death of the retiree; however, the variance was higher among this population. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the pension plan and its sponsors when a high level of popularity is observed for private alternatives. The changes spurred in Oregon's Public Employee Retirement System as a result of this investigation also are reported.

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3

Bryan, E. Lewis, and L. Stephen Cash. "Sheltering Retirement Income." Academe 73, no. 1 (1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40249844.

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4

Maina, Lucy, and Elishiba Kimani. "DETERMINANTS OF INCOME SECURITY AMONG PENSIONABLE RETIRED PERSONS IN KENYA." Chemchemi International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/cijhs.v11i1.139.

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Retirees’ income security constitutes a key concern for nations aiming to secure their ageing populations. Kenya has a growing retirement sector with about 252,000 retired civil servants who are on pension and a significant number of private sector retirees who receive a gratuity at retirement. Though formally retired workers may receive a pension, studies consistently report low pensions uptake and inadequate incomes for those retired as well as an increasing national and societal burden. This paper explores the key determinants of income security among 978retired persons who were receiving dues on their retirement savings. Guided by the life cycle and third age theory, the study investigated whether retirees’ socio-economic attributes, pre-retirement financial status, retirees’ benefit package, retirees’ utilization of retirement savings and investments and pre-retirement preparation correlated with income security. A mixed-method study design was used combining survey and case study approaches. Cluster, purposive and random sampling methods were employed to select retirees under the four categories of retirement schemes in Kenya across 18 selected counties of Kenya. Hypotheses were tested using the Chi square test of significance and comparison of means (t-test) specifically to illustrate the relationship between socio-economic indicators, pre-retirement factors and income security at retirement. Logistic regression procedure was employed to isolate the significant factors that predict income security in retirement. The binary logistic regression analysis confirm that retirees with higher education had 26% higher chances of enjoying income security, those who earned higher pre-retirement salary had 25% higher chances of having a secure income at retirement, those knowledgeable about pensions had 35% higher chances of being income secure while those who had planned for their retirement had 14% higher chances of achieving income security. The study recommends crafting of a robust retirement planning package, financial and health plans for retirees’ income security and sustainable livelihoods.

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5

Knox, David. "Australia's retirement income system." Economic Affairs 18, no. 1 (March 1998): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00073.

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6

Robb, A. L., and J. B. Burbidge. "Consumption, Income, and Retirement." Canadian Journal of Economics 22, no. 3 (August 1989): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135538.

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7

Kilgour, John G. "Restructuring Retirement Income Plans." Compensation & Benefits Review 32, no. 6 (November 2000): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08863680022098118.

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8

Thompson, L. H. "Us Retirement Income System." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grj007.

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9

Milevsky, Moshe A., and Thomas S. Salisbury. "Optimal retirement income tontines." Insurance: Mathematics and Economics 64 (September 2015): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.insmatheco.2015.05.002.

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10

GUSTMAN, ALAN L., THOMAS L. STEINMEIER, and NAHID TABATABAI. "Mismeasurement of pensions before and after retirement: the mystery of the disappearing pensions with implications for the importance of Social Security as a source of retirement support." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000176.

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AbstractA review of the literature suggests that when pension values are measured by the wealth equivalent of promised defined benefit pension benefits and defined contribution balances for those approaching retirement, pensions account for more support in retirement than is suggested when their contribution is measured by incomes received directly from pension plans by those who have already retired. Estimates from the Health and Retirement Study for respondents in their early fifties suggest that pension wealth is about 82% as valuable as Social Security wealth. In data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), for members of the same cohort, measured when they are 65–69, pension incomes are about 58% as valuable as incomes from Social Security. Our empirical analysis uses data from the HRS to examine the reasons for these differences in the contributions of pensions as measured in income and wealth data. Key factors accounting for these differences include: a difference in methodology between surveys affecting what is included in pension income; some pension wealth ‘disappears’ at retirement because respondents change their pension into other forms that are not counted as pension income; and the form of annuitization may influence the measure of pension income. A series of caveats notwithstanding, the bottom line is that CPS data on pension incomes received in retirement understates the full contribution pensions make to supporting retirees.

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11

Pfau, Wade D. "An Overview of Retirement Income Planning." Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning 29, no. 1 (June 2018): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.29.1.114.

