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1
Hsu, Chungwen. "Women's Retirement Income Satisfaction and Saving Behaviors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49586.
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Retirement saving research frequently has investigated the differences between working men and working women and primarily focused on the near retirement and retirement years. There is limited research targeting young to old working-age women including those who do not work for pay and are unemployed.The purpose of this study was to examine what factors affect non-retired working-age (25 years and older) women\'s retirement saving behaviors, retirement savings, and retirement income satisfaction. To implement the study, a research framework was developed based on Deacon and Firebaugh\'s Family Resource Management Model. The research framework for this study consisted of three major sections: (a) input (demographics, saving motives, retirement saving involvement level, retirement information seeking, current financial assets and debts, and future expectations), (b) throughput (retirement saving behaviors such as calculating needed retirement savings, being a retirement saver, starting saving for retirement age, and being a regular retirement saver), and (c) output (the objective retirement savings and the subjective retirement income satisfaction).
An online survey instrument was developed to obtain data for the study. Two pilot tests were conducted to confirm the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data for this study were collected from a national population between May 25, 2012 and May 30, 2012 with 591 valid responses. Several statistical methods were employed: descriptive statistics, one-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA), direct logistic regression, and standard multiple regression.
From the results of the study, only about one-third of the women (31.8%) reported they expect to get the full amount of Social Security retirement income that today\'s retirees get. However, around 60% of the women only save less than $25,000 or none in employer-provided retirement accounts or in personal investments and savings. There is an un-addressed gap between the cognition of the need to save for retirement and real saving action. A regular retirement saver is more likely to save more in employer-provided retirement accounts and to feel more satisfied with that retirement income. Yet, regular retirement savers have less savings in personal investments and savings, possibly because they believe their work investments will be sufficient or some women may make direct deposits to meet the annual limits of retirement plans. Other researchers have not reported this relationship.
Those women who are more cognitively involved with saving for retirement are more likely to calculate needed retirement savings and to be a retirement saver, but they are less satisfied with retirement income from Social Security and from personal investments and savings. Satisfaction level is subjective; thus, those who expect to own more types of assets in retirement may have a higher satisfaction level with the expected income from both employer-sponsored retirement accounts and personal investments and savings. Generally, greater satisfaction with expected retirement income is associated with higher accumulation in retirement savings, and the female savers have much more retirement savings than non-savers. However, there is no difference in the retirement income satisfaction of savers and non-savers.
These findings have implications for financial educators, counselors and advisors, researchers, employers, and policy makers. There are recommendations for women and future research.
Ph. D.
2
Hsu, Chungwen. "Women\'s Retirement Income Satisfaction and Saving Behaviors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49586.
Full textAbstract:
Retirement saving research frequently has investigated the differences between working men and working women and primarily focused on the near retirement and retirement years. There is limited research targeting young to old working-age women including those who do not work for pay and are unemployed.The purpose of this study was to examine what factors affect non-retired working-age (25 years and older) women\'s retirement saving behaviors, retirement savings, and retirement income satisfaction. To implement the study, a research framework was developed based on Deacon and Firebaugh\'s Family Resource Management Model. The research framework for this study consisted of three major sections: (a) input (demographics, saving motives, retirement saving involvement level, retirement information seeking, current financial assets and debts, and future expectations), (b) throughput (retirement saving behaviors such as calculating needed retirement savings, being a retirement saver, starting saving for retirement age, and being a regular retirement saver), and (c) output (the objective retirement savings and the subjective retirement income satisfaction).
An online survey instrument was developed to obtain data for the study. Two pilot tests were conducted to confirm the validity and reliability of the instrument. Data for this study were collected from a national population between May 25, 2012 and May 30, 2012 with 591 valid responses. Several statistical methods were employed: descriptive statistics, one-way between-groups analysis of variance (ANOVA), direct logistic regression, and standard multiple regression.
From the results of the study, only about one-third of the women (31.8%) reported they expect to get the full amount of Social Security retirement income that today\'s retirees get. However, around 60% of the women only save less than $25,000 or none in employer-provided retirement accounts or in personal investments and savings. There is an un-addressed gap between the cognition of the need to save for retirement and real saving action. A regular retirement saver is more likely to save more in employer-provided retirement accounts and to feel more satisfied with that retirement income. Yet, regular retirement savers have less savings in personal investments and savings, possibly because they believe their work investments will be sufficient or some women may make direct deposits to meet the annual limits of retirement plans. Other researchers have not reported this relationship.
Those women who are more cognitively involved with saving for retirement are more likely to calculate needed retirement savings and to be a retirement saver, but they are less satisfied with retirement income from Social Security and from personal investments and savings. Satisfaction level is subjective; thus, those who expect to own more types of assets in retirement may have a higher satisfaction level with the expected income from both employer-sponsored retirement accounts and personal investments and savings. Generally, greater satisfaction with expected retirement income is associated with higher accumulation in retirement savings, and the female savers have much more retirement savings than non-savers. However, there is no difference in the retirement income satisfaction of savers and non-savers.
These findings have implications for financial educators, counselors and advisors, researchers, employers, and policy makers. There are recommendations for women and future research.
Ph. D.
3
Chen, Cheng-Chung. "Changes in retirement adequacy, 1995-2004 accounting for retirement stages /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1196285548.
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Kudrna, Jiri, and g. kudrna@unsw edu au. "Retirement Income Policy in Australia: Life-Cycle Analyses." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4119.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)Retirement income policy in Australia has undergone significant changes over the last two decades, including the introduction of the Superannuation Guarantee [SG] with mandatory contributions in 1992 and the 2007 superannuation changes with the benefit tax abolition. Numerical implications of adopted pension reforms and reform proposals such as further increases in the SG contribution rate, changes to superannuation taxation and to means-testing of the age pension have been examined mainly by micro-simulation models. These models, often criticized for their lack of theoretical content, provide an incomplete picture of pension policy effects because of no or limited behavioural responses to underlying policy changes. In this thesis, models based on the life-cycle theory of saving pioneered by Modigliani and Brumberg (1954) are applied to simulate behavioural, welfare and macroeconomics effects of proposed changes to Australia’s pension policy. In particular, this thesis develops the following computable models: a life-cycle, single household model, a partial equilibrium, household model and a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations [OLG]. The single household model describes lifetime behaviour of the utility-maximising single household with uncertain lifespan. The model features perfect capital markets, endogenous labour supply and retirement decisions, and it incorporates main aspects of Australia’s pension and income tax policy settings. The simulated policy changes are (i) increase in the SG contribution rate, (ii) superannuation tax changes and (iii) abolition of the age pension means test. The results indicate higher retirement consumption and welfare gains from all the analysed pension policy changes. Partial equilibrium and general equilibrium models introduced in this thesis are built on lifetime behaviour of the single household. Both models distinguish many generations of households by age and, therefore, are capable of studying behavioural and welfare effects of policy changes for different generations. The partial equilibrium model examines behaviour of the household sector in the environment of the fixed factor prices. It is shown, for instance, that welfare gains from the investigated pension policy changes are not uniformly distributed across generations. The general equilibrium OLG model extends the partial equilibrium analyses by incorporating production, government and foreign sectors in addition to household and pension sectors. The model is a small open economy version of Auerbach and Kotlikoff’s (1987) OLG model. The simulation results are significantly different from those in the partial equilibrium framework, driven mainly by the changes in aggregate labour supply. For instance, the higher SG rate policy increases aggregate assets and saving. However, the saving increases are exported abroad rather than invested in the domestic capital stock. Hence, the implications of this policy change for the capital stock and output are minimal. Younger cohorts and future born generations experience consumption and welfare gains but older cohorts are negatively affected by a higher consumption tax rate resulting from this hypothetical policy change.
5
Wong, Leung-kwong. "A study of retirement income schemes in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975203.
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Iglesias, Carlos A. Kim Asa D. "Knowledge of the military retirement system among Naval Postgraduate School officers and analysis of associated retirement information sources." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FIglesias%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009."Advisor(s): Henderson, David R. ; Eitelberg, Mark J. "June 2009." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Military Retirement, Retirement Information Sources, Retirement Information Systems, General Military Training, Military Compensation, Defined Benefit Plan, Defined Contribution Plan, Military Pension, Military Retirement Fund, and Military Retirement Communication Modes. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74). Also available in print.
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Lampert, Jacqueline Garry. "The influence of expected retirement income on the rate of retirement savings of young people." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/3605.
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Tse, Wai-kwan Elsa. "A study on Hong Kong mandatory provident fund system /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19878485.
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Agulnik, Phillip John Anderson. "Pension reform in the UK : evaluating retirement income policy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2504/.
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This thesis analyses the effects of current and proposed pension policies for the UK, and critically assesses the arguments for different forms of intervention. It aims to contribute to the pension reform debate in four main ways. First, it presents an original typology of four 'ideal type' pension systems - targeting, basic income, social insurance and compulsory saving - which allows the plethora of different reform proposals to be grouped into manageable bundles, and brings out the key choices facing pension reformers. Second, it aims to make the debate better informed by providing estimates of future pensioner incomes and fiscal sustainability using the relatively new techniques of dynamic microsimulation and generational accounting. In particular, an extended version of the dynamic model PENSIM is used to project pensioner incomes in 2066. Third, it provides an assessment of one particular pension reform - the replacement of the State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme by a new State Second Pension - through describing the rationale for and effects of the new scheme. Finally, it adds to broader theoretical debates about the rationale for, and effectiveness of, different forms of retirement income provision, supplementing the economics and social policy literatures on the role (if any) for compulsory earnings-related pensions and the trade-off between incentives and redistribution. The analysis shows that the UK is an exceptional case. In contrast to most developed countries distributional concerns rather than cost dominate. The government's reforms will do relatively little to improve these distributional outcomes. This reflects the fact that, although the government (correctly) reject compulsorily linking benefits to earnings, connections between entitlements and contributions have not been severed entirely. This thesis argues that it is this linkage which undermines current policy, and that future reforms should move away from the idea of pensions as insurance towards a more rights-based approach.
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Wong, Leung-kwong, and 王良廣. "A study of retirement income schemes in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975203.
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Erlandzon, Karl. "Retirement planning : portfolio choice for long-term investors /." Göteborg, Sweden : University of Gothenburg, 2008. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/235948581.html.
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Macdonald, Kirsten Leigh. "KiwiSaver and Retirement Adequacy." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367519.
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Motivated by a critique of the literature and an examination of the institutional setting, this thesis sheds light on the impact of defined contribution pension plan design on retirement adequacy using the New Zealand system as a case study. In order to enjoy standards of living in retirement similar to pre-retirement, a holistic approach to retirement including the accumulation and decumulation phases must be taken. The largest impact on retirement adequacy, lowering sustainable withdrawal rates and increasing the risk of not living well in retirement, is the level of accumulated wealth at retirement. While contribution rates make a significant difference to the achievement of retirement targets, with skewed income
distributions, asset allocation is by far and away the most important driver of retirement wealth. The critical nature of the asset allocation message in the accumulation phase may not be well understood since large numbers of investors remain in default and conservative investments. Conservative portfolios are more risky when considering shortfall risk, thus, conversations about risk with investors need to be framed in terms of both equity risk and the risk of shortfall.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Chen, Liqiong. "Essays on household income and expenditures." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6922.
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This dissertation studies household income and consumption. In the first chapter, I identify the causal effect of retirement on health service utilization in China. In the second chapter, I investigates the impact that retirement has on the family support network of “sandwich” generations in China. In the third chapter, I propose a new estimator for linear quantile regression models with generated regressors, and apply it to study Engel curves for various commodity consumption for families in the UK.
In the first chapter, I apply a regression discontinuity design by exploiting the exogenous mandatory retirement age rules in China in order to identify the causal effect of retirement on health service utilization. In China, the social insurance Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) provision continues after individuals retire. Employees, however, stop paying the premium and enjoy reduced cost sharing after they retire. Individual medical expenses, insurance costs, and benefits are recorded in the China Household Finance Survey 2013 (CHFS). Significantly, males and females respond differently to this decrease in the relative price of health insurance at the time of retirement. Females are generally more willing to increase their out-of-pocket expenditures in order to take advantage of better health insurance benefits and utilize more medical care. Males, by contrast, do not respond to this change in relative price in the same manner.