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Retirement income planning has emerged as a distinct field within financial planning with the realization that risks change dramatically in retirement. The combination of longevity risk, increasing market risk triggered by taking distributions from assets, and spending shocks create new challenges. Wealth management has traditionally focused on accumulating assets without applying further thought to these differences happening after retirement. Retirees experience reduced capacity to bear financial market risk once they have retired. This calls for different thought processes from those typically included in traditional investment management. Risk pooling becomes an important retirement income tool combined with a traditional investment portfolio. Retirement income challenges and a framework for helping individuals develop more efficient and successful retirement income plans are discussed.

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12

Quartey, Peter, Mark Edem Kunawotor, and Michael Danquah. "Sources of retirement income among formal sector workers in Ghana." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 7, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 366–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-07-2014-0054.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine alternative sources of retirement income apart from the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT) pension benefits and the significance of these retirement income sources in the consumption decisions of pensioners in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Using household survey data on SSNIT pensioners in Accra, Ghana, this study employ the Garrett and Kendall coefficient of concordance (W-test) to robustly identify the sources of retirement income and determine the significance of these income sources in financing consumption expenditure during retirement. Findings The findings show that apart from SSNIT pension benefits, other sources of retirement income including rental income, income from post-retirement jobs and remittances from family and friends are significant sources of income for pensioners in Ghana. Personnel savings and investment was the least important source of retirement income. Research limitations/implications Further research will be needed to validate these results, particularly using household survey data that covers the entire country. Originality/value The study contributes to the scanty literature on retirement income by robustly identifying the alternative sources of retirement income and their importance or significance to pensioners in Ghana.

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13

Alles, Lakshman. "Design considerations for retirement savings and retirement income products." Pensions: An International Journal 16, no. 1 (February 2011): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pm.2010.31.

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14

Stokes, Jon. "Who's Managing Your Retirement Income?" CFA Institute Magazine 19, no. 5 (September 2008): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v19.n5.6.

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15

Ezra, Don. "Retirement Income Guarantees Are Expensive." Financial Analysts Journal 61, no. 6 (November 2005): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v61.n6.2773.

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16

Fasang, Anette Eva. "Retirement Patterns and Income Inequality." Social Forces 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 685–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor015.

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17

DeViney, Stanley, and Jennifer Crew Solomon. "Gender Differences in Retirement Income:." Journal of Women & Aging 7, no. 4 (February 7, 1996): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j074v07n04_07.

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18

Ghilarducci, T. "Pressures on Retirement Income Security." Public Policy & Aging Report 17, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/17.2.8.

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19

Bateman, Hazel. "Retirement Income Strategy in Australia." Economic Analysis and Policy 32, no. 1 (March 2002): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0313-5926(02)50006-0.

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20

Choi, Namkee G. "Racial Differences in Retirement Income." Journal of Aging & Social Policy 9, no. 3 (October 24, 1997): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j031v09n03_02.

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21

Bone, Christopher M., and Olivia S. Mitchell. "Building Better Retirement Income Models." North American Actuarial Journal 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10920277.1997.10595578.

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22

Sun, Ruiting, and Xueping Xiong. "The Impact of Income on Rural Residents’ Retirement Saving: Evidence from China." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2023): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091756.

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Population aging is a fundamental national condition that runs through China in the 21st century. The aging degree of rural areas in China is high, but the government-sponsored retirement plans have difficulty in meeting the retirement living needs. Guiding rural residents to save for retirement is the main way to alleviate the economic pressure of retirement life in rural areas. This paper uses data from the CAFF50 Survey to examine the impact of income level and income uncertainty on the retirement saving behavior of rural residents. Different from existing literature, this paper categorizes the retirement saving behavior into three aspects: “retirement saving decision”, “retirement saving amount”, and “retirement saving way choice”. The results show the following: (1) Income level has a positive impact on the retirement saving decision, saving amount, the choice of real estate, and a negative impact on the choice of bank savings. (2) Income uncertainty has a positive impact on retirement saving decision, the choice of stock and fund, and a negative impact on the choice of bank savings, but the impact of income uncertainty on the amount is not significant. (3) There is an interaction effect between income level and income uncertainty on the impact on retirement saving amount, bank savings choice, and real estate choice. Based on the above conclusions, we think that it is necessary to increase fiscal subsidies and tax incentives, optimize retirement financial products, provide retirement financial education, and increase the participation enthusiasm of rural residents in retirement savings.

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23

Gough, Orla, and Roberta Adami. "Welfare Systems and Adequacy of Pension Benefits in Europe." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 1 (December 6, 2011): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474641100039x.