In the second chapter, I investigates the impact that retirement has on the family support networks of “sandwich” generations in China. These middle-aged households have an inter-generational support network that includes both upward transfers (their parents or parents-in-law), as well as downward transfers (their children). I use micro data from CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) concerning middle-aged and elderly households in order to evaluate the changes that retirement can have on this family support network, primarily by exploiting the exogenous mandatory retirement age rules in China. I make the identifying assumption that inter-generational transfers would evolve more smoothly if households would not retire and apply a regression discontinuity approach. I find that retirement induces “sandwich” generations to switch roles in the private network as well as in the public transfer channel; indeed, is 55 percentage point more likely that households will switch from resource providers to resource recipients in the channel of private transfers. In addition, these “sandwich” generations are about 47 percentage point more likely to receive money from their non-coresident children when they retire.
In the third chapter, we studies estimation and inference for linear quantile regression models with generated regressors. We suggest a practical two-step estimation procedure, where the generated regressors are computed in the first step. The asymptotic properties of the two-step estimator, namely, consistency and asymptotic normality are established. We show that the asymptotic variance-covariance matrix needs to be adjusted to account for the first-step estimation error. We propose a general estimator for the asymptotic variance-covariance, establish its consistency, and develop testing procedures for linear hypotheses in these models. Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the finite-sample performance of the estimation and inference procedures are provided. Finally, we apply the proposed methods to study Engel curves for various commodities using data from the UK Family Expenditure Survey. We document strong heterogeneity in the estimated Engel curves along the conditional distribution of the budget share of each commodity. The empirical application also emphasizes that correctly estimating confidence intervals for the estimated Engel curves by the proposed estimator is of importance for inference.
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Hirschbeck, Lisa. "Encouraging individual retirement savings in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017535.
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Many South Africans may not have adequate retirement savings when they retire and this has the effect of a low income replacement ratio on retirement that may lead to a decrease in the standard of living of the retiree and in extreme cases the retiree becoming dependent on their family and the government. Owing to this trend of no or inadequate retirement savings, South Africa embarked on a retirement reform journey in 2004. The goal of this research is to determine whether the retirement reform mechanisms outlined by National Treasury would encourage individual retirement savings that should assist South Africans to achieve stability of income in their retirement. This research analysed the current retirement savings options and vehicles available for South Africans, the current tax incentives and disincentives and reviewed the proposed changes to tax incentives and disincentives during the accumulation phase of retirement savings and explained how these proposed tax incentives are harmonised for the accumulation phase of retirement. The research explained how National Treasury aims to limit pre-retirement withdrawals and how it intends to encourage the annuitisation of post-retirement benefits. The penultimate chapter of this research measured the effect (by making certain assumptions) of the changes proposed by National Treasury on the income replacement ratio of the retiree. Throughout the research comparisons were made between The OECD Roadmap for the good design of defined contribution pension plans and National Treasury’s proposals. This research did not directly address the effect of increased life expectancies on retirement savings or increases in youth unemployment and the effect that this may have on retirement savings. The effect of financial charges levied on retirement savings on the income replacement ratio of a retiree was also not explored. Furthermore, not all pension funds are regulated by the Pension Funds Act and how these pension funds can be brought within the purview of the Pension Funds Act was not investigated. Automatic enrolment of retirement savings for all employees in South Africa in retirement vehicles is a further research area that could be addressed.
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De, Villiers-Strijdom Jeannie. "Comparing annuity options at retirement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80188.
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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.In this thesis, based on historical data, a comparative study is conducted of various annuity strategies for South African males who retired during the 30 years from 1960 to 1989. To this end, the present values of the monthly cash ows provided by di erent annuity strategies are calculated and compared in order to ascertain which strategy would have provided the largest nancial bene ts. In contrast to previously held general beliefs, the calculations demonstrate that pure living annuity strategies are superior to composite annuity strategies, which in turn outperform switching annuity strategies, whereas pure life annuities yield the lowest return.
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Lin, Yueh-Ju. "Factors influencing financial asset holdings of near and in retirement households /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9904858.
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Dulitzky, Daniel H. 1976. "Social Security reforms, retirement plans, and saving under labor income uncertainty." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10125.
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HUYNH, HELEN T. "THE CHANGES AND CONTRIBUTORS TO THE PERCEPTION OF RETIREMENT INCOME ADEQUACY." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/541319.
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Business Administration/Risk Management and InsuranceD.B.A.
This study examines the contributing factors that influence the variation in the perception of retirement income adequacy, analyzing U.S. households who are in the nearing retirement stage (age 55-64) in 2007 along with U.S. households who are in the first stage of retirement (age 65-74) in 2016, within the Survey of Consumer Finances. This study performs pair-matching or one-to-one propensity score matching of the cohort nearing retirement in the 2007 SCF dataset with those of the first stage of retirement in the 2016 SCF dataset who share a similar value of the propensity score. Statistically, these are the same households nine years later. Results show that of those households in the near retirement stage, 55.80 percent perceive their retirement to be adequate, while 72.20 percent of those in the first stage of retirement perceive their retirement income to be adequate. This study examined the effect of sociodemographic characteristic, human capital, financial capital, and financial attitude predictors on the perceived adequacy of retirement income. Probit analysis showed retired (first stage of retirement) respondents who were married, white, headed by male, college educated, had sufficient net worth and income, were homeowners, in good health, had saved, took financial risks, had a longterm financial planning horizon, received or expected to receive an inheritance had a defined benefit pension plan, and/or owned a defined contribution plan were more likely to perceive their retirement income to be adequate than otherwise similar households.
Temple University--Theses
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Peggs, Kay. "Women and pensions." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/771371/.
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Legislative changes in the 1980s and 1990s have meant that non-state pensions are becoming increasingly important in pension provision in Britain. The introduction of Approved Personal Pension Plans (APPS) as a legal second-tier pension option has meant that potential pension alternatives have increased and now consist of SERPS, occupational pension schemes and APPS. These alternatives are not, however, similarly beneficial. Occupational pensions are usually by far the better option. It is precisely because women have been disadvantaged in occupational pensions in the past that so many older women live in poverty today. Using secondary analysis of the General Household Survey for 1988-90 the research shows that women of employable age are less likely to have occupational pensions or personal pension plans than men and this is largely because of the impact of childcare responsibilities on their labour market positions. However, the generally disadvantaged position of women in the labour market means even women without caring responsibilities are disadvantaged in pension welfare. In addition the research demonstrates that differences among women in relation to labour market variables as well as ethnicity, marital status and child dependency status means that women cannot be treated as an homogeneously disadvantaged group, and consequently some women are more disadvantaged than others in their pension provision. Interviews with 45 women aged 40-59 reveal that, for the women interviewed, although most women wanted an independent pension income, many could not afford, or were ineligible for, their desired schemes. The research also shows that married women cannot, even if they wanted to, rely on husbands for financial welfare in pensionable years as a polarisation of couples between those where both have a pension and where neither has a pension means that women are less likely to have a pension if their husband does not have a non-state pension. The research concludes that women's poverty in older age will increase, as concentration on non-state pension provision means that women will be increasingly disadvantaged.
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Bouma, Lisa C. "Retirement income policies and welfare state retrenchment: a comparative study of Canada, Sweden and the Netherlands /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2305.
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Barnes, Andrew. "A financial planning model for retirement, taking into account the impact of pre-retirement funding income, age and taxation." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004532.
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Individuals are often not aware of the required level of contributions needed to fund a retirement savings plan. This problem is compounded by the fact that the assistance provided to these individuals by way of commercially-available retirement planning models does not take into account the effect of income tax on the level of required retirement savings contributions and recent changes in the tax legislation to the income tax payable by individuals has had a significant effect on these required levels. As a preamble to the research process, an exploratory questionnaire was administrated to a sample of individuals, which was designed to measure the level of awareness of these individuals of the contributions to a retirement savings plan needed to fund their postretirement financial needs, and of the impact of age, the level of income and income tax on their contributions. Responses to the questionnaire indicated a low level of awareness of retirement planning amongst these individuals. A retirement planning model was then designed to test the effect of earnings, age and changes in tax legislation on the level of an individual's required monthly contributions to a retirement savings plan. Independent variables of age and income were processed using the model. These same variables were then processed using the Old Mutual and Liberty Life retirement planning models and a comparison was made between the model developed in the research and these commercially developed models, to assess their usefulness and limitations. Based on the above comparison, it appeared that the Old Mutual and Liberty Life retirement models both included the effects of the individual marginal tax rates in their calculations. However, they appeared to be using marginal tax rates which were higher than those reflected in the 2006 individual income tax tables. In addition these models did not include the effect of income tax exemptions and deductions and they therefore provided more conservative estimates than the retirement planning model designed in the research. Recent tax adjustments have had the effect of greatly increasing the after-tax income of individuals and therefore it is important to include the effects of changes in tax legislation in determining the monthly contributions to a retirement savings plan.
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Ong, Rachel Kien Ling. "Ageing in Australia : financial independence and work disincentive issues /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20050526.150529.
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Lin, Xiaofen. "Three essays on saving before and after retirement : a study of Canadian couples, 1969-1992 /." *McMaster only, 1998.
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Aura, Saku P. 1971. "Essays in the economics of retirement income security and household decision-making." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8298.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2001.Includes bibliographical references.
The first essay of this thesis studies within-family decision making regarding investment in income protection for surviving spouses using a simple and tractable Nash-bargaining model. A change in US pension law (the Retirement Equity Act of 1984) is used as an instrument to derive predictions from the bargaining model and to contrast these with the predictions of the classical single-utility-function model of the household. In the empirical part of the essay, the predictions of the classical model are rejected in favor of the predictions of the Nash-bargaining model. Second essay studies married couple's dynamic investment and consumption choices under the assumption that the couple cannot commit across time to not to renegotiate their decisions. The inefficiencies that can arise are characterized. Efficiency properties of different divorce asset division regimes are examined. The effect of inability to commit across time on the savings level is examined under a tractable special case of the model. Third essay is coauthored with Professor Peter Diamond and Professor John Geanakoplos. In this essay we extend Arrow's analysis of portfolio choice in a one-period model to savings and portfolio choice in a two-period model.
by Saku P. Aura.
Ph.D.
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Nunes, Bernardo F. "Three essays on retirement and savings behaviour." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24516.
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This dissertation presents three essays on retirement and savings behaviour. It relies on secondary data from British national surveys to empirically address how workers prepare and adapt to the economic circumstances of later life. Chapter 1 analyses the effectiveness of providing workers with the opportunity to join workplace pension schemes to stimulate pension savings. It estimates the potential opt-in rate among employees who haven’t been offered a pension plan by an employer, had they been offered the opportunity to join a scheme. Governmental policies enforcing pension plan provision at every workplace could generate a major impact on aggregate participation rates. This potential success does not seem to be conditional on the existence of mechanisms imposed by law concerning the way workers are enrolled. Chapter 2 examines the effect of workplace pension schemes provision and participation on other individual financial savings, such as personal pension plans and financial assets. It exploits the variability in workplace pension scheme provision and membership induced by the employer’s payroll size as an identification strategy. No evidence is found that providing employees with access to workplace pension schemes would make them less likely to save through non-pension financial instruments. These results support the enforcement of the universal provision of workplace pension schemes as a national policy to improve financial preparation for retirement. Chapter 3 builds on the literature of the economic role of home production of goods and services at retirement. The literature usually restricts the explanation of retirees’ heterogeneous attitudes towards home production to gender differences or social norms related to couples’ division of labour. The present study provides novel evidence that non-cognitive skills in the form of personality traits explain the heterogeneous reallocation of time and consumption that occurs during a transition from the labour market to retirement.
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Zeka, Bomikazi. "The retirement funding adequacy of black South Africans." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13338.