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During the post-war years many European countries have implemented far-reaching but diverse pension systems with the objective of providing those in retirement with adequate incomes. In this study, we explore the link between pension systems and the adequacy of retirement income. We analyse the mix of public and private pensions and consider the impact of different policies on poverty rates amongst pensioners. We suggest that only a few European countries have been successful in providing combinations of private and public pensions that improve the adequacy of retirement income.

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24

Clayton, Ronnie, Lemuel Davis, Bill Schmidt, and Bill Scroggins. "Sufficient Income and Sustainable Withdrawal Rates for Retirement." Journal of Finance Issues 20, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v20i1.2277.

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Since the passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), numerous companies from throughout the United States have chosen to change from providing “Defined Benefit” pension plans to providing “Defined Contribution” pension plans. Successful retirement planning is an iterative process that requires the management of many variables. Some are random and unpredictable in scope and magnitude and others are choices we make as our retirement objectives change. It’s essential that changes be incorporated expeditiously to minimize adverse outcomes. One can begin the process by estimating the annual income required to support one’s “retirement lifestyle” if retirement occurred today. Then extrapolate that income to the planned retirement date based upon the expected rate of inflation. A “modified four percent rule” can then be used to estimate the portfolio value required to support 30 or more years in retirement. The financial planner and client should go through this process at least every two years or when major events suggest a change is required. To assist the planner, this paper extends the Four Percent Rule in the following ways: Time in retirement is 16 – 40 years in 2-year increments with an asset allocation range is 0% to 100% stocks in 15 equal steps.

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25

McDONALD, LYNN, and PETER DONAHUE. "Poor health and retirement income: the Canadian case." Ageing and Society 20, no. 5 (September 2000): 493–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007904.

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Using the 1994 Canadian General Social Survey, this study examines the economic effects of retiring because of poor health. When men and women who have retired for reasons of poor health are compared to those who have retired for other reasons, the health retirees are disadvantaged on measures of their health, on human capital variables, in terms of their work history, and ultimately, in their retirement income whether personal or household. The men who retired because of ill health were less likely to receive income from a private pension or from interest and dividends. Almost half of the men reported that their financial situation was worse since their retirement. The women retirees suffered from the same disadvantages as the men although their incomes in retirement were much lower. In the multivariate analyses, health had a significant and negative effect on men's household and personal incomes but there was no effect on the incomes of women. For them, any effect that poor health might have had on household income was offset by factors associated with marriage, and the women's own socio-demographic characteristics. The findings suggest reason for policy-makers to be cautious when contemplating blanket reductions in disability/invalidity and pension rates.

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26

MacEachen, Ellen, Pam Hopwood, and Meghan Crouch. "O-397 RETIREMENT PENSION POVERTY AMONG INJURED WORKERS WITH LONG TERM WORKERS’ COMPENSATION CLAIMS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1408.

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Abstract Background Sustaining sufficient income in retirement becomes particularly challenging for injured workers supported during their working years by workers’ compensation benefits. This study examined the income security of injured workers aged 65 and older in Ontario (Canada’s largest province) who had spent five years or more on workers’ compensation benefits. Methods Our 2019-2022 multi-method study involved: 1) scanning Canadian workers’ compensation policies on retirement age benefits; 2) reviewing Ontario parliament transcripts on political debates surrounding the injured worker pension benefit cuts; 3) in-depth interviews on workers’; experiences of workers’ compensation retirement benefits. Results Most Canadian workers’ compensation boards made significant cuts to retirement benefits, substantially reducing retired injured worker incomes. Monthly pension payments had shifted to lump-sum payouts, which disrupted workers’ access to social security supports. The political debates about cuts to injured worker retirement pensions focused mostly on affordability and concepts of worker deservingness. Interviews with injured workers revealed deep poverty of older injured workers. Discussion Workers’ compensation is intended to compensate for income losses related to work-related ill-health and injury, including losses to contributions to the Canadian pension retirement plan, but this is no longer provided in Canada and workers face related economic hardship. Conclusion Our study is one of the first to examine workers’ compensation benefits for injured workers in retirement. It draws attention to the problem of poverty among injured workers in their retirement years and raises questions about politics, reduced retirement benefits and adequacy of the Canadian social security net.

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27

SCHWABISH, JONATHAN A., and JULIE H. TOPOLESKI. "Risk tolerance and retirement income composition." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 2 (May 9, 2008): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003624.