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Despite the importance of retirement planning, many South Africans have been documented as reaching retirement age without adequate retirement funding. A vast amount of research has been conducted on how proper retirement planning can be beneficial for individuals; however, there has been a lack of attention given to researching the retirement planning of black individuals in South Africa. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to identify, investigate and empirically test which factors influence retirement planning, and which aspects of retirement planning influence the retirement funding adequacy of black individuals. After a comprehensive literature review was undertaken on the factors influencing the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of individuals, the following independent variables were identified as influencing the mediating variable (Aspects of retirement planning) and the dependent variable (Retirement funding adequacy) in this study: • Financial literacy; • The role of the financial planner; • Family support structure; and • Health status. These independent variables were selected to construct a hypothesised model and research hypotheses, as they have been identified as the prominent factors that influence the retirement planning of black South Africans. Furthermore, these independent variables were used in determining whether they have an influence on the Aspects of retirement planning (incorporating Retirement provisions, Retirement attitudes and Retirement intentions) and, ultimately, improve the Retirement funding adequacy of individuals. In order to establish the influence of the aspects of retirement planning on the retirement funding adequacy of individuals, an empirical investigation was undertaken. A measuring instrument, in the form of a questionnaire, was compiled from secondary literature sources. The respondents were identified though a mixed sampling approach, whereby stratified sampling and convenience sampling were used to attain 441 usable questionnaires that were subjected to statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, in the form of frequency distributions, were used to summarise Section A and Section B of the measuring instrument. The validity and reliability of the measuring instrument were confirmed by means of exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also calculated for this purpose. As a result of conducting the EFA, two independent variables (Family support structure and Health status) loaded together, and the factor was renamed accordingly. From the EFA, the independent variables that emerged were The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being, and Financial literacy. Furthermore, the EFA revealed that three mediating variables emerged from the mediating variable Aspects of retirement planning. These three mediating variables were consequently named Retirement intentions, Retirement attitudes, and Retirement provisions. There were no eliminated variables in this study. Based on the results of the EFA, some of the definitions of the variables were adapted. Consequently, the hypothesised model and its research hypotheses were adapted to reflect the results of the EFA. The results of the Cronbach’s alphas calculated reported that all the measuring scales used in the questionnaire of the study were reliable. Furthermore, descriptive statistics were also calculated to summarise the sample data, and Pearson’s product moment correlations were calculated to establish the correlations between all the variables used in this study. A multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the influence of the various independent variables on the mediating variables and the dependent variable. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used as the main statistical procedure to test for mediation in the study. SEM was also used to assess and confirm the results of the multiple regression analyses. Based on the results of the multiple regression analyses and SEM, the hypothesised relationships of the study were accepted or rejected. Additionally, the results of SEM revealed that the revised model of the study displayed acceptable model fit. To conclude the empirical investigation, t-tests and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to assess whether the respondents’ perceptions of the variables used in the study differed as a result of the respondents’ demographic information. Furthermore, to establish significant differences between individual mean scores, post-hoc Tukey tests were calculated, and practical significance was assessed by calculating Cohen’s d values. The main empirical results of the study found that statistically significant relationships exist between the independent variables The role of the financial planner and Family, health, and financial well-being, and the mediating variable Retirement intentions. Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between the independent variable Financial literacy and the mediating variable Retirement attitudes. Other significant relationships were present between all the independent variables The role of the financial planner, Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy, and the mediating variable Retirement provisions. The study also established statistically significant relationships between the mediating variables Retirement attitudes and Retirement provisions and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. Statistically significant relationships were also present between the independent variables Family, health, and financial well-being and Financial literacy and the dependent variable Retirement funding adequacy. This study has added to the limited amount of academic literature in the field of retirement planning in South Africa. Through the hypothesised model developed in this study, a significant contribution has been made towards investigating the factors that influence the retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy of black individuals residing in South Africa. This study presents recommendations to black individuals on practical strategies that could help to improve their retirement planning and retirement funding adequacy. Furthermore, suggestions are presented to financial planners and financial institutions, in order to assist black individuals or potential clients to improve their retirement planning and to help ensure that individuals are financially independent when they reach retirement age. It is recommended that financial institutions provide financial products/services that will cater to black South Africans.
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Jamaludin, Nurasyikin. "Individual retirement savings behaviour : evidence from Malaysia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/432.
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This thesis investigates factors that influence individuals‟ investment choice decisions within the context of retirement savings in Malaysia. The focus is on individuals‟ likelihood of investing part of their retirement savings in approved unit trusts (also known as mutual funds). In addition, individuals‟ choice of fund and mutual fund selection criteria are also explored. This thesis utilised questionnaire-based surveys to solicit responses from members of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), as well as from unit trust consultants. Data collected from 440 EPF members and 561 unit trust consultants were analysed using statistical procedures of SPSS version 18.0 (also known as PASW 18). The results of logistic regression models revealed three significant predictors of individuals‟ likelihood to invest part of their retirement savings in the unit trusts: perceived importance of financial advisor, financial risk tolerance, and perceived plan design. Financial knowledge appeared to be insignificant in influencing individuals‟ investment choice decision. Furthermore, the thesis found that religious affiliation, religious commitment and Muslim religiosity had no significant effect in individuals‟ investment choice decision. In terms of demographic variables, gender, age, and marital status were all found to be significant predictors of individuals‟ likelihood to invest part of their retirement savings in the unit trusts. With respect to mutual fund selection criteria, the thesis found that the fund‟s commitment to Islamic principles, past performance of fund and overall reputation of fund were the top three criteria considered important by the EPF members. In contrast, from the consultants‟ point of view, the top three criteria considered important were the past performance of fund, overall reputation of fund, and fund ratings. Although the earlier results indicated no significant effect of religion on the individuals‟ likelihood to invest part of their retirement savings in the unit trusts, additional analyses revealed that religious affiliation, religious commitment, and Muslim religiosity had significant influence on the individuals‟ choice of unit trust fund. Several implications emerge from these empirical findings. First, the thesis highlighted the role of the unit trust consultants in individuals‟ investment decision making. Therefore, fund management companies and the governing body of the unit trust consultants should ensure that ongoing training is provided so that proper advice and recommendations can be delivered to the consultants‟ clients. Next, the thesis provided insightful information to the EPF as the policy maker, on the retirement savings behaviour of its members. In particular, the study presented the first evidence with regard to the EPF Members Investment Scheme (MIS), a unique feature that differentiated this retirement plan from its counterparts in emerging countries, as well as developed countries. Last, but not least, given that Malaysia is a multi-cultural nation, the findings of the thesis suggest that religion had some effect on individuals‟ choice of fund. Therefore, fund management companies might make use of the information provided by the thesis in better promoting their funds.
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McCarthy, Shawn. "Reforming Canada's retirement income system to bear the weight of an aging society." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22131.pdf.
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Leech, Irene E. "The intention to save for retirement: the influence of attitudes and subjective norms." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51934.
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America's population is aging. People are living longer and medical advances continue to make that true. Many citizens count on social security as a major source of retirement income. Future retirees will find that there will be fewer workers to support them and unless the nation stops borrowing from the social security fund to finance the deficit, there will be less money for retirees. All of this means that it is important for individuals to save for retirement. Martin Fishbein developed the Behavioral Intention Model to explain various behaviors. According to the model, attitude and subjective norm explain the variation in the intention to behave a certain way and there is a high correlation between intention and behavior when using this model. Indirect measures of attitude and subjective norm increase understanding of these variables. The Fishbein model and an extended version of it, to which demographic variables were added, were tested in this study. Five hundred Virginia Tech classified employees received the mail survey instrument, which was based upon Dillman's specifications, in June 1988. A 74.6% response was received. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, t-tests, multiple regression, and path analysis. While the Fishbein model accounted for 22% of the variation in the intention to save for retirement, the extended model accounted for 40% of the variation. In addition to attitude, number of assets, having a dependent child between the ages of 5 ard 13, number of years expected to live after retirement, and age made significant contributions to the variation in the intention. It was concluded that the extended model is a better theoretical framework for explaining the intention to save for retirement. There were statistically and practically significant differences in the indirect measures of attitude and subjective norm for those who intended to save and those who did not. However it was apparent that neither group believed that saving now will assure than of financial security in retirement. Additional research is needed to further explore the variables which influence individual's intentions to save for retirement.Ph. D.
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Yan, Lap-tak. "A discourse analysis of the welfare ideology in Hong Kong : a case study of the legislative councillors' argumentation upon the administration's proposal of setting up a retirement protection system /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1399136X.
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Jefferson, Therese. "Australian women's financial security in later life: the effects of social structures and decision processes." Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1981.
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Existing studies provide a range of insights into the causes of womens low retirement incomes and emphasise the effect of low life-time incomes on womens access to economic resources in later life. Despite these insights, however, there is relatively little research on the roles played by motivations, social institutions and decision-making processes in determining womens capacity to save for retirement. In order to address some of these gaps in our understanding, this study aimed to broaden the range of theoretical approaches applied to economic studies of womens retirement savings strategies. Based on methodological perspectives informed by critical realism and feminist epistemology, the study utilised grounded research methods to collect and analyse qualitative data relevant to womens financial decisions and retirement plans. The data collection and analysis process are conceptually organised and integrated to propose a theoretical contribution that emphasises the links between social structures and specific decision-making processes that systematically contribute to low retirement savings for women. The studys findings are discussed with reference to existing economic literature that has not previously been utilised in studies of womens retirement incomes. The conclusions from this study suggest that there are significant features of womens decision-making contexts that contribute to ongoing under-saving to support women in later life.
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Marisetty, Vijaya Bhaskar 1973. "Performance evaluation of Australian superannuation funds." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5843.
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Sanzenbacher, Geoffrey Todd. "Essays in Labor Economics." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1838.
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Thesis advisor: Shannon SeitzIssues pertaining to low income workers are of the upmost interest to policy makers. In the mid 1990s, the issue of welfare recipients and work was at the forefront of public policy, as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 was passed. One of the many goals of the policy was to "end the dependence of needy families on government benefits" by encouraging work and ultimately higher wages. The first paper of my dissertation explores the processes by which work leads to wage growth for welfare recipients. I find that welfare recipients have similar returns to tenure and experience as non-recipients and that tenure has higher returns than experience for these women. Because of this, policies that discourage leaving work, like a work requirement, are more effective encouraging wage growth than policies discouraging welfare use, like a time-limit. A decade later, the low savings rates of low income workers has led policy makers within the Obama administration to consider making Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) available to all workers. The second paper of this dissertation examines how likely low individual workers are to participate in these plans. We find that low-income workers not currently offered voluntary retirement savings plans are less likely to participate than those currently offered those plans. The paper indicates policy makers should be wary of basing estimates of participation in the offered IRAs on current participation, as this may overestimate the participation rate by up to 25 percent
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
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Ward, William. "Superannuation and industrial relations : an analysis of the consequences of superannuation for Australian wage earners resulting from the accord period in historical perspective." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1998. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27754.
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This thesis examines the ramifications associated with the spread of superannuation
coverage from a minority of higher earning individuals to encapsulate 90% of the
entire Australian workforce. To achieve this result the Australian union movement
traded direct wage increases for superannuation. This thesis examines the relative
merits of this transfer of direct remuneration to indirect remuneration. More
specifically, it does so in relation to workers on lower incomes, as it was these workers
who received superannuation for the first time during the Accord period. The
examination of the relative benefit of remuneration delivered indirectly via
superannuation is conducted by comparing the situation of workers receiving their
total remuneration directly. The research findings argue that for many lower paid
workers, who only received superannuation as a result of the Accord, direct
remuneration equivalent to superannuation would have been a more beneficial result.
In order to try explain why the union movement pursued such an outcome the
historical circumstances surrounding superannuation and the Age pension are explored.
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Rabon-Williams, Frankie May. "The retirement planning process of African-American female, leading-edge baby boomers /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-164523/.
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Brown, Jeffrey R. (Jeffrey Robert) 1968. "Retirement income, bequests, and insurance : implications of mortality risk in a stochastic life cycle model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9515.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, c1999.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is composed of four studies on the role of annuities and life insurance in the portfolios of elderly households. It has long been known in the economics literature that annuities should be of substantial value in the portfolios of retired individuals. However, outside of private pension plans. the purchase of private annuity contracts is relatively rare. This paper explores the issues associated with this "Annuity Puzzle" using the framework of a life cycle model of consumption, extended to account for mortality uncertainty. Chapter 1 empirically examines household decisions about whether or not to annuitize balances 111 defined contribution pension plans upon retirement. This study calculates a utility based measure of annuity valuation for households nearing retirement, and allows for variation across households to result from variation in mortality rates, risk aversion. marital status, and the presence of pre-existing annuities such as Social Security. It finds that a one percentage point increase in the calculated gain from annuitization is associated with a one percentage point increase in the ex ante probability of annuitizing one's retirement resources. It also finds that the presence of bequest motives has no effect on the disposition of definer.'. contribution plan assets. The finding that bequest motives do not affect marginal annuity decisions is in contrast to some of the previous literature. In particular, previous research has argued that a significant fraction of the elderly are over-annuitized by Social Security, as evidenced by their decision to held life insurance. Chapter 2 re-examines this finding using new and better data on the age 70+ population, and finds little support for the existence of strong bequest motives. One important source of variation in the decision of whether or not to annuitizc is marital status. Chapter 3 explores the demand for joint-life annuity products among marrind couples, and finds that couples should value annuitization less than single individuals. This is because couples have Opportunities to share risk between them, and as such, marriage is a partial substitute for perfect annuity markets. This may help to explain the relative scarcity of private annuity contracts in the U.S. Chapter 4 extends the analysis of annuities to account for inflation risk. It explores the relative value of real versus nominal annuities, and also explores the gains to purchasing annuities that arc linked to an underlying portfolio of risky assets.
by Jeffrey R. Brown.