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SUMMARYProposed changes to the Social Security system will affect the financial risk workers will face in their retirement differently across the income distribution. This study examines levels of financial risk workers face at different points in the lifetime earnings distribution. To do so, we use a microsimulation model that projects individual demographic and economic characteristics within the context of the Social Security system and the macroeconomy to assess the impact of two policy changes on the levels of lifetime benefits available to current and future retirees. Further, we incorporate data on pensions and savings to illustrate differences in the level and distribution of retirement funds across the earnings distribution. This exercise allows us to assess the financial risk workers face in their retirement, both within the Social Security system itself and within a broader view of the stream of total available retirement funds. We also use survey data to show that low earners are the least willing to tolerate such risk.

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Adnan, A. A., R. I. Alaudin, A. M. Yaakob, and N. Ismail. "Retirement Wealth Adequacy Estimation Based on Income Group Classification: A Case Study in Malaysia." Finance: Theory and Practice 27, no. 4 (August 28, 2023): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2023-27-4-30-41.

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The inadequacy of retirement wealth can significantly impact a country’s social support system. The increase of the size of the elderly population in line with the constant growth of life expectancy among Malaysians has triggered a question, are there enough resources to cover needs in retirement years? The main objective of this study is to estimate the retirement income adequacy of future retirees under a defined contribution (DC) plan, which is the Employee Provident Fund (EPF). The projection of retirement income adequacy uses cross-sectional data from the Malaysian Household Income Survey (HIS) 2014, based on 14,169 sample households. The households are categorized according to three different income groups, including Top 20% (T20), Middle 40% (M40) and Bottom 40% (B 40). In addition, this research also investigates the demographic and socio-economic determinants of retirement wealth adequacy using OLS and logistic regression. The result shows that 26% of households in the sample have inadequate retirement income, especially households in the B 40 group.

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29

Sun, Qi, and Gary Curnutt. "Sustaining Retirement during Lockdown: Annuitized Income and Older American’s Financial Well-Being before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 10 (October 3, 2023): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16100432.

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The landscape of employer-sponsored retirement plans in the U.S. has changed dramatically during the past few decades as more and more private-sector employers have decided to freeze or terminate traditional pension plans. Defined contribution (DC) plans became the primary choice or the only choice for employees to participate in employer-sponsored retirement plans. In the next ten to twenty years, the income from pension plans will only count for a third of the total retirement income for GenXers when compared to their baby boomer counterparts. It is important for research to provide evidence on how the change in retirement income resources impacts retirees’ retirement security and financial wellness. Using Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examines the association between annuitized income and various measures of older Americans’ financial well-being over time, particularly during the pandemic. This study finds that receiving annuitized income has a statistically significant relationship with reduced subjective financial well-being for both measurements, while only one of the measures of objective well-being, having liquid assets greater than the median household income, has a statistically significant positive relationship with receiving annuitized income.

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30

YANG, YUNJEONG. "No way out but working? Income dynamics of young retirees in Korea." Ageing and Society 31, no. 2 (November 15, 2010): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1000084x.

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ABSTRACTOlder people in Korea have a higher risk of poverty than younger adults, but the dynamics of income changes around the time of retirement have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining changes in the level and sources of income around the time of retirement, with retirement being defined as separation from one's main lifetime employment. It uses longitudinal data from the Korean Labour and Income Panel Study's Waves 1–9, and follows 580 younger retirees aged at least 50 years who retired during 1998–2005. The paper demonstrates that the prevalence of low income across the retirement transition was related to gender, previous career status and current working status. In particular, there was a noticeable increase in the prevalence of low income among permanent retirees compared to those who continued working in retirement. It also examines different factors associated with the individuals' economic wellbeing after retirement, and finds that working status in retirement is indeed the factor that most influences the probability of low-income entry among male retirees, while for women, the nature of co-residence with working household member(s) and household assets most mattered. From this, the paper concludes that being in paid work after retirement remains an important substitute for the immature old-age safety-net in Korea.

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31

Drew, Michael E., and Jason M. West. "Retirement Income Sufficiency through Personalised Glidepaths." Financial Analysts Journal 77, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015198x.2021.1877981.

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32

Sexauer, Stephen C., Michael W. Peskin, and Daniel Cassidy. "Making Retirement Income Last a Lifetime." Financial Analysts Journal 68, no. 1 (January 2012): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v68.n1.7.