Ph.D.
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Alriksson, Anton. "Labor supply effects of increases in non-labor income : A study about older working individuals labor force participation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53282.
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The ageing of the Swedish population entails an increase of public and pension expenditure. A solution to keep the compensation level constant is to make individuals retire later from the labor force. In order to understand what actions need to be implemented, there is a need of more knowledge about the characteristics of individuals who chose to remain in the labor force after the normal age of retirement. This essay investigates how senior workers’ that are above the normal retirement age responds to an increase of non-labor income and how it affects labor supply. The results show that around 66 % of individuals will continue to work to the same extent, around 15 % will choose to reduce hours of work, and near 19 % will chose to retire. Also the results show that a person that will not change anything in hours of work after an increase in non-labor income will most likely be a male that is self-employed, who really likes his job and has a postgraduate degree. One conclusion in this essay is that to only focus on compensation levels in different social insurance systems to increase senior workers’ labor force participation will not be as effective as if also focus would be on social norms and cultural beliefs to increase engagement towards work.
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Hagen, Johannes. "Essays on Pensions, Retirement and Tax Evasion." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274479.
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Essay I: This essay provides an overview of the history of the Swedish pension system. Starting with the implementation of the public pension system in 1913, it outlines the key components of each major pension reform up until today along with a discussion of the main trade-offs and concerns that policy makers have faced. It also describes the historical background of the four largest occupational pension plans in Sweden and the mutual influence between these plans and the public pension system. Essay II: Despite the fact that the increasing involvement of the private sector in pension provision has brought more flexibility to the pay-out phase of retirement, little is known about the characteristics of those who choose to annuitize their pension wealth and those who do not. I combine unique micro-data from a large Swedish occupational pension plan with rich national administrative data to study the choice between life annuities and fixed-term payouts with a minimum payout length of 5 years for 183,000 retiring white-collar workers. I find that low accumulation of assets is strongly associated with the choice of the 5-year payout. Consistent with individuals selecting payout length based on private information about their mortality prospects, individuals who choose the 5-year payout are in worse health, exhibit higher ex-post mortality rates and have shorter-lived parents than annuitants. Individuals also seem to respond to large, tax-induced changes in annuity prices. Essay III: This essay estimates the causal effect of postponing retirement on a wide range of health outcomes using Swedish administrative data on cause-specific mortality, hospitalizations and drug prescriptions. Exogenous variation in retirement timing comes from a reform which raised the age at which broad categories of Swedish local government workers were entitled to retire with full pension benefits from 63 to 65. The reform caused a remarkable shift in the retirement distribution of the affected workers, increasing the actual retirement age by more than 4.5 months. Instrumental variable estimation results show no effect of postponing retirement on the overall consumption of health care, nor on the risk of dying early. There is evidence, however, of a reduction in diabetes-related hospitalizations and in the consumption of drugs that treat anxiety. Essay IV (with Per Engström): The consumption based method to estimate underreporting among self-employed, introduced by Pissarides and Weber (1989), is one of the workhorses in the empirical literature on tax evasion/avoidance. We show that failure to account for transitory income fluctuations in current income may overestimate the degree of underreporting by around 40 percent. Previous studies typically use instrumental variable methods to address the issue. In contrast, our access to registry based longitudinal income measures allows a direct approach based on more permanent income measures. This also allows us to evaluate the performance of a list of instruments widely used in the previous literature. Our analysis shows that capital income is the most suitable instrument in our application, while education and housing related measures do not seem to satisfy the exclusion restrictions.
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Skulski, Bohdan J. (Bohdan Jan) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "The Exigibility of RRSPs on account of income tax arrears." Ottawa, 1999.
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McCarthy, Shawn Carleton University Dissertation Journalism and communication. "Public pension principles: Reforming Canada's retirement income system to bear the weight of an aging society." Ottawa, 1996.
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Rabon-Williams, Frankie Mae. "The retirement planning process of African-American female, leading-edge baby boomers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38272.
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MACHADO, CECILIA CARACIKI MURUCI. "RETIREMENT AND THE LEISURE-INCOME TRADE-OFF: IMPLICATIONS TO THE HUMAN CAPITAL VALUE OF PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYEES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7377@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOQue se espera de um funcionário público que se aposenta ainda jovem: trabalhar ou usar o tempo livre para lazer? Caso trabalhe, então a reforma previdenciária de 1998 - que impôs idade mínima para aposentadoria - causa perda de renda futura que deve ser compensada por aumento de poupança corrente. Caso a opção seja por lazer, a reforma resulta em perda de lazer futuro, o que, sob a hipótese de complementaridade entre consumo e lazer, implica na realocação de consumo futuro para o presente, ou seja, decréscimo de poupança corrente. Usando uma amostra com dados da PNAD de 33.893 funcionários públicos, mostramos que, com a implementação da reforma, a poupança dos servidores civis caiu relativamente aos militares, que não foram atingidos pela reforma. Como as decisões de lazer e trabalho dependem do salário de mercado, o experimento sugere que o setor privado não dá um valor significativo para o capital humano dos servidores públicos.
What should we expect from public employees that retire at early ages: continue working or enjoy full leisure time? If they continue working, the Brazilian 1998 pension reform - that established minimum retirement age for public employees - reduces future income and increases current savings, as consumption is smoothed through time. If the answer is leisure, the reform implies additional work and savings decrease in consequence of future consumption transfer to the present. This is the case of leisure and consumption being complements in the utility function. We use a sample with 33,893 public employees from the PNAD database (1996 to 2002) to show that there was a decrease in saving relative to the military, which were not affected by the reform. Since work and leisure decisions rely on the market alternative wage, this result suggests that the private sector does not greatly value the human capital of public employees.
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Croy, Gerry. "Psychological determinants of retirement savings behaviour: An application of the theory of planned behaviour." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2007. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/311.
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It is generally accepted that the rate at which any individuals presently save falls substantively short of that which will enable them to achieve their lifestyle aspirations in retirement. This, combined with the social-support funding demands of an ageing population makes the subject of retirement savings one of crucial importance to Australia and to most countries worldwide. An obvious approach to improving the quality of life in retirement and to alleviating the forecast social-support burden is to induce people to save in a more effective manner. This point is not lost on the Australian government, which, in recent times has introduced several initiatives that promote improved retirement savings. However, it is generally regarded that a good deal more needs to be done to motivate people to save more and to invest more efficiently for their retirement needs. Yet, much past research regarding the psychological determinants of individual’s retirement savings choices can be characterised as disparate in the sense that it fails to be couched within any integrative theoretical framework. One outcome of this situation is a lack of opportunity to assess the relative importance of various determinants of retirement savings behaviour.
Using the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, a pre-eminent social-psychological model for predicting human behaviour, the present research explored an extended range of psychological determinants in order to explain retirement savings behaviours within an Australian context and to test the sufficiency of the standard theoretical model for this purpose. The study chose two important retirement savings behaviours, namely volitional superannuation contribution behaviour and superannuation investment strategy-change behaviour to investigate a number of behavioural determinants. The intent of the research was to identify the relative importance of key behavioural determinants and to relate these to intervention possibilities applied to the individual, the workplace and the general public…
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Dan, Amy Anne. "What are People Doing to Prepare for Retirement? Structural, Personal, Work, and Family Predictors of Planning." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1079241195.
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Tse, Wai-kwan Elsa, and 謝慧君. "A study on Hong Kong mandatory provident fund system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31269369.
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Jefferson, Therese. "Australian women's financial security in later life : the effects of social structures and decision processes /." Curtin University of Technology, Graduate School of Business, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16372.
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Existing studies provide a range of insights into the causes of womens low retirement incomes and emphasise the effect of low life-time incomes on womens access to economic resources in later life. Despite these insights, however, there is relatively little research on the roles played by motivations, social institutions and decision-making processes in determining womens capacity to save for retirement. In order to address some of these gaps in our understanding, this study aimed to broaden the range of theoretical approaches applied to economic studies of womens retirement savings strategies. Based on methodological perspectives informed by critical realism and feminist epistemology, the study utilised grounded research methods to collect and analyse qualitative data relevant to womens financial decisions and retirement plans. The data collection and analysis process are conceptually organised and integrated to propose a theoretical contribution that emphasises the links between social structures and specific decision-making processes that systematically contribute to low retirement savings for women. The studys findings are discussed with reference to existing economic literature that has not previously been utilised in studies of womens retirement incomes. The conclusions from this study suggest that there are significant features of womens decision-making contexts that contribute to ongoing under-saving to support women in later life.
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Marsden, Treva Marie 1962. "Description of estrogen therapy in older women of middle or upper income in a retirement community in the Southwest." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278332.
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The population today is getting older, leading to increases in the number of women in the postmenopausal stage of life. The fact that women in the United States have an average life expectancy of 79 years, means that approximately one third of a woman's life will be spent after menopause (Odom, Carr, & MacDonald, 1990). For nurses working with older populations, estrogen replacement therapy is a common issue to confront. It is of considerable concern then that more knowledge be obtained on HRT and on characteristics of those women who elect to use it. The purpose of this study was to describe the profile of one group of older, middle-income women, on estrogen replacement therapy. In this study, premarin is the most common method of estrogen replacement therapy. A majority of the sample practiced the health promotion behaviors of no smoking, limited fat intake and regular exercise. Approximately 85% (n = 41) of the sample had a papanicolaou smear within the past two years, 92% (n = 44) had a mammogram within the past one year and 59% performed occasional breast self exam.
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Kgatla, Itumeleng Peter. "Social security and retirement reforms in South Africa : prospects and challenges." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1114.
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Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013This mini-dissertation discusses South African social security and retirement reforms that will be used as guidelines towards promulgation of the new Pension Funds Act which will incorporate both private and public pensions. These proposals have been highlighted in the Retirement Reform Discussion Paper issued by National Treasury in 2004 and the Social Security and Retirement Reform paper, issued by both National Treasury and Department of Social Development, 2007. Further, the recent discussion papers entitled ‘Strengthening Retirement Savings and a Safer Financial Sector to Serve South Africa Better’ published in 2011 and 2012 respectively have strengthened social security and retirement reforms debate in South Africa. This mini-dissertation will incorporate both social security and retirement reforms.
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Muruthi, James. "PERCEPTIONS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY IN OLD AGE: THE CASE OF RURAL ELDERS OF MARAIGUSHU, KENYA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1335322687.
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Wu, Sumei, and 吳蘇美. "Hong Kong intergenerational upward financial support." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206687.
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Hong Kong is facing an ageing population and increased life expectancy. However, Hong Kong does not have a universal pension system and the income security of older people is therefore increasingly discussed. The main income sources of older people are earnings from employment and from savings and investments, as well as government welfare, and financial support from their families. However, income from employment, savings and investments are limited. Also, social policy in Hong Kong follows the residual model that it is the duty of a family to provide support to their family members, and government financial support plays a minor role. In other words, since the structure of the population is changing and limited support from other income sources, it is important to take a closer look at upward financial support.
The major objective of this study is to examine which model of motivation best explains upward financial transfer in the Hong Kong context. Three theories of motivation of intergenerational support are selected to explore which model(s) could be suitable for use in Hong Kong. These are the Power and Bargaining Model, the Mutual Aid Model and the Altruism Model.
Cross-sectional data was collected from surveys of 200 older people in elderly centers. Respondents were asked whether they received financial support from their children or not. The primary aim was to discover the dominant motivation for upward financial support. The dominant model was found to be the Altruism Model. The Altruism Model is based on parents’ economic needs. In other words, this study reveals that supporting parents’ needs is a crucial motivation for intergenerational financial support in HK. Meanwhile, the findings also reveal that having more children, living together with children, having a closer relationship with children, and children with higher education are significantly associated with upward financial support. These findings have valuable implications. The findings enrich our theoretical understanding of the motivation of upward financial support in Hong Kong. Also, the findings contribute some suggestions for elderly social policy making.published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Master
Master of Philosophy