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33

Sexauer, Stephen C., Michael W. Peskin, and Daniel Cassidy. "Making Retirement Income Last a Lifetime." Financial Analysts Journal 71, no. 1 (January 2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v71.n1.11.

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Sundén, Annika, Hazel Bateman, Geoffrey Kingston, John Piggott, and Annika Sunden. "Forced Saving: Mandating Private Retirement Income." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56, no. 2 (January 2003): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3590945.

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35

Kotlikoff, L. J. "Retirement Income Security Apres le Deluge." CESifo Economic Studies 56, no. 3 (August 25, 2010): 350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ifq012.

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36

Longino, C. F., and W. H. Crown. "Retirement Migration and Interstate Income Transfers." Gerontologist 30, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.6.784.

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37

Kilgour, John G. "Social Security Retirement Income Replacement Rates." Compensation & Benefits Review 48, no. 3-4 (May 2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368717736666.

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38

Kuhns, James A. "Executives Should Earn Their Retirement Income." Compensation & Benefits Review 23, no. 6 (November 1991): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088636879102300612.

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39

Donnelly, C., and J. Young. "Product options for enhanced retirement income." British Actuarial Journal 22, no. 3 (September 2017): 636–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321717000228.

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AbstractA new stream of research proposes how people can increase their income in retirement by pooling their mortality risk. How one of these mortality risk-sharing rules could be implemented in practice, as part of a retirement income scheme, is considered. A potential advantage of the scheme is that a retiree’s housing wealth can be monetised to provide an income stream. This would mean that retirees can continue living in their home, without needing to downsize. It may be most attractive to the millions of single pensioners, particularly those who are “asset-rich and cash-poor”. Other types of assets that could be included and how to mitigate selection risks are assessed. A way of smoothing the raw mortality credits in order to make the scheme more appealing to potential members is proposed. An illustrative premium calculation suggests that the cost of the smoothing is very small compared to the potential attractiveness of an enhanced, smoothed income.

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40

Briscoe, Rhonda, and DeAnne Wellman Owre. "Social Security Laws Threaten Retirement Income." ASHA Leader 12, no. 7 (May 2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.pa3.12072007.21.

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41

Ferguson, Roger W. "Retirement Income Security: Challenges and Opportunities." Risk Management and Insurance Review 17, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rmir.12020.

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42

Ball, Christopher. "Modelling retirement income in New Zealand." New Zealand Economic Papers 48, no. 2 (April 4, 2014): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2013.874402.

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43

Law, David. "Retirement income policy and national savings." New Zealand Economic Papers 50, no. 1 (September 24, 2015): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779954.2015.1080753.

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44

Kim, Seonhyeon, Jinhyeok Ra, and Dong-Hoon Shin. "Status and Implications of Individuals’ Retirement Preparation Facing Retirement Crisis." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 19, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2023.19.4.121.

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This study investigates the factors that affect the retirement preparation strategy of the elderly in the current situation where retirement preparation strategies can be established with various financial products. Using the data from Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS), we analyze the current status and determinants of the appropriate cost of living for old age, the level of preparation for old age, and subscription to pension products judged by individuals. We found that individual characteristics, income characteristics, household characteristics, and occupational characteristics were influenced to individual retirement preparation strategies. In particular, the higher the level of education and income, the higher the possibility that an individual's reasonable cost of living in old age is higher, the possibility of preparing for old age, and the possibility of joining an annuity product. What is noteworthy is that the capital market environment has been created so that individuals can establish optimal retirement preparation strategies through the development of various financial products, but only a small number of people use them.

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Siguaw, Judy A., Xiaojing Sheng, and Penny M. Simpson. "Biopsychosocial and Retirement Factors Influencing Satisfaction With Life: New Perspectives." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 85, no. 4 (January 2, 2017): 332–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016685833.

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Founded on expectation confirmation theory and a resource perspective, this research examines the impact of retiree resources, retirement planning, conditions of work exit, and confirmation of retirement expectations on satisfaction with life in retirement. The study of 543 retirees found significant effects of retiree resources (i.e., self-efficacy, health, and income), confirmation of retirement expectations, ageism, retirement planning, and conditions of exit on retirees’ satisfaction with life. The study also showed that self-efficacy, activity participation, health, income, ageism, and retirement planning significantly impacted confirmation of retirement expectations, although conditions of exit did not significantly affect confirmation of retirement expectations.

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Morgan, L. A., and S. A. Lothian. "Designing successful post-retirement solutions by blending growth, income and protection." British Actuarial Journal 22, no. 1 (March 2017): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321717000034.

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AbstractThe move from defined benefit to defined contribution (DC) has transferred the longevity and investment risks from the plan sponsor to the individual plan member. Without the actuarial cross-subsidies implied by pooling these risks, the danger of outliving one’s savings is significant. Much attention has been focussed on pre-retirement investment design but less on post-retirement. In most countries, the post-retirement systems in place are insufficient to solve this challenge for small asset sizes or small proportions of individuals’ retirement accounts. However, a number of DC markets are mature, such as Australia and Chile, and the principles of a solution that works for all must be identified. This paper researches a number of post-retirement systems around the world and identifies ten key factors that contribute to post-retirement solution design. These factors can result in an inconsistency between countries regarding the most appropriate post-retirement solution. Additionally, a disconnect is apparent between what retirees need and want in post-retirement. Successful post-retirement solutions will inevitably blend investment and insurance components in a balanced manner. With lengthening life expectancies, research supports strategies that blend a growth and income account-based approach for the first 15–20 years after retirement with longevity protection in later life.

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Jeong, Seon Yi, Young Mi Cho, and Shin Kea Kang. "Level of Preparedness for Successful Aging in Midlife and Its Impact on Later Life Satisfaction." Korean Academy Welfare Counseling 12, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20497/jwce.2023.12.2.241.

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The purpose of this study is to prepare for a retirement by identifying the level of preparation for successful aging and empirically analyzing the impact this has on successful aging in old age. The 4th supplementary survey of middle-aged adult men and women aged 45 to 59 in 2001 and the 19th main survey in 2016 between the ages of 60 and 74 were used. In the 4th supplementary survey, preparing for retirement for each area was investigated, and in the 19th main survey, retirement satisfaction, which indicates successful aging, was investigated. Multiple regression analysis was conducted for preparing for retirement→retirement satisfaction, and path analysis was conducted for economic factors(income)→preparing for retirement→retirement satisfaction. T-test and ANOVA analysis were used to analyze the differences in retirement preparation, retirement satisfaction, and income between gender and educational background. The study found that retirement preparation in middle age had a significant impact on retirement preparation satisfaction, and that there were differences in retirement preparation depending on gender, spouse presence, and education level. In addition, it was found that economic factors (income) in middle age affect retirement preparation, and retirement preparation affects retirement satisfaction. Finally, based on the analysis results, we discuss the comparison with existing studies and make suggestions for further research.

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Gustafson, Per. "The Gendered Economics of Synchronized Retirement." Research on Aging 40, no. 7 (August 7, 2017): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027517724491.

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Women generally receive lower pensions than men, and research on gender and pensions has identified a number of factors underlying this pattern. The present article examines one factor that has largely gone unnoticed—synchronized retirement. In most married couples, the husband is older than his wife, yet many couples prefer to retire together. At the same time, pension systems are increasingly designed to discourage early retirement and reward late retirement. If younger wives and older husbands tend to synchronize their retirement, this may reinforce gendered income inequalities among older persons. Analyses of register data on Swedish married couples provide empirical support for this argument. Comparisons of their pre- and postretirement incomes show that women who synchronized retirement with their husbands had, in relative terms, lower postretirement incomes than other women, whereas men who synchronized had higher postretirement incomes than other men.

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Xu, Xiaobo, Martin Young, Liping Zou, and Jiali Fang. "Retirement Income and Financial Market Participation in New Zealand." International Journal of Financial Studies 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs11010024.

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Using New Zealand Household Economic Survey (HES) 2018 data, we examine the impact of direct financial market participation post-retirement on retirement income in New Zealand. Our results demonstrate the importance of post-retirement financial market participation in the enhancement of retirees’ financial well-being. We conclude that retirees who participate in the financial market enjoy a 78% increase in overall annuitised net wealth; further analysis also reveals a substantial 154% increase if government pensions are excluded from calculations of annuitised net wealth. Moreover, these retiree participants also show higher probabilities of financial-situation satisfaction. These results highlight the significant contribution to retirement income of direct financial market participation. Our paper sheds extra light on issues related to retirement financial well-being and has important implications for policy makers in New Zealand.

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Jennings, W. "The value of retirement income streams: the value of military retirement." Financial Services Review 10, no. 1-4 (2001): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1057-0810(02)00097-5.

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